The Polytropic Analysis of Centrifugal

JOHN IVI. SGHULTZ

Senior Engineer, York Division,
B o r g - W o r n e r Corporation,
York, Pa. Mem. A S M E
The real-gas equations of polytropic analysis are derived in terms of compressibility
functions X and Y which supplement the familiar compressibility factor, Z. A poly-
tropic head factor, f, is introduced to adjust test results for deviations from perfect-gas
behavior. Functions X and Y are generalized and plotted for gases in corresponding
states.

Introduction 0, 1, 2, and 3 locate these states on a Pressure-Volume diagram

of the gas, Fig. 1. Let a smooth path, p, be drawn between
LI HE thermodynamic design and test evaluation of points 0 and 3, passing through or between points 1 and 2.
centrifugal compressors is frequently based upon a polytropic Curve p may be regarded as the path of a reversible process
analysis employing perfect-gas relations. In many instances whose energy balance is
real-gas relations would be more accurate, but these are virtually
unknown. The purpose of this paper is to derive the real-gas QP + Wp = lh - Ho (1)
equations of polytropic analysis and to show their application to
where Qp is reversible heat input, TFP is net reversible mechanical
centrifugal compressor testing and design.
energy input, and H is enthalpy from the test data.
T o do so we must supplement the familiar compressibility
For our adiabatic test compressor the energy balance is
factor, Z, by two additional functions, X and Y. Like Z, these
compressibility functions can be generalized and plotted for gases
in corresponding states. Thus another purpose of this paper is to
publish generalized charts of the compressibility functions X
IF = HA H „+ 2<7
IV
(2)

and Y. where W is shaft-work input to the test gas and v is gas velocity.
We shall also discuss isentropic analysis, relate it to polytropic For convenience we shall rewrite (2)
analysis, and show how the two can be combined to advantage.
TF ARE = H3 - Ho (2a)
In this connection we shall define a polytropic head factor, / , to
adjust polytropic head measurements for test gas deviations from
perfect-gas behavior.
T o conclude our study we shall consider a numerical example
employing the real-gas equations of polytropic analysis. A com-
parison of the results with those obtained by perfect-gas relations
will reveal the inaccuracy of the latter. Many similar instances
are regularly encountered in centrifugal compressor applications.

Origin of Polytropic Analysis

Imagine we have tested an adiabatic (uncooled), three-stage,
centrifugal compressor without side-flow, and have determined the
thermodynamic states of the test gas at the compressor inlet (state
0) and at the outlet of each stage (states 1, 2, and 3). Let points

C o n t r i b u t e d b y the P o w e r Test C o d e s C o m m i t t e e and presented

at the W i n t e r A n n u a l M e e t i n g , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . , N o v e m b e r 2 7 -
SPECIFIC VOLUME
D e c e m b e r 2, 1960, of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL EN-
GINEERS. M a n u s c r i p t received at A S M E Headquarters, S e p t e m b e r Fig. 1 P r e s s u r e — V c l u m e diagram of a
19, 1960. Paper N o . 6 0 — W A - 2 9 6 . centrifugal compressor test

Nomenclature-
acoustic velocity, fps f = polytropic head factor m — polytropic temperature expo-
cP = specific heat at constant pres- 0 = standard gravitational accelera- nent
sure, ft-lb/lb deg R tion P dT ,
m = along p
cP = (dH/dT)r 0 = 32.174 ft./sec 2 T dP
Cy = specific heat at constant volume, H = enthalpy, ft-lb/lb M = impeller Mach number
ft-lb/lb deg R J rp — Joule-Thomson coefficient, M = u/a
deg R ft 2 /lb n polytropic volume exponent
CV = (bE/bT)y
=

e = polytropic efficiency J f ~ (dT/dP) „ V dP ,

n = - - — along p
dP k = specific heat ratio
e = V P path of constant efficiency e
k = Cp/ Cy
=
dH
P = absolute pressure, psf
es isentropic efficiency L = compressibility function
Pc = absolute critical pressure, psf
E internal energy, ft-lb/lb T_ / dP' reduced pressure
L = Pr =

E H-PV P \i>T (Continued On next page)

Journal of Engineering for Power JANUARY 1 96 2 / 6 9

Copyright © 1962 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 where A K E is the kinetic energy increase through the compressor. dll = VdP + TdS (7)
Combining (1) and (2a) we obtain
where T is absolute temperature and S is entropy, the equation
Qp + wp = W - ARE (3) of an isentrope (dS = 0) is

showing that path p requires both heat and mechanical energy to dP

1 = V (S)
keep abreast of mechanical energy alone in the test compressor. dH
Only if the compressor were reversible would every test point, and
p, coincide with the isentrope So where Qp = 0. which coincides with (0) for
Evidently the relative magnitude of Qp is an index of irreversi-
bility or inefficiency. Conversely, the relative magnitude of 1VP Q„ = 0
is an index of reversibility or efficiencj'. Let us define an ef- W„ = W - MiE (9)
ficienej'
e = 1
TF„ W„ (4)
We complete our review without finding any discrepancy be-
Hz H0 W - A KE
tween (0) and our original discussion. In fact, we conclude that
where e is compressor efficiency with respect to path p. (6) is uniquely suited to our purpose. The next step is to discover
To evaluate e we note that whether (6) can be rearranged to permit direct integration of (5)
r3 in (4a).
W,
-I VdP
Pa
(o)

Derivation of Equations
where absolute pressure P and specific volume T" arc related by p.
For any homogeneous gas we may regard H as a function of P
Thus (4) may be written
and T and write

