Listening Summaries

01. Einstein...Hubble....The Universe (68 words)

The talk delineates how Albert Einstein’s theory about the universe dismissed the centuries-old view that the universe was
immobile and sta c. According to the lecture, it was by bringing forward the age-old theory of Edwin Hubble that Einstein proved
that the celes al bodies in space go through constant dynamic changes. Hence, the role of this new revela on in elimina ng the
wrong percep on about the universe was instrumental indeed.

02. Environmental law...Adam Smith....British Government (68 words)

The talk delineates how Adam Smith’s environmental law revolu onised the way companies and industries used to manufacture
goods and treat their employees. It was by implemen ng the Adam Smith Model that the UK government not only succeeded in
curbing environmental degrada on caused by industrial revolu on, but also enhanced health and safety for workers. Hence, the
role of this new law in making industrial opera on eco-friendly was instrumental indeed.

03. Biology (DNA & RNA) (69 words)

The talk delineates the significance of studying biology in understanding the fundamental structure of life. According to the
lecture, it is by containing DNA and RNA that all living things, both plants and animals, not only transmit gene c informa on, but
also show the similari es they possess with each other. Hence, the role of this branch of science in broadening our horizons
regarding the dynamics of life is instrumental indeed.

04. 5 Kinds of Competitions...Students...University (60 words)

The talk delineates the impact of numerous compe ons in ter ary educa on. According to the lecture, it is by facing a number
of arduous compe ons, from dona ons to research funding, that students pursuing higher educa on not only feel in midated,
but also run the risk of losing the ba le. Hence, the impact of compe ve elements in pursuing higher studies is far-reaching
indeed.

05. Ocean....Antares....detectors (65 words)

The talk delineates the significance of an unusual telescope called Antares, which works as a deep-sea detector providing a rare
glimpse of marine life. It is by observing such environmental changes as water temperature that this detector offers a detailed
outlook of the reac on of fish to feeding. Hence, the role of this state-of-the-art telescope in gaining more insight into fish
behaviour is instrumental indeed.

06. Making errors...2 Reasons...Photocopiers.... (64 words)

The talk delineates why people make errors and how to avoid them. According to the lecture, it is by firstly planning something
properly and then paying a en on to the details me culously that an individual can not only avoid any distrac on whatsoever,
but also enhance efficiency and produc vity. Hence, the role of prac sing such a ributes as planning and mindfulness in
augmen ng efficacy is instrumental indeed.

07. Peasants....India....Debt (67 words)

The talk delineates the des tute poverty the impoverished peasants in India are in. It is by borrowing money from creditors on
numerous occasions, either to improve their luck or to pay off the exis ng creditors, that these underprivileged farmers not only
fail to eradicate poverty, but also fall prey to a vicious circle. Hence, the impact of these loans in deteriora ng their ongoing
predicaments is far-reaching indeed.
08. Computers/ Artificial intelligence/ Human brain (67 words)

The talk delineates how a computer has a high poten al to develop computer intelligence. It is by following a number of steps,
from analysing messages into bits and bytes to working with systems and symbols, that computers not only work like a human
brain, but also have the ability to develop ar ficial intelligence. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned steps in developing
state-of-the-art technology is instrumental indeed.

09. Government information / mislead / cover mistakes (58 Words)

The talk delineates how ambiguous governmental policies mislead people in a few western democracies. It is by concealing
miscellaneous informa on that the government not only misinforms people about the vital policies and procedures, but also uses
tricks from books to cover their mistakes. Hence, the impact of such erroneous government prac ces in deceiving general public
is far-reaching indeed.

10. Sea creature like devices, power generators, green energy (70 Words)

The talk delineates how electricity can be generated using devices opera ng on sea energy. It is by performing a range of ac ons,
from ge ng inspired by sea creatures to designing prototypes to measuring performance, that scien sts have not only invented
power generators to produce green energy, but also implemented it successfully to power thousands of houses. Hence, the role
of the aforemen oned devices in developing sustainable energy is instrumental indeed.

