Manual Updated

EEE2003 - Electro mechanical Energy Conversion Manual
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(SELECT)
B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-19
EEE2003 / Electro mechanical Energy Conversion Manual
Page No.
Sl.No. Title
1 Speed control of DC shunt motor and predetermination of performance characteristics
of DC shunt machine
2 Performance characteristics of DC traction motor
3 Performance characteristics of DC motor used for rolling mills
4 Magnetization and Load characteristics of DC shunt generator
5 Performance test and connection assessment of a 3 phase transformer
6 Open circuit and short circuit test on a 1 phase transformer
7 Parallel operation of transformers
8 Equivalent circuit and Performance evaluation of 3 phase industrial pump motor
9 Load test on 3 phase motor used for lift applications
10 Voltage Regulation of a three phase induction generator
11 Load test on single phase fan motor
12 Predetermination of Voltage Regulation in 3 phase alternator by EMF and MMF
method
13 Synchronization of a 3 phase alternator to the busbar
14 V and inverted V curves of 3 phase synchronous motor
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Follow the rules and regulations of the laboratory
Wear Lab coat and closed shoes while entering the laboratory
Maintain discipline inside the laboratory
Keep the observation note books ready while coming to the laboratory
Prepare the observation / record note book neatly. Draw the required
diagrams with the aid of scale and pencil.
Use procircles for drawing measuring instruments.
Bring the required graph sheets and stationaries
Prepare well for answering viva questions
Don’t switch on the power supply in the absence of Faculty / Staff
Take care while doing experiments on high voltage supplies
Get the readings verified by the Faculty before disconnecting the circuit
components
Get the observation / record signed by the Faculty within three
days after completing the experiment
Submit the Record before coming for next week’s lab class

Speed Control of Dc Shunt Motor and Predetermination of

Exp. No:1
Performance Characteristics of Dc Shunt Machine
Date:
(a) Speed Control Of Constant Speed Dc Motor
AIM: To control the speed of the given DC Shunt motor by the following methods.
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-5)A MC 1
Ammeter
2. (0-2) A MC 1
350Ω/1.4 A 1
3. Rheostat
55 Ω/ 4.6 A 1
FORMULA:
Where
Va – Supply Voltage (volts)
Ia – Armature Current (amperes)
Ra – Armature Resistance (ohms)
PROCEDURE:
(A) ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the armature rheostat of the motor is kept at maximum position and the field rheostat
is kept at minimum position.
3. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4. Start the motor using 3 point starter.
5. For armature control method, keep the field current constant by adjusting the field rheostat
connected in the field circuit.
6. Vary the rheostat connected in the armature circuit and note the corresponding armature voltage,
armature current and speed and tabulate those values.
(B) FIELD CONTROL METHOD
1. Repeat the steps 1 to 4 of rheostat control.
2. For field control method, keep the armature voltage as constant by adjusting the rheostat
connected to the armature circuit.
3. Vary the rheostat connected in the field circuit and for each setting note the corresponding
Field current and speed and tabulate it.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
(A) ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD (I f = c o n s t a n t )
Field Current Field Current

If = (amperes) If = (amperes)
Sl.No.
Armature Voltage Speed Armature Voltage Speed
Va (volts) N (rpm) Va (volts) N (rpm)
(B) FIELD CONTROL METHOD (Va= constant)
Armature Voltage Armature Voltage

Va = (volts) Va = (volts)
S.No.
Field Current Speed Field Current Speed
If (amps) N (rpm) If (amps) N (rpm)

MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
The speed of DC Shunt motor is controlled by the two methods and the curves are drawn.
(b) PREDETERMINATION OF PERFROMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MACHINE
AIM: To predetermine the performance characteristics of the DC machine when it works as a generator and
motor (Swinburne’s Test).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.NO. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2. Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
3. Rheostats 1250, 0.8A Wire Wound 1
4. Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
5. Resistive Load 5KW,230V - 1
PRECAUTIONS: The field rheostat should be in the minimum resistance position at the time of starting and
stopping the motor
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is
gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the machine is brought to its rated speed.
4. The armature current, field current and voltage readings are noted on NO LOAD.
5. The field rheostat is then brought to minimum position and DPST switch is opened.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
(A) Efficiency when working as a DC Motor:
Total Output Input

V Il Ia Ia2Ra Efficiency
Sl.No Losses Power Power
(Volts) (amperes) (amperes) (watts) (%)
(watts) (watts) (watts)
(B) Efficiency when working as a DC Generator:
Constant Losses= ……
Total Output Input
V Il Ia Ia2Ra Efficiency
Sl.No Losses Power Power
(Volts) (amperes) (amperes) (watts) (%)
(watts) (watts) (watts)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MEASURING ARMATURE RESISTANCE:
OBSERVATION:
Rated Speed = ________________rpm
Vo Io If Ra
Sl.No.
(volts) (amps) (amps) (ohms)
FORMULA USED:
Hot Resistance Ra = 1.2 X R Ω

Constant losses = VIo – Iao2 Ra watts
Where Iao = (Io – If) Amps
As MOTOR:
Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL – If Amps
Copper loss = Ia2 Ra watts
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Input Power = VIL watts
Output Power = Input Power – Total losses
Output power
Efficiency % = ---------------------- X 100%
Input Power
As GENERATOR:
Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of

rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL + If Amps
Copper loss = Ia2 Ra watts
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Output Power = VIL watts
Input Power = Input Power +Total losses
Output power
Efficiency % = ----------------------- X 100%
Input Power
MODEL GRAPH:
Generator
%η
Motor
OUTPUT POWER P0 (W)

MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Thus the efficiency of the D.C machine is predetermined by conducting a suitable experiment.

Ex No: 2 Performance characteristics of DC traction motor

Date
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC Series Traction motor and to draw its performance characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1. Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
3. Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
4. Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started and stopped with mechanical load
2. Brake drum should be cooled with water when the motor is loaded.
PROCEDURE:
2. After checking the load condition, DPST switch is closed and starter resistance is gradually removed
(Start the motor with 2 point starter).
3. Increase the mechanical load gradually in steps and note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, speed and
spring balance readings.
4. After bringing the mechanical load to initial position (with certain load), DPST switch is opened.
TabularColumn:
Spring Balance Readings Output Input

Voltage Current Speed Torque
Power Power %Efficiency
S.No. V I N T
S1 S2 (S1 S2) Pm Pi (%)
(Volts) (Amps) (rpm) (Nm)
(Kg) (Kg) Kg (W) (W)
FORMULA USED:
Circumference
(i) R = ------------------- m
100 x2
(ii) Torque T = (S1  S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
(iii) Input Power Pi = VI Watts;
N =Speed in revolutions per minute

2NT
(iv) Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts
60
Output Power
(v) Efficiency  % = -------------------- x 100%
Input Power
MODEL GRAPHS:
RESULT: Thus load test on DC series Traction motor is conducted and its performance characteristics were
drawn.

Ex.No :3 Performance characteristics of DC motor used for rolling mills.

Date
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC compound motor and find its efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostat 1250, 0.8A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires Copper Few
PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC compound motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
PROCEDURE:
2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch is closed
and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load
condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter, spring
balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position, then DPST
switch is opened.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:
OBSERVATION CALCULATION
Spring Balance
Input Input Reading Input Output Efficiency,
Speed Torque
Voltage Current Power Power =Pout /Pin X
S.No N T
Vin Iin S1 S2 S1~S2 Pin Pout 100
V A kg kg kg RPM Nm W W %
Formula Used:
Circumference
(i) R = ------------------- m
100 x2
(ii) Torque T = (S1  S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
(iii)Input Power Pi = VI Watts
2NT
(iv) Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts
60
Output Power
(v) Efficiency  % = -------------------- x 100%
Input Power
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
Thus load test on DC compound motor is conducted and its efficiency is determined.
Ex. No:4 Magnetization and Load characteristics of DC shunt generator.

