9004116478

A CONCISE HISTORICAL
GRAMMAR OF THE
ALBANIAN LANGUAGE:
Reconstruction of
Proto-Albanian
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
Orel 1.vw 14-03-2000 11:05 Pagina 1
A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR

OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
This page intentionally left blank
Orel 1.vw 14-03-2000 11:05 Pagina 3
A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR

OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
BY
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
LEIDEN • BOSTON • KÖLN
2000
Orel 1.vw 14-03-2000 11:05 Pagina 4
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Orel, Vladimir E.
A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language : reconstruction of
Proto-Albanian / by Vladimir Orel.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 9004116478 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Albanian language—Grammar, Historical. I. Title.
PG9519 .O74 2000
491'.9915—dc21 99-053799
CIP
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme

Orel, Vladimir E.:
A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language :
reconstruction of Proto-Albanian / by Vladimir Orel. - Leiden ;
Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2000
ISBN 90-04-11647-8
ISBN 90 04 11647 8
© Copyright 2000 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
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Fees are subject to change.
printed in the netherlands

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The present book was started in 1982, in Mikhalevo (Russia), and its first
(Russian) variant was finished in 1989 when it was submitted as a
second doctoral dissertation to the linguistic department of the Institute
for Slavic and Balkan studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(OREL Alb.). At the same time, the typescript was smuggled across the
border to the United States (as some other works of the present writer)
but, unfortunately, got lost on way to its destination. I continued my
work on the historical grammar of Albanian while simultaneously
writing an etymological dictionary as well: one project fostered the other.
Until 1996, I had to concentrate on the etymological dictionary which
eventually saw the light in 1998 (OREL AED). Meanwhile, the English
text was quickly finished in 19971998. The present grammar was used
as the basis of several courses in the historical grammar of Albanian
(Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies, Moscow, 1987 and V.A. Dybo’s
Nostratic Seminar, 1988) and of a graduate seminar at UCLA in 1999.
The main objective of the book is to analyze the lexical material of the
new etymological dictionary (the latter should be used as a data base
immediately connected with the grammar), and to give a new detailed
description of the linguistic development from ProtoIndoEuropean to
ProtoAlbanian to modern Albanian. Different stages of this develop-
ment were not of equal interest to the writer. The history of the Albanian
language understood as a description of its evolution from the earliest
attested monuments (Old Albanian) to its present form remained beyond
the reach of this study. For that—perfectly legitimate—kind of linguistic
history of Albanian we will need another book. In my work, I deal with
the transition from IndoEuropean to ProtoAlbanian and the corre-
spondences between ProtoAlbanian and modern Albanian. Therefore,
many important features of modern Albanian are not discussed here: they
are relatively recent and therefore irrelevant for my main task, the
reconstruction of ProtoAlbanian.
Not all important features of the ProtoAlbanian structure can be
revealed and properly described today. Our knowledge is still very insuf-
ficient, especially in the field of ProtoAlbanian morphology. The study
of Proto-Albanian syntax remains in its infancy. Hence, there are natural
limitations to the present work: I give a relatively full description of
historical phonetics but the third chapter of the book («Morphology») is
only a very brief and incomplete sketch, in particular, as far as the
xii preface
ProtoAlbanian verb is concerned. Two central notions of my work are