11. Marketing/ Process / Profit / Sales (59 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of Marke ng which is a process of transferring goods and services from a supplier to a buyer.
It is by interchanging products and services that profit and non-profit companies not only generate profit, but also meet the
win-win situa on. Hence, the role of Marke ng in swelling sales and return on capital is instrumental indeed.

12. Genetic differences / Modern people / Ancestors (62 Words)

The talk delineates how genes have developed over the years. It is by comprehending and comparing the cogni ve abili es of
contemporary people and ancestors that researchers have not only iden fied some genes that were absent in our ancestors, but
also found that certain genes did not change to date. Hence, the role of gene cs in understanding people's mental abili es is
instrumental indeed.

13. Vitamin D/ Get from food/ Hormone/ Tropical areas (70 words)

The talk delineates the sources of an important hormone: Vitamin D. It is by learning about Vitamin D that scien sts have realised
that although people living in the tropics receive ample amounts of the said vitamin through sunlight, ones living in colder areas
require food supplements to meet the need. Hence, the role of vitamin D rich foods in fulfilling the requirements of people in
chilly areas is instrumental indeed.

14. Stanford University Conference /Management/leadership (67 words)

The talk delineates the significance of leadership and management for business school students. It is by op ng to study at a
renowned business school that students can not only gain such valuable a ributes as accountability and responsibility, but also
prepare to be a world-beater in the world of business. Hence, the role of a management programme in developing quali es that
an excellent manager possesses is instrumental indeed.

15. Modification of Government (Power) (69 words)

The talk delineates the contras ng opinions by two poli cal par es in terms of exercising power. It is by taking into account the
interests of both state and ci zens without interfering with an individual's freedom that the delegates can not only provide a
shared measure of authority, but also ensure a peaceful society. Hence, the role of power unifica on in striking a balance
between the two extremes is instrumental indeed.

16. Human creativity / 3Ps: Product, Process, People (68 words)

The talk delineates the significance of human crea vity and its key elements: Product, Process and People. It is by analysing these
Ps me culously that analysts have not only determined such factors as ability, grit and right mindset for people to be crea ve, but
also iden fied improvement, insight and imagina on as crucial aspects of a crea ve process. Hence, the role of human crea vity
in their survival is instrumental indeed.

17. War of Talent….Immigration (Version 1) (65 words)

The talk delineates the impact of brain drain on the skilled workforce of a na on. It is by migra ng to other na ons either for
higher educa on or for future prospects that the young immigrants not only cause intense demand for intellects, but also lead to
a war of talent. Hence, the impact of talent hunt on the skilled labour of a country is far-reaching indeed.

18. Shortage of Talent (Version 2) (61 Words)

The talk delineates the shortage of talent, both in a company and around countries. It is by trying to recruit the most intellectually
able minds, in other words, the cream of the crop, that the companies and countries have effected a ba le of talent. Hence, the
role of this immense compe on in augmen ng the value of talented people is instrumental indeed.

19. Advertisements / Drugs or Medicines / TV (63 words)

The talk delineates the adverse impact of adver sements on pa ents’ buying choices. It is by showcasing numerous adverts
pertaining to different prescrip on drugs that companies not only delude a deluge of pa ents, but also give them an illusion of
feeling posi ve despite the medica on being ineffec ve. Hence, the impact of this soaring trend of adver sements on the
well-being of people is far-reaching indeed.

20. Citizenship education (63 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of ci zenship educa on. It is by emphasising on ci zenship educa on that schools can not
only help students develop an upbeat a tude and hone their skills, but also boost their confidence to prepare them for the
challenges of the ever-changing world. Hence, the role of ci zenship educa on in evolving such essen al skills as leadership in
students is instrumental indeed.