Date:
AIM:
To conduct open circuit test and load test on a self excited DC Generator and to draw the following
characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics
C. External Characteristics Load characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
(0-10)A MC 1
(0-20) A MC 1
2. Ammeter
(0-2) A MC 1
3. Rheostat 1250/0.8 A 2
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat is kept in the minimum resistance position.
2. The generator field rheostat is kept in the maximum resistance position.
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
3. Start the DC motor using 3-point starter.
4. The field rheostat of the motor (ie. excitation) is adjusted to make the motor to run at rated speed.
5. EMF generated in the DC generator is noted for various field currents by adjusting the field rheostat
(Forward) of the generator. Readings are taken up to 125% of the rated voltage.
Note: When the adjustment of the field rheostat is varied in reverse direction, the previous reading
(forward adjustment) and the current reading should not be same due to residual magnetism. Hence, the
adjustment of field rheostat should be done in one direction.
6. Tabulate the corresponding field current (If) & generated voltage (Eg).
7. Draw the open circuit characteristic curve from the tabulated values.
LOAD TEST:
1. Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the rheostat of the generator.
2. DPST Switch of single-phase resistive load is closed.
3. Apply the load to the generator using Single Phase Resistive Load step by step.
4. Vary the load of the generator up to its rated current.
5. Tabulate the input voltage, input current, terminal voltage and armature current for different load
values.
6. While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as that of rated voltage.
(Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
7. Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its original position and supply is
switched off.
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. Rheostat is varied and the corresponding values of voltage and current are noted down.
4. Calculate DC armature resistance Rdc and multiply by 1.3 to get hot Armature resistance.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TO FIND THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

FORMULA USED:
1. Eg = Vt + IaRa Volts
Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms.
2. Input power (Pin)= Vin* Iin Watts.
Where Vin= Input voltage in volts
Iin= Input current in Amperes.
3. Output Power (Pout)= Vt*Ia Watts
Where Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts.
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
If (A)
Eg (V)
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
S. Terminal Load Field Generated
No. Voltage Current Current Voltage
Vt (V) IL (A) If (A) Eg (V)

MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Open circuit and load test on a self excited DC generator are conducted and the characteristics are drawn.

Ex No:5 Performance Test and Connection Assessment of a 3 Phase

Transformer
Date
Aim:
To conduct load test on three phase transformer by direct loading and to find its efficiency and regulation.
Apparatus Required:
S.no Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Three Phase Auto
Transformer
2 Three Phase
Transformer
3 Ammeters (0-20)A MI 2
4 Voltmeters (0-600)V MI 2
5 Wattmeters 600V,20A,UPF Electrodynamometer 2
5 TPST Switch
6 Resistive Load
Precautions:
1. The three phase autotransformer should be kept in the minimum position at the time of starting the load test.
2. The electrical load should be switched off at the time of starting.
Procedure:
2. Close the main TPST switch. Adjust the three phase auto transformer and set the rated primary voltage.
3. Note down the primary no load ammeter voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
4. Close the TPST switch on the secondary side so that the three phase resistive load is connected to the
transformer.
5. Increase the load in steps from no load to full load till the rated line current is reached. Tabulate the readings
of Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter both in the primary and secondary.
6. Remove the load gradually. Bring the autotransformer to minimum position and switch off the three phase
AC supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Formula Used:
Input Power Supplied to the three phase transformer=W 1+W2(Sum of the wattmeter readings) watts;
Ouput Power Absorbed by the Electrical load =W 3+W4 Watts:
%Efficiency =Output Power /Input Power *100;
%Voltage Regulation = E (No load)- V(Full Load)/V(Full load) *100
Model Graphs:
Result :
Thus the load test on three phase transformer was conducted and its performance curves were drawn.

