Professional Documents
Culture Documents
34
35
2 Activities on the creation of the In order for proposals for datums and map projec-
proposal for new map projections tions to be better evaluated, and to ensure the transfer
of other countries experiences on this issue as well, the
A project Selection of State Map Projection was sug- State Geodetic Administration engaged three famous
gested to the State Geodetic Administration on several consultants during the year 2000. They were Elmar Brock-
occasions (years 1994, 1995, 1997, and 1998). At the be- mann, Ph.D. (Federal Office of Topography, Wabern,
ginning of January 2000, the contract on Geodetic and Map Switzerland), Bjorn Geirr Harsson (Statens Kartverk,
Datums of the Republic of Croatia project, between the Honefoss, Norway), and Johannsen Ihde, Ph.D. (Bun-
State Geodetic Administration and the Faculty of Geode- desamt für Geodäsie und Kartographie, Frankfurt am
sy, University of Zagreb, was signed. One of three sub- Mein, Germany). During their stay in Croatia, three meet-
projects, which was regulated by special amendment to ings of international consultants and domestic experts
the contract, was the Proposal for Official Map Projections were held (November 2-3, 2000, January 15-19, 2001,
of the Republic of Croatia (Lapaine, 2000), and in order for and March 28-30, 2001). The result of this is the study
this proposal to be accepted, it was necessary to: Geodetic Reference System of the Republic of Croatia
Consultants Final Report on the Horizontal and Vertical
q Analyse existing map projections in the Republic
Datum Definition, Map Projection and Basic Networks
of Croatia and the relation of these projections to
from June 2001 (Brockmann et al., 2001).
new technologies in geodesy.
q Respect suggestions and experiences of interna- Besides, through active participation of Croatian ex-
tional bodies and societies for the proposal of offi- perts on EUREF symposiums, activities regarding new
cial map projections. datum and map projection in Croatia were additionally
expanded. Thus, at the symposium in Tromso, Norway,
q Fully adjust the proposal of official map projections
transformation parameters between local (HR1901) and
to national interests and needs for defining geo-
36 global (ETRS89) datum in Croatia were presented for
detic spatial system of the Republic of Croatia.
the first time (Baiæ, Baèiæ 2000). At the EUREF 2001
q Uniformly define map projections in relation to the symposium in Dubrovnik results of Marjanoviæ and Baèiæ
existing map projections in Croatia, and global pro- (2002) were accepted as official EUREF coordinates for
jection systems as well. the Republic of Croatia. Furthermore, the relation be-
q Suggest the way and dynamics of implementation tween the old Gauß-Krüger and the UTM projection for
of official map projections. the area of Croatia was presented at this symposium
q Analyse suggested mode and dynamics of imple- (Lapaine, Tutiæ 2002).
mentation considering total expenses of the estab- After all these activities, it was logical to prepare nec-
lishment of official map projections in the Republic essary documentation for adoption of the official datums
of Croatia. and map projections of the Republic of Croatia. For the
A public presentation of that project, together with map projections, it was prepared by M. Lapaine with as-
other two that addressed the issue of location and verti- sociates (Lapaine, 2004). Basic characteristics of new
cal datum, was held on April 17, 2000. Previously, the projection for needs of official cadastre and topographic
State Geodetic Administration appointed the Umbrella cartography, and also for scales larger than 1:500 000,
Committee for Datums and Projections that also dis- in accordance with international standard ISO 19111 (ISO
cussed all three proposals. 2003) are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Representation of the new reference coordinate system for map projection in Croatia for the needs of
cadastre and topographic cartography for scales larger than 1:500 000
KiG 2007, poseban broj O novoj slubenoj kartografskoj projekciji Hrvatske - HTRS96/TM
2. Aktivnosti na izradi prijedloga novih Kako bi jo bolje ocijenila prijedloge datuma i karto-
grafskih projekcija, ali i osigurala prijenos iskustava drugih
kartografskih projekcija zemalja po tom pitanju, Dravna geodetska uprava
Dravnoj geodetskoj upravi vie je puta predlagan angairala je tijekom 2000. tri poznata savjetnika; to su
znanstveno-struèni projekt Izbor dravne kartografske bili dr. Elmar Brockmann (Federal Office of Topography,
projekcije (1994., 1995., 1997. i 1998. godine). Poèetkom Wabern, vicarska), Bjorn Geirr Harsson (Statens
sijeènja 2000. potpisan je ugovor izmeðu Dravne Kartverk, Honefoss, Norveka) i dr. Johannes Ihde
geodetske uprave i Geodetskog fakulteta Sveuèilita u (Bundesamt für Geodäsie und Kartographie, Frankfurt
Zagrebu o izradi projekta Geodetski i kartografski datumi am Main, Njemaèka). Za njihova boravka u Hrvatskoj
Republike Hrvatske. Jedan od tri potprojekta, koji je bio odrana su tri sastanka meðunarodnih savjetnika i
reguliran posebnim dodatkom ugovora, nosio je naziv domaæih struènjaka (2.-3. studenoga 2000., 15.-19.