21. Napoleon / Paris / 1890 (69 Words)

The talk delineates the renova on of Paris undertaken by Napoleon III in 1890s. It was by carrying out various ac vi es, from
bringing air and light to the centre to planning the sewages to building roads, that Haussmann directed urban renewal task
commissioned by Napoleon III in an a empt to address overcrowding and diseases. Hence, the role of improved infrastructure in
enhancing the liveability of the city was instrumental indeed.

22. Sound Receptors (58 Words)

The talk delineates the mechanism of sound receptors in human ear. According to the speaker, it is by transla ng vibra onal
energy coming from the ear through the ear fluid that these flappy organs convert physical mo on into electrical mo on and
electrical signals. Hence, the role of sound receptors in processing and comprehending sound and speech is instrumental indeed.
23. Paying off Student Loan (68 Words)

The talk delineates how lack of proper financial planning can have long-term effects on one's life. It is by sharing a dreadful life
experience that a 43-year-old woman not only highlighted the consequences of burgeoning student loan, but also emphasised
the need to be financially stable before making any crucial investments in life. Hence, the impact of poor financial management
skills in ruining one's career is far-reaching indeed.

24. Mary Mallon (69 Words)

The talk delineates the life of Mary Mallon, widely held responsible for the transmission of typhoid. It was by unknowingly
contrac ng typhoid that this flamboyant cook, who had migrated to the United States from Mexico in the 19th century, not only
spread this deadly disease, but also earned a nickname for herself: ‘Typhoid Mary’. Hence the impact of her life in spreading
typhoid in the USA was far-reaching indeed.

25. Urbanisation / Farmer / Agriculture (61 Words)

The talk delineates why farmers were migra ng from rural areas to urban ones. It was by going through a range of hardships,
from surviving in both arduous and unfavourable circumstances to producing food for the en re country, that the peasants
became disenchanted with village life. Hence, the impact of extreme living condi ons on the lives of impoverished villagers was
far-reaching indeed.

26. Open borders / Border open (57 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of keeping borders open. It is by enabling people to move from one country to another
without any restric on whatsoever that countries can achieve various advantages, from eleva ng freedom and allevia ng
injus ce to promo ng human welfare and boos ng the economy. Hence, the role of this ini a ve in benefi ng humanity is
instrumental indeed.

27. Definition/ Gobalisation (Version 1) (55 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of globalisa on. It is by applying such concepts as integrated economic strategy and
organisa onal integra on that many countries can not only benefit from global economic improvement, but also accelerate the
growth in travel and trade. Hence, the role of globalisa on in the prolifera on of trade across borders is instrumental indeed.

28. Globalisation (Version 2) (57 Words)

The talk delineates the different approaches to the term “globalisa on”. It is by considering different views, from the prolifera on
of interna onal trade to the interdependence of economic systems, that the speaker has established an infallible understanding
of the concept of globalisa on. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned proposi ons in being able to define globalisa on is
instrumental indeed

29. Animals / Reproduce / Survive (69 Words)

The talk delineates how animals reproduce and maintain their body and thus survive under various circumstances. It is by placing
a frog in water and hea ng it up as part of an experiment that researchers have unearthed the frog’s ability to not only adjust its
body temperature as per water temperature, but also survive in alien condi ons. Hence, the role of adapta on in helping
organisms survive is instrumental indeed.

30. Amory Lovins / Mr Green (70 Words)

The talk delineates how an American consultant, Amory Lovins, brought a revolu onary change in sustainable energy
development. It was by paying a en on to sustainable use of resources and building a house with plenty of energy-saving
concepts that Amory made unprecedented strides in the development of green energy, thus earning a nickname called Mr Green.
Hence, the role of his contribu ons in exploring environmentally friendly sources of energy was instrumental indeed.

31. Cocoa beans/ Aztecs/ Beverage/ religious significance (65 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of Cocoa beans during the me of Aztecs. It was by being used in such ways as a beverage,
currency, sunscreen and the like that cocoa not only played a pivotal role in the Aztec society, but also gained religious
significance for the Mayans. Hence, the role of these cardinal beans in the life of the Aztecs was instrumental indeed.

