Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iii
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
2.1 Normative references 1
2.2 Informative references 1
3 Definitions 1
3.1 Joint design 1
3.2 Materials for jointing 2
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, none, 20-Nov-00, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
4 Design of joints 2
4.1 General 2
4.2 The need for joints 3
4.3 Location and frequency of joints 3
4.4 Procedure for the design of a joint 3
4.5 Joint functions 3
4.6 Variation in the sizes of joints 4
4.7 Dimensioning joints on drawings 7
5 Materials for jointing 7
5.1 General 7
5.2 Sealants 7
5.3 Gaskets 13
5.4 Sealing strips 16
5.5 Joint fillers 16
5.6 Baffles 17
5.7 Fire resistant materials 17
6 Generation of solutions of joints of external walls and roofs 17
6.1 Basic mechanisms 17
6.2 Basic examples of external walls 17
6.3 Single stage sealing of joints of external walls 17
6.4 Multiple stage sealing of joints or assemblies in external walls 22
7 Accommodation of movement 30
7.1 Structural and major movement joints 30
7.2 Minor movement joints 33
8 Assembly, installation and maintenance 35
8.1 Communication 35
8.2 Control of jointing on site 35
8.3 Preparation for jointing 35
8.4 Application and insertion of jointing products 35
8.5 Safety in application of jointing products 35
8.6 Maintenance 35
Annex A (informative) Data for the design of movement joints 36
Annex B (normative) Recommendations for the presentation of
joint drawings 37
Figure 1 — Examples of type 1 joints 6
Figure 2 — Examples of type 2 joints 6
Figure 3 — Examples of type 3 joints 7
Figure 4 — Examples of type 4 joints 8
Figure 5 — Elevation showing assembly of panels and joint types
in an opening 8
© BSI 03-1999 i
BS 6093:1993
Page
Figure 6 — Use of back-up materials and bond breakers
in movement joints 12
Figure 7 — Typical examples of gaskets in joints 14
Figure 8 — Gasket junctions 15
Figure 9 — Diagrams showing component profiles on plan, for
one-stage joints indicating seals and sequence of assembly 23
Figure 10 — Accessibility for preparation, application and
maintenance of joints with seals. Diagrams of profiles on plan 24
ii © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
Foreword
This revision of BS 6093 has been prepared under the direction of Technical
Committee B/212, Tolerances, drawing practice, modular coordination, joints,
project information. BS 6093 gives guidance on the design of joints and jointing
in order to improve performance in building practice and to reduce the incidence
of technical failure. Sound building construction depends on proper joints being
formed between building components.
As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and
recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and
particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not
misleading.
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, none, 20-Nov-00, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
In addition to this code, the following standards are relevant to joints and
jointing: BS 5606, BS 6213, BS 6750, BS 6954 and BS 8000.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 40, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
iv © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
2 References 3.1.5
joint (2)1)
2.1 Normative references
position in the construction works where the
This British Standard incorporates, by reference, joint (1) is situated
provisions from specific editions of other
3.1.6
publications. These normative references are cited
joint clearance2)
at the appropriate points in the text and the
publications are listed on page 40. Subsequent distance between the joint faces of adjacent building
amendments to, or revisions of, any of these components, i.e. the joint gap widths considered in
publications apply to BS 6093 only when order to achieve fit
incorporated in it by updating or revision. 3.1.7
joint gap2)
space between adjacent components, with or
without a jointing product
© BSI 03-1999 1
BS 6093:1993
3.1.8 3.2.5
joint geometry elastoplastic sealant4)
disposition of all the parts that contribute to the sealant which after application has predominantly
functions of a joint elastic properties but exhibits some plastic
3.1.9 properties when stressed for other than short
joint profile3) periods
form of that part of the cross section of a joint 3.2.6
derived from each of its components plastoelastic sealant4)
3.1.10 sealant which after application has predominantly
3)
Definition repeated from BS 6100-1.5.2.
4)
Definition differs from that given in BS 6100.
5) Definition identical to that given in BS EN 26927.