Prijedlog slubenih kartografskih projekcija Republike sijeènja 2001., te 28.-30. oujka 2001.). Rezultat tih aktiv-
Hrvatske (Lapaine, 2000), a u svrhu donoenja toga nosti je studija Geodetski referentni sustav Republike
prijedloga trebalo je: Hrvatske Konaèno izvjeæe savjetnika o definiciji
horizontalnog datuma, kartografskoj projekciji i temeljnim
q analizirati postojeæe kartografske projekcije u Repu- mreama (Geodetic Reference System of the Republic
blici Hrvatskoj te odnos tih projekcija prema novim of Croatia Consultants Final Report on Horizontal and
tehnologijama u geodeziji, Vertical Datum Definition, Map Projection and Basic
q uvaavati preporuke i iskustva meðunarodnih tijela Networks) iz lipnja 2001. godine (Brockmann i dr., 2001).
i udruenja za prijedlog slubenih kartografskih
Osim toga, kroz aktivno sudjelovanje hrvatskih stru-
projekcija,
ènjaka na simpozijima EUREF-a dodatno su proirene
q prijedlog slubenih kartografskih projekcija maksi- aktivnosti po pitanju novih datuma i kartografskih
malno prilagoditi nacionalnim interesima i potreba- projekcija u Hrvatskoj. Tako su na simpoziju EUREF 2000 37
ma za definiranje geodetskog prostornog sustava u Tromsou u Norvekoj, prvi put publicirani transfor-
Republike Hrvatske, macijski parametri izmeðu lokalnog (HR1901) i globalnog
q jednoznaèno definirati kartografske projekcije s (ETRS89) datuma u Hrvatskoj (Baiæ, Baèiæ 2000). Na
obzirom na postojeæe kartografske projekcije u Re- simpoziju EUREF 2001 u Dubrovniku prihvaæeni su re-
publici Hrvatskoj, ali i globalne svjetske projekcijske zultati rada Marjanoviæa i Baèiæa (2002) kao slubene
sustave, koordinate EUREF-a za Republiku Hrvatsku. Na tom je
simpoziju takoðer prikazan odnos izmeðu stare Gauss-
q predloiti naèin i dinamiku uvoðenja slubenih kar- Krügerove projekcije i projekcije UTM-a za podruèje
tografskih projekcija, Hrvatske (Lapaine, Tutiæ 2002).
q analizirati predloeni naèin i dinamiku uvoðenja
Nakon svega toga bilo je logièno da se pripremi
glede ukupnih trokova uspostave slubenih karto-
dokumentacija potrebna za prihvaæanje slubenih datuma
grafskih projekcija u Republici Hrvatskoj.
i kartografskih projekcija Republike Hrvatske. Za karto-
Javna prezentacija toga projekta, zajedno s druga grafske projekcije to je pripremio M. Lapaine sa suradni-
dva koja su se bavila pitanjem poloajnog i vertikalnog cima (Lapaine, 2004). U tablici 1 prikazane su osnovne
datuma, odrana je 17. travnja 2000. Prethodno je Drav- karakteristike nove projekcije za potrebe slubene ka-
na geodetska uprava imenovala Krovno povjerenstvo za tastarske i topografske kartografije i mjerila krupnija od
datume i projekcije, koje je takoðer razmatralo sva tri 1:500 000, sukladno meðunarodnoj normi ISO 19111
prijedloga. (ISO 2003).
