“Impact of Safety and Security on Tourism-

A Study on Solo Female Travelers of Bangalore”

(A Dissertation Report submitted to Christ University in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of BBA Tourism and Travel Management)

By
Priyanka Rajendran
Reg. No: 1411327

Under the Guidance of

Dr Bindi Varghese

BBA (Tourism and Travel Management)

Christ University
Bengaluru – 560029
March, 2017
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation report entitled “Impact of Safety and Security on

Tourism- A study on Solo Female Travelers’ of Bangalore” is a bonafide record of work done

by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr Bindi Varghese during Semester VI of BBA

Tourism and Travel Management in the year 2016-17, in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration in Tourism and Travel

Management by Christ University. I also declare that, this is my original work and has not been

submitted at any time to any other Institution or University for the award of any other Degree or

Diploma.

Place: Bengaluru Priyanka Rajendran

Date: Reg. No: 1411327
Christ University
Bengaluru

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation report titled “Impact of Safety and security on Tourism-

A study on Solo Female Travelers of Bangalore” is a bonafide record of work done by Ms

Priyanka Rajendran under my guidance and supervision during Semester VI of BBA Tourism

and Travel Management, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BBA Tourism and Travel Management by Christ University. This report has not formed a basis

for the award of any Degree/Diploma or any other similar title by any other college, institution or

University.

Dr Bindi Varghese

(Research Guide) Counter Signed

Dr Joby Thomas

(Academic Coordinator)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Constant inspiration and encouragement given by all concerned was the driving force that

enabled me to submit this internship report. Guidance, direction, co-operation, love and care

pave the way to accomplish the task which seemed almost impossible in the beginning.

I express my sincere thanks to our Vice Chancellor, Dr (Fr) Thomas C Mathew, our Head of

Department Dr Nithila Vincent, our Coordinator, Dr Joby Thomas, my guide Dr Bindi Varghese.

for her patience and guidance, and all the faculty members for their support and cooperation.

I express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to all the respondents, who took time out of their

busy schedule and helped me complete my project. Their feedback and support has helped me in

conducting this research project successfully.

Last but not the least, no words are enough to describe the overwhelming support and inspiration

of my friends who stood by me through thick and thin. I perceive this opportunity as a big

milestone in my career development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best

possible way, and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career

objectives.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl. No. Topic Page No.
i Declaration
ii Certificate
iii Acknowledgement
iv List of Contents
v List of Tables
vi List of Graphs
1 Introduction
2 Review of Literature
3 Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Operational Definitions
3.3 Type of Research
3.4 Sources of Data
3.5 Sample Size
3.6 Data collection Method
3.7 Data Processing and Analysis
4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
5 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
5.1 Findings
5.2 Suggestions
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Scope for Future Research
References
Annexure

iv
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Table Name Page No.
No.
4.1 Age wise classification of respondents
4.2 Occupation wise classification of respondents
4.3 Nationality wise classification of Respondents

4.4 Classification relating to frequency of visit to Bangalore

4.5 Classification on Safety being a major factor during selection of a

destination

4.6 Classification on the perception of Bangalore being a safe

destination for women traveler

4.7 Classification on threat encountered during the visit to Bangalore

4.8 Classification based on the problems experienced during the visit

4.9 Classification based on the important element of a trip

4.10 Classification on the basis of Awareness of a destinations safety

aspect before the visit

4.11 Classification based on the safety measure taken during the trip

4.12 Classification based on the precautions taken during the trip

4.13 Classification based on the information of local police station noted

during the visit

4.14 Classification on the basis of safety being a major factor which

restricts women’s travel to a destination

4.15 Classification based on the source of advice regarding the risks

involved in the trip

4.16 Classification based on the safest mode of domestic travel in

Bangalore

4.17 Classification based on the important factor in opting a mode of

transportation

4.18 Classification based on the safest option of accommodation in

Bangalore
4.19 Classification based on the important factor in opting a mode of
accommodation

4.20 Classification based on the expectations from the travel and tourism
sector in Bangalore
4.21 Anova Analysis between age and safety being a factor which
restricts women’s travel.

4.22 Correlation between age and safety being a factor which restricts
women’s travel.

4.23 Correlation between age and awareness of a destinations safety

aspect before the visit

4.24 Correlation between awareness of destination and safety measure

taken during the trip
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Name Page No.
4.1 Age wise classification of respondents

4.2 Occupation wise classification of respondents

4.3 Nationality wise classification of Respondents

4.4 Classification relating to frequency of visit to Bangalore

4.5 Classification on Safety being a major factor during selection of a

destination

4.6 Classification on the perception of Bangalore being a safe

destination for women traveler

4.7 Classification on threat encountered during the visit to Bangalore

4.8 Classification based on the problems experienced during the visit

4.9 Classification based on the important element of a trip

4.10 Classification on the basis of Awareness of a destinations safety

aspect before the visit

4.11 Classification based on the safety measure taken during the trip

4.12 Classification based on the precautions taken during the trip

4.13 Classification based on the information of local police station

noted during the visit

4.14 Classification on the basis of safety being a major factor which

restricts women’s travel to a destination

4.15 Classification based on the source of advice regarding the risks

involved in the trip

4.16 Classification based on the safest mode of domestic travel in

Bangalore

4.17 Classification based on the important factor in opting a mode of

transportation
4.18 Classification based on the safest option of accommodation in
Bangalore

4.19 Classification based on the important factor in opting a mode of

accommodation

4.20 Classification based on the expectations from the travel and

tourism sector in Bangalore
 Chapter 1: Introduction

Tourism is go for joy; additionally, routine of visiting, the matter of drawing in, pleasing,
and enlivening visitors, and the matter of working visits. The WTO defines tourism as going
beyond or traveling to and staying in places outside one’s usual environment for not more
than one year for business, leisure and other purposes. Local economy earns large amounts
of income due to tourism activities in the form of payment for goods and services. Tourism
acts as one of the largest and attractive instrument for economic development especially in
the developing countries. Tourism has helped to move away from dependency on
agriculture and manufacturing sector, with high growth and development rates, massive
inflow of foreign currency, development of infrastructure and facilities. It positively
contributes to the social and economic development of the country as a whole.

1.1 Safety and Security in Tourism

Today Safety and security has been recognized as one of the most important global forces
that drive the tourism industry. The relevance of safety and security in global tourism has
undergone a gradual change. The period 1950-1970 – First phase, perception of safety and
security as an issue in tourism was simplified. The tourism security focused on only a few
elements viz: public safety, health safety, road safety etc. A small factor was affected due to
security problems. The image of the city or country was however affected due to security
problems, but there was no travel related risks and problems on the international level
therefore no impact on the image of the whole region. The second phase pertaining to the
period of 1970-1990 was a period of enlargement of security concept of tourism as
additional risk factors appeared in travel and tourism such as airplane hijacking, terrorist
actions as a tool of social struggle. During the Hague declaration on tourism, The UNWTO
drew attention on creating a compact yet specific solutions on safety issues which marked
the beginning of international cooperation and improvements in safety and security. The
period 1990 – Third Phase is a complex perception of safety and security in tourism. Issue
of safety and security has become a global problem in travelling that cannot be overlooked.
Various new elements appeared due to diverse factors of globalization.

