SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS • Cystic fibrosis

Ménière’s disease ENDOCRINE

• Infection Diabetes
Mumps • Thyrotoxicosis
• Herpes zoster DRUG-INDUCED
• Meningitis Antibiotics
Trauma • Laxatives
Noise-induced • Magnesium-containing antacids
• Head injuries • Cytotoxic agents
Drugs OTHER
Aminoglycosides Anxiety
aspirin • Diet

DIARRHOEA DIZZINESS
INFECTIVE ENTERITIS EPISODIC
Bacterial Arrhythmia
Campylobacter spp • Postural hypotension
Salmonella spp • Migraine
Escherichia coli • Hyperventilation
• Clostridium difficile • Drugs (, )
• Staphylococci antihypertensives
• Shigella spp antidepressants
• Vibrio cholerae • Hypoglycaemia
• Yersinia enterocolitica • Recurrent posterior circulation TIAs
Viral, Fungal, Protozoal • Anxiety
Cryptosporidium spp • Seizures (partial)
• Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica DYSPHAGIA
INTESTINAL IN THE LUMEN
INFLAMMATORY Food bolus
Ulcerative colitis • Foreign body
• Crohn’s disease IN THE WALL
MALABSORPTION Inflammatory stricture
• Coeliac disease • Gastro-oesophageal reflux
• Blind loop syndrome • Caustic stricture
• Short bowel syndrome • Candidiasis
PANCREATIC Carcinoma
• Chronic pancreatitis • Irradiation