ProtoIndoEuropean and ProtoAlbanian. As far as Proto-IndoEuropean
is concerned, its definitions or descriptions are beyond the scope of this
work. The phonetic and morphological reconstruction of Proto-
IndoEuropean used here delineates a late stage in the development of
the language, a stage in which certain areal changes have already
occurred, such as the loss of Indo-Europen laryngeals. ProtoAlbanian is
viewed as a language already possessing several features typical of the
Albanian linguistic type. We reconstruct it in two forms: Early
ProtoAlbanian—immediately before the beginning of linguistic contacts
with speakers of Latin/ProtoRomance (1st century CE), and Late
ProtoAlbanian—following the contacts with ProtoRomance and
ancient Slavic dialects still close to ProtoSlavic (6th-7th centuries CE).
Major changes shattered the structure of ProtoAlbanian during this short
but eventful period.
The work is based on the results of my own research (including the
data of the Albanian Etymological Dictionary and numerous papers on
the reconstruction of ProtoAlbanian) as well as existing literature, in-
cluding studies by such outstanding students of Albanian from its
IndoEuropean perspective as MEYER, PEDERSEN, JOKL, ÇABEJ, and
HAMP. In many cases, the book suggests new solutions for complicated
problems of Albanian historical phonetics, and sometimes proposes revi-
sions of my earlier studies. An attentive reader will easily notice them,
especially if the literature I have adduced has been properly studied.
However, references are very far from being complete; the reader should
consult my etymological dictionary for more infromation.
The book contains four chapters—«Phonetics», «Morphonology and
wordformation», «Morphology» and «Vocabulary». My knowledge of
the Proto-Albanian syntax is so insufficient that a separate chapter on the
subject would be totally irrelevant. Inside each chapter, the text is
divided into sections and paragraphs. The beginning paragraph of every
section (its number always ending in zero) includes a brief list of
relevant literature, some of it—with very short summaries. The book
concludes with an index of Albanian forms.
Whenever Tosk and Geg forms coincide, one Albanian form is
quoted. If there are phonetic differences between Tosk and Geg, two
forms are adduced separated by a tilda, with the Tosk form coming first,
e.g. OO¬U¬ ~ OODQ¬If the word only exists in Tosk or in Geg, it is marked
correspondingly. Forms from the various IndoEuropean daughter
languages are given according to their traditional transliterations. The
preface xiii
same applies to Proto-IndoEuropean reconstruction. As the reader will

notice, I tend to use what could be labelled as «late» or «Brugmannian»
IndoEuropean. Such a reconstruction does not take into account the
comparative evidence provided by Hittite and Tocharian. Albanian is a
product of this «late IndoEuropean» and it seemed counterproductive to
make our reconstruction deeper than really necessary. I use three types of
arrows in the text in order to distinguish between historical development,
borrowing and morphological derivation. I do not have any illusions as
to the future of this little innovation—it won’t be taken up. However, I
want to give it a try. Usual arrows > < are reserved for historical change
as they are normally used today. Thus, !Rmeans the development of
in time. Arrows ÖÕ are used to describe the act of borrowing. The
formula WHUUDH PAWXP Ö W¬UPHW deals with loanwords. Finally, arrows
¾½ appear in my description of wordformation. They indicate «derived
from», e.g. bir ¾ birth.
While working on the book, I was able to use the excellent facilities of
the Greek-Slavonic Annexe of the Taylor Institute (Oxford), McMaster
University Library (Hamilton, Ontario) and the Hebrew University
Libraries (Jerusalem). I am indebted to all the above institutions as well
as to my former university (Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan) for their
support of my research. I am also grateful to the Egged Bus Co-operative
(Israel) in whose buses and coaches I wrote substantial parts of this
work.
I want to express my gratitude to several people whose combination of
advice, help and fierce criticism were important at various stages of my
research in the field of the historical grammar of Albanian during the last
seventeen years: Çlirim Bidollari (Tirana), Vladimir Dybo (Moscow), D.
Ellis Evans (Oxford), John Greppin (Cleveland), Viacheslav Ivanov (Los
Angeles), Irina Kalu°skaia (Moscow), Evgenii Khelimski (Moscow),
Alexander Rusakov (St. Petersburg), Vitaly Shevoroshkin (Ann Arbor),
Vladimir Toporov (Moscow), Brent Vine (Los Angeles), Charles Xu
(Calgary) and Andrei Zalizniak (Moscow). I am also grateful to Susan
Rothstein and Adam Wyner of Bar-Ilan University (Ramat-Gan). Some
of my advisors and friends have passed away. My gratitude to Leonid
Gindin (Moscow) is mixed with the bitter taste of remembrance.
I am particularly indebted to my friend Jay Friedman (Los Angeles)
who has edited the whole text (but not this sentence) and encouraged me
to make numerous important changes in it.
Calgary, Alberta
November 30, 1999
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Alb – Albanian
Anat – Anatolian
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Bulg – Bulgarian
Corn – Cornish
Dac – Dacian
Dor – Doric
E – English
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Fr – French
G – German
Gk – Greek
Gmc – Germanic
Goth – Gothic
Hitt – Hittite
Hom – Homeric
IE – Indo-European
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Ion – Ionic
Iran – Iranian
Ir – Irish
Lat – Latin
Latv – Latvian
Lith – Lithuanian
LPA – Late Proto-Albanian
Lyd – Lydian
MDu – Middle Dutch
Mess – Messapic
MGk – Middle Greek
MIr – Middle Irish
MLG – Middle Low German
MW – Middle Welsh
NIr – Modern Irish
OAlb – Old Albanian
OCorn – Old Cornish
OE – Old English
OFris – Old Frisian
OHG – Old High German
OIr – Old Irish
OLat – Old Latin
xxii references
abbreviations
ON – Old Norse
OPers – Old Persian
OPrus – Old Prussian
OS – Old Saxon
Osc – Oscan
Osset – Ossetic
Phryg – Phrygian
Rom – Romance
Rum – Rumanian
SCr – Serbo-Croatian
Scyth – Scythian
Skt – Sanskrit
Slav – Slavic
Thrac – Thracian
Toch – Tocharian
Umbr – Umbrian
W – Welsh
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26 chapter one
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32 chapter one
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34 chapter one
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phonology 37
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38 chapter one
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phonology 39
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42 chapter one
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phonology 53
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54 chapter one
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Greek borrowings contain only marginal information on the