J
r V
P0
1 VdP
dH dH dH
]
(4a) +
H 3 — Ho dP dP dT dp
(10)
and could be evaluated by graphic integration. dH
The result would be somewhat arbitrary, however, because p was dP )r ( dT ) „ ( dH )F
not precisely defined. A path equation would eliminate this un-
certainty and is in fact essential if our analysis is to have much The Joule-Thomson coefficient, JT, and the specific heat at con-
utility. Let us redefine p therefore by the path equation stant pressure, CP, are defined

dP dT_
J; ^

(11)
where e is that constant for which p passes through points 0 and 3. dH \
B y integrating (6) we obtain (4a), hence constant e in (6) cor-
vr )r .
responds to efficiency e in (4a), and p may be considered the path
of constant efficiency between 0 and 3. so that (10) becomes
Reviewing our previous discussion we note that (6) eliminates
dH dT
points 1 and 2 from any role in determining p. This generalizes = Cr \ (10a)
dP dp - Jt
our analysis to compressors of any number of stages and even to
individual stages themselves. Consideration of the latter topic
Among the general thermodynamic relations for any homogeneous
reveals a unique property of (6).
substance we find
Let points 0 and 1, 1 and 2, 2 and 3 in Fig. 1 be joined bj- paths
Vh Pi defined by efficiencies ei, ei, e3 in (6). Should these stage
efficiencies all be equal (6) requires that p for the over-all compres-
sor coincide with P l , p 2 , Pz for the individual stages, and that e for
\ dT Jf - V
(12)
the over-all compressor equal ei, e2, ei. Cp
Continuing our review, we note that p should coincide with the
A general equation of state for any gas is
isentrope So for Qp = 0. From the general thermodynamic rela-
tion PV = ZRT (13)

-Nomenclature-
p, = p/p Tr = T/Tc p_ / ay
P, = absolute total pressure, psf Y
T, = absolute total temperature, ~ V V dP , T
Qp = reversible heat input along p deg R Z compressibility factor
R = individual gas constant, u = impeller rim speed, fps
PV
ft-lb/lb deg R v = gas velocitj', fps Z
RT
^ 1545.4 V = specific volume, f t 3 / l b
AKE
molecular weight IF = shaft-work input to gas, ft-lb/lb
= kinetic energy increase, ft-lb/lb
S entropy, ft-lb/lb deg R
= IFp = poly tropic head, ft-lb/lb AICE
T =
absolute temperature, deg R 1FS = isentropie head, ft-lb/lb
M 2g
T 459.69 + deg F
= A' = compressibility function
Tc =
absolute critical temperature, = polytropic head coefficient
Note: =
deg R isentropie head coefficient
Multiply Btu by 778.26 to obtain
T, = reduced temperature 1' = compressibility function ft-lb.

70 / JANUARY 1962 Transactions of f fie A S IE

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 where Z is the compressibility factor and R the individual gas p dv r p_ / bz
constant. From (13) we obtain V dP L 1 ~ -Z \ &P
t)F T / bZ +
1 + T bZ P dT
(14)
bT ^ \ bT / P, 1 + * VbT Y1F
(6c)

so that (12) becomes

P dT
where m is (6a) or (6b).
(12a) T dP
CP Z \ bT JP
In (20) we may combine (14), (17), and (21) to obtain
and (10a) becomes

<1H T / bZ
— ( — ) (106) 1 +¥ \bT
cIP P dP Z \bTjr L 1 (20a)
By inserting (10b) and (13) into (6) our path equation may be
z ^ bP )T_ 1 +f
/ bZ
\bT
written

P_ rfT ZR. r i jr \ ' By inserting (6b) and (20a) into (6c) our path equation may be
(6 o) written
T dP Cp L e + Z V <>T )p_

Another general thermodynamic relation for any homogeneous r -i + T

substance is JL JL ( H - r _e Z \ZT\_
F dP r + 2 / bZ
m
bP \ / bV_
i \ bT ) J
C p — (jy — 1
bT )v \ bT I (15)

Finally, by differentiating (13) our path equation may be written

In (15) Cv is specific heat at constant volume and is defined

bE P dZ _ P dT P dV
c. bT , y
(16) Z dP ~ 1 T dP V dP C)

where E is internal energy. From (13) we obtain P dT P dV

where — is (6a) or (6b) and — —j^ is (6c) or (6rf).
bP \ _ P^ T (bZ\
(17)
bT )v~ T
At this point let us pause to review our progress. We have dis-
so that (15) becomes covered several rearrangements of (6), each determining path p
of constant efficiency e. These may be summarized conveniently
T bZ T / bZ by
CP - Cy = ZR 1 + 1 + (15 a)
Z \ bT J v Z V bT
P dT
By inserting (15a) into (6a) our path equation may be written T dP

P_ dV
(6/)
V dP n
JL JL ( k ) + Z (dJ'l
(6b)
T dP T / bZ T f bZ P_ dZ^ n - 1
1 + - 1 +
Z \bT /,, lyr ~Z dP n
where
where
Cp
k (13)
Cy

For any homogeneous gas we may regard V as a function of P

and T and write
ZR
Cp
(\ ei + ,J ).(M(H L{ 1 + X)
(6 0)
dV_ dT 1
+ (19)
dP bT P dP Y - m(l + X)

and
I t-- " I"'
dF bP bT and
(20)
bP /T \ bT Jy \bV ,
\
P
/ bZ > T (bV\
- 1
From (13) we obtain V bT ,)p~ v I /p
bZ P_ / bV
F P ( bZ
(21) Y = 1 - — { (22)
,bPjT P 1 ~ Z \bP / T Z bP V \dP

By inserting (14) and (21) into (19) our path equation may be T ( bZ T ( bP
L = 1 +
written bT P \<>T/v

Journal of Engineering for Power JANUARY 1962 / 7 1

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 In terms of compressibility functions (22) we may write (12a), thej' are not paths of constant efficiency. From (Ge), (6/), and
(15a), and (20a) (22)

