CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1. DIFFERENTIABLE MANIFOLD

Let Mm and Mn be two Euclidean spaces of dimensions m and n with A and

A' as open subsets respectively. Let φ be a mapping on A into A' , the mapping φ

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is said to be differentiable if the coordinates Xi (φ (b)) of φ (b) are differentiable

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functions of the coordinates Y j (b), b ∈ A . The differentiable mapping φ : A → A' is a

diffeomorphism of A onto A' , if (i) φ is one-one (ii) the inverse mapping φ −1 is

differentiable and (iii) φ ( A) = A' .
Let E be a Hausdorff topological space. Let R be an open subset of E and φ a
te
homeomorphism of R onto an open subset of Mn, then the pair (R, φ ) is called an
open Chart on E. A differentiable structure on E of dimension m is a collection of
open charts ( Rα , φα ) α ∈W on E, where φα ( Rα ) is an open subset of Mn such that the

following conditions hold:

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(i) The union of all the domains of φα coincides with the whole space itself, that is

E = U α ∈W Rα ,
−1
(ii) The mapping φ β oφα is a differentiable mapping of φα ( Rα ∩ Rβ ) onto

φ β ( Rα ∩ Rβ ) for every pair α , β ∈ W ,

(iii) The collection ( Rα , φα ) α ∈W is a maximal family of open charts on E for which

the above two conditions are satisfied.

A Hausdorff space E with a differentiable structure of m dimension is called a
differentiable manifold or a C∞ manifold. If E be a C∞ manifold, then the pair
( Rα , φα ) α ∈W is called a local coordinate system on E. The set Rα is called a

coordinate neighborhood of b and the numbers Y j (b) are called local coordinate of

b, if b ∈ Rα and φα (b) = (Y1 (b),..........., Ym (b)) .

 If we replace Mn by the m-dimensional complex space Cm, in the definition of
differentiable manifold, we get the definition of an m dimensional complex
manifold. In this case the condition (ii) is replaced by the condition that the m
−1
coordinate of (φ β oφα )(b) should be holomorphic functions of the coordinates of b.

2. VECTORS, FORMS AND TENSORS

Let V1 be a vector space of m dimensions with a basis {ei} of m-linearly
independent vectors. The component Xi of the vector X with respect to the basis

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{ei}is called a contravariant vector or a contravariant tensor of the order 1 or a tensor
of the type (1,0). Let V1 be the dual space of V1, then the dimensions of V1 is the

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same as that of V1. Let {ei} be the basis of V1. Then {ei} is a set of m-linearly
independent vectors. The component Ai of the vector A of V1 with respect to the
basis {ei} is called a covariant vector or a covariant tensor of the order 1 or a tensor
of the type (0,1).
te
Also, the elements of V1 are covariant vectors with respect to the basis of V1
and the element of V1 are contravariant vectors with respect to its own basis{ei}. But
basically, the vectors of V1 are called contravariant and that of V1 are called
covariant with respect to the basis of V1. The covariant vectors are also known as 1-
Es

forms.
Tensors of higher order are defined by taking into account the tensor products
def
of the vectors. Let V 2 = V 1 ⊗ V 1 denote the tensor product of V1 with itself and let
def
ei ⊗ e j = eij . Then the component A ij of A with respect to the basis {eij} of V 2 is

called contravariant tensor of order 2 or tensor of the type (2,0). Let us denote the
def def
tensor product of V1 with itself by V2 = V1 ⊗ V1 and e i ⊗ e j = e ij . Then the

component Uij of U is called covariant vector with respect to the basis {eij } of V 2 or

the covariant tensor of order 2 or the tensor of the type (0,2). Thus the tensor product
of two contravariant (or covariant) vectors is a contravariant (or covariant) tensor of
the order 2 but every contravariant (or covariant) tensor of the order 2 is not
necessarily the tensor product of two contravariant (or covariant) vectors. A mixed

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tensor of the order 2 or a tensor of the type (1,1) is defined as an element of
def
V11 = V 1 ⊗ V1 with respect to the basis {eij } of V11 . But every mixed tensor of order 2

is not necessarily the tensor product of the elements of V 1 and V1. The tensors of the
type (r,0) and (0,s) are defined as the tensor product of r-contravariant vectors and
the tensor product of s-covariant vectors respectively.
To define a mixed tensor of the type (r,s) i.e. contravariant of order r and
covariant of order s, we take the tensor product of V 1 repeated r-times and that of V1

r
repeated s-times and denote it by Vsr :
def
Vsr = V114
⊗4..........
424..4 ⊗4
V31 ⊗ V1 ⊗ ......... ⊗ V1

j .............. j
1

j .............. js def
1442443
r − times

where ei 1.................i = ei ⊗ .............. ⊗ ei ⊗ e la

The set {ei 1.................is } of m r + s vectors forms a basis of Vsr ,
r
s − times

j
1 ⊗ ................ ⊗ e
js
.
te
1 r 1 r

i .....................i
The components Pj1 ................... j r of P are called the tensors of the type (r,s)
1 s

j ............ j
with respect to the basis {ei 1.............i s } of Vsr . But every tensor of the type (r,s) is not
1
Es

necessarily the tensor product of the elements of V 1 repeated r-times and that of V1
repeated s-times. The tensors of the type (0,0) are known as scalars. To verify
whether a scalar-valued or a vector-valued function is a tensor, it is sufficient to test
the linearity of the function in all the vectors (slots) and all the 1-forms.

3. TANGENT VECTORS AND TANGENT SPACES

Let Mm be a differentiable manifold of m- dimensions and p be any point in
Mm . Let F be a set of all real-valued functions that are C∞ on some neighbourhood
of p . Let us consider a vector X at p , satisfying
(3.1) X in Mm , f ∈ F ⇒ Xf ∈ F ,
(3.2) X ( f + g ) = Xf + Xg , f ,g ∈F ,
(3.3) X ( fg ) = f ( Xg ) + ( Xf ) g ,

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(3.4) X (af ) = a ( Xf ), a ∈ R (The set of real numbers).
Then X is called the tangent vector to Mm at p .
The system consisting of the set of all tangent vectors T p at p , a binary operation,

say ‘+’, satisfying

(3.5) X ,Y ∈ Tp ⇒ X + Y ∈ Tp ,

(3.6) ( X + Y ) f = Xf + Yf , f ∈ F,
and an operation of scalar multiplication, satisfying

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(3.7) f ∈ F , X ∈ T p ⇒ fX ∈ T p ,

(3.8) (aX ) f = a ( Xf ), a ∈ R (The set of real numbers) is a vector space called the
tangent space to Mm at p denoted by T1.

4. SYMMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC TENSORS

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A vector-valued or a scalar-valued function P ( X 1 ,....., X h ,......., X k ,......, X r ) is
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said to be symmetric in hth and kth vectors, if
(4.1) P ( X 1 ,...., X h ,....., X k ,....., X r ) = P( X 1 ,...., X k ,....., X h ,...., X r ), 1 ≤ h < k ≤ r .

It is said to be skew-symmetric (or alternating) in hth and kth vectors, if

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P ( X 1 ,...., X h ,....., X k ,....., X r ) = − P ( X 1 ,...., X k ,...., X h ,...., X r ), 1 ≤ h < k ≤ r .

In order to test whether symmetric and skew-symmetric functions are tensors, it is

enough to test the linearity in any one of the vectors or 1-forms in which the function
is symmetric or skew-symmetric.

5. CONTRACTION
Consider a vector space Vsr , r and s being natural numbers. The linear

mapping
C kh : V sr → V sr−−11 , (1 ≤ h ≤ r , 1 ≤ k ≤ s ) ,

such that

C kh ( X 1 ⊗ ....... ⊗ X h ⊗ ........ ⊗ X r ⊗ A1 ⊗ ....... ⊗ Ak ⊗ .......... ⊗ As )

= Ak ( X h )( X 1 ⊗ ....... ⊗ X h −1 ⊗ X h +1 ⊗ ........ ⊗ X r ⊗ A1 ⊗ .......