Tablica 1. Prikaz novoga referentnoga koordinatnog sustava kartografske projekcije u Hrvatskoj za potrebe
katastra i topografske kartografije za mjerila krupnija od 1:500 000
New Official Map Projection of Croatia - HTRS96/TM KiG 2007, special issue
38
KiG 2007, poseban broj O novoj slubenoj kartografskoj projekciji Hrvatske - HTRS96/TM
39
New Official Map Projection of Croatia - HTRS96/TM KiG 2007, special issue
3 Official Proclamation of New Map After the comparison was made, an error was found in
Projections Decree on Establishing New Official Geodetic Datums and
Planar Map Projections of the Republic of Croatia pub-
lished in Official Gazette 110/04 from August 11, 2004, so
Based on Paragraph 9, Item 2 of the Law on State on August 25, 2004, the following Correction of Decree on
Survey and Real Estate Cadastre (NN 1999), Government Establishing New Official Geodetic Datums and Planar Map
of the Republic of Croatia on the session held on August Projections of the Republic of Croatia is given in the Offi-
4, 2004, made the Decree on Establishing New Official cial Gazette 117/04:
Geodetic Datums and Planar Map Projections of the Re-
public of Croatia. This decree was announced under the In Article IV, Subparagraph 1 instead of number
number 2107 in Official Gazette (Narodne novine) 110/ »16°0'« it should be »16°30'«.
2004, and it was made official with the day of publication. The director of the State Geodetic Administration is-
In this Decree, among other things, it is stated: sued on September 5, 2004 the Instructions for Further
40 Procedure in connection with the Decree (Baèiæ, 2004). In
IV this Instructions, it is stated that publishing the Decree on
1) Coordinate system of the Transverse Mercator (Gauss- Establishing New Official Geodetic Datums and Planar Map
Krüger) projection abbreviated HTRS96/TM, with cen- Projections is just the first step in transgression toward a
tral meridian 16°0' and the linear scale factor along the new geodetic reference system of the Republic of Croatia.
central meridian of 0.9999 is determined as coordinate Implementation of new geodetic datums and map projec-
system of the Republic of Croatia for the field of cadas- tions in official use will be a very extensive, complex, and
tre and state topographic cartography. long-lasting process, which requires systematic elabora-
tion, implementation and solution of a whole series of dif-
2) Coordinate system of normal Lambert conformal conic ferent activities and tasks.
projection abbreviated HTRS96/LCC, with standard
Because of these facts, directives were included in the
parallels 43°05' and 45°55' north is determined as co-
Decree that new geodetic datum and map projections will
ordinate system of the Republic of Croatia for small scale
be implemented for official use gradually, based on the
official maps.
Program of Implementation of New Geodetic Datum and
3) Coordinate systems of map projections are based on Map Projections.
Croatian terrestrial reference system defined in Point 1 Based on Article V of the Croatian Governments De-
of this Decree. cree on determining the official geodetic datums and map
4) For the needs of Armed Forces of the Republic of projections of the Republic of Croatia (NN 2004a, b) the
Croatia, coordinate system of Universal Transverse director of the State Geodetic Administration issued on
Mercator (UTM) is accepted in accordance with Agree- September 15, 2005 the Program of Implementation of
ment of Standardization STANAG 2211 of member Official Geodetic Datums and Map Projections (Baèiæ,
states of the NATO pact, 5th issue of July 15, 1991. 2005).
Through this Program, steps and tasks necessary for
V
implementation of new official geodetic datums and map
New official geographic datum and planar map projec- projections in official use are determined, as well as a time
tions will be implemented for official use gradually. plan and the modality of their execution and subjects in
their execution. There are specially determined measures
The director of the State Geodetic Administration is
and activities which will be undertaken by the State Geo-
obliged to issue a program of implementing new official
detic Administration with the aim of implementing new offi-
geodetic datum and map projections for official use within
cial geodetic datums and map projections in general use
six months from the proclamation of this Decree.
of all users of spatial information in the Republic of Croatia,
VI with special accent on the bodies of State Government
The State Geodetic Administration is obliged to imple- and public systems.
ment new official geodetic datum and planar map projec- In accordance with the stated Program, there was also
tions for official use by January 1, 2010 at the latest. the project New Map Projection of the Republic of Croatia
KiG 2007, poseban broj O novoj slubenoj kartografskoj projekciji Hrvatske - HTRS96/TM
HTRS96/TM Instructions for Practical Use that the Table 2. Geometrical constants of the GRS80 ellipsoid
State Geodetic Administration required from the Faculty written with 24 digits
of Geodesy (Lapaine 2006a, b, c, d). The purpose of the
project was to:
q Create technical instructions for calculating coor-
dinates in coordinate system HTRS96/TM (new
map projection of the Republic of Croatia) and
q Propose a new division into map sheets for official
scales from 1:500 to 1:250 000, as well as to make
an overlap of new map grid of Croatia with carto-
graphic network of NATO STANAG 2211 standard
for scales 1:50 000 and 1:250 000.