5"
JT — X (12b)
(1 + A ) (24)

cp - Cy = ZRL( 1 + X) (15b) «,.—>• co

(1 + AQ where subscript V denotes constant specific volume. From

L = (20b)
Y (6c), (6/), and (22)

mT = 0
From (20b) we see that one of our compressibility functions can
be eliminated. We chose to retain X and 5' so that (25)
nT =
Y
k - 1
X Y
ZR ( 1 \ where subscript T denotes constant temperature.
(1 + A") 2 In a perfect gas X = 0, Y — Z = 1, and our equations reduce to

1 k - 1 1
(6 h)
Y - m( 1 + X) ke

(1 + A') k - 1
ms =
k
— - 1 (6/1
7 7 + * e
its' = A-
and
mI{' = » ! r ' = 0
(1 + A)2 rin' = » ? ' = 1
Cp — Cy — ZR (15 c)
Y
mv' = 1 (2'a)
Recalling that p is an isentrope when e = 1, let us examine this
JT' = 0 (12c)
special case:
Cp' - Cy' = /? (15 d)
ZR , „ (k - 1 Y
»>s = — (1 + A ) = '
(1 + A) where superscript ' denotes a perfect gas. It is interesting to
(60 compare the previous real-gas equations with these perfect-gas
k
ns = Z relations. The former are entirely rigorous and hold for any
Y - ms( 1 + X) Y
homogeneous gas whatever.
where subscript S denotes constant entropj'. The result is con- Some of our results have been published before. Edmister and
firmed by the general thermodynamic relation for any homo- McGarry [I] 1 derived the equivalent of ms = {ZR/CP){ 1 + X)
geneous substance in 1949 and published generalized charts of {Z/T)X and ZR( 1 +
A") for gases in corresponding states. In 1951, Edmister [2]
dV
dP J a ) = 1

k \dP
( - )
J7
(23) ZR
derived the equivalent of m„ = —— X and theorized that an
CP

which, by (6/) and (22) may be written equation of the form m = I — + X I might represent the
CP \e J
P_ / _ 1 _
(23a) general case. Of course the equivalents of our perfect-gas rela-
V [ dP )s ~ ~ iis k tions are well known, having been published in many textbooks.
Returning to (6/) we see that none of our rearrangements of (6)
Another special case is the path of constant enthalpy for which
permits direct integration of (5) because m and n are variables.
We suspect, however, that they are relatively constant com-
ZR (k - l\ XY pared to P, V, and T. If this be the case, we can integrate (6/)
as if m and n were constants and obtain
" L " = \ ~ K ~ ) ( T T A T 2

(6j) — = constant
1 = (1 + A )
n„
Y - m „ ( l + A) Y ( l + ~ PV" = constant
(6m)
n-1
P "
where subscript H denotes constant enthalpy. = constant
A seemingly trivial case is that of constant pressure for which Z
e = 0: The three paths defined by (6m) are all approximations of path p,
becoming identical with p as m and n become constant.
(6A-) Our analysis is called "polytropic" because the polytropic proc-
ess is commonly defined by the path equation PV" = constant.
This path is called a "polytrope." One of our equations (6m)
Subscript P denotes constant pressure.
Two other paths are also described bj- (6/) although in general 1 Numbers in brackets designate References at end of paper.

72 / JANUARY 1962 Transactions of f fie A S I E

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 is a polytrope, hence we call e "polytropic efficiency," Qp "re- For reasons not pertinent to our discussion it is appropriate to
versible polytropic heat input," and W p "net reversible poly- relate compressor head to compressor speed by a polytropic head
tropic work input" or "polytropic head." A less common but coefficient, p, which is defined
more fundamental definition of the polytropic process is the path gwp
equation V(clP/dH) = constant, for which p is a polytrope by (6). (26)
2.U2
This definition suits our analysis better, but in either case our
equations remain the same where g is standard gravitational acceleration and u is impeller
rim speed. The summation is taken over the number of impellers
within the compressor. For our three-stage test compressor
Test Evaluation
Let us rearrange (Gm) to belter advantage: p = (26a)
?ti2 + ur - f us-

er, if all the impellers are of the same diametei,

sir,
(266)
* = 3u2
Z,o_ (On) Individual stage coefficients p.*, can be determined from
Z (0- individual stage heads and speeds. Should these coefficients all
be equal, and should the stage efficiencies also be equal, (5), (6),
p_ and (26) require that p for the over-all compressor equal p. 1, p.2,
Po for the individual stages. This is another unique property of (6).
Perhaps our detailed discussion of polytropic analysis has ob-
and scured the simplicity of the actual test procedure which may be
= log ( T / T o ) summarized:
m log ( P / P „ ) 1 Determine P, V and H at the compressor inlet and outlet,
states 0 and 3.
log (P/Po)
(60)
2 Compute
log ( V J V )
= log ( P 3 / P c )
_ n - 1 = log (ZQ/Z) " log (F0/F3)
1'1 n log ( P / P „ )
n
IF. (P.Vz - P0F0)
Now we can integrate (5), at least approximately, by (6/), (6/1), n - 1
(60), and (13): (27)

rF c1 Z H3 - H0
W„ = VdP = R I — dT
Jpc Jt0 ">
W„
ill2 + U2'2 + W32

The accuracy of W p in (27) depends upon the constancy of n

along p. Later we shall discover means to minimize this de-
n—1
rp \ rnn pendence.
ZMJ 0 - 1
N — \ J L\ TO
Isentropic Analysis
n—l There is another thermodynamic analysis of centrifugal com-
_P pressors called "adiabatic" or "isentropic." This differs from
w. ZqRTQ - 1
n - 1 Po polytropic analysis by substituting isentropic head, IF.;, for poly-
tropic head, TF,,. The isentropic head of a compressor is the net
mechanical energy input required by a reversible adiabatic com-
(5a)
pressor having the same inlet state and outlet pressure. The
path of a reversible adiabatic compression process is an isentrope.
w, (PV - P0V0) For our test compressor, Fig. 1, this path is S0 and the isen-
tropic head is
TF.s = Hi - Ho I
( , R R I ) M R ~ Z O T O )