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 ............ ⊗ Ak −1 ⊗ Ak +1 ⊗ ........... ⊗ As ) ,

is called contraction with respect to hth contravariant and kth covariant places.
It is observed that by contracting once, a tensor P of the type (r,s) is
reduced to a tensor of the type (r-1,s-1) and the process of contraction may be
repeated.

6. LIE-BRACKET
Let M be the set of all C∞ vector fields. Then their bracket is mapping

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[ ] :M ×M → M ,
Such that

Satisfying
(6.1)
[ ] ( X , Y ) = [ X , Y ],

la X ,Y ∈ M .

[ X , Y ] f = X (Yf ) − Y ( Xf ) , being C∞ vector function, is called Lie-bracket.

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The Lie bracket satisfies the following properties:
(6.2) [ X , Y ] = −[Y , X ] ,
i.e. [ X , Y ] is skew-symmetric in X and Y,
(6.3) [ X + Y , Z ] = [ X , Z ] + [Y , Z ], X , Y , Z ∈ M ,
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(6.4) [ fX , gY ] = fg [ X , Y ] + f ( Xg )Y − g (Yf ) X ,
(6.5) [ X , [Y , Z ]] + [Y , [ Z , X ]] + [ Z , [ X , Y ]] = 0 (Jacobi Identity),

⎡ ∂ ∂ ⎤
(6.6) ⎢⎣ ∂x i , ∂x j ⎥⎦ = 0 .

7. CONNEXION
Let T1 and T1 be the tangent space and its dual one. Let Tsr be the tangent
space of dimensions nr+s. A connexion D is a type preserving mapping that assigns to

each pair of C∞ fields (X, P ), X ∈ T 1 , P ∈ Tsr , a C∞ vector field DX P , such that if

f ∈ F is a C∞ function, Y , Z ∈ T 1 and A ∈ T1 are C∞ fields, then

(7.1) D X f = Xf ,
(7.2) D X (Y + Z ) = D X Y + D X Z ,

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(7.3) D X ( fY ) = fD X Y + ( Xf )Y ,
(7.4) D X +Y Z = D X Z + DY Z ,
(7.5) D fX Y = fD X Y ,

(7.6) ( D X A)(Y ) = X ( A(Y )) − A( D X Y ) ,

(7.7) ( D X P)( A1 , A2 ,....., Ar , X 1 ,......, X s ) = X ( P( A1 ,......, Ar , X 1 ,........, X s ))

− P ( D X A1 , A2 ,......., Ar , X 1 ,..........., X s ) − .............................

− P( A1 , A2 ,.............., Ar , D X X 1 , X 2 ,..........., X s ) − .................

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− P( A1 , A2 ,.............., Ar , X 1 , X 2 ,..........., D X X s ) .

8. TORSION TENSOR

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Let D be a connexion and X, Y are C∞ arbitrary vector fields. Then a tensor of
the type (1,2), defined by
te
def
(8.1) S ( X , Y ) = D X Y − DY X − [ X , Y ] ,
is called torsion tensor of the connexion D. The torsion tensor is skew-symmetric in
the two slots:
(8.2) S ( X , Y ) = − S (Y , X ) .
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The connexion D is said to be symmetric or torsion free, if

(8.3) S =0.

9. COVARIANT DERIVATIVE
It is a mapping
∇ : Tsr → Tsr+1 ,

such that
(9.1) (∇P)( A1 , A2 ,............, Ar , X 1 ,..........., X s , X s +1 )

= ( D X s +1 P)( A1 , A2 ,............, Ar , X 1 ,..........., X s ) ,

for P ∈ Tsr .
In view of (9.1), we have for any function Q,
(9.2) (∇Q )( X , Y , Z , T1 ) = ( DT1 Q )( X , Y , Z ) ,

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(9.3) (∇∇Q)( X , Y , Z , T1 , T2 ) = ( DT2 DT1 Q)( X , Y , Z ) − (∇Q)( X , Y , Z , DT2 T1 ) .

Any element P ∈ Tsr is said to be covariant constant, if

(9.4) (∇P ) = 0 .

10. LIE DERIVATIVE

Let Vn be a differentiable manifold and X be any C ∞ vector in Vn. Then the

Lie-derivative along X is a mapping

r
L X : Tsr → Tsr ,

such that
(10.1)

(10.2)

(10.3)
L X f = Xf ,

LX Y = [ X , Y ] ,
LX a = 0 , a∈ R ,
la
f ∈ F (field)

Y ∈T 1,
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(10.4) ( L X A)(Y ) = X ( A(Y )) − A[ X , Y ] , ∀A ∈ T1 ,
(10.5) ( L X P)( A1 , A2 ,............, Ar , X 1 ,..............., X s )

= X ( P( A1 ,.................., Ar , X 1 ,....................., X s ))

− P ( L X A1 , A2 ,......., Ar , X 1 ,..........., X s ) − ............

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− P( A1 , A2 ,......., Ar −1 , L X Ar , X 1 ,..........., X s )

− P ( A1 , A2 ,......, Ar , [ X , X 1 ], X 2 ,......, X s ) − ..........

− P( A1 , A2 ,............, Ar , X 1 , X 2 ,............, [ X , X s ]) ,

for every P ∈ Tsr .

It is clear that L X P is linear in every vector and 1-form.

11. CURVATURE TENSOR

Let D be a connexion and X, Y and Z be C∞ vector fields, then the function
K, defined by
def
(11.1) K ( X , Y , Z ) = D X DY Z − DY D X Z − D[ X ,Y ] Z ,

is called the curvature tensor of the connexion D.

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From (11.1), we note that it is skew-symmetric in the first two slots:
(11.2) K ( X , Y , Z ) = − K (Y , X , Z ) ,
and it is a vector-valued, trilinear function or a tensor of the type (1,3), i.e. the
quantities on the right hand side of (11.1) are all vectors and
(11.3)a K ( X + U1 , Y , Z ) = K ( X , Y , Z ) + K (U1 , Y , Z ) ,
(11.3)b K ( fX , Y , Z ) = fK ( X , Y , Z ) ,

(11.3)c K ( X , Y , Z + U 1 ) = K ( X , Y , Z ) + K ( X , Y ,U 1 ) ,
(11.3)d K ( X , Y , fZ ) = fK ( X , Y , Z ) .

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The curvature tensor K satisfies the following identities, called the Ricci-
identities:
(11.4)a
(11.4)b
(11.4)c la
(∇∇ A)( Z , Y , X ) − (∇∇ A)( Z , X , Y ) + (∇A)( Z , S ( X , Y )) = − A( K ( X , Y , Z )) ,
(∇∇ Z )(Y , X ) − (∇∇ Z )( X , Y ) + (∇Z )( S ( X , Y )) = K ( X , Y , Z ) ,
(∇∇ K )( X , Y , Z , T , V ) − (∇∇ K )( X , Y , Z , V , T ) = K (V , T , K ( X , Y , Z ))
te
− K ( K (V , T , X ), Y , Z ) − K ( X , K (V , T , Y ), Z ) − K ( X , Y , K (V , T , Z )) .
The Bianchi’s first and second identities for the curvature tensor are
respectively given by [51].
(11.5) K ( X , Y , Z ) + K (Y , Z , X ) + K ( Z , X , Y ) = D X ( S (Y , Z )) + DY ( S ( Z , X ))
Es

+ DZ ( S ( X , Y )) + S ( X , [Y , Z ]) + S (Y , [ Z , X ]) + S ( Z , [ X , Y ]) .
(11.6) ( D X K )(Y , Z , T ) + ( DY K )(Z , X , T ) + ( DZ K )( X , Y , T ) + K ( S ( X , Z ), Y , T )
+ K ( S (Y , X ), Z , T ) + K ( S ( Z , Y ), X , T ) .
If the connexion D is symmetric, then (11.5) and (11.6) assume the forms
(11.7) K ( X , Y , Z ) + K (Y , Z , X ) + K ( Z , X , Y ) = 0 ,

(11.8) ( D X K )(Y , Z , T ) + ( DY K )(Z , X , T ) + ( DZ K )( X , Y , T ) = 0 ,

respectively.

12. RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD

We consider an n-dimensional C∞ manifold Vn. Let T1 be the tangent space at
a point p of Vn. Let there be in Vn, a C∞, real-valued, bilinear, symmetric, positive

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definite and non-singular function ‘g’ on the ordered pair (X,Y) of the tangent
vectors X and Y at each point p of Vn, i.e.
(12.1)a One can differentiate ‘g’ any number of time,
(12.1)b g(X,Y), (the inner product of X and Y) is a real number,
(12.1)c g (aX + bY , Z ) = ag ( X , Z ) + bg (Y , Z ), a , b ∈ R, Z ∈ T 1 ,
(12.1)d g ( X , Y ) = g (Y , X ) ,
(12.1)e g ( X , X ) > 0, ∀X ≠ 0 ,
(12.1)f g( X ,Y ) = 0 , ∀Y ≠ 0 ⇒ X = 0 .

r
Then g is called the Riemannian metric tensor or the fundamental tensor and

called a Riemannian geometry.

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the manifold is called the Riemannian manifold Vn. The geometry based on ‘g’ is

A connexion D in Vn is called a Riemannian connexion with respect to the

metric tensor g, if
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(12.2)a Z ( g ( X , Y )) = g ( DZ X , Y ) + g ( X , DZ Y ),
i.e. g is covariant constant,
(12.2)b D X Y − DY X = [ X , Y ] ,
i.e. D is symmetric connexion.
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Let us put
def
(12.3) ' K ( X , Y , Z , U ) = g ( K ( X , Y , Z ), U ) .
Then ' K is a real-valued 4-linear function, called associated curvature tensor
or Riemann- Christoffel curvature tensor which satisfies the following properties:
(i). It is skew-symmetric in first two slots:
(12.4) ' K ( X , Y , Z , U ) = −' K (Y , X , Z , U ) .
(ii) It is skew-symmetric in last two slots:
(12.5) ' K ( X , Y , Z , U ) = −' K ( X , Y , U , Z ) .
(iii) It is symmetric in the two pairs of slots:
(12.6) ' K ( X , Y , Z , U ) =' K ( Z , U , X , Y ) .
(iv) It satisfies Bianchi’s first identities:
(12.7) ' K ( X , Y , Z , U ) + ' K (Y , Z , X , U )+ ' K ( Z , X , Y , U ) = 0 .

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(v) It satisfies Bianchi’s second identities:
(12.8) ( D X ' K )(Y , Z ,U ,V ) + ( DY ' K )(Z , X ,U ,V ) + ( DZ ' K )( X , Y , U , V ) = 0 .
The first four properties are called algebraic identities.
The tensor defined by
def
(12.9) Ric(Y , Z ) = (C11 K )(Y , Z ),

is called Ricci-tensor, C11 being the contraction operator.

It is symmetric tensor of the (0,2), i.e.

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(12.10) Ric (Y , Z ) = Ric ( Z , Y ) .
A linear map r, defined by

(12.11)
is called Ricci map.
def

The Ricci map is self adjoint, i.e.

la
g (r ( X ), Y ) = Ric( X , Y ),
te
(12.12) g ( r ( X ), Y ) = g ( X , r (Y )) .
The scalar R, defined by

(12.13) R = (C11r ),
is called the scalar curvature of Vn at point p.
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The Riemannian manifold Vn is said to be recurrent [51], if

(12.14) (∇K )( X , Y , Z , T ) = A(T ) K ( X , Y , Z ) ,
where ‘A’ is C∞ 1-form and X, Y, Z, T, …… are arbitrary vector fields in Vn.
The manifold Vn is said to be Ricci-recurrent, if
(12.15) (∇Ric )(Y , Z , T ) = A(T ) Ric (Y , Z ) .
It is said to be birecurrent [115] and Ricci-birecurrent, if
(12.16)a (∇∇ K )( X , Y , Z , T , S ) = B (T , S ) K ( X , Y , Z ) ,
and
(12.16)b (∇∇ Ric )(Y , Z , T , S ) = B (T , S ) Ric (Y , Z ) ,
where B is C∞ 2-form.
The Riemannian manifold is said to be symmetric and Ricci-symmetric, if
(12.17)a (∇K )( X , Y , Z , T ) = 0 ,
and

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(12.17)b (∇Ric )(Y , Z , T ) = 0 , respectively.
Let us consider any point p in Vn and two vectors X and Y which constitute a
pencil of vectors of the forms fX+gY, f and g being parameters. This pencil of
vectors generates a two dimensional space at the point p. The total curvature (or
Gaussian curvature) of this two dimensional space is called Riemannian curvature of
Vn at the point p, given by [51].
' K ( X ,Y , X ,Y )
(12.18) k= .
g ( X , Y ) g ( X , Y ) − g ( X , X ) g (Y , Y )

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The manifold is said to be locally flat, if
(12.19) k =0 ⇒' K = 0 ⇒ K = 0 .

(12.20)

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The manifold Vn is said to be constant Riemannian curvature, if
' K ( X , Y , Z , T ) = k [ g ( X , T ) g (Y , Z ) − g ( X , Z ) g (Y , T )] .
In the Riemannian manifold Vn, the Weyl or Projective curvature tensor W,
the Conformal curvature tensor C, the Conharmonic curvature tensor L and the
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Concircular curvature tensor V are defined by [51].
1
(12.21) W ( X , Y , Z ) = K ( X , Y , Z ) − [ Ric(Y , Z ) X − Ric( X , Z )Y ] ,
(n − 1)
1
(12.22) C ( X , Y , Z ) = K ( X , Y , Z ) − [ Ric(Y , Z ) X − Ric ( X , Z )Y − g ( X , Z )r (Y )
Es

(n − 2)
R
+ g (Y , Z )r ( X )] + [ g (Y , Z ) X − g ( X , Z )Y ] ,
(n − 1)(n − 2)
1
(12.23) L( X , Y , Z ) = K ( X , Y , Z ) − [ Ric(Y , Z ) X − Ric( X , Z )Y − g ( X , Z )r (Y )
(n − 2)
+ g (Y , Z ) r ( X )] ,
R
(12.24) V ( X ,Y , Z ) = K ( X ,Y , Z ) − [ g (Y , Z ) X − g ( X , Z )Y ] .
n(n − 1)
The associated curvature tensors 'W , ' C , ' L and 'V are defined by
def
(12.25) 'W ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g (W ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,
def
(12.26) ' C ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g (C ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,
def
(12.27) ' L( X , Y , Z , T ) = g ( L( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,

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 def
(12.28) 'V ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g (V ( X , Y , Z ), T ) .
The manifold Vn is said to be Projectively flat or Conformally flat or
Conharmonically flat or Concircularly flat at each point p, if W = 0 or C = 0 or L = 0
or V = 0, respectively.

13. PARALLELISM AND GEODESIC

Let σ be a C∞ curve in Vn and T be a tangent at any point p of Vn. A C∞
vector field X defined along σ is said to be parallel along the curve, iff

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(13.1)a DT X = 0 ,

(13.1)b

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The curve σ is said to a geodesic in Vn, iff
DT T = 0 ,
i.e., the tangent T to the curve σ is parallel along the curve. Hence, geodesic is an
auto-parallel curve in Vn.
te
The vector DT T is called the geodesic curvature vector of the curve. Thus a
geodesic in Vn is a curve whose geodesic curvature vector vanishes at each point.