1
Varying behaviour patterns, carrying large amounts of money, lack of awareness about the
environment, differently looking etc has made tourists more vulnerable to crime. People say
that the frequency of tourists as victims are due to the fact that they spend more times
outdoors, sightseeing, dining and shopping. Additionally, many times tourists involve
themselves in risky behaviour. The local law, processes of reporting crime and pressing
charges against criminals are not familiar or aware among the tourists. The ‘potential’ from
a visitor is high while the risk of getting caught is less. All of these make tourists more
susceptible to becoming victims of crime.
Personal safety of tourists and their property are referred to as primary security issues in
tourism. However the ability to become aware of the alien environment, understanding local
laws and culture, shopping security and consumer services is also included.
The consequences and negative impact of these events could not be avoided by the tourism
industry. Therefore this fact necessitates the research and study of the relationship between
security issues and tourism. Studying problems of safety and security became vital for the
tourism industry. How can the industry be responsible in reducing the menaces against
tourists and their property?
Compare to other economic activity, the success and of failure of any tourism destination
depends on its credibility to provide a safe and secure environment to the visitors.
Sometimes there are some cities with highly attractive features do not achieve the high
tourism rates due to effect of negative factors by the decision-making bodies. Safety and
security factors become one of the vital aspect in providing more quality in tourism and the
ability to ensure the safety of tourist at any time will help to improve image of the
destinations

1.2 Solo Women Travellers.

Western women have been travelling, and travelling solo, for centuries. Historically, however,
travel and pioneering have been construed as the sole preserve of men. Women have been
overlooked in the history, despite their important contributions and achievements. It is evident
that women have been travelling and exploring alone for many centuries, yet their voices within
the history of tourism are only beginning to be heard. Building on this history, it is apparent that
women are still travelling, and in ever-increasing numbers. Women travellers are now

2
recognized as a growing force within the tourism industry. This trend can be linked to changing
social and political situations for Western women, which have resulted in changes in opportunity
and access. In terms of travel for pleasure, research shows that women are more prominent than
men in their participation in adventure travel and ecotourism. In the US, North American
Adventure Travellers found that in 1996, 63% of its clients taking trips overseas were women.

Ladies in contemporary Western culture have expanded alternatives, assets, and chances to get to
a more prominent cluster of tourism and relaxation decisions. However the opportunities ladies
need to expend these decisions, and to get to fulfilling recreation, might be compelled by their
social and gendered area as females. Recreation based research has demonstrated that ladies have
a tendency to be all the more exceedingly and strongly compelled in their relaxation interests,
especially when these exercises are embraced out of the home or outside. Research, has
explored how constraints effect on women’s experiences in a tourism, especially when they
travel “solo.” -

1) Socio cultural: This includes the problems that arise from social and cultural environment
within which women live and face solo travel. Socio Cultural problems relate to the impact
of social expectations, women’s perceived roles and duties and unwanted attention during a
trip.

2. Personal: Closely connected to the socio-social field, this class spins around individual
and interior restrictions identified with the females' self-recognitions, convictions, and
feelings. Example - self-question, dread, powerlessness, and dejection.

3. Practical: This sort of requirement joins the handy hardships and difficulties that go up
against ladies who travel alone, for example, an absence of time and cash, an absence of
nearby information at the goal, and the anxiety and exhaustion of going solo.

4. Spatial: Spatial limitations are those that point of confinement and confine ladies'
opportunities and developments inside traveler goals, spaces, and places. Inside this
classification are issues, for example, impediments in goal decision and confined
development in traveler settings.

3
1.3 Safety and Security in India

The country where “ atithi Devo Bhava”(guest is god)has remain a tradition for millions of
years, where visitors are equal to god and even the trespassers were dealt decently. India has a
background marked by various remote explorers and essayists, their records and journals are
loaded with energetic and lovely depiction of its people and land. But situations have changed
now. India has forgotten its welcoming spirit and friendly nature. While the southern and western
parts of the country rank favourably, north India is unanimously the most prejudiced culturally.

Safety of foreign tourists is an issue of immediate concern to those promoting tourism in the
country. The issue has frequently irritated the Government of India and the Ministry of
Tourism for quite a while yet not a single arrangement is by all accounts to be found. The
wellbeing of worldwide travelers in specific regions of India involves concern. Accordingly,
the Government of India, as a safeguard, has limited entries to most north east states, parts
of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands and furthermore a Tibetan province in Karnataka.
Tourists have dependably been focused for various anti-social elements in India. Frivolous
burglaries and instances of cheating are standard issues for tourists in India for quite a while
now.
For several years, Tourism Ministry has been planning extensively to increase India’s share
in International Foreign tourists inflow. The rate of crime against foreign tourists has
suddenly increased in the second half of the last decade, some of the crimes committed
against foreigners in the last 5-6 years are mainly responsible for tarnishing India’s image
world wide.

4
Crimes commited against Foriegn tourists in India –

Source: Times of India

1.4 Safety among Women Travellers in India

Amid the previous couple of years India is no longer a protected destination for tourists,
particularly ladies. Harassment, cheating, provocation, rape and murders of tourists has turned
out to be basic here and have expanded drastically in the recent 5 years, the consequence of
which can be found in a tremendous drop of travelers landings in India.

Ladies are subjected to different sorts of mishandle typically by unruly men. Remembering
these, most nations caution women tourists to remain cautious when in India or even abstain
from voyaging alone during the evening. Visitors in India likewise get to be casualties of drug
sellers. They even end up losing cash after being sedated and could be sexually attacked.

Many countries issue travel advisories to their citizens visiting India warning them against terror
threats. The number of women travellers has diminished by 35 percent as women from Britain,
Canada and the US have been found cancelling scheduled trips, as told by the local business
operators. Various cancelations of appointments has occurred particularly from ladies visitors in
the most recent couple of months, predominantly from the UK, USA, Canada and Australia.
The findings originate from a survey of about thousand tour operators over India, directed by the
Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India. The overview found that the tourism
business has endured the most in Delhi, followed by , Goa, Agra, and Jaipur. Rather than going
by India, tourists have decided on treks to other Asian nations. The quantity of tourists going to
India has fallen by 25% since western nations including U.K and U.S have issued tourism
warnings against India which has affected this choice. The UK has requested that female
explorers practice alert when going to India regardless of the possibility that they are going in a

5
group. It is said that British ladies have been casualties of rape in Goa, Delhi, Bangalore and
Rajasthan and ladies frequently get undesirable consideration as verbal and physical badgering
by people or gatherings of men. US said that though India is a safe place for foreign visitors, rape
as crime has grown immensely. The New Delhi brutal gang rape had shocked the entire world,
since then crime rate against women has decreased.
Each news channel and news paper's sections are frequently loaded with the reports of rapes on
women tourists. The rate of wrongdoing against travelers has abruptly expanded in the second
half of last decade, a portion of the violations conferred against outsiders in the last 5-6 years are
predominantly in charge of discolouring India's image overall, 5 years prior the assault and
murder of a British adolescent Scarlett Keeling , on Goa's shoreline was standing out as truly
newsworthy she was just 15 when she was tranquilized, assaulted and killed. Her severely
wounded and stripped body was found at Goa's Anjuna shoreline in feb;2008 ,
Research on human behaviour have demonstrated that Indian male incline towards fair skin over
the gloomy ones and there is nothing more attractive than white western female. There is
additionally a wrong impression about white female in Indian culture that they took sex as
easygoing as handshake they are frequently viewed as promiscuous, their obliging reaction and
well disposed motions are at some point understood as something else. Their ignorance about the
culture can easily make them fall prey to criminals.