P , = P3 (28)

WD S 4 = S„
which from (5a) and (60) can be approximated by
V ,og w /
= log (P:,/Pc)
P_\ (PV + P„F„ log ( F 0 / F 4 )
= (In (28a)
Po

IFs s {PsVi ~ PoVS)

WP P»F 0 In ( P / P 0 ) when n = 1

and evaluate e for our test compressor by (4a), (5a), and (60). The accuracy of TVs in (28a) depends upon the constancy of n s
Another useful test result is the polytropic head coefficient. along So.

Journal of Engineering for Power JANUARY 1 96 2 / 73

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 The isentropie efficiency is /PF - P 0 F„'
IF, = / log
PF
Hi — H o Ws log
cs = (29) PoFo
H, Ho W - A KE

and the isentropie head coefficient is

gWs (AH, - Ho)

V-s (30) IF, = JPoVo hi ( P / P 0 ) when n = 1
Ul' + »22 + M32
Hs — Ho
Isentropie stage efficiencies and head coefficients may be eval-
>>s
uated from individual stage heads and speeds. (PVS - P„Fo)
ns - 1
Unlike their polytropic counterparts, however, equal isentropie
stage efficiencies and equal isentropie stage head coefficients
log ( P / P . )
must exceed es and p.s for the over-all compressor. The dis- ns
parity increases as the pressure ratio or the number of stages log ( F o / F . , )
increases and varies from one gas to another. This difficulty
Our test procedure becomes:
may be traced to the general thermodynamic relation
1 Determine P, V, and H at the compressor inlet and outlet,
states 0 and 3. Determine V and II at the isentropie outlet, state
= T (31)
\ ds A 4.
2 Compute
requiring that pressure lines diverge on a Mollier chart. The rest
follows from (28), (29), and (30). As a consequence, the exten- = log (P3/P0)

sion of centrifugal compressor test results to other compressors or " log ( F „ / F 3 )

other gases is accomplished better by polytropic than by isen-
tropie analysis. log (P3/P0)
ns
log (Vo/Vi)
Polytropic Head Factor Hi — Ho
Despite its shortcomings isentropie analysis does have one ad-
vantage: Ws in (28) is exact, whereas IF, in (5a) and (27) is (P,Vi - PoVo)
approximate. In a similar manner TFS in (28a) is approximate, (27a)
and the similarity suggests that the ratio of (28) to (28a) must
nearly equal the ratio of (5) to (5a). Accordingly, we define a IF (PSF 3 - P„F„)
polytropic head factor

Hi — Ho 1F„
(32) H 3 — Ho
(.P3V< - PoVo)
ffJFp
M =
which is the ratio of (28) to (28a). Multiplying the approximate i'r + + «32
TF„ of (5a) or (27) by / we approach the exact Wp of (5) inde-
pendent of the constancy of n along p. A closer approach might Equations (27a) are limited to tests of uncooled centrifugal c o m -
be obtained if / were determined along Si or but So is more pressors without side-flow. In (56) and (27a) W p is nearly inde-
convenient and should be sufficient. I11 many cases / is so near pendent of the const ancj r of n along p.
unity as to be superfluous.
We had better incorporate / into (5a) and our test procedure Compressor Design
summary. The former becomes
Relations similar to (27a) are emplo3Ted to design centrifugal
71—1 compressors when detailed thermodynamic tables or charts of
p\ « the design gas are unavailable. The problem is to determine TF,
w„ = / P 0 F„ - 1 u, the number of stages, F 0 , V3, and T3 from Po, To, and P 3 .
\n - 1 ft/ Gathering (4), (56), (6h), (6n), (13), and (26) we obtain
71-1
rp \ 17111
= ./' ZollTo
/i. - 1 L \ V ZR
m = - . . - I — + A' ) =
CP (1 + X ) 2
P_
= / 1
' \n - 1 ft.
Y - m( 1 + X)
ZT
= /
(1 + X)

(PF - /'r,l"u) -(h:

mZT - ZoTo) | (56)
(33)

74 / JANUARY 1962 Transactions of f fie A S IE

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 Similar to (5c) is a version of (6) containing (6/), (6/i), and (13):
W = ^ + MCE
e
dH CP
(6 p)
gw, dT (1 +eX)
M
For anj' homogeneous gas (6p) must hold along a path of con-
stant efficiency. An approximate integration of (6p) is
ZoRTo
V0 =
Po CP(T - To)
H - Ho ^ (6?)
Vo (1 + eX)
Fa =
{Pz/PoY'" where CP and X are mean values along p.
Having determined v by (33) or (33a), a stage-by-stage analysis
T, = T0(P,/Po)"> is required to determine stage outlet values of P, V, and T from
stage inlet values P ( „ Vo, and To. For this purpose (33) and
For (33) a mean value of either CP or k is estimated from what-
(33a) are modified by
ever thermodynamic data are available. Mean values of A', Y,
and Z are obtained from generalized compressibility charts for
gases in corresponding states, as is Zo at the compressor inlet. IF
For best accuracy a trial-and-error solution is required; i.e.,
the discharge temperature must be assumed in order to estimate
mean values of X, Y, and Z. The selection of e and p is based
upon test data and experience. The usual assumption for / is
unity. Frequently A KE is negligible. The separation of « from P Po
('•Hr) + 1
(33b)
Po
the number of stages in Z v 2 involves considerations not pertinent
to our analysis.
x
An alternate form of (33) eliminates Y but requires Z3:
= Po
( t +
) w>
+ 1
C pTo