2 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
4.2 The need for joints c) Establish the joint reference plane for each
Decisions should first be made with regard to the joint and relate it to a building reference plane.
need for and the types of joints to be used. d) Check the joint functions (see 4.5), and
From physical attributes inherent in materials and whether provision should be made for
methods of work the need for site joints arises at or dimensional deviations (see 4.6).
on account of: e) Modify the design of the joint to meet all the
a) junctions of different elements or components requirements at the positions where it occurs.
and junctions comprising different materials; 4.5 Joint functions
b) change of conditions necessitating separation NOTE The recommendations in this clause are similar to those
by a barrier; given in ISO 3447.
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The greatest range of temperature is usually In such environments as are found in swimming
experienced on the external face of buildings and pools and certain industrial processes where high
especially on south facing elevations, but resulting humidity occurs, the behaviour of
dimensional changes may tend to be balanced by moisture-sensitive materials should be given special
opposite movements due to changes in moisture consideration.
content. Internally, both thermal and moisture 4.6.2.2 Irreversible inherent deviations
movements may be less significant depending on the
environment within the building. Irreversible inherent deviations are due to
non-cyclic factors. They occur over predictable short
Whereas the annual air temperature range in the
or long term periods depending on the nature of the
United Kingdom is about 35 K (– 5 °C to 30 °C), the material.
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© BSI 03-1999 5
BS 6093:1993
The effect of creep may need to be taken into account Examples of joints for which each assumption is
in joint sizes. Continuous loading of concrete usually made are given in Figure 1 to Figure 4.
structural frames will cause beams and slabs to Having made a provisional assumption about the
continue to deflect beyond their initial elastic design of the joint, the designer should then
deflection and columns and concrete walls to consider:
shorten over a long period of time. After the first 1) the significance and values of dimensional
year, movements due to creep are very small but deviations to be accommodated;
recognition should be given and allowance made in
2) the consequences of this assumption for joints
the joints between the frame and components fitted
elsewhere in that assembly.
to it.
6 © BSI 03-1999
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NOTE 1 Joint at base: assumed type 4. Panels are supported at the base. Induced deviations are taken into account to ensure
verticality of jamb joints and to distribute the total vertical clearance between head and base joints. Inherent deviations are assumed
not to occur. (A supporting joint without adjustability would be type 1.)
NOTE 2 Joint at head: assumed type 2. Allowance for induced deviation is shared with the joint at the base. Allowance is made for
inherent deviation due to change in panel size (thermal and moisture movement) and change in size of the opening (thermal
movement, deflection and creep).
NOTE 3 Joint at jambs: assumed type 2. Inherent and induced deviations are shared by these joints but not with the centre joint
(type 1).
NOTE 4 Joint at centre: assumed type 1. This joint is butted and fixed on assembly and is subject to neither inherent nor induced
deviations.
Figure 5 — Elevation showing assembly of panels and joint types in an opening
8 © BSI 03-1999
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© BSI 03-1999 9
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10 © BSI 03-1999
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5.2.4 Conditions of temperature and moisture The calculation is concerned with the ability of the
content of components sealant to accommodate the range of tensile strain
5.2.4.1 At time of erection of components that will be imposed upon it. For the purpose of
calculation, the total relevant movement (TRM)
Between the time of erecting components and excludes those irreversible (inherent) movements
sealing the joints, gap widths may have changed (see 4.6.2.2) which “close-up” the joint. Allowances
(inherent deviations) because of changed conditions for these are made separately as are the effects of
of temperature and moisture. If components are induced deviations.
erected with minimum specified joint gap widths,
Joint gap widths between the time of erection of
the jointing materials will not be overstressed if the
principles of 5.2.5 are followed. If these principles components and the time of sealing these joints may
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, none, 20-Nov-00, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
are adhered to, the joints should perform have changed because of the changes in conditions
giving rise to movement. It is important to ensure
satisfactorily through a correctly designed and
that a minimum sealant width will be achieved
specified range of movement.
irrespective of conditions at the time when the joint
5.2.4.2 At time of application of sealant gap width was formed. The following formula should
Both temperature and moisture can affect the joint be used to calculate the minimum sealant width
gap width of the joint. The best time for application (Wsmin) in millimetres.
of sealants to movement joints is when the joint gap 100
width is at the mean tending to the maximum. With Ws min = ( TRM × -------------- + TRM )
MAF
elastic sealants, this reduces the tensile strain.