Source: Times of India

6
1.5 Title of the Study
Impact of Safety and Security on Tourism- A study on Solo Female Travellers of Bangalore.
1.6 Need for the Study
A considerable shift has taken place in the travel and tourism industry regarding the travel
patterns of tourists. Long gone are the days where women intend to get married and settle down.
The recent trend analysis has shown more women of backpackers. It has been a popular culture
among Western Women to travel alone and explore places. This culture has been adopted by
Indian Women since few decades. Considering the cultures and traditions of India and the
mindset of the Indian community there are many constraints that affect the freedom of travel
among women in the society. One of the major concerns being “Safety and Security”. Safety
and security is a broad term which includes many factors like geographical safety, political
stability, personnel safety, property safety etc. In this study, the main focus is on “Personal
Safety and Property Safety of tourists”.
This research throws light on the level of safety among women visiting Bangalore. The
awareness and impact of safety as a factor in affecting “revisit” to Bangalore. The study
emphasizes on the importance of awareness of risks during travel. It brings out perspectives of
women traveller and their unique requirements during travel.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study focus on testing the impact of safety and security of women tourists in choosing a
destination. The research was conducted in Bengaluru City. The respondents’ or the sample was
targeted from this area for the study purpose.

1.7 Objectives of the Study

 To find out whether “safety” is an important factor among women in choosing a
destination.
 To study on the safety issues or problems that women tourists face in Bangalore.
 To study on the defense/safety measure women take during travel.
 To study on the preferred mode of transportation, accommodation and tour – its
relationship with safety.

7
1.8 Hypothesis of the study
H0 = There is no significant relationship existing between age and restriction to travel

H1 = There is a significant relationship existing between age and restriction to travel.

1.9 Limitations of the study

 Lack of cooperation: Certain respondents did not attempt the survey. Few
respondents gave invalid answers which did cause slight hindrance in the
research.

8
 Chapter 2: Review of Literature

Richard George (2010) The FIFA World Cup tournament provides an opportunity for South
Africa to showcase its unique beauty as an international tourist destination. But crime rates
emerged as a barrier to host a successful tournament. This study investigates 398 foreign tourists
’perceptions of South Africa during the soccer tournament, especially regarding crime and safety
concerns. A form was distributed among tourists in urban centre and
Johannesburg, two of the foremost host cities and semi-final and final venues. This study
investigated foreign tourists perceptions during their visit, especially regarding crime and safety
concerns. Data was collected using a questionnaire and findings reveal that most respondents had
positive perceptions of South Africa as a holiday destination. Research also reveals that over half
of respondents were not aware of crimes and safety was not a concern to them regarding re-visit.
The findings of the area unit was helpful to practitioners and contribute to the event of staging
major sporting events in the continent .

SEEMI NAZNEEN LODI (2012) There has been an increased rate of crime against foreign
tourists in India past 5 years, causing a dark image on the tourism industry. Due to this, tourist
arrivals in India has fallen to 25%. This research brings to light the various crimes like- sexual
harassment, fraud, murder, robbery etc that has taken place in India against the tourist. The
researcher points out to give considerable attention to such happening and promote the country in
a better way. The dark areas of the travelers security needs an extensive consideration and the
individuals who are in charge of such wrongdoings ought to be distinguish, if tourism must be
advanced in the nation, ITDC(India Tourism Development Corporation) needs to assume a
much proactive part in such manner and needs to accept more obligations which incorporates
travelers security and wellbeing.

Prof. Ravinder Vinayek, Archana Bhatia Nee Malhotra (2012) A tourist takes into account a
number of factors while travelling to a destination out of which safety and security tops the list.
A foreign vacationer considers various components while flying out goal out of which wellbeing
and security applies extraordinary impact on his decision. This research compares perception of
Indian tourism’s safety and security issue to that of Singapore’s. Primary data was collected
through questionnaire and secondary data from web resources and books. The result shows that
irrespective of the demographics foreign tourists view Indian as a less safe destination than
Singapore. Following the methods of Singapore tourism industry to improve the foreign tourist’s
safety can enhance Indian tourism which has better natural and cultural heritage.

Neha Itty Jose Paul (2015) Travel motivations has an important role to play in attracting
tourists/travelers to a destination. In order to provide facilities that are required by the tourists,
their motivations, likes and purpose should be analyzed. This research provides an insight into
the motivations that attract tourists to the city of Bangalore. This study suggests the areas where
further development is required. The main objective is to find out the major factors which pulls
tourists to Bangalore and their reasons. A sample size of 106 respondents were taken from both
urban and rural regions of the city. Analysis suggested the most contributing factor to tourist
inflow into the region. The novelty, family togetherness and simplicity were the main factors that
attracted tourists to visit the destination. The young and vibrant city is best for gatherings and
hang outs. The study also found out that safety and security of a destination was questionable or
major concern. Safety of destination enhances inflow of tourists. The study also show cases that
the adventure tourism potential of Bangalore is not fully utilized.

Shu-Pin Chiu and Shih-Yen Lin (2010) Tension of becoming a victim not only influences the
interest to visit, but also effects the enhancement of local tourism industry. The study was
focused to know the psychological reaction to fears of crime from tourists. The study surveyed
156 international tourists during their visit to India. The data for this study was conducted from
156 international tourists during their visit to India. It is discovered that harassment, fraud and
larceny are crimes that tourists experience the most. More than male tourists, female and Asian
tourists took various precautions during travel. Sightseeing tourists get victimized often compare
to business tourists. The results shows that harassment, fraud and larceny are crimes that tourists
experience the most. Travel risk awareness and travel information have effects on perceptions of
victims visiting decision.
CAP Strategic Research (2011) Women play an important role in the decision-making aspect
on travel and 48% of travel website users are women. Organizations that address to women’s
specific goals/needs will gain the competitive edge leading to better growth and prospects.
Loyalty is expected from women to those firms that look into their needs. Almost 60% increase
in business is expected if they try harder to serve women travellers. Women has special
requirements and needs compared to that of men. This article focuses on what women expects
from the tourism industry and what is the present situation. The research was conducted through
the distribution of questionnaire. The results show that security is the major concern for women
be it in airports, car rentals, hotels or tourist places. Proper treatment and safety issues are more
important to women than being treated equally to men or high level services.
Erica Wilson (2005) Women these days have increased options and opportunities to access the
array of tourism. In spite of the freedom, there exist constraints that consume these choices.
However these choices and access to leisure activities are impacted by their social and gender
role in the society. Research shows that leisure based activities have been effected and intensely
constrained, especially if these activities are carried outside or out of home. This study was
conducted by interviewing 40 Australian women’s experiences of solo travel. This research
throws light on four interlinking categories of constraint- socio cultural, personal, practical and
spatial. Women’s solo travel constraints and practical implications for the tourism industry is
explained.

