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THE ELEMENTS SI PREFIXES FREQUENTLY USED TABLES AND FIGURES RELATIONS BETWEEN UNITS*
Molar Molar z Page Property Common unit SI unit
Atomic mass* Atomic mass* zepto-
Atomic Radii Fig. 1.46 40 Mass 2.205 lb (lbuupound) 1.000 kg
Element Symbol number (gmol1) Element Symbol number (gmol1) 1021
First Ionization Energies Fig. 1.50 43 1.000 lb 453.6 g
Actinium Ac 89 (227) Mendelevium Md 101 (258) Electron Affinity Fig. 1.54 45 1.000 oz (ozuuounce) 28.35 g
a
Aluminum Al 13 26.98 Mercury Hg 80 200.59 Electronegativity Fig. 2.12 79 1.000 ton (u2000 lb) 907.2 kg
atto-
Americium Am 95 (243) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Standard Enthalpies of Physical Change Table 6.3 236 1 t (tuutonne, metric ton) 103 kg
1018
Antimony Sb 51 121.76 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 Lattice Enthalpies at 25°C Table 6.6 252
Argon Ar 18 39.95 Neon Ne 10 20.18 Mean Bond Enthalpies Table 6.8 254 Length 1.094 yd (yduuyard) 1.000 m
f 0.3937 in. (in.uuinch) 1.000 cm
Arsenic As 33 74.92 Neptunium Np 93 (237) Vapor Pressure of Water Table 8.3 311
femto 0.6214 mi (miuumile) 1.000 km
Astatine At 85 (210) Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Acidity Constants Table 10.1 407
1015 1 in. 2.54 cm
Barium Ba 56 137.33 Niobium Nb 41 92.91 Basicity Constants Table 10.2 408
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Nitrogen N 7 14.01 Acidity Constants of Polyprotic Acids Table 10.9 424 1 ft (ftuufoot) 30.48 cm
p 1.000 yd 0.9144 m
Beryllium Be 4 9.01 Nobelium No 102 (259) Solubility Products Table 11.4 467
pico- 1 Å (Åuuångström) 1010 m
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 Osmium Os 76 190.23 Standard Potentials Table 12.1, 500
1012
Bohrium Bh 107 (264) Oxygen O 8 16.00 Appendix 2B A18
Thermodynamic Data Appendix 2A A11 Volume 1 L (Luuliter) 103 cm3, 1 dm3
Boron B 5 10.81 Palladium Pd 46 106.42 n 1.000 gal (galuugallon)† 3.785 dm3 (3.785 L)
Bromine Br 35 79.90 Phosphorus P 15 30.97 Ground-State Electron Configurations Appendix 2C A20
nano- 1.00 ft3 (ft3uucubic foot) 2.83uu102 m3 (28.3 L)
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 Platinum Pt 78 195.08 The Elements (physical properties) Appendix 2D A22
109 1.00 qt (qtuuquart)† 9.46uu102 cm3 (0.946 L)
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Californium Cf 98 (251) Polonium Po 84 (209)  Time 1 min (minuuminute) 60 s
Carbon C 6 12.01 Potassium K 19 39.10 micro- 1 h (huuhour) 3600 s
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.91 106 1 day 86 400 s
Cesium Cs 55 132.91 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Protactinium Pa 91 231.04 m
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS Pressure 1 atm (atmuuatmosphere) 1.013 25uu105 Pa
Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Radium Ra 88 (226) milli- Name Symbol Value 1.000 Torr or 1.000 mmHg 133.3 Pa
Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Radon Rn 86 (222) 103 1.000 psi (psiuupounds per square inch) 6.895 kPa
Copper Cu 29 63.55 Rhenium Re 75 186.21 Atomic mass constant mu 1.660 54uu1027 kg 1 bar 105 Pa
Curium Cm 96 (247) Rhodium Rh 45 102.90 c Avogadro’s constant NA 6.022 14uu1023 mol1
Darmstadtium Ds 110 — Roentgenium Rg 111 — centi- Boltzmann’s constant k 1.380 66uu1023 JK1 Energy 1 cal 4.184 J
Dubnium Db 105 (262) Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 102 1 eV 1.602 18uu1019 J; 96.485 kJmol1
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 Fundamental charge e 1.602 18uu1019 C
1 CV 1J
Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261) Faraday’s constant FuuNAe 9.648 53uu104 Cmol1 1 kWh (kWhuukilowatt hour) 3.600uu103 kJ
d
Erbium Er 68 167.26 Samarium Sm 62 150.36 deci- Gas constant RuuNAk 8.314 47 JK1mol1 1 Latm 101.325 J
Europium Eu 63 151.96 Scandium Sc 21 44.96 101 8.314 47 LkPaK1mol1
Fermium Fm 100 (257) Seaborgium Sg 106 (266) 8.205 74uu102 LatmK1mol1 Temperature (Fahrenheit temperature)/°Fuu5_9uu(Celsius temperature)/°Cuu32
Fluorine F 9 19.00 Selenium Se 34 78.96 da 62.36 37 LTorrK1mol1 conversions (Celsius temperature)/°Cuu9_5uu{(Fahrenheit temperature)/°Fuu32}
Francium Fr 87 (223) Silicon Si 14 28.09 deka- 8.314 47uu102 LbarK1mol1 (Kelvin temperature)/Kuu(Celsius temperature)/°Cuu273.15
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Silver Ag 47 107.87 10 Mass of electron me 9.109 38uu1031 kg
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Sodium Na 11 22.99 Mass of neutron mn 1.674 93uu1027 kg *Entries in boldface type are exact.
Germanium Ge 32 72.64 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 h Mass of proton mp 1.672 62uu1027 kg †
The European and Canadian Imperial quart and gallon are 1.201 times as large.
Gold Au 79 196.97 Sulfur S 16 32.06 hecto-
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Tantalum Ta 73 180.95 Planck’s constant h 6.626 08uu1034 Js
102
Hassium Hs 108 (277) Technetium Tc 43 (98) uuh/2 1.054 57uu1034 Js
Helium He 2 4.00 Tellurium Te 52 127.60 k Rydberg constant R 3.289 84uu1015 Hz
Holmium Ho 67 164.93 Terbium Tb 65 158.93 kilo- Speed of light c 2.997 92uu108 ms1
Hydrogen H 1 1.0079 Thallium Tl 81 204.38 103 Standard acceleration of free fall g 9.806 65 ms2
Indium In 49 114.82 Thorium Th 90 232.04
Iodine I 53 126.90 Thulium Tm 69 168.93 Vacuum permittivity ε0 8.854 19uu1012 J1C2m1
M
Iridium Ir 77 192.22 Tin Sn 50 118.71 mega-
Iron Fe 26 55.84 Titanium Ti 22 47.87 106
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Tungsten W 74 183.84
Lanthanum La 57 138.91 Uranium U 92 238.03 G
Lawrencium Lr 103 (262) Vanadium V 23 50.94 giga-
Lead Pb 82 207.2 Xenon Xe 54 131.29 109
Lithium Li 3 6.94 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Lutetium Lu 71 174.97 Yttrium Y 39 88.91 T
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Zinc Zn 30 65.41 tera-
Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 1012
Meitnerium Mt 109 (268)