For example, if a sealant has to accommodate a total
Temperature extremes are detrimental to the
relevant movement (TRM) of 3 mm and it has an
satisfactory application and performance of
operating MAF of 25 % then
sealants. High temperatures will reduce sealant
viscosity and may result in slump or flow especially 100
Ws min = ( 3 × ---------- + 3 ) = 15 mm
in wide joints. The working life may also be 25
unacceptably reduced. If after assessment of all other deviations, Ws min
Low temperatures conversely can increase viscosity, determines the minimum joint gap width to be
giving rise to mixing (in the case of two part specified, this width erected at the specified
sealants) and application difficulties and reduction minimum of 15 mm (following the example) say in
in wetting of component interfaces. Sealant cure cold conditions can subsequently close to 12 mm
will be reduced or even arrested at low temperature. and still lie within the sealant MAF limit of 25 %.
A high moisture content of components is 5.2.6 Types of movement
detrimental to adhesion of sealants. Sealing should
5.2.6.1 General
not be undertaken if free moisture is present on the
joint faces. The performance of any sealed joint is affected not
only by the magnitude of the movement but also by
5.2.5 Minimum joint gap widths for sealants
the mode, frequency and rate of movement.
The specification of joint gap widths should be
5.2.6.2 Mode
derived from all deviations to which the joint is
subjected. However, minimum joint gap widths are The principal modes of movement are:
needed for the satisfactory performance of elastic a) tension/compression, typified by the common
and elastoplastic sealants in butt joints and these plain butt joint, where movement is at right
can be calculated if the following data are known: angles to the line of the joint;
a) the movement accommodation factor (MAF) of b) shear, typified by the lap joint, where the
the sealant as a percentage of the minimum joint movement is parallel to the adhesion faces of the
gap width taken from the material specification joint. Shear also occurs in butt joints where the
or manufacturer’s literature; joint, for example, is designed to accommodate
b) the total relevant movement (TRM) of settlement or other types of differential
components at the joint estimated using movement.
BRE Digests 227, 228 and 229.
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12 © BSI 03-1999
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5.2.6.3 Movement frequency The joint seal shape is of less importance with
This may range from a steady movement in one plastic sealants at low rates of movement, but it is
direction that occurs only once in the life of the particularly important for elastic, and to a lesser
structure, to more or less regular cyclical movement extent elastoplastic, sealants where these are used
corresponding to diurnal and seasonal temperature in joints subject to significant movement. Elastic
and moisture changes. An example of the former is and elastoplastic sealants have a degree of tensile
the irreversible shrinkage of concrete and an strength when fully cured, so extension of the
example of the latter is the daily thermal movement sealant induces stress in the material that is
of lightweight cladding. approximately proportional to the amount of
movement.
It should be noted, however, that because of friction
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, none, 20-Nov-00, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
and other constructional factors cyclic movement If the seal is considered as a piece of elastic material
can operate on a slip/stick basis. The effect of this bonded at its ends to rigid components capable of
may be more severe than a steady extension and moving away from and towards each other, it is
compression, depending on the rate of joint apparent that the force necessary to extend or
movement and the characteristics of the sealant compress the elastic material is directly related to
with respect to physical movement accommodation. its thickness. It has been established that for elastic
sealants optimum performance is obtained at ratios
5.2.6.4 The rate of movement of about 2 : 1 width to depth and that the ratio
Large movements occurring at high rates in joints should generally not be less than 1 : 1, subject to a
may place severe strains on the seal. High rates of minimum depth of 5 mm.