14. COMPLEX AND ALMOST COMPLEX MANIFOLD

Es

Let us consider a 2n-dimensional, real, differentiable manifold M2n of

differentiability class C∞. Let there be defined in M2n, a C∞ vector-valued linear
function F, such that

(14.1a X + X = 0, for arbitrary vector field X,

where
def
(14.1)b X = FX .

Then {F} is said to give an almost complex structure to M2n and M2n is called
an almost complex manifold [47].

Agreement (14.1). All the equations, which follow, hold for arbitrary vector fields
X, Y, Z, ………, etc.

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 Also, it is known that the rank of the matrix ((F)) is 2n, and F had n-eigen
values i and n-eigen values –i.
A vector-valued, skew-symmetric and bilinear function N, defined by
def
(14.2) N ( X , Y ) = [ FX , FY ] + FF [ X , Y ] − F [ FX , Y ] − F [ X , FY ] ,
is called a Nijenhuis tensor with respect to F [74].
An almost complex manifold M2n is said to be complex, if the Nijenhuis tensor
N vanishes identically [123].
The necessary and sufficient condition for the almost complex structure {F} to

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be completely integrable is that the Nijenhuis tensor N vanishes [11].

(14.3)

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A bilinear function B in M2n is said to be pure in the two slots X and Y, if
B( X , Y ) + B( X , Y ) = 0 ,
and it is said to be hybrid in the two slots, if
(14.4) B( X , Y ) − B( X , Y ) = 0 .
te
15. ALMOST HERMITE MANIFOLD
Let an almost complex manifold M2n with the structure {F} be endowed with a
Hermitian metric tensor g, such that
Es

(15.1) g ( X , Y ) = g ( X , Y ) .
Then M2n is called an almost Hermite manifold [47], [123].
Let us define
def
(15.2) ' F ( X , Y ) = g ( FX , Y ) .
Then it satisfies the following properties:
(i) It is skew-symmetric in the two slots:
(15.3)a ' F ( X , Y ) = −' F (Y , X ) .
(ii) It is hybrid in the two slots:
(15.3)b ' F ( X , Y ) =' F ( FX , FY ) .
(iii) For the two vectors X and Y
(15.3)c ' F ( FX , Y ) = −' F ( X , FY ) .
Let N be the Nijenhuis tensor with respect to the structure {F}. Let us put

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 def
(15.4) ' N ( X , Y , Z ) = g ( N ( X , Y ), Z ) ,
called associate Nijenhuis tensor.
An almost Hermite manifold M2n is said to be Hermite manifold, if
'N = 0 ⇒ N = 0 .
An almost Hermite manifold M2n is called Kähler manifold, if the structure {F}
is covariant constant with respect to the Riemannian connexion D, i.e.
(15.5) ( D X F )(Y ) = 0 or (∇F )(Y , X ) = 0 .

r
An almost Hermite manifold M2n is called nearly Kähler manifold or an almost
Tachibana manifold or a K-manifold, if
(15.6) ( D X F )Y + ( DY F ) X = 0 or

la
16. ALMOST PRODUCT AND ALMOST DECOMPOSABLE MANIFOLD
(∇F )(Y , X ) + (∇F )( X , Y ) = 0 .

Let us consider a n-dimensional manifold Mn of differentiability class C∞,

te
vector-valued, real, linear function F [41], [123], such that

(16.1)a X = X , for arbitrary vector field X,

where
def
(16.1)b X = FX .
Es

Let Mn be endowed with a positive definite Riemannian metric tensor g, such

that
(16.2) g ( X ,Y ) = g ( X ,Y ) .
Then Mn is said to be an almost product manifold [123].
If in the manifold Mn, F is covariant constant with respect to the Riemannian
connexion D, i.e.
(16.3) ( D X F )Y = 0 .
Then Mn is said to be almost product and almost decomposable manifold [123].

17. ALMOST TANGENT STRUCTURE AND π-STRUCTURE

Consider a differentiable manifold Mn of class C∞ endowed with a vector-
valued linear function F, such that

14
(17.1) F 2 = a2In ,

where ‘a’ is a complex number.

If ‘a’ is a non-zero complex constant then {F} is called π-structure and Mn is
called a π-structure manifold [36]. If ‘a’=0, then {F} is called almost tangent
structure and Mn is called an almost tangent structure manifold.

18. GF-STRUCTURE METRIC MANIFOLD

Let us consider a differentiable manifold Mn of differentiability class C∞. Let

r
there be in Mn a vector-valued linear function F of the class C∞, satisfying the
algebraic equation

(18.1)a
where

(18.1 )b
def

la
X = a2X, for arbitrary vector field X,

X = FX and ‘a’ is a complex number.

te
Then {F} is said to give to Mn a general differentiable structure, briefly known as
GF-structure, defined by the equation (18.1)a and the manifold Mn is called GF-
manifold [15].
The equations (18.1) gives different structures for different values of ‘a’.
Es

If a ≠ 0 , it is π-structure, if a = ± i, it is an almost complex structure, if a = ± 1,

it is an almost Product structure and if a = 0, it is an almost tangent structure.

If the GF-structure be endowed with a Hermite tensor g, such that

(18.2) g ( X , Y ) + a2g(X,Y) = 0.

Then {F,g}is said to give to Mn, a Hermite structure or H-structure subordinate to

GF-structure.

Let a tensor ' F of the type (0,2) in Mn equipped with H-structure defined as

def
(18.3) ' F ( X ,Y ) = g( X ,Y ) .

Then the following equations holds:

15
(18.4)a ' F ( X , Y ) = −' F (Y , X ) ,
i.e. ' F is skew-symmetric in X and Y.
(18.4)b ' F ( X , Y ) = −a 2 ' F ( X , Y ) ,
i.e. ' F is hybrid in X and Y.
(18.4)c ' F ( X , Y ) = −' F ( X , Y ) .
Let D be the Riemannian connexion in Mn, equipped with H-structure, such
that
(18.5) ( D X F )Y = (∇F )(Y , X ) = 0 .

r
∇ being the operator of covariant differentiation, then the manifold Mn is said to be

19. HGF-STRUCTURE METRIC MANIFOLD

la
with KH-structure, and Mn is called KH-structure manifold.

Let us consider a differentiable manifold Mn of differentiability class C∞. Let

te
there be in Mn a vector-valued linear function F of class C∞, satisfying the algebraic
equation

(19.1)a X = -a2X, for arbitrary vector field X,

where
Es

def
(19.1 )b X = FX and ‘a’ is a complex number.
Then {F} is said to give to Mn a hyperbolic differentiable structure, briefly
known as HGF-structure, defined by the equations (19.1) and the manifold Mn is
called HGF-manifold. The equations (19.1) gives different structures for different
values of ‘a’.
If a ≠ 0 , it is Hyperbolic π-structure, if a = ± 1, it is an almost complex or an
almost hyperbolic Product structure, if a = ± i, it is an almost Product or an almost
hyperbolic Complex structure and if a = 0, it is an almost tangent or hyperbolic
almost tangent structure.

Let the HGF-structure be endowed with a Hermite tensor g, such that

(19.2) g ( X , Y ) - a2g(X,Y) = 0.

16
 Then {F,g}is said to give to Mn, a hyperbolic differentiable metric structure
and the manifold Mn is called a hyperbolic differentiable metric structure manifold.

Let us put
def
(19.3) ' F ( X ,Y ) = g( X ,Y ) .