Emily Falconer This paper draws attention to women have returned home after an extensive
backpacking trip to a variety of destinations in Asia, Latin America and Africa as well as female
backpackers. The paper focus of the frightening experience and constraints faced by backpacking
women travellers. Data was collected through female backpackers during field work and
interviews with women who have returned after trip to variety of destinations. Huge numbers of
the travel stories of the ladies change between advancing a solid, flexible character who holds
onto chance taking conduct as a major aspect of an improved travel involvement, and sentiments
of outrage, dread, helplessness and loss of control. The results suggest the constant conflict
between how one should respond or feel towards local strangers as lone women traveller. The
paper bring out the changing phase of feminism.
Nompumelelo Mthembu (2009) The profession of tourism is a new concept in South Africa.
Not much importance was given to tourism facilities. Recent history states that facilities were
provided only to the White populated areas and blacks were neglected. Due to this, the
stakeholders have not tackled tourism problem and importantly that of tourism crime. This study
focus to analyze the tourism crime, safety and security in Umhlathuze District Municipality. The
study finds out whether local community is aware about the importance of tourist safety and
security, extent to which tourists feel secure in the area, to investigate the level to which policies
are implied and management of crime. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires.
124 questionnaires were collected from the area. The findings show that there exist criminal
activities in the area and improper practice of tourism policies. The local people need to be aware
of the importance of tourism and such activities on the community. Umhlathuze tourism
association should play a better role in promoting tourism in the area and safety and security of
tourists.

Mitzi K. Lauderdale Personal safety and safety of a venue, is necessary to the success of a
tourist destination. The study focused on the perceptions of personal safety of shoppers from
Europe, Canada, Asia, Central and South America and Middle East visiting Central Texas and
Las Vegas. A five-point Likert-type scale was utilized in the study. The respondents did not feel
physically threatened or have personal property stolen. Majority respondents did not reflect
safety as a factor in determining their travelling choices.

Lars-Johan L Indqvist And P Eter B Jörk (2000) Competitiveness of a company is often

based on issues of quality and loyalty. Senior citizens are mostly very loyal to tourism
companies provided that they offer high-quality services. Quality is based on a comparison of
individual needs and wants with the product offered by the company. The three dimensions of
ageing are – Physiological, Sociological and Cognitive. The purpose of this paper is to analyse
the importance of perceived safety as a quality dimension among senior tourists travelling for
pleasure. Two hundred and twenty-nine seniors (defined as people at least 55 years old) living in
Finland were interviewed. Safety is the quality dimension analysed in this paper and age-related
personal safety is distinguished from general personal safety. The results from interviews carried
out in Finland among senior tourists show that perceived safety is an important factor in their
decision making and that the perceived importance of this factor increases as the tourist grows
older.

Jocelyn Siah Chee Hao (2014) Business travel is not more only a man thing. Many female
business traveller has become one of the major markets for the hotel industry. Huge amount of
efforts have been put to improve the services in order to meet the needs of growing markets. The
segment of ‘business female traveler’ has not been receiving special attention. This study focus
on the Malaysian female preferences on accommodation and how it affects the accommodation
industry sales. This research aims to help hotel establishments to realize the importance of this
new market segment which represents a key component to the industry’s future growth. For the
purpose o the study 150 female working adults in Malaysia were surveyed to determine that solo
business female travellers tend to be younger, unmarried and engage in personal leisure
activities. The research suggests that safety and location are the main concern areas when
selecting a hotel. The travel industry in America carried out a survey where a total of 43 percent
of American business travellers are female.

Jaswinder Singh (2014) Hotel are the second home for leisure travellers and second office for
business travellers. Due to increase in acts of terrorism, the tourists have become sceptical about
security issues within the hotel premises and often safety quotient of the property. This paper
looks into the safety-security issues haunting the guests and modern options or technological
approach to provide safety has to gain the confidence of their guests. It mainly focus on the study
of 9/11 attacks and its impact on the hotel industry. The research urges hotels to not only depend
on technological safety measure but also train their staff.

Dr. Sridhar Mandapati (2015) It is unfortunate for the women community to have been
threatened since many years. Walking on the road, going to super market or many other reasons
for which they go alone causes problems to the women folk. There is no guarantee that one may
return home safely after work. The gang rape that happened in New Delhi in the case of a 23
year old women in bus has caught the attention of the entire country. This study provides an
insight about the opportunities and challenges involved in delivering personal safety through the
help of smart phones. One may encounter situations where they might have to travel at an odd
hour or alone and may face come kind of threat. At this time a safety app would be a wise choice
and be an easy access. The app includes various features like fake call, video call, SOS, First
Aid, Alarm etc. Restricting travel for women is not an option in terms of safety, effective
prevention methods or defence mechanism is necessary. This research therefore enlightens
women regarding the importance of personal safety and security.

Norizawati Mohd Ayob (2014) The tourism industry suffers from the issues of safety and
security causing a considerable amount of change in trends. The issues such as crime
rates,terrorism,food safety, health issues a tops the list. After the 9/11 tragedy this topic has
gained a lot of importance. This research studied the importance of safety and security in
destination in the perspective of Malaysia and analyzes the safety of Malaysia as a tourists
hotspot.The image of Malaysia as a safe destination has been tarnished since few years. Due to
certain uncertain and unfortunate incidents damage has been caused to the image of Malaysia as
a tourists destination. Health issues, terrorism, Lahad Datu intrusion, repeated kidnapping and
shooting , twin airlines incident, riot and illegal demonstration and false reporting by
international media brings new challenging to Malaysia. Some of them has however had a short-
term impact to Malaysia tourism industry. But still the brand name has been effected. However
compared to other destination, travellers still believe Malaysia is a safe destination to visit and
stay. Efforts were required to make sure Malaysia tourism industry was capable to recover from
the bad effects.

Elaine Yang Gender oriented risks such as sexualized gaze and harassment has been frequently
reported in prior studies concerning solo female travellers. The effect of such risk is larger on
Asian solo female travellers. Regardless of its importance, the risk perception of solo female
travellers has not been studied in its own right. This study attempts to construct a framework that
situates the risk perception of Asian solo female travellers within the socio cultural context using
a gendered lens. Research of this nature should not remain at a superficial level that ceases at
reporting the gender and cultural differences in the perception of risk. In the case of solo travel,
the power relations present in the form of gendered risks (e.g. women risk being sexually
objectified when travelling alone) which are further mediated by cultural norms (e.g. the
gendered risks are amplified on Asian SFT). The keys ideas are summarized in a conceptual
framework. Recommendations for future research are proposed.
The above research works of various authors pertaining to the topic ‘Safety and security in
tourism’ has provided vital information. Most of these research works throw light on the
importance of safety in tourist destinations, crime against foreign tourists, experiences of various
solo female travellers and increased crime rate against Asian solo female travellers. Very few
articles focused on the female travellers and safety of tourists in Bangalore, importance of
awareness in taking the right kind of precautions and problems faced by women in the
transportation and accommodation sector.
 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction
This chapter explores about a detailed design of research and the various techniques used to
carry out the research entitled " Impact of Safety and Security on Tourism- A study on Solo
Female Travellers of Bangalore”. This chapter will explain in short the operational definitions
used in the research. The definitions are as per the terms of the researcher. Hypothesis will be
mentioned if there are any, in the research. Sampling is one of the important parts in any
research. Determining a sample should also be very precise. This in turn will give detail
information about the sampling size and techniques. Research methodology will also include the
data and the sources of data used for the research. This will again give information about
secondary data or primary data and also the tools used in the particular method. It also gives
information about the techniques used for analyzing data.
3.2 Operational definitions
Safety and Security: The condition of being free from risk or harm.
Solo Travelers: A traveller who travels alone or don’t depend on others.
Personal Safety: The freedom from physical harm, hostility and harassment.
Property Safety: The freedom from damage and loss of one’s goods or belongings.
Defence Measures: The steps taken to resist attack or prevent risks.
Perception: Perception refers to an individuals’ way of thinking or understanding someone,
something. It is the ability to notice or understand using one of the senses.

