Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sodsai Lamtharn
60601189
Table of Contens
page
1 Introduction 3
2 Problem statement 4
4 Analysis 7
6 Conclusions 13
3
1 Introduction
In long piping or pipeline system normally used pigging for various internal activities
such as separating fluids, cleaning and inspecting the pipeline. Pig is a spherically shaped
device which can be propelled through a main pipeline by pressurized fluid flow from pig
trap launcher through main line, branch line and together with all associated piping, valves,
pipe supports and instruments to pig trap receiver. The main line is major portion of a
pipeline, between pig traps which compose many branch connection line. When piping or
pipeline system is liquid filled into system to operate, the flow past main line and flow into
branch line and past barred tee. In order to prevent the passing of pigs/spheres through branch
pipe as show on Fig. 1. and Fig. 2. the barred tees (guided bars) is provided, filled-welded
attached cross inside branch at connection point. Typically barred tees be installed on all
branches larger than 50% or 25% of the main pipeline diameter where unwrapped foam pigs
or spheres are to be used.
The barred tees have to integrity against to fluids flow induced vibration. The flow past a
stationary cylinder becomes unstable beyond Re approximate 47 and vortex-shedding ensues.
As a result, the cylinder experiences unsteady aerodynamic forces that may lead to vortex
induced vibrations (VIV). It is well known that the motion of the cylinder can alter the flow
field significantly. Under certain conditions, the motion can cause the vortex shedding
frequency to match the vibration frequency. This is referred to as lock-in or synchronization.
In engineering design point of view, we concern to the synchronize between natural
frequency of barred tee with vortex shedding frequency of fluid flow as past barred tee, the
synchronize vibration of them cause barred tee experienced severe vibration then fatigue,
detached from wall pipe into main pipe line which can be resulted pig stuck, valve face crash
or scraper flow in to other inline equipment such as flow control valve and pump impeller.
More additional cause piping or pipeline stress exceed at branch connection. As shown on
Fig. 2. the flow past a barred tee in which composed with several cross-section shape of a
square, a rectangular and a right trapezoidal cylinder.
By numerical simulation, the enormous increase on the powerful processing of modern
computers simulation has made it possible to identify and to study several mechanisms on
flow past two dimensional cylindrical bluff body, many work used numerical simulation for
flow past over cylindrical shape.
2 Problem statement
In this study, numerical simulations are carried out to investigate Strouhal number, RMS
lift coefficient, of a right trapezoidal cylinder in unsteady flow to provide further more
applicable data for engineering design of barred tee in aspect of structural integrity. The
effects of time step, grid independence, sharpening angle β, blockage ratio, domain size,
upstream and downstream extents, size domain next to trapezoidal cylinder are studied
systematically. Fig. 3. show the schematic of the computational geometry of flow in this
study and the definition of α, β, B, A, Xu, Xd, vertical distance between the lower and upper
walls of computational domain H and projected width of the cylinder in the streamwise
direction d. The streamwise and tranverse direction is placed on the D and L axis,
respectively. The center of cylinder is on origin. The constant flow inlet velocity U∞
approached into side A and B at some degree of the α as depicted in Fig. 3. The Reynolds
number is defined as
Re = U∞d/ν
where
d = Acos (α+β)/cosβ + Bsinα
0o ≤ α ≤ (90-β)o
and
d = Bsinα
0o ≤ β ≤ 60o
St = fSd/U∞
where fS is the shedding frequency. The confined boundary parameter which is blockage ratio
is defined as
γ = d/H
5
where velocities scaled with U∞. The origin of force coordinates is placed at the center of
right trapezoidal cylinder geometry with drag and lift force positive in the D and L-direction,
respectively.
Fig. 4. Computational mesh for α = 0o and β = 22.5o, on the right top is near cylinder
6
Fig. 6. Number of nodes on each side of cylinder Nb = 20 and Size domain next to cylinder
ζ = 0.004
7
Fig. 7. Extends all side of 5 units from cylinder, Mesh distribution was made non-uniform
with a vary mesh size of 0.004-0.5 and Computation domain size Δ = 0.5
4 Analysis
A finite volume method, non-uniform meshing with second-order implicit time
discretization into eight-node quadratic quadrilateral elements is employed. An
incompressible flow SIMPLEC code with constant fluid properties such as kinematic
8
viscosity and density are used and the convective terms using a third-order QUICK scheme.
At the inlet which is located Xu units upstream from the cylinder, a uniform flow velocity was
definded in streamwise direction U = 1, in tranverse streamwise direction V = 0. At the outlet
which is located Xd units downstream from the cylinder, the zero gage pressure is definded.
The confined flow surface frictionless stationary wall with specific shear stress = 0 (V = 0) at
upper and lower side of cylinder (H/2) are employed and the right trapezoidal cylinder
surface is prescribed to No-slip stationary wall condition (U = 0, V = 0) with double
precision. Initiated calculations with the fluid at rest (U = 0, V = 0) after that in few time step
the flow velocity is increased smoothly to unity with constant Δt = 0.05, maximum iteration
per time step of 40, the monitor convergence criteria in continuity and velocity are set to
0.001 to use compares with residual at the end of each iteration during iterative sequence.
Table 3. Effect of domain size at Courant number = 12.5, Δt = 0.05, ζ = 0.004, Nb = 20 and
Grid = 150x138.
Xu Xd Convergence criteria γ St Cl’
10 15 0.001 5.0% 0.1527 0.7641
15 15 0.001 5.0% 0.1515 0.7566
10 20 0.001 5.0% 0.1527 0.7646
10 15 0.001 2.5% 0.1515 0.7546
10 15 0.0001 5.0% 0.1538 0.7701
13
6 Conclusions
Numerical simulation of two-dimensional laminar flow past a right trapezoidal cylinder
in unsteady flow at Re = 100, α = 0o and β = 22.5o with B/A = 1 have been carried out.
The increasing of sharpening angle, the Strouhal number is negligible changed whilst the
RMS lift coefficients significantly increased.
The Strouhal number of 0.1527 and RMS lift coefficient of 0.7641 in this study are
provided for more applicable data for engineering design of barred tee in aspect of structural
integrity further.