The content of the project was:
q Description of the new map projection
q Algorithms for solving basic geodetic and cadas-
12 digits was published by Moritz (1992) with the remark
tral tasks in HTRS96/TM
that this and other parameters could be calculated by
q Calculation of coordinates in plane of projection adequate formulae in case of need.
from geodetic coordinates and vice-versa
In the article Numerical Values of Geometric Con-
q Calculation of linear scale factor out of projection stants of the GRS80 Ellipsoid the problem of determin-
planes and geodetic coordinates ing those numerical values is explained in detail (Lapaine
42 q Calculation of coordinates in marginal areas of pro- et al. 2006). Numerical values of derived constants on
jection where linear scale is greater than 1.0001 24 reliable digits have been published in that paper (Ta-
ble 2). At the end is considered possible influence of use
q Calculation of reduction of directions and lengths
of parameters of ellipsoid GRS80 that are calculated with
q Calculation of meridian convergence out of pro- the presumption that along with major semi-axis, the re-
jection planes and geodetic coordinates ciprocal value of flatness is calculated to approximately
q Other practical geodetic cartographic tasks 12 digits as a second given parameter. It was shown that
under this presumption it will be possible to calculate
q Detailed processing of new division in map sheets
rectangular coordinates in the official system in Croatia
for all scales, including nomenclature and creation
(HTRS96/TM) on 7 decimal places. The seventh deci-
of general maps.
mal place can differ from the real value for one at most.
Let us mention at the end of this chapter that the
new official map projection and Decree on Establishing
New Official Geodetic Datums and Map Projections is
5 Algorithms for Solving Two Basic
mentioned in the new Law on State Survey and Real Tasks in the HTRS96/TM Coordinate
Estate Cadastre (NN 2007) as well. System
In Table 1, basic characteristics of new projections
4 Numerical Values of Constants of the
are represented for needs of official cadastral and topo-
GRS80 Ellipsoid graphic cartography and scales larger than 1:500 000.
In the continuation, algorithms for solving two basic tasks
Let us remind that geodetic calculations in Croatia in
in new projections will be represented: conversion of
the past hundred years or so were based on the Bessel
geodetic coordinates to rectangular coordinates in pro-
ellipsoid. The Government of the Republic of Croatia,
jection plane and vice versa.
on the session held on August 4, 2004, made the De-
cree on Establishing Official Geodetic Datum and Pla- 5.1 Conversion of geodetic coordinates j, l to
nar Map Projections of the Republic of Croatia (NN rectangular coordinates y, x in the projection plane
2004a, b). According to this Decree:
The Gauss-Krüger, or the Transverse Mercator pro-
The GRS80 Ellipsoid with the size of major semi-axis jection is determined by these conditions:
a = 6378137,00 m and flattening µ = 1/298.257222101 is
determined by official mathematic model of the Earth body 1. The projection is conformal
in the Republic of Croatia. 2. The central meridian is projected in true scale or the
While the numerical values of its semi-axis (or loga- scale along it is constant
rithms of semi-axis) were set as basic parameters with 3. The x-axis of the rectangular coordinate system is the
Bessels ellipsoid, with ellipsoid GRS80 only one semi- image of the central meridian. The origin can be set in
axis a is set with its numerical value. The second geo- any point of the image of the central meridian, and it
metric parameter was not set numerically, but by a non- is usually taken on the intersection of the image of the
linear equation. The solution of this equation written by central meridian and the image of the equator.
KiG 2007, poseban broj O novoj slubenoj kartografskoj projekciji Hrvatske - HTRS96/TM
q izraditi tehnièke upute za raèunanje koordinata u Tablica 2. Geometrijske konstante elipsoida GRS80
koordinatnom sustavu HTRS96/TM (nove karto- napisane na 24 znamenke:
grafske projekcije RH) i
q predloiti novu podjelu na listove za slubena mje-
rila od 1:500 do 1:250 000, kao i preklop nove karto-
grafske mree RH s kartografskom mreom NATO
standarda STANAG 2211 za mjerila 1:50 000 i
1:250 000.