Individual stage values of CP or k, X, Y, Z, e, and n are em-

ployed for (33b).
<VA, P± When detailed thermodynamic tables or charts are available
- 1 the designer can obtain F 0 and So directlj' and can determine V3,
i\Po
T3, and Hz from S 3 . Knowledge of Sz stems from (6), (7), and
(13) which produce

ir = " + A KE dS ZR ( 1 \
e (6r)
dP p ( T - 1 )
(33«)
, . bW. for any homogeneous gas along a path of constant efficiency An
H approximate integration of (6r), using (6m), is

ZoRTo Zp - Z
FII =
Po .log (Zo/Z)
((is)
•i\ = r„{pjp„y P \ (Zo

AVo HI- In
Po

ZoiPz/Po)1' B y trial-and-error the correct combination of Sz and Z3 is found

to satisfy (6s). Then V3, T3, and Hz are read directly from the
This results from a version of (5a) in which we integrate (5) ap- tables or charts and IF and u are computed by (2a), (4), and (26).
proximately by (6/), (dh), (6n), and (13) assuming CP, X, and in- In summary
to be relatively constant compared to P and T:
1 )
,S ^ So R - 1 i
log P>
—
f T Z
Z i 0 log (Zo/Z3)
[)'„ = R —- dT
m
Jr. " IV = H - Ho + A KE
(33 c)
dT II',. = e(H - Ho)
' •' £ i t :
p-
( t - )

CpfJ - To) (5c)

Helacions similar to (6r) and (6s) are
(I
dS _ C_P / 1 - e
ry/'„ dT ~ T \l+eA
H'„ - 1 (60
1 - e
+ A S - S„ ; CP 111
1 + eX To J

Journal of Engineering for Power JANUARY 1 96 2 / 7 5

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 which follow from (6/), (6/t), and (6c). The differential equation namic tables or charts of the design gas. As before, e and fj. are
(6<) must hold for any homogeneous gas along a path of constant based upon test data and experience. Note that CP, Cv, k, X,
efficiency. The approximate integration (6f) contains mean and Y computed for ms and ns may differ from those computed
values of C P and X . for m and n.
B y taking the ratio of (61) to (69) we find Often the mean values of CP, X, and Z required for ms do not
differ appreciably from those required for m. In that case (34)
1
/ & - So \ r T3 - T0
(27 b) can be simplified by (5c) to become
\H, - Ho) .In (T3/TA)_
eA Vs Ws m[(P/Po)"'s - 1]
which is another test evaluation equation like (27) and (27a). e TF„ m, s [(P/P„)'» - 1]
M
Although (276) was derived from real-gas equations its accurac} 7
is suspect because it is also a perfect-gas relation. Probably ZR
better is ms = — (1 + X)

Z3T3 — ZqTQ 'log (Z0/Z3)

e = 1— (27c)
H 3 — //< Zo — Z:i {Zz'l\) + A (34a)
log
(Z0r0) m = >ns
(1 + X)
derived from (4), (5a), (6s), and (13). A H\
Another design technique with thermodynamic tables or charts CP =
AT ) P
is to determine V3 and T3 from H3 which is found by converting
from polytropic to isentropic analysis. The conversion is ac- AV
Y —
complished by combining (4), (56), (6/1), (61), (11), (13), (15c), V \ AT/P
(16), (18), (22), (26), (29), and (30) to obtain
Both (34) and (34a) reduce to the perfect-gas equation
ns — 1
"s P \ "s (P/Po)""' - 1
- 1 es =
e_s = Vs = i^s "S - 1 Po (P/Po)'" ~ 1
e ix W, 71-1
R _ k - 1
ms (346)
CP ~
U ) _ U ) ^ k

ms'
PV R (K - L\ Y

for X = 0, y = Z = 1. In many cases the complications of (34),

k
or even the simpler (34a), can be avoided by using (346) as a first
Y - »i, 5 (i + X) r approximation to estimate Fa' by (35). With TV in (27a) an e'
is obtained corresponding to es'. Then

PV es_ es Ms
(34c)
CPT (1 + AT e' e M

1 Usually es/e by (34c) is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes.

Y - m(l + X) Having determined es and by (34), (34a), or (34c) the de-
signer combines (28), (29), and (30) for his isentropic analysis:
(1 + X) (34)
Ws = Hi - H
Y
I T " " ! " ' P = P3

S 4 = So

Ws
IF = A ICE
T ( AF \ (35)

gJVs
ZM2 =
Ms
V \AP )T
HS = Ho + ^
es
c _ _ (AH - FAP^
A Tjv V AT )v Values of P, V, T, H, and S for (35) are obtained from the thermo-
PF(I + xy dynamic tables or charts.
= CP When a similar compressor has been tested with the design gas
TY
es and /J.s can be inferred directly from the test data and no con-
Cp version from e and ^ is necessary. Equations (33), (33a), (336),
k =
Cv (33c), (34), (34a), (346), and (35) are limited to the design of un-
cooled centrifugal compressors without side-flow.
For (34) the values of P, F, T, and H necessary to compute mean An important application of polytropic analysis is the evalua-
values of CP, CV, k, X, and Y are obtained from the thermody- tion of equivalent performance tests where a centrifugal compres-