*Parentheses around molar mass indicate the most stable isotope of a radioactive element.
Atkins_4e_Foldcard 5/8/07 3:01 PM Page 2

KEY EQUATIONS

Nonmetals

Ytterbium

Nobelium
131.29

173.04
Krypton
Helium

20.18

39.95

83.80
VIIIA

(222)
Xenon

Radon

(259)
Argon
4.00

Neon
VIII

118

102
No
He

Ne

Rn
Xe

Yb
18

10

18
Ar

36
Kr

54

86

70
2
1. General 4. Equilibrium and electrochemistry
Roots of the equation ax2  bx  c  0: Definition of activity:

Mendelevium
b∫∫∫ ∫∫∫B
b
(b2 4ac) 1>2

126.90
Chlorine

Bromine

168.93
Thulium
Fluorine

Astatine
For an ideal gas: aJ  PJ/P°, P°  1 bar

19.00

35.45

79.90

(210)

(258)
VIIA

Iodine
x

117

101
VII

Tm

Md
17

17

35

53

85
Br

At

69
Cl
9
F

I
2a For a solute in an ideal solution: aJ  [J]/c°, c°  1 molL 1

Metalloids
∫∫∫∫∫∫B Kinetic energy of a particle:
For a pure liquid or solid: aJ  1

