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Modeling and Simulation of Static Var
Compensator to Enhance the Power System Security
VenkataPadmavathiS SaratKumarSahu
Ph.D Scholar, JNTUH. EEE Dept.
& Asst. Prof., EEE Dept. M.V.G.R Engg. Col. Vizianagaram,
GITAM University A.P., India
Hyderabad, A.P., India
Abstract— Today’s Power system is more complex and
consequently it would lead to less security. To meet the demand
and better security levels with existing transmission lines, the
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices are one of the
alternates. In this paper a Newton Raphson(NR) algorithm was
developed to find out the best operating point of a Static Var
Compensator(SVC) for the enhancement of system security. The
proposed algorithm minimizes the security index iteratively.
Security index indicates the overload level of transmission lines.
The proposed algorithm is verified by IEEE 5 bus system. Line
power flows and bus voltages and bus angles are obtained by the
Newton Raphson algorithm and the security index is calculated
for both the cases with and without SVC. The results show that
the voltage profile can be enhanced and the security margin
increased by applying the proposed algorithm.
Key words— Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS),
Newton Raphson Algorithm(NR), Security Index(SI), Static Var
Compensator (SVC).
I.INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario, most of the power systems in the
developing countries with large interconnected networks share
the generation reserves to increase the reliability of the power
system. However, the increasing complexities of large
interconnected networks had fluctuations in reliability of power
supply, which resulted in system instability, difficult to control
the power flows, bus voltages and security problems that
resulted large number of blackouts in different parts of the
world. The reasons behind the above fault sequences may be
due to the systematical errors in planning and operation, weak
interconnection of the power system, lack of maintenance or
due to overload of the network. [8]
To overcome these problems and to provide the desired
power flow and bus voltages along the transmission line with
better system security and reliability, new transmission lines
installation is required. However, the installation of new
transmission lines with the large interconnected power system
are limited to some of the factors like economic cost,
environment related issues. These complexities in installing
new transmission lines in a power system challenges the
power engineers to research on the ways to increase the power
flow with the existing transmission line without reduction in
system security.The application of FACTS devices becomes
an alternative.[8]
FACTS provides[3][5] the ability to increase the
controllability and to improve the transmission system
‹,(((

AJayalaxmi
EEE Dept.
JNTUH University
Hyderabad, A.P., India
operation in terms of power flow, stability limits with
advanced control technologies in the existing power systems.
FACTS devices can be categorized into three types, such as
series compensators for controlling line flows, shunt
compensators for controlling bus voltages and combined
series-shunt compensators [11].
Static Var Compensator (SVC) is one among the different
FACTS controllers introduced to improve the bus voltage with
system security. SVC can be placed in order to control the bus
voltage based on variable susceptance. Here, the Security
index is related to bus voltage and is minimized by an iterative
algorithm. The index would increase as the bus voltages
reduces or increases w.r.t to nominal voltage. Therefore it can
be said that if the index increases, the system security margin
will decrease. So by minimizing the security index we can
improve the security [1]
II.POWER SYSTEM SECURITY
Power system security is the ability to maintain the flow of
electricity from the generators to the customers, under sudden
disturbed conditions such as electric short circuits or
unanticipated loss of system elements. The measures of power
system security are amounts, duration and frequency of
customer outages [10]. Maintaining power system security is
one of the major challenges facing transmission system
operators today. Reliable and secure operation of power
systems is a key to the success of deregulation.
III.BUS VOLTAGE CONTROL IN POWER SYSTEMS
AND SECURITY INDEX
Most of the electrical power systems in the world are
widely interconnected due to economic reasons to reduce the
cost of electricity and to improve system stability and
reliability. Because of the increasing complexity of power
system, the challenge to meet the high quality power supply in
a power system is highly desirable.
To overcome the power system limitations like Thermal,
Voltage and Transient Stability limits, advanced controller
devices provide techniques to maintain system stability and to
reduce losses [11].
Different types of power controlling devices are:
1. Phase Shifting Transformer (PST)
2. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission
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3. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

Among these FACTS are used in this work.
Line
A.Securityindex:
When the bus voltage value near to the desired value, the
index Jv would be a small. Minimization of Jv means the
maximization of security margins. Therefore it can be said that
if the security index [2] [7] increases, the system security
margin will decrease. The index Jcan be used to indicate the
severity of each contingency and security level of the
operating system.

n 2

Security index = JV = ¦ Wi Vi − Vref ,i TCR TSC C R

i Fig. 1: Model of SVC

Where 
i: Bus number B.ShuntVaribleSuseptanceModelofSVC:
Wi : weighing factor 
 V k
JV : Security index which means how much the bus voltage
Isvc
nearer to the ref voltage
Vref ,i : Nominal voltage
Bsvc