76 / J A N U A R Y 196 2 Transactions of the A S M E

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 sor designed for one gas is shop-tested with another. B y duplicat- (39) also relates individual stage heads and efficiencies to those of
ing certain design parameters the test conditions become equiva- the over-all compressor.
lent to the design conditions and test values of e and p. from (27a) Impeller and diffuser head coefficients jit, and pd are defined by
can be used in (33), (33a), or (33c) to predict field performance. (26):
Usually isentropic analysis is inaccurate for this purpose because
of difficulties resulting from (31). gw„
Pi
One of the design parameters of centrifugal compressors is the
(26 c)
acoustic velocity of the gas. For an infinitestimal disturbance
. gWpi
this can be shown to be Pel = '

SP'
(36) It follows from (26), (26c), and (39) that
a = V \ - {- g

Pi | Pi
where a is acoustic velocity. By inserting (13) and (23a) into (40)
(36) we find e< ed

where p and e are the stage head coefficient and efficiency. Equa-
a = V^gPV = ^ ^ (36a) tions (4c), (26c), (39), and (40) are used with our previous relations
to separately consider impeller and diffuser performance.
The designer relates acoustic velocity to compressor speed by a
speed coefficient or impeller Mach number, M , defined
Total Pressure and Temperature
Throughout our entire discussion P and T have represented
M : (37)
"static" pressure and temperature as distinguished from "in-
t a c t " or " t o t a l " values. By total pressure and temperature, P t
At the compressor inlet .1/ becomes and T„ we mean the stagnation values resulting from an isen-
»i tropic deceleration of a flowing gas. The distinction is onlj'
il/„ = (37a) important in compressor tests where v2/'2g is appreciable com-
«o
pared to }V P ; e.g., in the testing of impellers or diffusers.
By inserting (56), ( 6 « ) , (26), and (36a) into (37a) we obtain The difficulty is that a temperature-sensing device in a gas
stream "feels" 2', rather than T and registers some intermediate
n—1 u- 1
temperature depending upon its particular characteristics. As-
p^idn - i).w ( p ^ n = =
suming that these characteristics are known we can surmount the
1 +1
problem by installing a pressure probe to measure P,. Then by
(38) combining (4), (5c), (6i), and (6n) with e = 1 we can write

for the first stage, where ns is evaluated at the inlet and m and n V2 ZRT CP{T, - T)
^
are mean values. Similar relations apply to the other stages and
2g ms T (1 + X)
to the over-all compressor.
Sometimes it is necessary to subdivide individual stages and P
consider impeller and diffuser performance separately. Referring T ~\P
( ' 'LL
(41)
again to Fig. 1, imagine we have a test point locating the thermo-
dynamic state of the gas between an impeller and its diffuser. ZR k - 1 Y
ms
Let constant-efficiency paths, pt and p,h representing the impeller k (1 + X)
and diffuser, connect this state with the stage inlet and outlet
states. The polytropic head, 1FP, or \VpJ, of the impeller or dif- For small ratios P,/P, (41) simplifies to
fuse!' is the net reversible mechanical energy input along p; or pd.
v2
Impeller and diffuser efficiencies, e, and ed, are defined by (4): (P, - P)V
2g
IF„, IF,, (41a)
" P'
T. - I P, - P>
AH; IF, - A ICE,
(4 6) r
1F„„ IF.
e,i;
AHj IF,, - AKEd Side-Flow and Cooling
In (46) the shaft-work input, IF,, to the impeller is also the Thus far none of our analysis has included compressors having
shaft-work input, IF, to the entire stage. The shaft-work input either side-flow or cooling. The treatment of side-flow requires
to the diffuser, IF,,, is zero. Thus (46) becomes that the compressor be subdivided into units of constant mass
flow rate, with due consideration given to the mixing effects when
IF the side-flow is inward. The homogeneity of such a mixture en-
W - AICE, tering the next stage may be questionable but is usually assumed
(4c) for practical purposes.
Wpd A similar procedure is employed for interstage cooling since the
c,i
- A ICEd compressor can be subdivided into uncooled units and the inter-
cooler treated separately. Most cases of liquid injection cooling
It follows from (4) and (4c) that
also fall into this category. Even diaphragm cooling can be
handled this way if most of the cooling takes place between the
+ " V _ "I, (89)
diffuser outlet and the inlet of the succeeding stage.
e, ed c If a cooled compressor is tested for over-all values of e and p.
these are only significant for the tested ratio of gas cooling to
where IFP and e are stage head and efficiency. An equation like

Journal of Engineering for Power J A N U A R Y 1 9 6 2 / 77

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 mechanical energy input. Both the magnitude of this ratio and
its distribution within the compressor are controlling factors.
Other Applications
Polytropic analysis is not limited to centrifugal compressors
alone but can be applied to any machinery handling compressible
fluids. This includes turbines as well as compressors, provided
that e is replaced by the reciprocal of turbine efficiency.
Nor is our analysis limited exclusively to machinery. The
determination of orifice and nozzle flow rates can be accomplished
by (4) or (29) using e = es = 1, with (56) or (5c), (6f), (6ft),
and an empirical flow coefficient. The results are similar to
(41) with the addition of an approach velocity factor and a flow
coefficient.
Another application is the P, V, T relation of a throttling proc-
ess, which is represented by (6j) and (6ft). The P, V, T relations
of constant volume and constant temperature processes are repre-
sented by (6ft) and (24) or (25).
At first glance a constant pressure process appears to be
indeterminate by (6k) and (6n). However, we can rearrange
(6h) to supplement (6/i) by
= 1 + A (On)
mPn P
dZ_
* =
Wr/Pr
(22 a)
T\ / dZ
Y = 1 -
Z \ bPr / Tr
and determine X and Y from the slopes of constant Pr and Tr
lines representing Z. The usual plot of Z contains lines of con-
stant Tr versus Pr from which Y can be determined directly. A
cross-plot to obtain lines of constant PT versus Tr is necessary to
determine X .
In this manner X and Y were obtained from the Nelson-Obert
charts throughout the region 0 ^ Pr ^ 3 and 0.6 ^ Tr ^ 5.
These graphic determinations were plotted along with values
calculated by finite differences in (22) for a common refrigerant
gas, dichlorodifluoromethane (Refrigerant-12) [5], which repro-
duces the Nelson-Obert charts within 3 per cent. The preliminary
plots were checked and adjusted by a second set of calculations,
this time employing (15c) for Refrigerant-12.
The final generalized charts of X and Y are shown in Figs. 2
and 3. Examination of these charts reveals the possibility of
large deviations from the perfect-gas values X = 0, Y = 1. For
pressures and temperatures outside the charted region X can
become negative.