Then the following equations holds:

(19.4)a ' F ( X , Y ) = −' F (Y , X ) ,

r
i.e. ' F is skew-symmetric in X and Y.
(19.4)b ' F ( X ,Y ) = a 2 ' F ( X ,Y ) ,
i.e. ' F is hybrid in X and Y.
(19.4)c

la
' F ( X , Y ) = −' F ( X , Y ) .
A bilinear function B in HGF-metric manifold is said to be pure in the two slots, if
(19.5) B( X , Y ) + a 2 B( X , Y ) = 0 .
te
It is said to be hybrid in the two slots, if
(19.6) B( X , Y ) − a 2 B( X , Y ) = 0 .

Let D be a connexion and X,Y and Z be C∞ vector fields, then the function K,
Es

defined by
def
(19.7) K ( X , Y , Z ) = DX DY Z − DY DX Z − D[ X ,Y ] Z ,

is called the curvature tensor of the connexion D.

Let us put
def
(19.8) ' K ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g ( K ( X , Y , Z ), T ) .
Then 'K is a real-valued 4-linear function, called associated curvature tensor or
Riemann christoffel curvature tensor of the first kind which satisfies the following
properties:
(i) It is skew-symmetric in first two slots:
(19.9) 'K(X,Y,Z,T) = -'K(Y,X,Z,T).
(ii) It is skew-symmetric in last two slots:
(19.10) 'K(X,Y,Z,T) = -'K(X,Y,T,Z).

17
(iii) It is symmetric in two pairs of slots:
(19.11) 'K(X,Y,Z,T) = 'K(Z,T,X,Y).
(iv) It satisfies Bianchi’s first identities:
(19.12) 'K(X,Y,Z,T) + 'K(Y,Z,X,T) + 'K(Z,X,Y,T) = 0.
(v) It also satisfies Bianchi’s second identities:
(19.13) (DX'K)(Y,Z,T,U) + (DY'K)(Z,X,T,U) + (DZ'K)(X,Y,T,U) = 0.
The tensor defined by
def
(19.14) Ric (Y , Z ) = (C11 K )(Y , Z ) ,

r
is called Ricci tensor, C11 being the contraction operator.

( 19.16)
Ric(Y,Z) = Ric(Z,Y),
The linear map r, defined by

la
It is a symmetric tensor of the type (0,2):
(19.15)

g(r(X),Y) = g(X, r(Y)) is called Ricci map.

te
The scalar R, defined by
(19.17) R = (C11 r )
is called the scalar curvature of Mn at any point p.
In the HGF-metric structure manifold, Pseudo Projective Curvature tensor
Es

W*, Pseudo Conformal Curvature tensor C*, Pseudo Conharmonic Curvature tensor
L*, Pseudo Concircular Curvature tensor V*, Pseudo H- Projective Curvature tensor
P*, Pseudo H-Conharmonic Curvature tensor S* and Pseudo Bochner Curvature
tensor B* are given by

1
(19.18) W*(X,Y,Z) = K(X,Y,Z) − [a 2 Ric (Y , Z ) X − a 2 Ric ( X , Z )Y ] ,
a (n − 1)
2

a2
(19.19) C*(X,Y,Z) = K(X,Y,Z) + [a 2 Ric( X , Z )Y − a 2 Ric(Y , Z ) X + g ( X , Z )r (Y )
(n + 2)

a2R
− g (Y , Z ) r ( X )] − [ g ( X , Z )Y − g (Y , Z ) X ] ,
(n − 1)(n − 2)

18
 a2
(19.20) L*(X,Y,Z) = K(X,Y,Z) + [a 2 Ric( X , Z )Y − a 2 Ric(Y , Z ) X
(n − 2)
+ g ( X , Z ) r (Y ) − g (Y , Z ) r ( X )] ,

a2R
(19.21) V*(X,Y,Z) = K(X,Y,Z) + [ g ( X , Z )Y − g (Y , Z ) X ] ,
n(n − 1)
1
(19.22) P*(X,Y,Z) = K(X,Y,Z) + [a 2 Ric (Y , Z ) X − a 2 Ric ( X , Z )Y
a ( n + 2)
2

− Ric (Y , Z ) X + Ric ( X , Z )Y − 2 Ric ( X , Y ) Z ] ,

r
a2
(19.23) S*(X,Y,Z) = K(X,Y,Z) − [a 2 Ric(Y , Z ) X − a 2 Ric( X , Z )Y
(n + 4)

B*(X,Y,Z) = K(X,Y,Z) −
a2 la
− g ( X , Z ) r (Y ) + g (Y , Z )r ( X ) + Ric ( X , Z )Y − Ric (Y , Z ) X

− 2 Ric ( X , Y ) Z + g ( X , Z ) r (Y ) − g (Y , Z )r ( X ) − 2 g ( X , Y ) r ( Z )] ,

[a 2 Ric(Y , Z ) X − a 2 Ric( X , Z )Y
te
(19.24)
(n + 4)

− g ( X , Z ) r (Y ) + g (Y , Z )r ( X ) + Ric ( X , Z )Y − Ric (Y , Z ) X

− 2 Ric ( X , Y ) Z + g ( X , Z ) r (Y ) − g (Y , Z )r ( X ) − 2 g ( X , Y ) r ( Z )]

a2R
Es

+ [ g (Y , Z ) X − g ( X , Z )Y + g ( X , Z )Y − g (Y , Z ) X
(n + 2)(n + 4)

− 2 g ( X , Y )Z ] .

The associated tensors of 'W*, 'C*, 'L*, 'V*, 'P*, 'S* and 'B* are given by
def
(19.25)a 'W * ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g (W * ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,
def
(19.25)b ' C * ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g (C * ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,
def
(19.25)c ' L * ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g ( L * ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,
def
(19.25)d 'V * ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g (V * ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,
def
(19.25)e ' P * ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g ( P * ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,

19
 def
(19.25)f ' S * ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g ( S * ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,
def
(19.25)g ' B * ( X , Y , Z , T ) = g ( B * ( X , Y , Z ), T ) ,
Consequently,
1
(19.26) 'W*(X,Y,Z,T) = 'K(X,Y,Z,T) − [a 2 Ric (Y , Z ) g ( X , T )
a ( n − 1)
2

− a 2 Ric( X , Z ) g (Y , T )] ,

a2
(19.27) 'C*(X,Y,Z,T) = 'K(X,Y,Z,T) + [a 2 Ric( X , Z ) g (Y , T )

r
(n + 2)

− a 2 Ric(Y , Z ) g ( X , T ) + g ( X , Z ) Ric (Y , T )

la
− g (Y , Z ) Ric ( X , T )] −

− g (Y , Z ) g ( X , T )] ,
a2R
(n − 1)(n − 2)
[ g ( X , Z ) g (Y , T )
te
a2
(19.28) 'L*(X,Y,Z,T) = 'K(X,Y,Z,T) + + [a 2 Ric( X , Z ) g (Y , T )
(n − 2)

− a 2 Ric(Y , Z ) g ( X , T ) + g ( X , Z ) Ric (Y , T )
− g (Y , Z ) Ric ( X , T )]
Es

a2R
(19.29) 'V*(X,Y,Z,T) = 'K(X,Y,Z,T) + [ g ( X , Z ) g (Y , T ) − g (Y , Z ) g ( X , T )] ,
n(n − 1)
1
(19.30) 'P*(X,Y,Z,T) = 'K(X,Y,Z,T) + [a 2 Ric (Y , Z ) g ( X , T )
a ( n + 2)
2

− a 2 Ric( X , Z ) g (Y , T ) − Ric (Y , Z ) g ( X , T )

+ Ric ( X , Z ) g (Y , T ) − 2 Ric ( X , Y ) g ( Z , T )] ,

a2
(19.31) 'S*(X,Y,Z,T) = 'K(X,Y,Z,T) − [a 2 Ric(Y , Z ) g ( X , T )
(n + 4)