3.3 Type of the Research

The research questions can result in exploratory, analytical or descriptive answers. The current
study is of exploratory and analytical in nature. Exploratory study describes as an effective mean
to find out what is happening and to seek new insights. The current study aims at elucidating the
impact of safety and security among solo women travellers and its effect on tourism, re-visitation
etc . Analytical study test hypotheses, identify cause and determine whether an association exists
between variables.
3.4 Sources of Data
For the purpose of the study data are collected from both primary and secondary sources. The
primary source includes questionnaire that was distributed to the respondents. Secondary source
includes the journals, newspaper articles, etc. being reviewed.
The questionnaires were sent to the respondents through online and face to face. The soft copies
were sent through both mail and social media and hard copies were given to friends and general
public.

3.5 Sample Size

For the purpose of the study 200 Female respondents’ were selected from Bengaluru City.

3.6 Data Collection Method

Among different kinds of data collection methods semi-structured questionnaire was selected to
gather the required data. The questionnaire included an introduction about the research and also
assuring that the information would be confidential.
The questionnaire included multiple choice questions which made it easier for the respondents.
The questionnaire included Likert Scale questions as well.

3.7 Data Processing and Analysis

For the purpose of analysing the gathered data and to draw observed conclusions and
interpretations, tabulation and graphical representation method was incorporated. In addition, the
data processing and analysis included statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics and test
application with the help of software package (SPSS) was used for the purpose of data
processing and analysis.
 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Interpretation

In this paper, which deals with the perception of solo women travelers of Bangalore on safety
and security of the city has been reviewed. The data has been collected through primary data
collection method with the help of Questionnaires circulated through online sources and manual
approach. The data has been interpreted by the use of graphs and table for each of the research
objective to be satisfied.

Table 4.1 Age wise classification of respondents

Age
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Below 18 4 2.0 2.0 2.0
18-22 117 58.5 58.5 60.5
23-30 44 22.0 22.0 82.5
Valid
31-45 24 12.0 12.0 94.5
Above 45 11 5.5 5.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

AGE

Below 18 years of age

18-22 years of age
23-30 years of age
31-45 years of age
Above 45 years of age

4.2 Graph showing data relating to age

The above table shows the age wise classification of the respondents. The results suggest that
majority of the respondents were between the age group 18-22 years of age. There was
considerable number of respondents between the age group 23-30 years and 31-45 years. The
least respondents belong to the age group of below 18 and above 45 years of age.
Table 4.2 Occupation wise classification of respondents
Occupation
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Student 140 70.0 70.0 70.0
Professional 40 20.0 20.0 90.0
Valid House Wife 13 6.5 6.5 96.5
Retired 7 3.5 3.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

OCCUPATION

student
Professional
House wife
Retired

4.2 Graph showing data relating to occupation

The above table shows the occupation wise classification of the respondents. The results suggests
that 70% of the respondents belong to the student category, followed by professionals. The least
number of respondents belong to the house wife and retired category.
Table 4.3 Nationality wise classification of respondents
Nationality
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Indian 161 80.5 80.5 80.5
Non- 39 19.5 19.5 100.0
Valid
Indian
Total 200 100.0 100.0

Nationality

Indian
Non Indian

4.3 Graph showing data related to nationality

The above table shows the nationality wise classification of the respondents. The results suggest
that 80.5% of the respondents are Indians. However a small percentage of Non-Indian are also
present.
Table 4.4 Classification relating to Frequency of visit to Bangalore
Frequency of Visit to Bangalore
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Once 17 8.5 8.5 8.5
Twice 21 10.5 10.5 19.0
Many a 86 43.0 43.0 62.0
Valid
times
Localite 76 38.0 38.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Frequency of Visit to Bangalore

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Once Twice Many a times Localite

4.4 Graphs showing frequency of visit to Bangalore

The above table shows the classification of frequency of visit to Bangalore. The results suggests
that 43% of the respondents have visited Bangalore many a times and are localite. Very few
have visited Bangalore once or twice.
Table 4.5 Classification on Safety being a major factor during selection of a destination.
Safety- A major factor during selection of a destination
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Yes 192 96.0 96.0 96.0
Valid No 8 4.0 4.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Safety- A major factor during

selection of a destiantion
No

Yes

4.5 Graph showing Safety being a major factor during selection of a destination.

The above table shows, if safety is an important element/factor during the selection of a
destination. The result shows that 96% of the respondents finds safety as an important element
while choosing a destination.
Table 4.6 Classification on the Perception of Bangalore being a safe destination for women
traveller
Perception on Bangalore being a safe destination for women traveller
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Strongly 8 4.0 4.0 4.0
disagree
Disagree 37 18.5 18.5 22.5
Valid Neutral 103 51.5 51.5 74.0
Agree 48 24.0 24.0 98.0
Strongly agree 4 2.0 2.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Perception on Bangalore being a safe

destination for women traveler
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Strongly disagree neutral agree Strongly agree
disagree

4.6 Graph representing the Perception of Bangalore being a safe destination for
Women traveller.
The above table shows the perception on Bangalore being a safe destination for a women
traveller. The graphs suggests that 51% of the respondents has a ‘neutral’ view on Bangalore
being a safe destination for Women. The next majority of respondents ‘agree’ to Bangalore being
a safe destination for Women.
Table 4.7 Classification on threat encountered during the visit to Bangalore
Threat encountered during the visit to Bangalore
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Yes 83 41.5 41.5 41.5
Valid No 117 58.5 58.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Threat encountered during the visit

to Bangalore

Yes
No

4.7 Graph representing the threat encountered during the visit to Bangalore

The above table shows the threat encountered during the visit to Bangalore. The graph suggests
that 58.5% of the respondents did not face any threats or safety issue. However the rest 41.5%
did encounter threats during their visit.
Table 4.8 Classification based on the problems experienced during the visit
Particulars Number of Respondents
Robbery 39
Fraud 51
Sexual Harassment 22
Molestation 37
Verbal Abuse 77
Murder 0
No Problem 67
Source: Primary

Problems experienced during the

visit
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

4.8 Graph showing the problems experienced during the visit

The above table shows the problems experienced/faced during their visit to Bangalore. The graph
suggests that 77% of the respondents faced verbal abuse/nasty remarks in the city. 67% faced no
problems during their visit. A small percentage of respondents faced fraud, robbery, molestation
and sexual harassment. There was no reported case of murder.
Table 4.9 Classification based on the important element of a trip
Important Element of a Trip
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Comfort 33 16.5 16.5 16.5
Safety 110 55.0 55.0 71.5
Valid Enjoyment 43 21.5 21.5 93.0
Learning 14 7.0 7.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Important Element of a Trip