Tellurium

Polonium
EK  21mv2

Selenium

127.60

Fermium
167.26
Oxygen
16.00

32.06

78.96

Erbium
(209)

(257)
Sulfur
VIA

116

100
Fm
16
VI

16

34

52

84
Po
Te

68
Reaction quotient and equilibrium constant:

Se

Er
O
8

S
Gravitational potential energy: For the reaction a A  b B ∫B c C  d D, Q  aCcaDd/aAaaBb
EP  mgh For the equilibrium a A  b B ¬s R¬ c C  d D,

Phosphorus

Einsteinium
Antimony

Metals

Holmium
Nitrogen

121.76

208.98

164.93
Bismuth
Arsenic
14.01

30.97

74.92

(252)
115
VA

Ho
15

15

33
As

51

83

67

99
Sb
K  (aCcaDd/aAaaBb)equilibrium

Es
Bi
Coulomb potential energy of two charges q1 and q2 at a separation r:
V

N
7

P
EP  q1q2/4ε0r Variation of Gibbs free energy of reaction with composition:

Californium
Dysprosium
Germanium
2. Structure and spectroscopy Gr  Gr°  RT ln Q

118.71

162.50
Carbon
12.01

28.09

72.64

207.2

(251)
Silicon
IVA

Lead

114

Dy
Ge

Tin
14
IV

14

32

50

82
Pb

66

98
Sn

Cf
Si
C
6

Relation between the wavelength, , and frequency, , of electromagnetic radiation: Relation between standard reaction Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant:
  c Gr°  RT ln K
Aluminum

Berkelium
Thallium
114.82

204.38

158.93
Terbium
Energy of a photon of electromagnetic radiation of frequency :
Gallium
10.81

van ’t Hoff equation:

26.98

69.72

Indium

(247)
Boron
IIIA

113
Ga Hr° 1
a b

Tb
13

Bk
13

31

49

81

65

97
III

K 1
Al

Tl
In
B
5

E  h ln 2 
K1 R T1 T2
de Broglie equation:

Gadolinium
Relation between K and Kc:

Cadmium
112.41

200.59

157.25
Mercury
  h/p

Curium
65.41

(247)
112
Zinc

Cm
Hg
Cd
IIB

Zn

Gd
12

48
30

80

64

96
Heisenberg uncertainty principle: K  (RTc°/P°)ngasKc P°/Rc°  12.03 K
Clausius–Clapeyron equation:
px  21 U Hvap° 1

Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium

a b
P 1

Americium
Europium
107.87

196.97

151.96
Copper
63.55

ln 2 

(243)
Silver

Gold

111

Am
Cu

Au
Ag

Rg
47
29

79

Eu
11

95
63
IB

Energy of a particle of mass m in a one-dimensional box of length L: P1 R T1 T2

En  n2h2/8mL2 n  1, 2, . . . Relation between Gibbs free energy and maximum nonexpansion work:

Plutonium
Bohr frequency condition:
Palladium

Samarium
Platinum G  we,max at constant temperature and pressure
106.42

195.08

150.36
58.69

(244)
Nickel

110

Sm
Ds
46
Pd
28
Ni

78
10

94
Pu
62
Pt

h  Eupper Elower Relation between pH and pOH:

Energy levels of a hydrogenlike atom of atomic number Z: pH  pOH  pKw

Promethium

Neptunium
Rhodium
102.90

192.22

En  Z 2hR/n2, n  1,2, . . .
Iridium
58.93
Cobalt

(268)

(145)

(237)
VIIIB

109
Relation between acidity and basicity constants of a conjugate acid–base pair:

Pm

Np
Mt
Co

Rh
27

45

77

61

93
Ir
9

Formal charge pKa  pKb  pKw

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS*

FC  V (L  12S) Henderson–Hasselbalch equation:

Praseodymium Neodymium
Ruthenium

Uranium
101.07

190.23

144.24

238.03
Hassium
Osmium
55.84

(277)
108

pH  pKa  log ([base]initial/[acid]initial)

Iron

Nd
Ru

Os

Hs
26

44

76

60

92
Fe

3. Thermodynamics

U
8

Ideal gas law: Relation between the Gibbs free energy of reaction and the emf of a cell:
PV  nRT