32. Harry Bergson / Genius / Energy problems / Technology (68 Words)

The talk delineates how Harry Bergson, who did not belong to the academic world and was regarded as a genius, commi ed
himself to preserving energy. It was by using exis ng technology efficiently whilst running a consul ng firm that Harry not only
craved to conserve energy, but also wished to solve various energy-related problems. Hence, the role of Harry Bergson in
deciphering and resolving energy crisis was instrumental indeed.

33. Monkey / Computer Software / Typing / Monkey Theorem (65 Words)

The talk delineates how long it takes for a monkey to write the six-le er word “Monkey”. It is by using advanced computer
so ware that monkeys can write the word within a day or so, whereas with the use of conven onal typewriters, it took them
nearly a decade to perform the same task. Hence, the role of state-of-the-art technology in developing monkey theory is
instrumental indeed.

34. ATM machines (69 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of introducing new automated teller machines, where a person cannot get cash out un l they
remove their card. It was by restructuring the old machines that the UK government not only avoided such problems as losing
one’s ATM card and jeopardising their financial security, but also protected their privacy. Hence, the role of the reprogrammed
ATMs in addressing the aforemen oned issues was instrumental indeed.

35. British Museums (70 Words)

The talk delineates an unfortunate experience of a woman, who visited the Bri sh Museum and Exhibi on Centre to congratulate
her son. It was by wri ng this pi ful incident in a magazine’s column that she not only expressed her unpleasant feeling of being
thrown out of the museum, but also learned about the families receiving similar treatment. Hence, the impact of this event in
causing resentment and indigna on was far-reaching indeed.

36. Fiction/Non-Fiction/Secret Life of Bees (67 Words)

The talk delineates how a non-fic on novelist switched to wri ng fic on. It was by taking inspira on from a famous fic on writer
from Mississippi that the writer not only completed the first chapter of her book named ‘The Secret Life of Bees’, but also fulfilled
her long-cherished dream of wri ng fic on. Hence, the role of passion and mo va on in helping the writer pursue her life-goals
was instrumental indeed.

37. Primary Colours/Sources (70 Words)

The talk delineates the natural sources of such colours as red, yellow and blue. It is by studying these primary colours that experts
have not only established that red colour is derived from insects and soil whereas yellow is sourced from plants, but also
concluded that blue colour has indigo as its sole natural source. Hence, the role of nature in bestowing us with such vivid colours
is instrumental indeed.
38. Fossil Fuels (66 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of switching from fossil fuel to other alterna ve sources of energy. It is by being available in
finite quan es that this unsustainable source has not only already exhausted in many countries, thus making them dependent
on other countries, but also contributed to adverse climate changes. Hence, the role of switching to alterna ve sources in helping
sustain the environment is instrumental indeed.

39. Language Development (60 Words)

The talk delineates how a language develops or grows over me. According to the lecture, it is by repea ng something that holds
significance that people from different cultures not only introduce new phrases and trends, but also express the uniqueness of
each word in every language. Hence, the role of repe on in the evolu on of a language is instrumental indeed.

40. Small language / Extinguish /Globalisation (62 words)

The talk delineates how various small languages are dying out around the globe at an alarming rate. It is by facing a number of
adverse trends from globalisa on to urbanisa on that the small languages are not only ge ng influenced by the mainstream
languages, but also ex nguishing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, the impact of globalisa on in crushing smaller languages is
far-reaching indeed.

41. Humour / Jokes / Berlin Wall (68 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of medicinal powers of laughter during war me. It was by making use of war jokes about
Berlin Wall that western countries such as Russia, Egypt and Iran not only healed the trauma caused by the Second World War,
but also helped people get through the arduous me. Hence, the role of laughing in shaking off the stress of war-torn people was
instrumental indeed.

42. Social Contract (62 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of the Social Contract Theory which is responsible for dispute resolu on. It is by solving social
conflicts that this theory not only helps an individual follow the rule of law, but also provides a framework for interac on
between an individual and the government. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned theory in shaping human behaviour is
instrumental indeed.