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Comfort Enjoyment Safety Learning

4.9 Graph showing the important elements of a trip

This table shows the most important element of a trip. The graphs suggest that a 55% of the
respondents consider safety as a vital element of their trip. The next important element is
enjoyment, followed by comfort and learning.
Table 4.10 Classification on the basis of Awareness of a destinations safety aspect before the
visit.
Awareness of a destinations safety aspect before the visit
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
yes 99 49.5 49.5 49.5
sometimes 84 42.0 42.0 91.5
Valid
no 17 8.5 8.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Awareness of a destinations safety

aspect before the visit

Yes
Sometimes
No

4.10 Graph showing the Awareness of a destinations safety aspect before the visit.

The above table shows the awareness of a destinations safety aspect before the visit. The results
suggest that 49.5% of the respondents are aware or learn about the safety aspects of the
destination before visiting. Only a very few are not aware of a destinations safety aspect before
the visit.
Table 4.11 Classification based on the safety measures taken during the trip
Safety measures taken during the trip
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
yes 171 85.5 85.5 85.5
Valid no 29 14.5 14.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Safety measures taken during the trip

Yes
No

4.11 Graphs showing the safety measures taken during the trip
The above table shows the safety measures taken during the trip. The results suggest that 85.5%
of the respondents do take safety measure during their trip and a very few don’t take any such
measures.
Table 4.12 Classification based on the precautions taken during the trip
Particulars Number of Respondents
Dress Modestly 102
Avoid isolated/Dangerous Place 150
Pepper Spray 17
Safety enhancing App 18
Others 34
No Precautions 15
Source: Primary

Precautions taken during the trip

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

4.12 Graph showing the precautions taken during the trip

The above table shows the precautions taken during the trip. The results suggest that majority of
the respondents choose to avoid isolated places as one of the major safety measures and the next
prominent measure is to dress modestly followed by other measure, safety enhancing app, pepper
spray and very few respondents don’t take any measure.
Table 4.13 Classification based on the Information of local police station noted during the visit
Information of local police station noted during the visit
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
yes 29 14.5 14.5 14.5
Maybe 50 25.0 25.0 39.5
Valid
No 121 60.5 60.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Information of local police station

noted during the visit

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Yes Maybe No

4.13 Graph represents the Information of local police station noted during the visit

The above table shows if the respondents note information of local police station during the visit.
The results shows that 60.5% of the respondents don’t note the information of local police station
during their visit and a very few notes it.
Table 4.14 Classification on the basis of safety being a major factor which restricts women’s
travel to a destination.
Safety A major factor which restricts women’s travel to a destination
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Strongly 3 1.5 1.5 1.5
disagree
disagree 27 13.5 13.5 15.0
Valid Neutral 62 31.0 31.0 46.0
agree 81 40.5 40.5 86.5
Strongly agree 27 13.5 13.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Safety -A major factor which restricts

women's travel to a destination

100
80
60
40
20
0
Strongly disagree neutral agree Strongly
disagree agree

4.14 Graph showing Safety-A major factor which restricts women’s travel to a
destination.
The above table shows if safety is a major factor that restricts women’s travel. The results
suggest that 40.5% of the respondents agree to the fact that ‘safety’ is a major factor that restricts
women’s travel to a destination. Only few respondents disagreed to this statement.
Table 4.15 Classification based on the source of Advice regarding the risks involved in the trip
Source of Advice regarding the risks involved in the trip
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Parents/Guardian 91 45.5 45.5 45.5
Partner/Husband 17 8.5 8.5 54.0
Friends/relatives 39 19.5 19.5 73.5
Travel agents 8 4.0 4.0 77.5
Valid
Review of 25 12.5 12.5 90.0
experiences
Self realization 20 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Source of Advice regarding the risks

involved in the trip
Parents/Guardian Partner/husband Friends/Relatives
Travel Agents Review of experiences Self realization
10%

12% 46%
4%
20%
8%

4.15 Graph represents the source of advice regarding the risks involved in the trip
The above table shows source of advice regarding the risks involved in the trip. The results
suggests that a 45.5% of respondents received awareness regarding the safety aspect from
parents/guardian. Then the next majority received from friends/relatives and Partner/husband. A
very few respondents received knowledge from travel agents, review of experiences and self
realization.
Table 4.16 Classification based on the safest mode of domestic travel in Bangalore
Particulars Number of Respondents
Auto rickshaws 38
Cabs/taxis 62
Bus 121
Metro 62
Train 36
Tempo Travellers 0
Source: Primary

Safest mode of domestic travel in

Bangalore
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Auto Cabs/taxis Bus Metro Train Tempo
rikshaws Travelers

4.16 Graph represents the safest mode of domestic travel in Bangalore

The above table shows the safest mode of domestic travel in Bangalore. The results suggests that
bus is the most safest mode of travel in Bangalore followed by metro, cabs, train and auto
rickshaws. The least safest mode of travel is tempo travellers.
Table 4.17 classification based on the important factor in opting a mode of transportation
Important factor in opting a mode of transportation
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Safety and 140 70.0 70.0 70.0
security
Cost 20 10.0 10.0 80.0
Valid
Fast travel 15 7.5 7.5 87.5
Comfortable 25 12.5 12.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Important factor in opting a mode of

transportation

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Safety and Cost Fast travel Comfort
security

4.17 Graph represents the important factor in opting a mode of transportation

The above table shows the important factor in opting a mode of transportation. The results
suggests that a 70% of the respondents find safety and security as an important factor while
opting a mode of transportation. The next important factor would be comfort, followed by cost
and fast travel.
Table 4.18 Classification based on the safest option of accommodation in Bangalore
Particulars Safest option of accommodation in Bangalore
Hotels 118
Resorts 36
Lodges 2
Home stay 96
Source: Primary

Safest option of accommodation in

Bangalore

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Hotels Resorts Lodges Home stay

4.18 Graph represents the safest option of accommodation in Bangalore

The above table shows the safest option of accommodation in Bangalore. The results suggest that
majority of the respondents consider hotels to be the safest option in terms of accommodation.
The alternate safest accommodation is home stay and resorts. Lodges are the least safe
accommodation.
Table 4.19 Classification based on the important factor in opting a mode of accommodation
Important factor in opting a mode of accommodation
Frequenc Percent Valid Cumulative
y Percent Percent
Luxury 3 1.5 1.5 1.5
Status 1 .5 .5 2.0
Safety and 148 74.0 74.0 76.0
Valid Security
Cost 22 11.0 11.0 87.0
Comfort 26 13.0 13.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Important factor in opting a mode of

accommodation

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Luxury Status Cost Safety and Comfort
security

4.19 Graph represents the important factor in opting a mode of accommodation

The above table shows the important factor in opting a mode of accommodation. The results
suggest that safety and security is the most important factor in opting a mode of accommodation.
Other important factors include comfort and cost. The least important factor is luxury and status.
Table 4.20 Classification based on the expectations from the travel and tourism sector in
Bangalore
Expectations from the travel and tourism sector in Bangalore
Particulars Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Enhanced safety and 146 73.0 73.0 73.0
security measure during the
trip
Equal facilities and 24 12.0 12.0 85.0
Valid treatment compared to men
travellers
Cater to the special 30 15.0 15.0 100.0
requirements of women
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary

Expectations from the travel and tourism

sector in Bangalore
200
150
100
50
0
Enhanced safety and security Equal facilities and Cater to the special
measure during entire trip treatment compared to men requirements of women
travelers

4.20 Graph represents the expectations of women from the travel and tourism sector in
Bangalore
The above table shows the expectations from the travel and tourism sector in Bangalore. 73% of
the respondents expect enhanced safety and security measure during the entire trip. Almost an
equal proportion expect equal facilities and treatment compared to men travellers and cater to the
special requirements of women.