(b) THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
AIM:
i) To carry out the following three phase transformer connections and to check the input output voltage
ratio for the same:
Y – Y; Y – Δ; Δ – Δ; Δ – Y
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.NO ITEM TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Three Phase
Transformer
2 Voltmeter
3 TPST Switch
i) THEORY:
Transformer is a static device that transforms power from one circuit to the
other circuit at the same frequency. The basic principle involved is mutual
induction.
There are various methods available for transforming three phase voltages
to higher or lower three phase voltages, i -e for handling considerable amount of
power. The most common connections are Star – Star (Y – Y); Star – Delta (Y –
Δ); Delta – Delta (Δ – Δ);Delta – Star (Δ – Y).
1. Star – Star (Y – Y) Connections:
This connection is most economical for small and high voltage transformers,
because the number of turns per phase and the amount of insulation r equired is
minimum. Fig 1 shows a bank of three transformers connected in star on both the
primary and secondary sides. The ratio of line voltages on the primary and
secondary sides is the same as the transformation ratio of each transformer.
However there is a phase shift of 30 0 between the phase voltages and line
voltages both on the primary and the secondary sides. And also these two voltages
are in phase with each other. This connection works satisfactorily only if the load
is balanced. With the unbalanced load to the neutral, the neutral point shifts
thereby making the three line to neutral voltages unequal. The advantage of this
connection is that two voltages can be obtained for the load, since neutral is
available.
2. Star – Delta (Y – Δ) Connections:
The main use of this connection is at the sub -station end of the transmission line
where the voltage is to be stepped down. The primary winding is star connected
with ground and neutral as shown in the Fig. 2. The ratio between secondary and
primary line voltage is 1/3 times the transformation ratio of each transformer.
There is a 300 shift between the primary and secondary voltages which means that
the star – delta transformer bank cannot be paralleled with either star – star or
delta – delta bank.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Delta – Delta (Δ – Δ) Connections:
This connection is economical for large, low voltage transformers in which

the insulation problem is not so urgent, b ecause it increases the number of turns
per phase. Fig. 3 shows the transformer connections. The ratio of transformation
between primary and secondary voltages is exactly the same that of each
transformer. This connection has the following advantages:
i. No difficulty is experienced from unbalanced loading as was the case
in star – star connection. The three phase voltages remain practically
constant regardless of the load imbalance.
ii. An added advantage of this connection is that if one transformer
becomes disable, the system can continue to operate in open delta
with reduced available capacity.
3. Delta – Star (Δ – Y) Connections:
This connection is generally employed where it is necessary to step -up the

voltage at the beginning of high tension transmission s ystem. Fig. 4 shows the
circuit connections. The neutral of the secondary is grounded for providing three
phase, four wire service. This connection has gained considerable popularity
because, it can be used to serve both the three phase power equipment and single
phase lighting loads.
PROCEDURE:
1. Star – Star (Y – Y) Connections:

1. Both the primary and the secondary are star connected as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is switched ON
3. By closing the TPST switch, the voltmeter readings are noted down.
2. Star – Delta (Y – Δ) Connections:

1. The primary of the transformer is star connected and the secondary of the transformer is delta
connected as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is switched ON.
3. Delta – Delta (Δ – Δ) Connections:
1. Here the three phase transformers are connected in delta on both primary and secondary sides.
4. Delta – Star (Δ – Y) Connections:
1. The primary of the transformer is delta connected and the secondary of the transformer is star
connected.