43. Similarities between Music and Language (68 Words)

The talk delineates the rela onship between music and language. It is by understanding the commonali es between music and
language, studied by experts from Plato to Darwin, that the speaker has not only iden fied such common grounds as complex
sequences and syntax, but also observed similari es in melody and rhythm. Hence, the role of emerging studies in gaining insight
into the aforemen oned conven onal modes of communica on is instrumental indeed.

44. Child Depression (70 Words)

The talk delineates child depression, which was first discovered in the 16th century. It is by conduc ng research that experts have
not only found depression compounding threat to life especially for the ones suffering from heart diseases and diabetes, but also
underscored the varied responses of children to its medical treatment. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned research in
acknowledging the gravity of depression as an illness is instrumental indeed.

45. Influence of Architecture (70 Words)

The talk delineates the influence of architecture on one’s state of mind. It was by observing the shabby buildings in London that
the speaker not only asserted their adverse impact on people’s moods, but also highlighted an architect’s view that “beauty lies
in the eyes of the beholder”. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned approach in gaining an insight into the rela onship between
architecture and one’s emo ons was instrumental indeed.

46. Body Fat Challenge (66 Words)

The talk delineates a challenge conducted by Canadian researchers on body fat. It was by providing 31-women volunteers with a
healthy regime that researchers found inconsequen al results where some subjects lost significant weight while others failed to
do so, thanks to possible chea ng and subconscious dislike for the challenge. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned experiment
in comprehending the dynamics of weight loss was instrumental indeed.

47. Fishing In Africa (66 Words)

The talk delineates the rela onship between fishing - the sole tourist a rac on, and voca on in Africa. It is by failing to obtain
healthy numbers of fish which is a great source of protein, either for self-consump on or trade that African people have found
themselves in des tute poverty. Hence, the impact of insufficient means of sustenance on the economic development of people
in Africa is far-reaching indeed.

48. Study of Genes (66 Words)

The talk delineates the significance of gene cs in the evolu on of mankind. It is by studying genes that researchers have not only
found them to be a prominent determinant for one’s physical features but also unravelled their per nence in regards to one’s
psychological behaviour. Hence, the role of gene cs in helping other such scien fic fields as biology, psychology and sociology
gain useful insights is instrumental indeed.

49. Housing in Australia (63 Words)

The talk delineates the astronomical rise in housing prices in Australia. It is by studying the real estate market that the speaker
has enumerated the impetus for this increase, ranging from economic growth and stricter home loan policies to immigra on and
purchasing power of prospec ve buyers. Hence, the impact of the aforemen oned factors in making the houses dearer in
Australia is far-reaching indeed.

50. Science/CBAM/Water Purification (70 Words)

The talk delineates how to apply science to deal with everyday problems. It is by running a program using CBAM that scien sts
have been able to make great strides in providing purified water in developed countries, although there is s ll a long way to go
when it comes to solving this global concern. Hence, the role of nanotechnology in helping scien sts solve day-to-day issues of
the world is instrumental indeed.

51. The Big Bang Theory (65 Words)

Version 01:
The talk delineates the proof of the age of universe. It is by holding various scien fic experiments about this not-so-well-known
phenomenon in the scien fic community that scien sts have not only learned that the universe is expanding constantly, but also
proved it to be 13.6 billion years old. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned experiments in determining the exact age of our
universe is instrumental indeed.

Version 02:
The talk delineates how scien sts have affirmed the exact age of our universe to be 13.6 billion years. It is by developing their
understanding of the infamous Big Bang Theory that researchers have not only calculated the beginning of the universe to a
decimal point but also shared some insight regarding a specula ve future. Hence, the role of growing science in enriching our
understanding of the cosmos is instrumental indeed.
52. Memory/ Implicit/ Explicit (67 Words)

The talk delineates different types of memories. It is by studying human behaviour that experts have categorised memory into
two types: the implicit memory which is stored and recalled unconsciously such as language learning, and the explicit memory
which requires conscious effort from a person and deals with personal informa on. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned study
in understanding the mechanism of human memory is instrumental indeed.