Protactinium
G  nFE
Molybdenum Technetium
Manganese
Hydrogen

Rhenium

140.91

231.04
Bohrium
1.0079

186.21
54.94

(262)
VIIB

(98)

107
Mn

Bh
Re

59

91
25

43

75

Pa
Tc

Pr
H
1

Expansion work against constant external pressure: Relation between the equilibrium constant for a cell reaction and the emf of a cell:
w  Pex V ln K  nFE°/RT
Seaborgium
Chromium

Thorium
Tungsten

140.12

232.04
183.84

Work of reversible, isothermal expansion of an ideal gas: Nernst equation:

Cerium
52.00

95.94

(266)
106
VIB

Mo

Th
Ce
58

90
24
Cr

42

74
W

Sg
6

w  nRT ln (Vfinal /Vinitial) E  E° (RT/nF) ln Q

First law of thermodynamics: 5. Kinetics
Lanthanum
Vanadium

Tantalum

Dubnium

Actinium
138.91
Niobium

180.95

 3R4
50.94

92.91

(227)
(262)

U  q  w Average reaction rate:

105
Nb
VB

Db

Ac
57
La

89
Ta
23

41

73
V
5

Definition of entropy change: Rate of disappearance of R 

t
 3 P4
Lawrencium Rutherfordium

S  qrev/T
Zirconium
Titanium

Hafnium
178.49
47.87

91.22

(261)
IVB

104

Rate of formation of P 
Hf
22

40
Zr

72

Rf
Ti
4

Definition of enthalpy and Gibbs free energy

6

*Molar masses (atomic weights) quoted to the number of significant figures

t
given here can be regarded as typical of most naturally occurring samples.

H  U  PV G  H TS
Lanthanoids
(lanthanides)

Actinoids
(actinides)

Unique average rate for a A  b B ∫B c C  d D

Scandium

Change in Gibbs free energy at constant temperature:

Lutetium
174.97
Yttrium
44.96

88.91

(262)

1  3A4 1  3B4 1  3C4 1  3D4

103
IIIB

Lu
21

39

71

Lr
Sc

Y
3

G  H TS
Unique average reaction rate    
Relation between the constant-pressure and constant-volume molar heat capacities of an ideal gas: a t b t c t d t
Magnesium

Strontium
Beryllium

137.33
Calcium

Integrated rate laws:

Radium
Barium

CP,m  CV,m  R
24.31

40.08

87.62

(226)

3A4 t
9.01

Mg
IIA

Ca

Ra
Ba
Be

12

20

38

56

88
Sr
II
2

Standard reaction enthalpy (X  H) and Gibbs free energy (X  G) from standard enthalpies of formation: For Rate of disappearance of A  k[A],  kt, 3A4 t  3A4 0 e kt
3A4 0
ln
X°  ∑ nXf°(products) ∑ nXf°(reactants)
Potassium

Rubidium

Francium
132.91
Lithium

Sodium

Cesium
22.99

39.10

85.47

(223)
6.94

For Rate of disappearance of A  k[A]2,

Na

Rb
11

19

37

55
Cs

87
IA

Fr
Li

K
3
1
I

Standard reaction entropy:

3A4 0
3A 4 t 
1 1 1 1
S°  ∑ nSm°(products) ∑ nSm°(reactants)  kt,  kt 
3A4 t 3A4 0 1  3 A4 0 kt 3 A4 t 3 A4 0
,
Group

Period Kirchhoff’s law:

H2°  H1°  CP(T2 T1) Half-life of a reactant in a first-order reaction:
Change in entropy when a substance of constant heat capacity, C, is heated from T1 to T2: t1/2  (ln 2)/k
S  nR ln (T2/T1) Arrhenius equation:
ln k  ln A Ea/RT
Change in entropy when an ideal gas expands isothermally from V1 to V2:
The rate constant at one temperature in terms of its value at another temperature:
S  nR ln (V2/V1)
ln 2  a a b
k E 1 1
Boltzmann’s formula for the statistical entropy:
k1 R T1 T2
S  k ln W
The equilibrium constant in terms of the rate constants:
Entropy change of the surroundings for a process in a system with enthalpy change H:
K  kforward/kreverse
Ssurr  H/T