TABULATION:
Primary line Secondary line

Sl.No Type of connection voltage voltage
in Volts in Volts
INFERENCE:
RESULT:

Ex.No:6 Open circuit and short circuit test on a 1 phase transformer
Date:
AIM :
To conduct open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer and hence to
i. Determine the equivalent circuit parameters

ii. Predetermine the percentage efficiency and the regulation at any desired load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

(0-300)V MI 1
1. Voltmeter
(0-75) V MI 1
(0-5) A MI 1
2. Ammeter
(0-10) A MI 1
150V, 10A UPF 1
3. Wattmeter
300 V, 5A LPF 1
4. Auto transformer 1
FORMULA USED:
I. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters:
1. No load power factor Coso = Wo/VoIo
Where Vo = Open circuit voltage in Volts
Io = Open circuit current in Amps
Wo = No load power in Watts (Iron loss)
2. Working component of no load current Iw = IoCoso
3. Magnetizing component of no load current I = IoSino
4. Ro = Vo/Iw
5. Xo = Vo/ I
6. Equivalent impedance of transformer w.r.t HV side Z02=Vsc/Isc
7. Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t HV side R02 = Wsc/Isc2
8. Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t HV side X02 = Zo22- Ro22
9. Transformation ratio K = V2/V1
10. Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t LV side R01 = R02/K2
11. Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t LV side X01 = X02/K2
II. To Predetermine Percentage Efficiency:
Q = KVA of the given transformer

x = Fraction of load
Total losses = x2*Wsc + Wo
Output = x*Q*Cosφ
Input = Output+ Losses
Percentage Efficiency = (Output/Input)*100
III. To Calculate Percentage Regulation:
For lagging power factor,

Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo)*(Ro2 Cosφ + Xo2 Sinφ) * 100
For leading power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo)*(Ro2 Cosφ- Xo2 Sinφ) * 100
MODEL GRAPH:
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

2. Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3. To conduct no load test, high voltage windings must be open circuited and the rated voltage
should
be applied to the low voltage winding.
4. By closing the DPST switch, 230V, 1, 50Hz, AC supply is given to the transformer.
5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated voltage across the primary windings and
the corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6. Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (R0 & X0) of the equivalent circuit are
calculated.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
2. Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3. To conduct short circuit test, low voltage windings must be short-circuited.
4. By closing DPST switch, 230V, 1, 50HZ AC supply is given to the autotransformer.
5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated current across the primary windings and
the
corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6. Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (R01 & X01) of the equivalent
circuit
are calculated.
Predetermination of Efficiency and Regulation:
 From the calculated values of equivalent circuit parameters, the regulation is
calculated for various values of assumed power factor.
 For various values of assumed power factor the efficiency is calculated and the
graph is plotted.
OBSERVATION TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
No load Voltage No Load Current Wattmeter Reading

Vo in V Io in A Wo in W
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
Primary Voltage Primary Current Wattmeter Reading

Vsc in V Isc in A Wsc in W

CALCULATION TABULATION:
Determination of Percentage Regulation
Cosφ Sinφ = Percentage Regulation

1-Cos2φ Lagging (+) Leading (-)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Predetermination of Efficiency For power factors of 0.8 and 1.0
Input
Output Power
Fraction Copper Loss Total Loss Power=
S.No Po Efficiency
of Load Wcu=x2Wsc Wc=Wo+x2Wsc Output+
(x Q cosφ)
losses
x Watts Watts Watts Watts %
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Thus the open circuit test and short circuit test is conducted on a single-phase transformer
and,
i. The equivalent circuit parameters are found out. The equivalent circuit parameters
of the given transformer are

Ro = Xo=
R01= R02=
ii. The performance curves of the transformer are drawn for various loads and power
factors.

Ex No:7 Parallel Operation Of Single Phase Transformers

DATE:
Aim:
To realize the load sharing in two similar transformers operating in parallel.
Apparatus Required:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE/RATING QUANTITY
1 Two similar Single phase 1kVA 2
transformers of identical
ratings
2 Voltmeters MI (0-300)V 2
3 Ammeters MI (0-10)A 2
4 SPST Switch
5 Autotransformer Single Phase 5A/10A,240V 1
Theory
The parallel operations of transformers are indicated that the two or more transformers are connected to the
same supply bus bars on the primary side and to a common bus bar/load on the secondary side. Such
requirement is frequently encountered in practice. The reasons that necessitate parallel operation are as follows.
1. Non-availability of a single large transformer to meet the total load requirement.