Sadraj projekta bio je:
q opis nove kartografske projekcije
q algoritmi za rjeavanje osnovnih geodetsko-ka-
tastarskih zadataka u koordinatnom sustavu
HTRS96/TM
q raèunanje koordinata u ravnini projekcije iz geo-
(1992) uz napomenu da se u sluèaju potrebe taj i drugi
detskih koordinata i obratno,
parametri mogu izraèunati po odgovarajuæim formulama.
q raèunanje linearnog mjerila iz projekcijskih i geo-
U èlanku Numerièke vrijednosti geometrijskih kon-
detskih koordinata,
stanti elipsoida GRS80 detaljno je objanjen problem
q raèunanje koordinata u rubnim podruèjima projek- odreðivanja tih numerièkih vrijednosti (Lapaine i dr.,
cije, gdje je linearno mjerilo veæe od 1,0001, 2006). U tom su radu objavljene numerièke vrijednosti
izvedenih konstanti na 24 pouzdane znamenke (tablica
q raèunanje redukcije pravaca i duljina, 43
2). Na kraju se razmatra moguæi utjecaj upotrebe para-
q raèunanje konvergencije meridijana iz geodetskih metara elipsoida GRS80 izraèunanih uz pretpostavku da
i projekcijskih koordinata, je uz veliku poluos, drugi zadani parametar reciproèna
vrijednost spljotenosti izraèunana priblino na 12
q ostali praktièni geodetsko-kartografski zadaci,
znamenaka. Pokazuje se da æe uz tu pretpostavku
q detaljna obrada nove podjele na listove za sva pravokutne koordinate u slubenom sustavu u Hrvatskoj
mjerila, ukljuèujuæi nomenklaturu i izradu preglednih (HTRS96/TM) biti moguæe izraèunati na 7 decimala.
karata. Sedma decimala moe se razlikovati od prave vrijednosti
Na kraju ovog poglavlja treba dodati da se nova najvie za jedan.
slubena kartografska projekcija i Odluka o utvrðivanju
slubenih geodetskih datuma i kartografskih projekcija 5. Algoritmi za rjeavanje dvaju
spominju i u novom Zakonu o geodetskoj izmjeri i katastru
nekretnina (NN 2007).
osnovnih zadataka u koordinatnom
sustavu HTRS96/TM
4. Numerièke vrijednosti konstanti U tablici 1 prikazane su osnovne karakteristike nove
elipsoida GRS80 projekcije za potrebe slubene katastarske i topografske
kartografije i mjerila krupnija od 1:500 000. U nastavku
Podsjetimo se da su se geodetska raèunanja u æe biti prikazani algoritmi za rjeavanje dvaju osnovnih
Hrvatskoj u proteklih stotinjak godina temeljila na zadataka u novoj projekciji: konverzija geodetskih
Besselovu elipsoidu. Vlada Republike Hrvatske na koordinata u pravokutne koordinate u ravnini projekcije i
sjednici odranoj 4. kolovoza 2004. godine donijela je obratno.
Odluku o utvrðivanju slubenih geodetskih datuma i
ravninskih kartografskih projekcija Republike Hrvatske 5.1. Konverzija geodetskih koordinata j, l u
(NN 2004a, b). Prema toj odluci: pravokutne koordinate y, x u ravnini projekcije
Elipsoid GRS80 s velièinom velike poluosi Gauss-Krügerova, odnosno popreèna Mercatorova
a = 6378137,00 m i spljotenoæu µ = 1/298,257222101 projekcija odreðena je ovim uvjetima:
odreðuje se slubenim matematièkim modelom za 1. projekcija je konformna,
Zemljino tijelo u Republici Hrvatskoj.
2. srednji meridijan preslikava se u pravoj velièini ili je
Dok su kod Besselova elipsoida kao osnovni
mjerilo uzdu njega konstantno,
parametri bile zadane numerièke vrijednosti njegovih
poluosi (ili logaritmi poluosi), kod elipsoida GRS80 samo 3. os x pravokutnoga koordinatnog sustava poklapa se
je velika poluos a zadana svojom numerièkom sa slikom srednjeg meridijana. Ishodite se moe
vrijednoæu. Drugi geometrijski parametar nije zadan postaviti u bilo koju toèku slike srednjeg meridijana, a
numerièki, nego nelinearnom jednadbom. Rjeenje te obièno se uzima u presjeku slike srednjeg meridijana
jednadbe zapisano na 12 znamenaka objavio je Moritz i slike ekvatora.