− a 2 Ric( X , Z ) g (Y , T ) + Ric ( X , Z ) g (Y , T )

− Ric (Y , Z ) g ( X , T ) − 2 Ric ( X , Y ) g ( Z , T ) − g ( X , Z ) Ric (Y , T )

+ g (Y , Z ) Ric ( X , T ) + g ( X , Z ) Ric (Y , T ) − g (Y , Z ) Ric ( X , T )

− 2 g ( X , Y ) Ric ( Z , T )] ,

20
 a2
(19.32) 'B*(X,Y,Z,T) = 'K(X,Y,Z,T) − [a 2 Ric(Y , Z ) g ( X , T )
(n + 4)

− a 2 Ric( X , Z ) g (Y , T ) − g ( X , Z ) Ric (Y , T )

+ g (Y , Z ) Ric ( X , T ) + Ric ( X , Z ) g (Y , T )

− Ric (Y , Z ) g ( X , T ) − 2 Ric ( X , Y ) g ( Z , T )

+ g ( X , Z ) Ric (Y , T ) − g (Y , Z ) Ric ( X , T )

a 2R
− 2 g ( X , Y ) Ric ( Z , T )] + [ g (Y , Z ) g ( X , T )

r
(n + 2)(n + 4)

− g ( X , Z ) g (Y , T ) + g ( X , Z ) g (Y , T ) − g (Y , Z ) g ( X , T )

la
− 2 g ( X , Y ) g ( Z , T )] .

Let ' P be any of the curvature tensors 'W*, 'C*, 'L*, 'V*, 'P*, 'S* and 'B*,
te
Then the hyperbolic general differentiable structure metric manifold is said to be (1)
– recurrent in ' P , if
(19.33) a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , Y , Z , T , U 1 )−' P ((∇F )( X , U 1 ), Y , Z , T ) = a 2 B1 (U 1 )' P ( X , Y , Z , T ) ,

where B1 (U 1 ) is a C ∞ function, called recurrence parameter.

Es

(12)-recurrent in ' P , if

(19.34) a 2 (∇' P)( X , Y , Z , T , U1 )−' P((∇F )( X ,U1 ), Y , Z , T )

+ a 2 ' P(X, (∇F)(Y, U1 ), Z, T) = a 2 B1 (U 1 )' P ( X , Y , Z , T ) ,

(123)- recurrent in ' P , if

(19.35) a 2 (∇' P)( X , Y , Z , T , U1 )−' P((∇F )( X ,U1 ), Y , Z , T )

+ a 2 ' P( X , (∇F )(Y ,U1 ), Z , T ) + a 2 ' P (X, Y, (∇F)(Z, U 1 ), T)

= a 2 B1 (U 1 )' P ( X , Y , Z , T ) ,

(1234)- recurrent in ' P , if

(19.36) a 2 (∇' P)( X , Y , Z , T , U1 )−' P((∇F )( X ,U1 ), Y , Z , T )

21
 + a 2 ' P( X , (∇F )(Y ,U1 ), Z , T ) + a 2 ' P (X, Y, (∇F)(Z, U 1 ), T )

+ a 2 ' P (X, Y, Z, (∇F)(T, U 1 )) = a 2 B1 (U 1 )' P ( X , Y , Z , T ) .

Similarly, we can define (2), (3), (4), (13), (14), (23), (24), (34), (124), (134) and
(234)- recurrence in ' P .

Note (19.1). The (1), (2), (3), (4), (12), (13), (14), (23), (24),(34), (123), (134), (234) and
(1234)-recurrent HGF-structure metric manifold is said to be ' P -symmetric, if

r
B1 (U1 ) = 0 ,
in the above equations.

la
The HGF-structure metric manifold is said to be (1)- birecurrent in ' P , if
(19.37) a 2 (∇∇ ' P )( X , Y , Z , T , U 1 , U 2 ) − (∇ ' P )((∇F )( X , U 1 ), Y , Z , T , U 2 )
te
− (∇ ' P )((∇F )( X , U 2 ), Y , Z , T , U 1 ) −' P ((∇∇F )( X , U 1 , U 2 ), Y , Z , T )

= a 2 B2 (U 1 , U 2 )' P( X , Y , Z , T ) ,

(12)-birecurrent in ' P , if
Es

(19.38) a 2 (∇∇ ' P )( X , Y , Z , T , U 1 , U 2 ) − (∇ ' P )((∇F )( X , U 1 ), Y , Z , T , U 2 )

− (∇ ' P )((∇F )( X , U 2 ), Y , Z , T , U 1 ) −' P ((∇∇F )( X , U 1 , U 2 ), Y , Z , T )

+ a 2 (∇' P)( X , (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), Z , T ,U 2 ) + a 2 (∇' P)( X , (∇F )(Y , U 2 ), Z , T , U 1 )

+ a 2 ' P( X , (∇∇F )(Y ,U 1 , U 2 ), Z , T ) −' P ((∇F )( X , U 1 ), (∇F )(Y , U 2 ), Z , T )

−' P ((∇F )( X , U 2 ), (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), Z , T ) = a 2 B2 (U 1 , U 2 )' P ( X , Y , Z , T ) ,

(123)-birecurrent in ' P , if
(19.39) a 2 (∇∇ ' P )( X , Y , Z , T , U 1 , U 2 ) − (∇ ' P )((∇F )( X , U 1 ), Y , Z , T , U 2 )

− (∇ ' P )((∇F )( X , U 2 ), Y , Z , T , U 1 ) −' P ((∇∇F )( X , U 1 , U 2 ), Y , Z , T )

+ a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), Z , T , U 2 ) + a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , (∇F )(Y , U 2 ), Z , T , U 1 )

+ a 2 ' P ( X , (∇∇F )(Y , U 1 , U 2 ), Z , T ) + a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , Y , (∇F )( Z , U 1 ), T , U 2 )

22
 + a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , Y , (∇F )( Z , U 2 ), T , U 1 ) + a 2 ' P ( X , Y , (∇∇F )( Z , U 1 , U 2 ), T )

−' P ((∇F )( X , U 1 ), (∇F )(Y , U 2 ), Z , T ) −' P ((∇F )( X , U 2 ), (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), Z , T )

−' P ((∇F )( X , U 1 ), Y , (∇F )( Z , U 2 ), T ) −' P ((∇F )( X , U 2 ), Y , (∇F )( Z , U 1 ), T )

+ a 2 ' P( X , (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), (∇F )( Z , U 2 ), T ) + a 2 ' P( X , (∇F )(Y ,U 2 ), (∇F )( Z ,U1 ), T )

= a 2 B2 (U 1 , U 2 )' P ( X , Y , Z , T ) ,

(1234)-birecurrent in ' P , if

r
(19.40) a 2 (∇∇ ' P )( X , Y , Z , T , U 1 , U 2 ) − (∇' P )((∇F )( X , U 1 ), Y , Z , T , U 2 )

la
− (∇ ' P )((∇F )( X , U 2 ), Y , Z , T , U 1 ) −' P ((∇∇F )( X , U 1 , U 2 ), Y , Z , T )

+ a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), Z , T , U 2 ) + a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , (∇F )(Y , U 2 ), Z , T , U 1 )

+ a 2 ' P ( X , (∇∇F )(Y , U 1 , U 2 ), Z , T ) + a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , Y , (∇F )( Z , U 1 ), T , U 2 )

+ a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , Y , (∇F )( Z , U 2 ), T , U 1 ) + a 2 ' P ( X , Y , (∇∇F )( Z , U 1 , U 2 ), T )

te
+ a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , Y , Z , (∇F )(T , U 1 ), U 2 ) + a 2 (∇ ' P )( X , Y , Z , (∇F )(T , U 2 ), U 1 )

+ a 2 ' P ( X , Y , Z , (∇∇F )(T , U 1 , U 2 )) −' P ((∇F )( X , U 1 ), (∇F )(Y , U 2 ), Z , T )