and write (6ft) Numerical Example

T \ I +.r Perhaps it would be instructive to consider the polytropic
(6») analysis of an actual compression process involving a real gas.
Imagine we have tested a centrifugal compressor with Refriger-
ant-12 and obtained the following test data:
where subscript P denotes constant pressure.
Po = 10 psia Pi = 130 psia

Generalized Compressibility Functions T0 = -10 F T3 = 210 F

In connection with (33) we mentioned the necessity of obtaining
A", 1", and Z from generalized compressibility charts for gases in
corresponding states. Many such charts have been published
since 1931 relating Z to Pr and Tr. B y (13) Z is defined
PV
(13 a)
RT
while reduced pressure, Pn and reduced temperature, Tr, are
defined
Pr
Pc
(42)
T, JL
In (42) P, and Tc are absolute critical pressure and temperature.
Gases having the same values of P r and T r are said to be in
corresponding states and often have nearly the same value of Z.
The Nelson-Obert charts [3, 4], published in 1953, correlated the
^-values of twenty-six different gases within 2'/> per cent through-
out the region 0 ^ Pr ^ 10 and 0.6 ^ Tr ^ 15, except near
PT = Tr = 1. These gases included air, argon, benzene, carbon-
dioxide, ethane, iso-butane, methane, neon, oxygen, nitrogen,
propane, and propylene. However, it was also reported that five
gases, ammonia, helium, hydrogen, methyl-fluoride, and steam
correlated less accurate^, so that Pt and Tr are not universal
compressibility parameters. Sometimes better results are ob-
tained if pseudo values of Pe and Tc are employed in (42). Nelson
and Obert found this to be the case with helium and hydrogen.
For gases whose Z-values can be correlated accurately by P r and
Tn using either actual or pseudo values of Pc and Tc. it is also
possible to correlate X and 1". With (42) we may write (22)
In a table of thermodynamic properties [5] we find:
V0 = 3.8861 ft 3 /lb H, = 106.520 B t u / l b
Ho = 76.880 B t u / l b V, = 0.37297 ft 3 /lb
V3 = 0.41676 ft. 3 /lb Hi = 97.8-39 B t u / l b
B y (27a) we obtain:
n = 1.1488 Wp = 17,285 ft-lb/lb
ns = 1.0944 e = 0.749
f = 1.015
The deviation of f from 1.000 shows that ns varies along So-
Let us explore this variation by tabulating n s and the related
properties along So. We can also tabulate these properties along
p, substituting n for ns with e = 0.749. In addition to the end
points our table should include the approximate mid-points of So
and p where TFl5 and IF, are each about half their final totals.
The results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 shows a variation in n s along So of 7.5 per cent, hence
it is not surprising that TFS calculated with a constant mean ns
= 1.0944 is in error by 1.5 per cent. The variation in n along p
is 6.9 per cent. The similarity of this to n s reinforces our de-
cision to adjust TFP by / = 1.015 determined from n s and Ws-
Table 1 also shows an appreciable deviation of n s from its per-
fect-gas value, k. Were we to use a constant mean k = 1.173 to
predict TFS, Vi, and A T s by perfect-gas relations (61) in (5a) and
(6n) our errors would be 7, 17, and 22 per cent, respectively.
By using the real-gas equations (6i) in (5b) and (6ft) with a con-
stant mean Ar = 0.265, Y = 1.076, a n d / = 1.015 the correspond-
ing errors would be 1 / 2 , 1, and l /s per cent.
The foregoing mean values of k, X, and Y were estimated by

78 / JANUARY 196 2 Transactions of the A S M E

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 Table 1
-Along S 0
Inlet Middle Outlet Inlet Middle Outlet
P (psia) 10 39 130 10 40 130
V (ft 3 /lb) 3. 8861 1. 1460 0..37297 3 .8861 1.1862 0.41676
T (deg F) -10 74..11 159 .96 -10 102 210
H (Btu/lb) 76. 880 87..419 97 839 76..880 91 .678 106.520
S (Btu/lb deg R ) 0. 18171 0..18171 0 .18171 0 .18171 0.18909 0.19518
Cp (Btu/lb deg R ) . . . 0. 13603 0. 15343 0 . 17462 0 .13603 0.15518 0.17294
Cy (Btu/lb deg R ) . . . 0. 11716 0..13160 0..14558 0 .11716 0.13436 0.14806
k 1. 1611 1. 1659 1. 1995 1. 1611 1.1550 1.1680
X 0. 101 0. 220 0. 519 0. 101 0.187 0.355
Y 1. 038 1. 057 1 .152 1, 038 1.056 1.106
X 0. 974 0. 943 0. 882 0. 974 0.952 0.912
ms 0. 131 0. 123 0. 126
ns 1. 119 1. 103 1. 041
m 0. 171 0.153 0.146
1. 177 1 .113 1.101

numerical averages with double weight given the mid-point, as m' = 0.1842 TV = 0.4794 f t ' / l b