development of asyllabic sonorants. At the same time, Latin and early
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phonology 55
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56 chapter one
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phonology 57

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58 chapter one
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phonology 59
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phonology 61
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248 chapter three
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DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU RULJLQ DQG VWUXFWXUH 7KH ILUVW JURXS LQFOXGHV WKH
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morphology 249
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Common Germanic-Balto-Slavic (including Germanic-Baltic

and Germanic-Slavic) isoglosses with Albanian are fairly numerous.
Quite a few of them are connected with wood or objects made of wood.
EHUU‘VKHHSJRDW’~21ERUJU‘KRJ’2+*EDUXJEDUXKLG~ 6ODY
ERUYÙ‘ERDU’
EOHKXU¬‘SDOH’~2(EOWLG~ 6ODY EOpGÙLG
EUXVKWXOO ‘KHDWKHU’ ~ 26 EUXVWLDQ ‘WR VKRRW WR VSURXW’ ~ 6ODY
EUÙVWÚ‘VSURXWEXG’
vocabulary 251
GDVK ‘UDP’ ~ *PF GWHX]DQ ‘ZLOG DQLPDO’ ~ /LWK SO GD-VRV ‘SDUD
GLVH’~6ODY GX[Ù‘EUHDWKVSLULW’
GHUJM‘WROLHGRZQWROD\VLFNWREHLOO’~ *PF WDUJMDQ‘WRWHDU’~
/LWKG®UJLQWL‘WRPRYH’G®UJWL‘WRORVHHQHUJ\WREHFRPHZHDN’
~6ODY GÚUJDWL‘WRSOXFNWRSXOO’
GUD ~ GUD̂ ‘RLOFDNH PHOWHG EXWWHU’ ~ 21 SO GUHJJLDU ‘\HDVW’ ~
23UXV GUDJLRV ‘\HDVW’ 2/LWK GUDJ^V LG /HWW GLDO GUDG]L
‘VHGLPHQWLQPHOWHGEXWWHU’~6ODY GURÊGÊL‘\HDVW’
GUDQJ‘EDUJHSROHSXQWLQJSROH\RXQJFUHDWXUHFXE’~ 21GUDQJU
‘VWRQH SLOODU’ ~ /LWK GU¢QJD ‘SHUFK SROH’ ~ 6ODY GU_JÙ ~
GU_JD
HW ‘WKLUVW’ ~ 2+* LOJL ‘KXQJHU’ ~ /LWK ¢ONWL ‘WR EH KXQJU\’ ~ 6ODY
RONDWLLG
IOHW¬‘ZLQJOHDI’~ 2+*OHFNHQ‘WRMXPSWRNLFN’~/LWKOHNL¸O|NWL
/DWYOªNW