movement tend to be associated with lightweight The other major factor in seal shape is the
forms of construction with efficient insulation relationship of width to total movement already
immediately behind the external skin of the discussed in 5.2.5. The aim of good sealed joint
component. Such components often have a design is to produce a joint seal cross section with as
relatively high coefficient of expansion and low low internal stresses as is consistent with a
thermal inertia. Thus temperature changes are satisfactory area of adhesion and with sufficient
immediately reflected in dimensional changes in the depth to fulfil other joint functions such as
components and, consequently, movement is rapid resistance to pressure or abrasion.
and under certain weather conditions continually
5.2.9 Types and causes of failure of sealants
alternating. The use of dark surfaces on such
components exacerbates the situation because of the The different ways in which sealants can fail and
higher temperatures attained and the rapid heat the causes of these failures are described in
gain or loss that occurs. BS 6213.
5.2.7 Relationship of sealant choice to types of 5.3 Gaskets
movement 5.3.1 General
The relationship between the choice of sealant and The primary purpose of a gasket is to act as a barrier
the different types of movement is not one that to wind and rain, and to function properly it is
permits simple recommendations, because there are essential that it remains under compression at all
usually many factors to consider. In general, times.
however, joints subject to frequent and rapid
movement need an elastic sealant while joints in 5.3.2 Materials
massive components with high thermal inertia Building gasket materials are predominantly based
resulting in much slower movement, may be on rubber or plastics as given in Table 1 and
satisfactorily sealed with an elastoplastic, BS 4255-1.
plastoelastic or a plastic sealant. For guidance on Natural rubber compounds have to be protected
types of sealants see BS 6213. from the weather by a synthetic rubber skin. If
5.2.8 Relationship of stress in sealants to seal special properties, such as resistance to oils, are
shape desired, synthetic rubber and plastics materials
have to be specifically formulated for the intended
The stresses induced in a sealant in a joint subject
use. A range of types is given in Table A.1. Gaskets
to movement are more critical (for the same amount
can be solid or hollow sections of various profiles
of movement) in a plain butt joint than in a lap joint.
formed from cellular or non-cellular material or
The latter may accept up to twice as much
combinations of these materials or sections.
movement as a butt joint using the same compound
and joint dimensions.
© BSI 03-1999 13
BS 6093:1993
NOTE These examples show two-point contact primary and secondary seals with a gap between (see 5.3.3.2).
Figure 7 — Typical examples of gaskets in joints
14 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
or extrusion).
Sheets of cellular material with or without adhesive
and backing paper are available and can be cut to
provide simple relatively inexpensive gaskets.
Some open cell materials are available impregnated
with waxes or bituminous compounds, and may also
be coated with adhesive (see 5.4).
5.3.3 Design with gaskets
5.3.3.1 Except perhaps for the simplest gaskets it is
advisable to consult manufacturers at an early stage
in joint design as the choice of components and their
edge profiles, the method and sequence of erection
and the gasket design interact. In designing joints to
be sealed with gaskets the recommendations
of 5.3.3.2 to 5.3.3.9 should be considered.
5.3.3.2 Gasket joints should, if possible, be designed
with primary and secondary seals having an air
space between them (see Figure 7).
5.3.3.3 For gaskets to provide satisfactory joints it is
essential that components be manufactured and
assembled within acceptable dimensional limits.
Gasket joints should not be used as the only barrier
against wind and rain, especially where the
accuracy desired of materials, construction and
workmanship is unlikely to be achieved.
5.3.3.4 For gaskets to be effective, continuity should
be provided over horizontal and vertical junctions.
Complex junctions are best produced as frames with
factory-made joints, so that site jointing is limited to Figure 8 — Gasket junctions
simple junctions (see Figure 8). 5.3.3.5 Butt contact joints between gaskets are a
source of weakness and simple lengths of gasket
section are best used only where good protection or
effective overlaps can be provided at junctions.
Where continuity cannot be achieved, especially at
junctions in vertical joints, it is essential that joint
detailing allow for effective drainage, weather
protection and gasket overlaps.
5.3.3.6 On assembly, the force needed to compress a
length of gasket in a joint can be considerable and
may not be achievable in practice when installed in
the sequence component/gasket/component.