n' = 1.2257 T3' = 26t.5 F

1.1611 + 2 X 1.1659 + 1.1995
k = W p ' = 18,347 ft-lb/lb

and our errors would have been 6, 15, and 23 per cent.
k = 1.173 Now suppose it were necessary to design a compressor for this
same application but with complete thermodynamic data
The accuracy of our results could be improved slightly by re-
available. Using k = 1.167 and e = 0.749 in (34b) we would
fining these constant mean values, but perfect accuracy is im-
obtain es' = 0.701. By (35) we would find TV = 0.41801 ft 3 /lb
possible since (6m) cannot reproduce (8) perfectly.
and by (27a) e' = 0.744. Then
Now imagine it were necessary to design a centrifugal compres-
sor for the application we have just discussed, but without
benefit of detailed thermodynamic data. Suppose our only in- ~ = 0.942 and es = 0.706 in (34c)
e
formation were:
From the data of Table 1 we find the correct es = 0.707.
Po = 10 psia R = 12.779 ft-lb/lb deg R.
Alternatively we might have used (33c) to find S3 = 0.19502
Vo = 3.8861 f t y i b Pc = 596.9 psia B t u / l b deg R and T3 = 209.4 F. In Table 1 the correct values
are 0.19518 and 210.0. This is only 0.3 deg F less accurate than
T0 = -10 F T„ = 233.6 F
the preceding isentropic solution and far less complicated.
P3 = 130 psia e = 0.749 T o consider three different aspects of the same compression
process we used three different ^--values. The first, 1.173, was
k = 1.160 the mean value along So. The second, 1.160, was the mean
value along p. The third, 1.167, was the mean value between
The solution of this problem requires that we assume T3 and
So and p. Each was the most appropriate for its particular
verify our assumption by (33). To make a long story short let us
application. No single value would have produced comparable
assume the correct T3 = 210 F and observe the results. T o
accuracies in all three instances.
estimate mean values of X and Y we need a tabulation like
Table 1 and therefore we must choose an approximate mid-point
of p. A reasonable choice would be at the square root of the Conclusions and Recommendations
over-all pressure ratio and half the assumed temperature rise; The real-gas equations of polytropic analysis indicate, and our
i.e., at P = 36 psia and T = 100 F. The results are shown in numerical example confirms, that accuracies within a few per
Table 2 with A" and 7 from Figs. 2 and 3. cent require more thermodynamic data than exist for some ap-
plications. Compressor users should recognize such applications
Table 2 for what they are and not expect the impossible. Furthermore,
Inlet Middle Outlet when thermodj'namic tables or charts are prepared it would be
Pr 0.0168 0.0603 0.2178 most convenient if CP or k, X, Y, and Z were included.
Tr 0.649 0.807 0.966 Generalized compressibility data are helpful when specific data
.V 0.11 0.17 0.36
are lacking. Since compressibility functions X and Y have been
Y 1.04 1.05 1.10
defined and generalized here for the first time future investiga-
tors may be able to improve some regions in Figs. 2 and 3.
From Table 2 we compute the mean X = 0.20 and the mean Experience may disclose a need for extending these figures beyond
1" = 1.06. Assuming / = 1.000 we find by (33) Pr = 3 and Tr = 5. Investigations to improve or extend Figs.
m = 0.1559 V3 = 0.4141 ft 3 /lb 2 and 3 are recommended.
Most of the real-gas equations have also been derived and
n = 1.1455 T3 = 211.1 F published here for the first time. Future rearrangements
and derivations maj' enhance their utility. In this connection a
Wp = 16,967 ft-lb/lb
derivation to generalize the polytropic head factor, / , would be
Comparing these results with the correct data from our test quite useful.
discussion we find the errors in TFP, V3, and A71 to be 2, 1, and Finally, the A S M E Power Test Code for Centrifugal, Mixed
Vs per cent, respectively. Had we used perfect-gas relations the Flow, and Axial Flow Compressors and Exhausters (PTC10-1949)
results would have been should be rewritten to include polytropic analysis and equivalent

Journal of Engineering for Power JANUARY 1962 / 79

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 x NoiiONinj Ainiaiss3ddiAioo

80 / JANUARY 1962 Transactions of f fie AS IE

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 A NOIlONfld AllliaiSS3dd^OO

Journal of Engineering for Power J A N U A R Y 1 96 2 / 8 1

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 performance testing. The present code is based upon isentropic
analysis and therefore cannot provide for equivalent tests.
Acknowledgments
In the graphic determinations of A" and Y for Figs. 2 and 3 the
author was assisted by Miss Mary H. Butler, Mr. Kenneth E.
Dodrer, and Mr. George D. Ferree, all of the York Division,
Borg-Warner Corporation. For the calculations involving R e -
frigerant-12 the author was furnished detailed specific heat data
b}' Mr. Robert C. McHarness of the " F r e o n " Products Division,
E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company, Inc.
82 / JANUARY 1962
Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
References
1 W. C. Edmister and R. J. McGarry, "Gas Compressor De-
sign," Chemical Engineering Progress, vol. 45, 1949, pp. 421-434.
2 W. C. Edmister, "Compressor and Expander Design," Chemical
Engineering Progress, vol. 47, 1951, pp. 191-198.
3 L. C. Nelson and E. F. Obert, "Generalized Properties of Gases,"
TRANS. ASME, vol. 76, 1954, pp. 1057-1066.
4 L. C. Nelson and E. F. Obert, "Generalized Compressibility
Charts," Chemical Engineering, vol. 61, 1954, pp. 203-208.
5 "Thermodynamic Properties of Freon-12 Refrigerant (Dicliloro-
difluoromethane)," E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company, Inc.,
Copyright_1955_and 1956.
Transactions of the A S M E