J¬UGKLM‘WRVFUDWFK’~2(JULQGDQ‘WRJULQG’~/LWKJU©QGÊLXJU©VWL
‘WRVFUDSHWRVFUDWFK’
JMHWK ‘IROLDJH JUHHQ OHDYHV’ ~ 2+* TXHVWD ‘WXIW’ 21 NYLVWU
‘EUDQFK’~ 6ODY JYR]GÚ‘ZRRGIRUHVW’
JMXK¬ ‘WRQJXH ODQJXDJH’ ~ 21 NDOO ‘VKRXW’ ~ /LWK JDËVDV ‘HFKR’ ~
6ODY JROVÙ‘YRLFH’
KLU‘JUDFHIDYRUPHUF\’~ *RWKVNHLUV‘FOHDU’~ 6ODY h¨LUÙ‘FOHDQ’
KXPE ‘WR OHDYH WR ORVH WR VSRLO WR PLVV WR GURZQ’ ~ *RWK DI
VNLXEDQ ‘WR SXVK DZD\ WR UHMHFW’ ~ /LWK VNXPE¸ VN¸EWL ‘WR
KXUU\WRKDVWHQ’
N¬VHQ‘WRDFKHRIWKHVWRPDFKWRKDYHJULSLQJSDLQV’~ 21K¢‘WR
WRUPHQW’~/LWKNHQNL¸NH±NWL‘WRGDPDJHWRKDUP’
NULS¬ ~ NU\S¬ ‘VDOW’ ~ /LWK NUDXS¸V ‘URXJK’ NUDXSLV ‘VFDE’ /DWY
NUD-SLV‘IUDLOEULWWOH’~ 6ODY NUXSD‘JURDWV
NURGK¬‘EHHKLYH’~*RWKKURW‘URRI’~ 6ODY NUDGD‘KHDSSLOH’
O¬QG¬ ~ ODQG¬ ‘ZRRG WLPEHU PDWHULDO’ ~ *PF OHQGWA ‘OLQGHQ’ ~
/LWKOHQW£‘ERDUG’~6ODY O_WÙ‘EDVW’
O¬P¬~ODP¬‘WKUHVKLQJIORRUZLQHSUHVV’~ 2+*ODP‘ODPH’~ 6ODY
ORPÙ‘EUHDNLQJFURZEDUEURNHQEUDQFKHV’
OXV‘WRSUD\WRLQYRNHWREHJ’~ 2+*ORFNAQ‘WROXUHWRHQWLFH’~
/LWKO J²WL‘WRDVNWRSUD\’/DWYO¸G]XO¸JW‘WRDVNWRLQYLWH’
PLHOO‘IORXU’~2+*P¬ORLG21PM_OLG~ 6ODY PHOYR‘JUDLQIRU
JULQGLQJ’
VKSLK ~ VKSLI ‘WR VODQGHU WR FDOXPQLDWH’ ~ 2+* IHKDQ ‘WR KDWH’ ~
/LWKSHLNL¸SH&NWL‘WREODPH’
252 chapter four
VKT\PE‘WRH[WLQJXLVKWRGHVWUR\’~ *RWKDIVNLXEDQ‘WRSXVKEDFN
WR UHMHFW’ ~ /LWK VNXPE¸ VN¸EWL ‘WR KXUU\ XS’ ~ 6ODY VNXE_
VNXEDWL‘WRSXOOWRWHDU’
VKWDOE¬U ‘ZRRGHQ VQDUH’ ~ 21 VWROSL ‘EHDP JLUGHU’ /LWK VWXËEDV
‘SRVWSROH’6ODY VWÙOEÙLG
VKWDQJ‘KDUG’~21VWLQJD‘WRSXWWRVWLFN’~/LWKVW©QJLXVW©QJWL‘WR
EHDEOH’VWL±JWL‘WREHFRPHKDUG’/DWYVWL±JWLG
VKWUDS ‘VWDJQDQW JUHHQ RQ SRQGV’ ~ 0+* VWUDI ‘WLJKW’ ~ /LWK SDU
VWUDS®QWL‘WRGUDJRQHVHOIEDFN’
]L‘EODFN’~0+*TXW‘GLUW’2(FZ©DG‘EDG’~ /LWKJ{GD‘VKDPH’
~ 6ODY JDGÙNÙ‘GLVJXVWLQJ’ JDGÙ‘UHSWLOHZRUP’
The most important and significant group of isoglosses

represents the connection of Albanian to Baltic and Slavic. The
following are isoglosses attested both in Baltic and Slavic.
EDOW¬‘VZDPSPDUVKGLUWHDUWK’~ /LWKE¢OWDV‘ZKLWH’~ 6ODY EROWR