−' P ((∇F )( X , U 2 ), (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), Z , T ) −' P ((∇F )( X , U 1 ), Y , (∇F )( Z , U 2 ), T )

Es

−' P ((∇F )( X , U 2 ), Y , (∇F )( Z , U 1 ), T ) −' P ((∇F )( X , U 1 ), Y , Z , (∇F )(T , U 2 ))

−' P ((∇F )( X , U 2 ), Y , Z , (∇F )(T , U 1 )) + a 2 ' P ( X , (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), (∇F )( Z , U 2 ), T )

+ a 2 ' P ( X , (∇F )(Y , U 2 ), (∇F )( Z , U 1 ), T ) + a 2 ' P ( X , (∇F )(Y , U 1 ), Z , (∇F )(T , U 2 ))

+ a 2 ' P ( X , (∇F )(Y , U 2 ), Z , (∇F )(T , U 1 )) + a 2 ' P ( X , Y , (∇F )( Z , U 1 ), (∇F )(T , U 2 ))

+ a 2 ' P ( X , Y , (∇F )( Z , U 2 ), (∇F )(T , U 1 )) = a 2 B2 (U 1 ,U 2 )' P ( X , Y , Z , T ) ,

Similarly, we can define (2), (3), (4), (13), (14), (23), (24), (34), (134) and (234)
birecurrence in ' P .

Note (19.2). The (1), (2), (3), (4), (12), (13), (14), (23), (24),(34), (123), (134), (234) and
(1234)-birecurrent HGF-structure metric manifold is said to be ' P -birecurrent
symmetric, if
B2 (U1 ,U 2 ) = 0 ,

23
in the above equations.

The HGF-structure metric manifold is said to be (1)- n-recurrent in ' P , if

(19.41) a 2 (∇ n ..............................∇ 1 ' P )( X , Y , Z , T , U 1 ,..............................., U n )

− (∇ n −1 ....................∇1 ' P)((∇ n F )( X ,U n ), Y , Z , T , U 1 ,...................,U n −1 )

− (∇ n ∇ n −2 ............∇1 ' P)((∇ n −1 F )( X , U n −1 ), Y , Z , T ,U 1 ,............,U n− 2 ,U n )

...................................................................................................................

r
...................................................................................................................

− (∇ n ...................∇ 3∇1 ' P)((∇ 2 F )( X ,U 2 ), Y , Z , T ,U 1 ,U 3 ,................,U n )

la
− (∇ n ...................∇ 3∇ 2 ' P)((∇1 F )( X ,U 1 ), Y , Z , T ,U 2 ,U 3 ,................,U n )

− (∇ n− 2 ............∇1 ' P)((∇ n ∇ n −1 F )( X , U n −1 ,U n ), Y , Z , T ,U 1 ,............,U n− 2 )

...................................................................................................................
te
...................................................................................................................

− (∇ n ...................∇ 3 ' P)((∇ 2 ∇1 F )( X ,U 1 ,U 2 ), Y , Z , T ,U 3 ,................,U n )

...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
Es

− (∇ n ' P)((∇ n −1 ....................∇1 F )( X ,U 1 ,...................,U n −1 ), Y , Z , T , U n )

...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................

− (∇1 ' P)((∇ n ....................∇ 2 F )( X , U 2 ,........................,U n ), Y , Z , T , U 1 )

−' P((∇ n ∇ n−1 ........................∇1 F )( X , U 1 ,....................,U n −1 ,U n ), Y , Z , T )

− a 2 Bn (U 1 , U 2 ,.............................................., U n )' P ( X , Y , Z , T ) .

Similarly, we can define (2), (3), (4), (12), (13), (14), (23), (24), (34), (123),
(134), (234) and (1234) n-recurrent in HGF-structure metric manifold.

24
20. HSU-STRUCTURE METRIC MANIFOLD
Let us consider a differentiable manifold Mn of differentiability class C∞. Let
there be in Mn a vector-valued linear function F of the class C∞, satisfying the
algebraic equation

(20.1)a X = arX, 0 ≤ r ≤ n ,
where r is any integer and a is any real or imaginary number, and
def
(20.1 )b X = FX .
Then {F} is said to give to Mn a HSU-structure and the manifold Mn is called HSU-

r
structure manifold [47].

(20.2)a
la
If the HSU-structure be endowed with a metric tensor g, such that

g ( X ,Y ) + g ( X ,Y ) = 0 .
te
Equivalently

(20.2)b g( X ,Y ) + a r g ( X ,Y ) = 0 ,
Then {F,g}is said to give to Mn, a metric HSU-structure and Mn is called a
HSU-structure metric manifold.
Es

The equations (20.1)a gives different structures for different values of ‘a’ and
r.
If a ≠ 0 and r = 2, it is GF-structure, if a = ± i and r = 2, it is an almost
complex structure, if a = ± 1 and r = 2, it is an almost Product structure or a
hyperbolic almost complex structure and if a = 0, it is an almost tangent structure.

21. HYPERBOLIC HSU-STRUCTURE METRIC MANIFOLD

Let us consider a differentiable manifold Mn of differentiability class C∞. Let
there be in Mn a vector-valued linear function F of the class C∞, satisfying the
algebraic equation

(21.1)a X = −a r X , 0 ≤ r ≤ n , for arbitrary vector field X.

where

25
 def
(21.1 )b X = FX ,
and r is an integer and a is real or imaginary number, then {F} is said to give to Mn a
hyperbolic HSU-structure and the manifold Mn is called hyperbolic HSU-structure
manifold.
The equations (21.1)a gives different structures for different values of ‘a’ and
r.
If a ≠ 0 and r = 2, it is hyperbolic π -structure, if a = ± 1 and r = 2, it is an
almost complex structure, if a = ± i and r = 2, it is an almost Product structure or a

r
hyperbolic almost complex structure and if a = 0, it is an almost tangent structure.

(21.2) g ( X ,Y ) − a r g ( X ,Y ) = 0 ,

la
If the hyperbolic HSU-structure be endowed with a metric tensor g, such that

Then {F,g}is said to give to Mn, a metric hyperbolic HSU-structure and Mn is

te
called a hyperbolic HSU-structure metric manifold.
Let a tensor ' F of the type (0,2) in Vn equipped with a hyperbolic HSU-
structure metric manifold, defined as
def
(21.3) ' F ( X ,Y ) = g( X ,Y ) ,
Es

Then the following conditions hold:

(21.4)a ' F ( X , Y ) + ' F (Y , X ) = 0 ,
i.e. ' F is alternating.
(21.4)b ' F ( X ,Y ) = a r ' F ( X ,Y ) ,

(21.4)c ' F ( X , Y )+' F ( X , Y ) = 0 .

22. ALMOST CONTACT MANIFOLD

Let us consider an n-dimensional differentiable manifold Mn of
differentiability class C∞ endowed with a tensor field F of the type (1,1), a 1-form A
and a vector field T, satisfying

(22.1)a X = − X + A( X )T ,
where

26
 def
(22.1)b X = FX ,
for arbitrary vector field X.
Then the system {F,A,T} is said to give to Mn an almost contact structure and
Mn is called an almost contact manifold [25], [24], [108].
In an almost contact manifold Mn, the following relations are true:
(22.2)a rank (F)=n-1, n is odd, say 2m+1,
(22.2)b FT = 0,

(22.2)c A( X ) = 0 ,

r
(22.2)d A(T ) = 1 .