IV.FLEXIBLE ALTERNATING CURRENT

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (FACTS)
FACTS are highly engineered power electronics based
devices. These controllers are introduced depending on the
type of power system problems. Some of these controllers are
capable of addressing multiple problems in a power system but Fig. 2: SVC Equivalent [14] variable Susceptance model
some are limited to solve for a particular problem. They have
the ability to control the bus voltage, the power flow and The mathematical modeling [14] equations of SVC can be
improve the performance of the power system without written as
changing the topology. SVC is one among the different The current drawn by the SVC
FACTS controllers introduced to improve the voltage profile at I SVC = JBSVC *VK
the buses. [11]
Reactive power drawn or injected into the bus
A.StaticVarCompensator(SVC): QSVC = QK = −VK 2 * BSVC
SVC [14] is a shunt connected FACTS controller and is
a Static Var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to The linearized equations of SVC, where the Bsvc is taken as
exchange inductive or capacitive current to maintain the bus the state variable.
voltage. SVC is modeled as variable susceptance model.SVC
is having two main components.
1. Thyristor Controlled Reactor(TCR) or Thyristor ª ΔPK º ª0 0 º ª Δθ K º
Switched Reactor(TSR) « ΔQ » = «0 Q » « ΔB / B »
2. Thyristor Switched Capacitor(TSC)
¬ K¼ ¬ K¼¬ SVC SVC ¼

TCR or TSR is composed of a shunt connected reactor and At the end of kth iteration the susceptance value can be
controlled by two parallel connected thyristors.In the same updated as follows.
K
way TSC is composed of a shunt connected capacitor K K −1 § ΔB · K −1
controlled by two parallel connected thyristors.So SVC can BSVC = B SVC + ¨ SVC ¸ BSVC
absorb or generate the reactive power to control the bus © BSVC ¹
voltage to within the limits. The Susceptance value is varied in the Newton Raphson Load
flow problem as a state variable until to get the voltage
magnitude to the specified value.


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V. MODELLING OF SVC IN NEWTON RAPHSON

METHOD
The SVC power equations are combined with the system System Data
equations and linearized with respect to the state variables
[12]. The linearized power flow equations can be represented
as [F(X)] = [J] [įX].
Where [F(X)] is power flow mismatch vector, [J] is the Bus Voltage
Jacobian matrix; [įX] is the state variable correction vector. Calculation
For the SVC, the variable Susceptance is taken as state
variable. The inclusion of this variables to form conventional
Jacobian matrix, which increases the dimension of the Calculation of Security INDEX
jacobian.The SVC shunt variable susceptance is adjusted in (Jref)
the Newton Raphson algorithm in each iteration to achieve the
specified voltage and SVC shunt variable susceptance is
operated in either capacitive or inductive modes. SVC Placement
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed method has been tested for standard 5-bus
system as shown in figure. Bus Voltage Calculation
Change
G Location
3 4
1
of SVC Calculation of Security Index (Jnew)

2 5 Jref
G >Jnew

Fig. 3: A Standard 5-Bus Network [13]

Best Fit of SVC

The best fit of SVC Controller was obtained by using
the algorithm shown in figure 4 [1].
The standard 5-bus test system was tested by SVC to Fig. 4: Flow chart representation of Best fit of SVC
know the behavior of the system. Here bus 1 is taken as
Slack bus, bus 2 is taken as generator bus and buses 3, 4, TABLE 1: BUS VOLTAGES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC
5 are taken as load buses. Here the SVC is connected at Bus No. Nodal Voltage
bus 3 to maintain the nodal voltage to 1 p.u. The SVC is Nodal Voltage
Magnitude without
Magnitude with SVC
modeled as variable susceptance model in the power SVC in Per
in Per Unit(p.u)
flows study and its value is adjusted in each iteration to Unit(p.u)
meet the specified value. Initially the susceptance value is 1 1.060 1.060
taken as 0.02 p.u. and converges at 6 iterations. After 2 1.000 1.000
connecting SVC at bus 3, the voltage increased from 3 0.987 1.000
0.987 to 1.0 p.u. the power flows slightly changed as 4 0.984 0.994
shown in Table 3.
5 0.972 0.975

It is observed from Table 1, that the voltage at bus 3

is improved from 0.987 to 1.0 p.u.


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determined by the proposed algorithm to decrease the

TABLE II: BUS POWERS WITH AND WITHOUT SVC security index related to the voltages at the buses.
Bus Bus powers without SVC Bus powers with
No. in Per Unit(p.u) SVC in Per Unit(p.u)

P(MW) Q(MVAR) P(MW) Q(MVAR) REFERENCES

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VII.CONCLUSION
In this paper, a standard 5-bus network is considered and
power flow program with SVC is simulated in MATLAB.
From the satisfactory results it has been observed that the
voltage profile is improved to a pre-specified value. The
power flows are slightly increased. So, it can be concluded
that after the incorporation of SVC the voltage profile
improves and also the performance of SVC operating point