‘VZDPSPDUVK’
EUHGK ‘WR MXPS WR VSULQJ’ ~ /LWK EUHQG¸ EU®VWL ‘WR ZDGH WR IRUG’
6ODY EUHG_ EUHVWLLG
GDQJ¬‘EHOO\’~ /LWKGDQJ£‘WDEOHFORWKFRYHU’/DWYGD±JD‘SXGGOH
PDUVKODQG’~ 6ODY G_JD‘DUF’
GLN¬‘GHVLUHOXVW’~/LWKGmNDV‘LGOHHPSW\’~ 6ODY GLNÙ‘ZLOG’
HQG‘WRZHDYH’~/LWKL±GDV‘YHVVHO’/DWYHQGDV‘SDUWRIVOHGJH’~
6ODY _GD‘ILVKLQJURG’
IODVKN¬W‘VOXJJLVKODPH’~/LWKSO²Nh¨LDV‘IODW’~ 6ODY SORVNÙLG
6ODY SOR[Ù‘IODWEDGHYLOSRRU’
JDPXOH‘KHDS’~ /LWKJ¦PXODV‘EDOHOXPS’~ 6ODY JRPRODLG
JUHOO¬ ‘GHHS SODFH’ ~ /LWK JXUNOmV ‘FURS’ 23UXV JXUFOH ‘WKURDW’ ~
6ODY JÙUGORLGFIDOVR ÊHUGOR‘ULYHUEHGRSHQLQJ’
NHW¬U ‘VTXLUUHO GRUPRXVH’ ~ /LWK NXRNDV ‘GDQFH’ UHFRQVWUXFWHG
IURP NXRN®Q^ ‘GDQFLQJ SDUW\’ ~ 6ODY VNDNDWL ‘WR MXPS WR
VSULQJ’
NROO¬‘FRXJK’~/LWKNRVXOmVLG~ 6ODY NDhOÚLG
NUHK~NUHI‘WRFRPE’~/LWKJU{EWL‘WRUDNH’~6ODY JUHE_ JUHEWL
‘WRURZWRUDNH’
ODW¬‘VPDOOD[H’~ /LWKO²SHWDLG23UXVORSWR~ 6ODY ORSDWDLG
OHVK ~ OHVKQD ‘ZRRO IOHHFH KDLU’ ~ /LWK ODæhNDV ‘OHDI’ /DWY ODæhND
‘OHDIRQDOLQHQVWDONVWDON’~6ODY OLVWÙ‘OHDI’
O¬JDW¬‘PDUVK’~ /LWKOLJDVLG~ 6ODY OXÊD‘SRRO’
vocabulary 253
O¬PVK~ODPVK‘EDOORIZRROWKUHDGJOREHRIHDUWKSRROVSHOOHW’