2. The power demand might have increased over a time necessitating augmentation of the capacity. More
transformers connected in parallel will then be pressed into service.
3. To ensure improved reliability. Even if one of the transformers gets into a fault or is taken out for
maintenance/repair the load can continued to be serviced.
Certain conditions have to be met before two or more transformers are connected in parallel and share a
common load satisfactorily. They are,
CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION:
1. The voltage ratio must be the same.

2. The per unit impedance of each machine on its own base must be the same.
3. The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating current between the transformers.
4. The phase sequence must be the same and no phase difference must exist between the voltages of the two
transformers.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Precautions:
1. The loads on the secondary of transformers should be fully switched off.
2. The single phase autotransformer should be kept in the minimum voltage position.
Procedure:
1. Check the conditions mentioned for parallel operation of transformers.

2. Adjust the autotransformer to read the rated primary voltage on Voltmeter 1.
3. When the secondary windings are connected with correct polarity the voltmeter V3 reads zero.
4. Close the SPST switch S1 otherwise interchange the terminals of the secondary windings with supply
switched off.
5. Close the DPST (Double Pole Single Throw switch) on the secondary and increase the electrical load
in steps.
6. Note down the readings of the load current and currents shared by both the transformers.
7. Check the current sharing according to the current division rule.
8. Verify that current shared by transformer 1 I 1=IZ2/(Z1+Z2) and transformer 2, I2=IZ1/(Z1+Z2)
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO V1 V2 I1 I2 I
Result:
Thus the load sharing on transformers operating in parallel were verified by conducting a suitable
experiment.

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EEE2003 - Electro mechanical Energy Conversion Manual

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-19

EEE2003 / Electro mechanical Energy Conversion Manual

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

Follow the rules and regulations of the laboratory

Maintain discipline inside the laboratory

Bring the required graph sheets and stationaries

Prepare well for answering viva questions

Don’t switch on the power supply in the absence of Faculty / Staff

Take care while doing experiments on high voltage supplies

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

Speed Control of Dc Shunt Motor and Predetermination of

(a) Speed Control Of Constant Speed Dc Motor

Sl. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

(A) ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD (I f = c o n s t a n t )

Field Current Field Current

(B) FIELD CONTROL METHOD (Va= constant)

Armature Voltage Armature Voltage

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

(b) PREDETERMINATION OF PERFROMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MACHINE

Sl.NO. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

(A) Efficiency when working as a DC Motor:

Total Output Input

(B) Efficiency when working as a DC Generator:

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MEASURING ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Rated Speed = ________________rpm

Hot Resistance Ra = 1.2 X R Ω

Where Iao = (Io – If) Amps

Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of

OUTPUT POWER P0 (W)

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

Ex No: 2 Performance characteristics of DC traction motor

S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

Spring Balance Readings Output Input

(iii) Input Power Pi = VI Watts;

N =Speed in revolutions per minute

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

Ex.No :3 Performance characteristics of DC motor used for rolling mills.

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

(ii) Torque T = (S1  S2) x R x 9.81 Nm

(iii)Input Power Pi = VI Watts

Ex. No:4 Magnetization and Load characteristics of DC shunt generator.

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

TO FIND THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

Ex No:5 Performance Test and Connection Assessment of a 3 Phase

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

(b) THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Sl.NO ITEM TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. Star – Star (Y – Y) Connections:

2. Star – Delta (Y – Δ) Connections:

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERNG – VIT-CHENNAI CAMPUS

Delta – Delta (Δ – Δ) Connections:

This connection is economical for large, low voltage transformers in which