(22.3)a
where
def la
Let a metric tensor g be defined in an almost contact manifold Mn, satisfying
g ( X , Y ) = g ( X , Y ) − A( X ) A(Y ) ,
te
(22.3)b A( X ) = g ( X , T ) .
Then the system {F,g,A,T} is said to give to Mn an almost contact metric
structure and the manifold Mn is called an almost contact metric manifold or an
almost Grayan manifold [24], [108].
If we put
Es

def
(22.4) ' F ( X , Y ) = g ( X , Y ).
Then in an almost Grayan manifold, the following relations are satisfied:
(22.5)a ' F ( X , Y ) = −' F (Y , X ) ,
i.e. ' F is skew-symmetric in X and Y.
(22.5)b ' F ( X , Y ) =' F ( X , Y ) ,

(22.5)c ' F ( X , Y ) =' F ( X , Y ) ,

i.e. ' F is hybrid in X and Y.
(22.5)d ' F (T , Y ) = 0 .

27
23. PARA CONTACT MANIFOLD
Let there exist on a differentiable manifold Vn, a tensor field F of the type (1,1),
a vector field U and a 1-form u satisfying
(23.1)a F 2 = In − u ⊗U ,

(23.1)b U = 0,
(23.1)c rank ( F ) = n − 1 .
Then the structure {F , U , u} is called Para-contact structure and the manifold Vn
is called a Para-contact manifold.

r
24. GLOBALLY FRAMED F-MANIFOLD

la
Let Mn (n = r+s, r even) be a manifold with F-structure of rank r. Let there exist

on Mn, s vector fields U and s 1-forms u , such that

x
x
te
x
(24.1)a X + X = u ( X ) U , for arbitrary vector field X,
x

(24.1)b U = 0,
x

x x ⎧1 if x = y⎫
(24.1)c u (U ) = δ = ⎨ ⎬,
⎩0 if x ≠ y⎭
Es

y y

def
where X = FX .
Then we say that F-structure has complemented frames and Mn is said to be a
Globally Framed F-manifold or simply a globally Framed manifold [21].
Let there exist on Mn a Riemannian metric g, such that
x y
(24.2)a g ( X , Y ) = g ( X , Y ) − u ( X ) u (Y ) ,
x def
(24.2)b u ( X ) = g ( X ,U ) .
x

x
Then {F, U , u ,g} is said to be Framed metric structure and the manifold Mn is called
x

framed metric manifold.

A bilinear function A in Vn is said to be pure in the two slots X and Y. If we
put

28
 ' F ( X ,Y ) = g ( X ,Y ) .
Then the following equations hold:
(24.3)a ' F ( X , Y ) = −' F (Y , X ) ,
i.e. ' F is skew-symmetric in X and Y.
(24.3)b ' F ( X , Y ) =' F ( X , Y ) ,
(24.3)c ' F ( X , Y ) =' F ( X , Y ) ,
i.e. ' F is hybrid in X and Y.

Nijenhuis tensor N with respect to the structure F in the Framed manifold is

r
given by [47].
x
(24.4) N ( X , Y ) = [ X , Y ] − [ X , Y ] − [ X , Y ] − [ X , Y ] + u ([ X , Y ]) U .

la
x
If we put
def
(24.5) ' N ( X , Y , Z ) = g ( N ( X , Y ), Z ) ,
then ' N is called associated Nijenhuis tensor.
te
25. GLOBALLY PARA FRAMED METRIC MANIFOLD
Let Mn (n = r+s, r even), be a manifold with F-structure of rank r. Let there exist
x
on Mn, s vector fields U and s 1-forms u , such that
x

x
Es

(25.1)a X − X = − u( X )U ,
x

where
def
(25.1)b X = FX ,
(25.1)c U = 0,
x

x
(25.1)d u( X ) = 0 ,
x x ⎧1 if x = y⎫
(25.1)e u (U ) = δ = ⎨ ⎬.
y y ⎩0 if x ≠ y⎭
x
Then {F, U , u } is called Globally Para Framed F-structure and Mn is said to be
x

a Globally Para Framed F-manifold or simply a globally Para Framed manifold.

Let there exist on Mn a Riemannian metric g, such that

29
 x x
(25.2)a g ( X , Y ) = g ( X , Y ) − u ( X ) u (Y ) ,
x def
(25.2)b u( X ) = g ( X ,U ) .
x

x
Then {F, U , u ,g} is said to be Para Framed metric structure and the manifold Mn is
x

called Para framed metric manifold.

A bilinear function A in Mn is said to be pure in the two slots X and Y, if

r
(25.3)a A( X , Y ) + A( X , Y ) = 0 .

(25.3)b
Let us put
la
A bilinear function A in Vn is said to be hybrid in the two slots X and Y, if
A( X , Y ) − A( X , Y ) = 0 .
te
def
(25.4) 'F ( X , Y ) = g ( X , Y ) .

Then the following equations hold:

(25.5)a 'F ( X , Y ) = − 'F (Y , X ) .

This shows that ' F is skew-symmetric in X and Y.

Es

(25.5)b 'F ( X , Y ) = 'F ( X , Y ) ,

(25.5)c 'F ( X , Y ) = − 'F ( X , Y ) .

This shows that 'F is pure in X and Y.

26. SUBMANIFOLDS OF GLOBALLY PARA FRAMED METRIC

MANIFOLD
Let us consider two differentiable manifolds Vm and Vn (m>n) of class C ∞ with
the structures {F, G} and {f, g} of dimension m and n respectively.
Let b be the inclusion map defined by
b: Vn → Vm ,
such that
p ∈ Vn ⇒ bp ∈ Vm .

30
The inclusion map b induces a Jacobian map B, defined by
B : Tn1 → Tm1 ,

where Tn1 is the tangent space at p in Vn and Tm1 is the tangent space at bp in Vm,

such that X in Vn at p and ⇒ BX in Vm at bp. Let g be the induced metric tensor in

Vn, then
(26.1)a (G(BX, BY))ob= g(X,Y).

Let N : x =n+1,................., m be a system of C ∞ mutually orthogonal unit

r
x

normal vector fields in Vn at p. Then

(26.1)b

(26.1)c
(G( N , BX))ob= 0,
x

x
(G ( N , N ))ob = δ = ⎨
x y y
la
⎧1 if
⎩0 if
x = y⎫
⎬.
x ≠ y⎭
te
Let E be the Riemannian connexion in Vn and D the induced Riemannian
connexion in Vn . The Gauss and the Weingarten equations are given by [47].
(26.2)a EBX BY = BDX Y + ' H ( X , Y ) N ,
x x

y
(26.2)b EBX N = − B H X + L( X ) N ,
Es

x x x y

where ' H are the symmetric bilinear function, called second fundamental
x

magnitudes in Vn and
def
(26.3) g( H X,Y) =' H( X , Y ) = ' H(Y , X ) = g (H Y , X ) = g ( X , H Y ),
x x x x x

y
where H are known as Weingarten maps and L are called third fundamental forms in
x x

Vn.
If the submanifold be totally geodesic, then
(26.4) ' H ( X ,Y ) = 0 .
x

The submanifold Vn is said to be Hypersurface of Vm if m = n+1. In

hypersurface L(X) = 0.

31
 If Vn is hypersurface of Vm , the equations (26.1)b and (26.1)c assumes the
forms
(26.5)a (G(N, BX))ob= 0.
(26.5)b (G(N, N))ob= 1.

Equations (26.2)a and (26.2)b reduce to

(26.6) EBX BY = BDX Y + ' H ( X , Y ) N ,

(26.7) EBX N = − BHX

r
la
The hypersurface Vn is said to be totally geodesic, if
(26.8) ' H ( X ,Y ) = 0 .
The map b is called conformal or (strictly conformal ), if
(26.9) (G(BX,BY))ob = hg(X,Y),
te
where h is C ∞ real-valued positive function, called the scale function.
The map H are strictly conformal, if
x

(26.10)a H ( H ( X )) = hX ,
x x

or
Es

(26.10)b g( H (X), H (Y)) = hg(X,Y).

x x

32