53. Similarities between Journals and History Papers (62 Words)

The talk delineates the similari es between journals and history papers. It is by focusing on such factors as dependence on
resource and evidence, a en on to logic, style and wri ng that academic writers have resulted in a similar standard for the
wri ng mediums. Hence, the role of this approach in making both, journals and history papers similar by academic writers is
instrumental indeed.

54. Epidemic Transmission (68 Words)

The talk delineates the efforts to control epidemic transmission and the problems facing this ini a ve. It is by researching
vigorously that scien sts have concluded that although developed countries like the US have prevented many epidemics from
spreading using an viral drugs, developing countries are s ll struggling to ameliorate this issue. Hence, the impact of inadequate
medical technologies in hindering the management of this phenomenon in emerging na ons is far-reaching indeed.

55. Human Rights Law/ The UK (70 Words)

The talk delineates the significant role of the UK in se ng up of the Human Rights Law. It was by announcing human rights, from
marriage right and right to vote to free religion and free trade immediately a er the Second World War that Britain established
minimum standards for the contemporary human rights. Hence, the role of the UK’s ini a ve in providing a baseline for the said
legisla on was instrumental indeed.

56. Happiness (62 Words)

The talk delineates different factors contribu ng to one’s happiness. It was by conduc ng a survey that surveyors concluded that
such core factors as employment, marital status, health along with environmental factors like quality of life play an impera ve
role in deciding one’s emo onal state. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned survey in shedding useful light on this subject was
instrumental indeed.

57. Sign Language/ Symbols (65 Words)

The talk delineates the importance of symbols in the development of a language. It is by studying the journey of a language that
scien sts have realised that sign language is not only used by people but also by computers in the form of abstrac on in order to
facilitate the growth of a language. Hence, the role of signs in helping a language grow is instrumental indeed.

58. Risk/ Safety/ Definition (69 Words)

The talk delineates the different approaches to define the terms: Risk and Safety. It is by considering these approaches that one
can not only define risk as the state of being in imminent danger or as the possibility of the same, but also pin safety as the
condi on of being safe. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned perspec ves in providing a be er understanding of these concepts
is instrumental indeed.

59. Incorrect Medicines (56 Words)

The talk delineates the reasons for and grave consequences of inges ng incorrect medicines. It is by studying the accidents
involving incorrect drugs that doctors have enumerated the reasons ranging from mistakes by underage children to incorrect
prescrip ons to incorrect dosages due to resistance. Hence, the role of precau onary instruc ons in avoiding serious accidents is
instrumental indeed.

60. Earthquake/ Epicentre (64 Words)

The talk delineates the intricacies related to earthquakes. It is by studying the passing of seismic waves through the faults that
experts can not only locate the hypocenter lying beneath the Earth’s crust, but also pinpoint the epicentre which is ver cally
above the focus on the Earth’s surface. Hence, the role of this study in sharing insights about this natural phenomenon is
instrumental indeed.

61. French Revolution/ Ideologies/ Left and Right Podium (68 Words)

The talk delineates the evolu on of diverse schools of economic thought, namely communism and socialism, during the French
Revolu on. It was by conduc ng an assembly that the sovereigns were able to iden fy that the people seated on the le
supported the current doctrine, while the ones seated on the right demanded change. Hence, the role of the aforemen oned
Congress in iden fying which dogma should prevail was instrumental indeed.

62. Smart customers/ 15% markup price.

The talk delineates how customers have go en smarter over the years. It is by spending extra money on branded products say
15% mark-up from the generic products that consumers can expect be er performance from their purchase in the form of a
lighter yet stronger product or a stronger yet so er product. Hence, the role of brands in influencing a customer’s expecta ons is
instrumental indeed.