New Official Map Projection of Croatia - HTRS96/TM KiG 2007, special issue
All the formulae for that projection are usually de- In previous expressions, n is the third flattening and
rived with presumption that linear scale factor on the is defined by the relation
central meridian is equal to one (m0 = 1). Coordinates
derived with this condition are called unreduced. So, for (1.8)
the point on the central meridian y = 0, x = B, where B is
the length of arc of meridian from equator to starting point. Since n6y 2H10-17, introduction of further members
makes no sense in arithmetic with 16 digits.
Length of meridian arc
Let the given geodetic coordinates of some point be
The first differential form of rotational ellipsoid pa- j and l, and rectangular coordinates x and y in the plane
rameterised by geodetic coordinates is: of projection should be calculated.
Let it be
(1.1)
(1.9)
where M(j) is the radius of curvature of the meridian,
and N(j) the radius of curvature of the intersection by where l0 is the geodetic longitude of the central meridian
the first vertical. of the projected area. For the new official projection for
all area of Croatia, it was defined l0 = 16°30'.
Along the meridian it is dl=0, so for the differential of
length of meridian arc ds = dB we can write: Formulae
(1.2) After appropriate mathematical derivations (Lapaine
Let us note two points on the meridian: T1 having 2006a), we come to the final formulae for calculation of
geodetic latitude j1 and T2 having geodetic latitude j2 rectangular coordinates in the plane y and x from geo-
(j1Oj2). Let us denote the length of the meridian arc be- detic coordinates j, l:
44
tween points T1 and T2 by B. By integrating the expres-
sion (1.2) we get:
(1.3)
where:
(1.4)
(1.5)
where
(1.6)
(1.3)
gdje je
(1.4)
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)
46
KiG 2007, poseban broj O novoj slubenoj kartografskoj projekciji Hrvatske - HTRS96/TM
47
New Official Map Projection of Croatia - HTRS96/TM KiG 2007, special issue
A numerical example
(2.3)
A conversion of geodetic coordinates j, l into rec-
tangular coordinates E, N with accuracy of 10-9 meters where A is determined by the formula (1.6). In the previ-
and the GRS80 ellipsoid. ous expressions, n is the third flattening defined through
relation (1.8). Since n6y 2H10-17, introduction of further
Given:
members in upper formulae makes no sense in arithme-
j = 43° 37' 26".4 tic with 16 digits.
l = 15° 28' 36".3
Formulae
Calculated:
Let the rectangular coordinates y and x be given in
E= 417 420.536 069 217 m
the plane of projection, and geodetic coordinates j and
N = 4 832 071.116 580 311 m l of corresponding point on the ellipsoid need to be cal-
culated.
5.2 Conversion of rectangular coordinates y, x in
We denote like before
the plane to geodetic coordinates j, l
(1.9)
In the previous chapter, formulae for calculating co-
where l 0 is the geodetic longitude of the central meridi-
ordinates in the Gauss-Krüger, or the Transverse Mer-
an of the projected area. l0 = 16°30' is defined for the
cator projection from geodetic coordinates were given.
new official projection for all area of Croatia.
In this chapter, an inverse problem is being solved, i.e.
formulae are given for calculating geodetic coordinates After corresponding derivations and calculating indi-
from rectangular coordinates in the projection plane. vidual coefficients with 16 significant digits, and omitting
members whose absolute value is less than 10-16 (La-
48 All formulae were first derived with presumption that paine 2006a) we get:
the scale along central meridian is equal to one (m0 = 1).
Coordinates derived with that condition are called unre-
duced. Hence, for any point along the central meridian
y = 0, x = B, where B is length of the meridian arc from
the equator to an observed point.
(2.1)
where
(2.1)
gdje su
(2.2)
jF je geodetska irina toèke na srednjem meridijanu za
koju je x = B, tj. duljina luka meridijana od ekvatora do
promatrane toèke i sve vrijednosti od t i h treba takoðer
izraèunati za j = jF.
Na kraju, uvest æemo jo nove oznake N (sjeverno)
(2.3) umjesto x i E (istoèno) umjesto y.
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