Gaskets in position exert force and designers should
consider this, particularly with lightweight
construction.
© BSI 03-1999 15
BS 6093:1993
5.3.3.7 For movement joints, gaskets should be 5.4.3 Impregnated or coated cellular strips
stressed sufficiently to maintain compression over Impregnated or coated cellular strips may be
the movement range, yet not be so highly stressed as supplied in a precompressed form to facilitate
to incur significant compression set. For example, a installation, with or without one face adhesive
cellular neoprene gasket should not be compressed coated. They can be installed within the joint gaps
in service by more than 50 % of its uncompressed and should be of a suitable size to be maintained
thickness. under a degree of compression specified by the
5.3.3.8 The durability of gasket materials has to be manufacturer, throughout the range of joint
considered at the design stage. In movement joints movements. The degree of compression may be
gasket life may possibly not attain building life. varied according to the level of sealing performance
16 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
Many materials used as joint fillers may be A range of proven, intumescent joint sealing
considered to present a fire hazard. In practice, materials is available, both in the form of gun-grade
however, the filler is usually enclosed in a confined sealants, mastic strips and impregnated foam
space within the joint, so access to fire and oxygen is strips. These materials have been evaluated under
limited. Improved fire resistance, if needed, can be test conditions and shown to be capable of
obtained by the use of mineral or some synthetic maintaining a 4 h fire resistance of a separating
fibre materials. element both in the vertical and horizontal planes.
Synthetic polymer foams may be used as joint fillers However, extra care should be exercised where such
in special situations where their low compressive materials are used in damp and humid conditions.
loading does not cause undesirable load transfer
6 Generation of solutions for joints of
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© BSI 03-1999 17
BS 6093:1993
Jointing products have to maintain contact with Broadly, for sealants with predominantly elastic
joint faces and to remain cohesive or elastic in use. properties, stress on the sealant due to component
Satisfactory performance depends upon the movement is reduced as the depth to width ratio
durability of the jointing products and upon decreases and is further reduced with increase in
workmanship during installation. Jointing products volume of sealant.
may often need to be replaced during the life of the A greater movement range can be accommodated by
building. Consideration should be given to the adjustment of the profile from a) to b) of Figure 9.
protection of the joint, to access for periodic
The performance of the seal in a lap joint is
inspections, to the expected frequency of repair and
improved because of the lower stresses to which it is
to the consequences of periodic failure.
subjected for a given amount of joint movement and
Key to Table 3
The diagrams do not represent specific materials
Abbreviations Terms Notes
EV External walls: vertical joint Column 1 of Table 3 gives a code for each joint and
EH External walls: horizontal joint column 5 gives a code for those joints at right angles
that can be used with it.
R Roofs Column 1 reference code.
G Geometry The notations in column 2 of Table 3 are in the
P Profile sequence in which penetration is resisted.
S Seal
Symbols Terms Notes
Column 3 of Table 3 illustrates the jointing
Single seal
mechanism.
Linked seal
Continuous seal
Bonding
Flashing
18 © BSI 03-1999
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© BSI 03-1999 19
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20 © BSI 03-1999
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© BSI 03-1999 21
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6.3.6 Interchangeability of components Many systems comprise wall and window panels
The use of one-stage joint sealant places little which are supported by an extruded aluminium
demand on profiling and provides scope for framework of mullions and transoms and to which
interchangeability of components. However, they are gasket sealed with pressure plates. Fixed
restrictions on dimensional adjustment may arise panels are commonly glass units or sandwich
from considerations of joint width limitations due to insulated metal panels. Some types of systems may
slump or sag of the sealant and from limitations of incorporate panels of a variety of composite sheets
movement accommodation. Sealants are often the or thin slabs with sealed or open joints, serving a
only materials that can be used for sealing complex rain-screen function, and with separate back up
junctions. walls (see 6.4.3).
22 © BSI 03-1999
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© BSI 03-1999 23
BS 6093:1993
NOTE A wider face joint can disguise the appearance of variations in joint width in a facade.