~ /DWY OHPHVLV ‘VKDUS HGJH RI WKH SORXJK’ 6ODY OHPHhÚ
‘SORXJKVKDUH’
OO¬QM¬]‘PXGVLOW’~ /LWKVOLQDV‘VDOLYDPXFXVVOLPH’~6ODY VOLQD
‘VDOLYD’
PDN¬ ‘JOXH VFXP VNLQ RQ WKH PLON RU RWKHU OLTXLGV’ ~ /LWK
PDN©QWL ‘WR ZDON WKURXJK D VZDPS’ ~ 6ODY PRNUÙ ‘ZHW’
PRNQ_WL‘WREHFRPHZHW’
QGXONHP‘WRULSHQ’~/LWKWHONL¸WHËNWL‘WRJDWKHUWREULQJWRJHWKHU’
~ 6ODY WHONWL‘WREHDWWRSRXQG’
SLGK ‘IHPDOH SXGHQGD’ ~ 23UXV SHLVGD ‘ERWWRP’ ~ 6ODY SL]GD
‘IHPDOHSXGHQGD’
SMHUU‘WREHQGWRLQFOLQH’~/LWKSHUL¸SH¼WL‘WRVWULNH’~ 6ODY SÚU_
SHUWL‘WRSUHVV’
UDQJ¬‘KRPHZRUN’~/LWKUDQN£‘KDQG’SDUDQN£‘JDWKHULQJ’UHQN¸
UL±NWL‘WRJDWKHU’~ 6ODY U_ND‘KDQG’
VKTDUU‘PDUWHQ’~/DWYVNDUD‘FXUO\IXU’~ 6ODY VNRUD‘KLGH’
VKWURK¬~VKWURI¬‘NHQQHO’~ /DWYVWUDMD‘VWDOOFRYHUHGZLWKVWUDZ’
6ODY VWURMÚ‘FRQVWUXFWLRQ’
]YMHUGK ‘WR ZHDQ’ ~ /LWK YHUÊL¸ YH¼ÊWL ‘WR ODFH WR WLH’ /DWY YU]W
‘WRWXUQ’~ 6ODY YHU]WL‘WRELQG’
Separate Albanian-Germanic isoglosses are rather rare:
EDUU¬‘IHWXV’~*PF EDUQDQ‘FKLOG’
ELU‘VRQ’~*RWKEDXU‘VRQ’
GHW ‘VHD’ ~ *PF GWHXSLÈA ‘GHSWK’ 0'X GLHSGH 0/* GSHGH (
GHSWK
* ID̂M ‘WR ILOO WR FUDP WR VXUIHLW’ ~ *PF VSDQQMDQ ‘WR WLJKWHQ’
21VSHQQD
KDOO ‘WURXEOH PLVHU\ SOLJKW VRUURZ’ ~ *PF VNDOOD] ‘WKLQ GU\
VKDOORZ’ ( VKDOORZ DQG [DOOD] ‘ZHDN WLUHG’ 0+* KHO
KHOOHF
KHGK‘WRWKURZWRVKRRW’~ 21VNM²WD2+*VFLRfDQLG
N¬QDT‘WRSOHDVHWRVDWLVI\’~*RWKJDQDK‘WREHHQRXJK’2+*JL
QDKLG
ODVKW¬ ODVK¬ ‘ROG HDUO\ SUHPDWXUH RI IUXLW’ ~ *RWK ODXV ‘HPSW\
ORRVH’
THQJM¬‘EHHKLYH’~*PF [XQDJDQ‘KRQH\’21KXQDQJ2(KXQLJ
2+*KRQDJ
254 chapter four
T\H‘VXPPLWSHDN’~ *RWKJHQSOKODLQH‘KLOO’
UHQG‘WRUXQWRKXUU\’~*RWKULQQDQ‘WRUXQ’21ULQQDLG
VKSHUU ‘WR ZLQ PRQH\ WR JDLQ’ ~ *PF VSDUAMDQ ‘WR OHDYH
XQKDUPHGWRNHHS’21VSDUD2+*VSDUAQ2(VSDULDQ
W\P‘VPRNH’~ *PF ÌXPD]‘EUHDWK’
Lexically, Albanian proves to be particularly close to Baltic.

The following isoglosses demonstrate the specifically close Albanian-
Baltic relations.
DPXOO‘VWDJQDQWRIZDWHU’~/LWKPXËY^‘VLOWPDUVK’P¸OWL‘WRJHW