Table 4.21 Anova Analysis between age and safety being a factor which restricts women’s
travel.

ANOVA

Safety A major factor which restricts women’s travel to a destination

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 14.621 4 3.655 4.417 .002

Within Groups 161.359 195 .827

Total 175.980 199

The above table shows the relationship between age and restriction to travel. The annova
analysis score is 0.002 which is less than the standard significant value 0.05. This proves that the
alternate hypothesis is true, ie There is a relationship between age and Safety being a major
factor restricting women’s travel to a destination.

Table 4.22 Correlation between age and safety being a factor which restricts women’s travel.

Correlations

Age Safety A major factor

which restricts
women’s travel to a
destination
*
Pearson Correlation 1 .158

Age Sig. (2-tailed) .026

N 200 200
*
Pearson Correlation .158 1
Safety A major factor which restricts
Sig. (2-tailed) .026
women’s travel to a destination
N 200 200
The above table shows the relationship between age and restriction to travel. The correlation
score is 0.026 which is less than the significant score 0.05. Hence the alternate hypothesis is
proved ie, There is a relationship between age and Safety being a major factor restricting
women’s travel to a destination.

Table 4.23 Correlation between age and awareness of a destinations safety aspect before the visit
Correlations

Age Awareness of a
destinations safety
aspect before the
visit

Pearson Correlation 1 -.139

Age Sig. (2-tailed) .050

N 200 200
Pearson Correlation -.139 1
Awareness of a destinations safety
Sig. (2-tailed) .050
aspect before the visit
N 200 200

The above table shows the relationship between age and awareness of a destinations safety
aspect. The correlation score is -0.139 which is less to the significant score 1 .This proves there
is a negative relationship between age and awareness of a destinations safety aspect. Hence there
is no relationship between age and awareness of a destinations safety aspect.
Table 4.24 Correlation between awareness of destination and safety measure taken during the
trip
Correlations

Awareness of a Safety measures

destinations safety taken during the trip
aspect before the
visit
**
Pearson Correlation 1 .197
Awareness of a destinations safety
Sig. (2-tailed) .005
aspect before the visit
N 200 200
**
Pearson Correlation .197 1
Safety measures taken during the
Sig. (2-tailed) .005
trip
N 200 200

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

The above table shows the relationship between age and awareness of a destinations safety
aspect. The correlation score is 0.197 which is less than the significant score 1 .This proves there
is a relatively low relationship between age and awareness of a destinations safety aspect. Hence
proved that a there exist a low relationship between the two variables.
 Chapter 5: Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion

5.1 Findings

The aim of this research, was to find the impact of safety and security on tourism from the
perspective of a solo women traveller in Bangalore. Bangalore is a very vibrant and young city
which is famous for its night life and pubs. Amidst the crowd and busy city, there exist risks or
problems that one might encounter. Common risks that one might encounter in a metropolitan
city is present in Bangalore, like robbery, fraud etc. However in recent times there also exist
issues that are of major concern, like sexual harassment, molestation, verbal abuse etc.
Awareness of a destinations risk also play a vital role in determining the level of safety of
women travellers.
From the data analysis it can be noticed that majority of the respondents belong to the age group
18-22 years. This could be due to the fact that it is this generation or age group that take up solo
travel. People belonging to a higher age group are either career oriented or busy with family
responsibilities. Few respondents belong to the below 18 years category, they often travel with
parents/guardians or friends. Solo travelling is not very popular among the age groups other than
18-22 years.
It was found that majority of the respondents were students. Since the age of the respondents are
between 18-22 years, most of them are students. The other occupation of the respondents include
professionals (20%), house wife (6.5%) and retired (3.5%). Majority of the “youth” or student
community women undertake solo travel, where as house wives and retired women don’t often
take up solo travel.
Almost all of the respondents consider safety as an important factor during travel. Very few
respondents don’t consider safety a vital element. In this context, safety include the overall safety
of an individual, i.e. Personnel, Property, Financial and environment. Considering level of safety
taking Bangalore, is neutral. Majority of the women don’t consider Bangalore as an extremely
unsafe or extremely safe destination. The crime/risk rate may not be as high as Delhi or Goa,
however threats and problems do exist.
A major group of women travellers consider verbal abuse/nasty comments as one of the major
problems that they encounter. Another group don’t encounter any problem at all. This shows
how Bangalore is neither an unsafe nor a safe destination. Though other problems like sexual
harassment, molestation, robbery, fraud are not very widely faced, however they still exist. The
worse scenario of murder has not been faced or reported as per the respondents.
Analysis suggests that women do make themselves aware of a destinations risks and consider
taking precautions. The major precautions women take is to dress modestly and avoid going to
isolated places. Other safety enhancing tools like – Safety App, Pepper spray etc are not widely
used. Majority of the respondent don’t carry important information like the local police station
number, in the destination they visit.
Parents/Guardian and Friends/Relatives play a major role in advising about the risks involved
during travel. Partner/Husband, Self realization, review of experiences play a very less role.
Least awareness is provided by travel agents.
Women do consider “safety and security” as the major factor during the choice of a mode of
transportation. Among those, they consider Bus to be the safest mode of transportation. Cabs and
metro are in the same line in terms of safety. Auto rickshaws and train are not considered to be a
very favorable transportation in terms of safety. Tempo travelers are however the least safe.
Safety as a major factor has its implications on choice of accommodation as well. Few
respondents consider other factors like luxury, status, cost and comfort as a factor that
determines their choice of accommodation. Major part of the respondents consider hotels and
home stay to be a better choice of accommodation in terms of safety. Resorts are not favored
widely, maybe due to considering the other factor –“cost”. Lodges are however the least
preferred.
Women expect the travel and tourism industry to provide enhanced safety and security facilities
during travel. This may indirectly motivate one to undertake solo travel. Providing equal
facilities like men or catering to special requirements are not the need of the hour.
The correlation analysis between age and awareness of a destinations safety aspect proved to be
negative. There exist no relationship between the two.
The correlation analysis between awareness of a destinations safety aspect and safety measures
taken proved to be positive. There exist a low relationship between the two.
Testing of hypothesis proved that there exist a positive relationship between age and safety being
a factor for restriction to travel. Hence the Alternate hypothesis is proved.

5.2 Suggestions

Women’s travel is a scope for great potential in the travel industry. This on its own can tap a lot
of profits for the industry. Thus, travel sector companies and government should take keen
interest in promoting travel among women by considering their main issue – Safety.
Women should find alternate defense mechanisms and precautions to prevent crime against one
self. Travel indicates, exploring new places. Thus avoiding isolated places or changing one’s
choice of dressing is not the apt precaution. Reliable safety app, defense tools, awareness of the
place etc is necessary for prevention.
In order to boost the travel sector, with more women travelers, travel agents should take
initiatives to provide safety for their women travelers and make them aware of the place they are
travelling to. Its time, travel agencies/tour operators consider “safety” of a women traveler a
necessity just like a parent.
The tourism board or government should consider the expectation of women for an enhanced
safety and security measure in the destination. Steps should be taken to protect women in the
country and foreign women while travelling.
Enhanced safety measure should be taken in the transportation and accommodation sector.
Women travellers shouldn’t doubt their safety while using a particular transportation or
accommodation.