Figure 10 — Accessibility for preparation, application and maintenance
of joints with seals. Diagrams of profiles on plan
24 © BSI 03-1999
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, none, 20-Nov-00, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
© BSI 03-1999
Figure 11 — Typical details of curtain walling
25
BS 6093:1993
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26 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
Depending on fixing design, horizontal joints may 6.4.2.9 Precast concrete panels: accessibility for
also incorporate devices or packings to transfer application, inspection and repair
loads. Profiles of horizontal joints may also Insertion of jointing products in two-stage joints is
incorporate handling fixings. Such fixings or devices simple and straightforward. Loose baffles are
need to be designed so that the functional needs for normally lowered from above as assembly proceeds
sealing are not affected by them. and air seals caulked into or fixed to the internal
Figure 15 shows methods for securing the face depending on type. An advantage of two-stage
suspended loose baffle at the joint intersections. joints is that it is possible to carry out assembly
Should it prove to be necessary, the baffle shown can without external scaffold access.
be removed and replaced. Air seals can be inserted either in the sequence
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© BSI 03-1999 27
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28 © BSI 03-1999
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© BSI 03-1999 29
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For plain profiled joints without a labyrinth, tests Consideration should be given to all the factors
indicate the relatively small open joints of up affecting movement, how they may be absorbed as
to 6 mm in width reduce driving rain across the additional stresses, how the structure may deform
cavity to negligible quantities (with a minimum and how to subdivide it into units with major joints.
cavity width of 25 mm). Where the structure is protected by insulation or
Only general guidance can be given about design for cladding, the thermal movement of the structure is
pressure equalization. Because of different less than when it is exposed. Differential
pressures due to wind acting at the same time in movements between claddings and structure need
different areas of a facade the cavity should be consideration.
compartmented to isolate areas of different When it is considered that the effects of temperature
30 © BSI 03-1999
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© BSI 03-1999 31
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32 © BSI 03-1999
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© BSI 03-1999 33
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34 © BSI 03-1999
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Loadbearing wall/floor joints should not in 8.4 Application and insertion of jointing
themselves cause problems but designers should be products
aware of their relation with associated construction, It is essential that manufacturer’s
for example loadbearing wall leaves of timber will recommendations on the application of their
shrink more than an associated non-loadbearing products should be followed. The sequence of
external cladding of brickwork. Movement between building operations should be such that ready
leaves needs to be accommodated (see Figure 26). access by the operator to the joints is ensured and
NOTE Further information may be found in that interaction with other trades is avoided.
NHBC Standards: Chapter 6.2: External timber framed walls
and wall panels [3]. 8.5 Safety in application of jointing products
There are few hazards from jointing products in
8 Assembly, installation and application, but some sealants and primers contain
maintenance flammable solvents or toxic constituents, and may
8.1 Communication cause dermatitis and nausea in certain individuals.
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© BSI 03-1999 35
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6)
Available from the Library at the Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts WD2 7JR.
36 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
Annex B (normative)
Recommendations for the
presentation of joint drawings
It is recommended that each joint drawing is laid
out as follows:
a) on an A4 sheet area, either a single sheet or
part of a larger sheet (A1, A2, A3);
b) drawn to a scale either twice full size, full size
or half full size.
The information contained in the sheet title and on
the drawing itself (see Figure B.1.) should be as
follows:
1) reference planes;
2) material of the building components;
3) material and location of the jointing products;
4) size of clearance;
5) tolerance on the clearance;
6) sequence of assembly;
7) outside of walls, at right or at the base of sheet.
NOTE For further guidance see also BS 1192-1 and BS 1192-2,
BS 5606 and BS 6750.
© BSI 03-1999 37
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38 © BSI 03-1999
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blank
39
BS 6093:1993
Normative references
Informative references
7)
Referred to in the foreword only.
40 © BSI 03-1999
BS 6093:1993
[6] PRL Technical Note 38, The movement of timbers: 1970: BRE9).
8)
Available from the Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts WD2 7JR.
9)
Available from the Library, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts, WD2 7JR.
© BSI 03-1999
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