5.3 Conclusion

There exist many factors that influence the choice of a destination like- Attractions, amenities,
uniqueness etc. However there exist few other factors that directly or indirectly influence the
decision. One such factor is “Safety and Security”. This study proves that safety and security
plays a major role in the choice of travel. Particularly belonging to the female category, the
importance of safety is crucial. The perception of women on Bangalore being a safe destination
or not is elucidated in the paper. It brings out where Bangalore stands in terms of safety, and
common problems one encounter in the city. The importance of awareness and information
regarding the destination has an immense role to play in choosing the right kind of prevention.
This study urges to be explain how its is necessary to know not only the enjoyable factors in the
destination but also the threat one may encounter. Safety as a factor has its implications on
transportation sector and accommodation sector as well. The recent reports, showing crime
against women in Bangalore has casted a black shadow on the image of the city. However,
situations are not completely out of hands. With proper solutions and decisions one can boost the
travel industry and promote solo female travellers. Safety should no longer be a factor that
restricts women in taking up travel. Tourism industry should see the potential in safe guarding
the women traveller and construct new ideas to encourage travel. The women population of
Bangalore is not a number to be ignored, the potential for tapping profits out of women travellers
is huge. Therefore, safety does have an impact on the destination that cannot be overlooked or
ignored.

5.4 Scope for Future Research

This research focuses generally on Bangalore, advanced research can be done focusing on the
specific areas/locations where there are safety issues. Research can be conducted in specific
localities to bring out a more focused solution for the safety issue.
Future research may focus on the major threat that women face in the transportation and
accommodation industry. This may help to bring about the right kind of a change in the industry.
 References
Sridhar Mandapati1, S. P. (2015). A Mobile Based Women Safety Application (I Safe Apps).
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) .

Elaine Yang, C. K.-L. (n.d.). Asian women, solo travel: a conceptual framework of risk in the
gendered and cultured tourism context.

Falconer, E. (n.d.). Risk, exciement and emotional conflict in women's travel narratives.

Fowler, M. K. (n.d.). Tourists’ perception of personal safety in the united states – an

international perspective.

George, R. (2012). International tourists ’ perceptions of crime-risk and their future travel
intentions during the 2010 FIFA Cup in South Africa.

(2011). How the travel industry should cater to the Women traveller. CAP Strategic Research:
Report 6.

Jocelyn Siah Chee Haoa, C. O. (2014). A study of preferences of business female travelers on the
selection of accommodation.

JÖRK, L. A.-J. (2000). Perceived safety as an important quality dimension among senior
tourists.

Lin2*, S.-P. C.-Y. (2010). Study on risk perceptions of international tourists in India . African
Journal of Business Management Vol.5 (7), pp. 2742-2752, 4 April, 2011 .

LODI, S. N. (2012). Crime against foreign tourists in india and its negetive impact on the
industry.

Mthembu, n. (n.d.). Tourism crime, safety and security in the umhlathuze district municipality,
kwazulu-natal. 2009.

Norizawati Mohd Ayob1, T. M. (2014). Issues of Safety and Security: New Challenging to
Malaysia Tourism Industry.

Paul, N. I. (n.d.). A Study on the Pull Motivations of Tourists Visiting Bangalore. 2015.
Prof. Ravinder Vinayek, A. B. (2012). Comparative Analysis of India and Singapore on the Issue
of Safety and Security: Exploring New Dimensions for Indian Tourism Industry . International
Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Management, Vol. 1; No. 1: ISSN: 2319-3344 .

Singh, J. (2014). Safety & Security Concerns in Hospitality Industry. International Journal of
Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) .

Wilson, E. (2005). A ‘relative escape’? The impact of constraints on women who travel solo.
Southern Cross UniversityePublications@SCU .
 Annexure
”Impact of Safety and Security on tourism- A study on Solo Female Travelers of Bangalore”
Respected Ma'am,
I Priyanka.Rajendran a student of Christ University, Bangalore, Department of Tourism Studies
is currently doing a research on ”Impact of Safety and Security on tourism- A study on Solo
Female Travellers of Bangalore”. As a part of the research I would like you to kindly spare
sometime in filling this questionnaire. All the data gathered will be kept confidential and will be
used only for research purposes.
1) Email address :

2) Age
o Below 18 years of age
o 18-22 years of age
o 23-30 years of age
o 31-45 years of age
o Above 45 years of age.
3) Occupation
o Student
o House Wife
o Professional
o Retired

4) Nationality:

5) How many times have you visited Bangalore?

o Once
o Twice
o Many a Times
o Localite
6) Does safety play a major role while choosing a destination?
o Yes
 o No
7) “Bangalore is a very safe destination for women traveler.”
o Strongly disagree
o Disagree
o Neutral
o Agree
o Strongly agree
8) Have you faced any safety issues during your visit to Bangalore?
o Yes
o No
9) Problems/Risks you often face during your visit? (You can select more than one option)
o Robbery
o Fraud
o Sexual Harassment
o Molestation
o Verbal Abuse
o Murder
o No Problem

10) Which is the most important element during your trip?

o Comfort Enjoyment
o Safety Learning

11) Do you research about safety aspects of a destination before visiting it?
o Yes
o Sometimes
o No
12) Do you take any precautions regarding safety/security during your visit?
o Yes
o No
13) What precautions you usually take while traveling ? (you can choose more than one
option)
o Dress Modestly
o Avoid Isolated/Dangerous Place
o Safety Enhancing App
o Others
o Pepper Spray
o No Precautions
14) Do you note/carry information of local police station during your visit to a destination?
o Yes
o Maybe
o No
15) “Safety has always been a major issues which restricts my travel to destinations.”
o Strongly disagree
o Disagree
o Neutral
o Agree
o Strongly agree
16) Who enlightens you regarding the risks in your trip/travel?
o Parents/Guardian
o Travel Agents
o Partner/Husband
o Review of Experiences
o Friends/Relatives
o Self Realization
17) Which do you think is the most opted mode of domestic travel in Bangalore,in terms of
“safety”. (You can choose more than one option)
o Auto rickshaws
o Metro
o Cabs/taxis
o Train
 o Bus
o Tempo Travelers
18) What according to you is the most important factor while choosing a particular mode of
travel?
o Safety and Security
o Fast Travel
o Cost
o Comfortable
19) Which do you think is the most opted accommodation in Bangalore, in terms of “safety”.
(You can choose more than one option)
o Hotels
o Lodges
o Resorts
o Home stay
20) What according to you is the most important factor while choosing a particular mode of
accommodation?
o Luxury
o Safety and Security
o Comfort
o Status
o Cost

21) What do you expect/want from the travel and tourism sector in Bangalore?
o Enhanced safety and security measure during entire trip
o Equal facilities and treatment compared to men travellers
o Cater to the special requirements of women