GLUW\’
EOL~EOî‘OLQGHQ’~ /LWKEOLQG®VEOHQG®V‘6DOL[FDSUHD’
EUH]‘EHOW’~/LWKEULDXQ£‘HGJH’
EX]¬ ‘OLS HQG HGJH EDQN VWLWFK URFN’ ~ /LWK EXG| ‘WUHHIXQJXV
WLQGHUZKHWVWRQH’
GDN‘ELJUDP’~/LWKGY|NWL‘WREUHDWKH’GY¦NDV‘EUHDWK’
GUXDM ~ GUXHM ‘WR EH DIUDLG’ ~ /DWY GUXYDV ‘IHDU’ /LWK GUDXGÊL¸
GUDVWL‘WRIRUELGWRGHWHUWRVFDUHRII’
GUXGKH ‘FUXPE’ ~ /LWK GU¸]JDV ‘VSOLQWHU IUDJPHQW’ GU¸ÊWL ‘WR
EHFRPHZHDN’
ILN‘WRH[WLQJXLVKRIILUHWREULQJPLVIRUWXQHWRUXLQ’~ /LWKSH&NWL
‘WR GHVSLVH WR VFROG’ SmNWL ‘WR EH DQJU\’ /DWY SHæNW ‘WR EH
VSRLOW’
JDQG ‘DFFLGHQW YLFH GHIHFW’ ~ /LWK JD±GDV ‘UXPRU’ JD±GLQWL ‘WR
IULJKWHQ’/DWYJD±GêW‘WRVSRLO’
JDUJXOO‘IXOO’~ /LWKJD¼JDODVJDUJ¶ODV‘WKLFNHQLQJNQRWWHGWKUHDG
WKUHDG’
JUDY¬ ‘FDYH GHQ ODLU’ ~ /LWK JULRY£ /DWY JUDYD JP U¨DYD ‘UDYLQH
SUHFLSLWRXVYDOOH\’23UXVJUDXZXV‘VLGH’
JMLMH‘VWDEOHKRXVH’~/LWKVHQD‘ZDOO’/DWYVLHl QDLG
KDO¬‘ILVKERQHVSOLQWHUSLQH’~/LWKVNDO£‘VWLFNRIILUHZRRG’/DWY
VNDOD‘VSOLQWHUXVHGWRIXUQLVKOLJKW’
LN¬M‘WRJRDZD\WRUXQDZD\’~/LWKH&NH&NLLPSHU‘JR’
MHUP ‘GHOLULXP DEVHQWPLQGHGQHVV’ ~ /LWK H¼PDV ‘PRQVWHU’ /DWY
?UPV‘ZRQGHUIXODSSDULWLRQ’?UPL‘ZRQGHUVPLUDFOHV’
NDSWK‘SDWKPRXQWDLQSDWK’~/LWKN¦SDV‘JUDYH’NRS£‘GXQH’/DWY
N¦SD‘GXQH’
N¬SXUGK¬‘IXQJXVPXVKURRP’~/LWKNªSXU^‘FDS’/DWYF?SXUHLG
NRW‘XVHOHVVYDLQ’~/LWKNRNW¸V‘GLVJXVWLQJ’
vocabulary 255
NUXS‘WRORDWKH’~/LWKNUDXS¸V‘HDVLO\VFDUHG’NUXS¸VLGNUgSWL‘WR
VFDUH’
NXOS¬U~NXOS¬Q‘LY\FOHPDWLV’~/LWKN®OSD‘ORRS’/DWYFLËSDLG
NXQJXOO‘PDUURZSXPSNLQERWWOH’~/LWKNX±NXODV‘EXEEOH
OH SDUWLFOH RI MXVVLYH ~ /LWK OD& SDUWLFOH RI RSWDWLYH DQG
SHUPLVVLYH/DWYO£LOHî23UXVODL
OHU¬‘GLUWPXG’~/LWKOD-U^‘GLUW\SHUVRQ’
OLO¬ ‘VPDOO LURQ ULQJ ORRSULQJ OLQN’ ~ /LWK OH&ODV ‘WKLQ VXSSOH
IOH[LEOH’
ORTH‘SHQLVWHVWLFOHV’~ /LWKOLDXN£‘JODQG’
PDO‘PRXQWDLQ’~ /LWKPDO£‘ODQG’/DWYPDOD‘EDQNVKRUH’
PLV‘OLPEPHPEHU’~/LWKP®NODV‘VXSSOH’PLWU¸VLG
PRGKXOO‘YHWFKFKLFNOLQJFKLFNSHD’~/LWKPDÊ¸OLV‘VPDOO’
PXJXOO ‘VKRRW EXG VSURXW’ ~ /LWK PXJXODV RQ ZKLFK PXJXOL·RWL
‘WRPRYH’
PXUJ ‘GDUN JUH\’ ~ /LWK P¢UJDV ‘PXOWLFRORUHG’ PLUJ·RWL ‘WR
VSDUNOHWRVKLQH’/DWYPLUJD‘JOHDP’P¸UJV‘IDQWDVWLFLPDJH’
QGHV‘WRKDYHWURXEOHV’~ /LWKG£N\WL‘WRPL[XSWRSXWLQGLVRUGHU’
G£NQ\WLLGG£NDQRWLLG
QJU\GK~QJULGK‘WRZRUNXSWRIRPHQWWRIHUPHQW’UHIO‘WREHLQ
KHDWRIKRUVHV’~/LWKJUgÊLXJUgVWL‘WRVWDPSWRSXQFK’/DWY
JUûVWLG
QJXO‘WRWKUXVWLQWRVWLFNLQ’~ /LWKN¸OWL‘WRWKUHVK’/DWYNXËW‘WR
VWULNH’
SHOT ‘WR VWLU XS ZDWHU’ ~ /LWK SHON{WL ‘WR EHFRPH PDUVK\’ S©ONH•
‘PDUVKVZDPS’/DWYSHËFH‘SXGGOH’SHOFêW‘WRXULQDWH’
SOLVK‘NLQGRIUHHG3KUDJPLWHVFRPPXQLV’~/LWKSOL h®V‘UHHG’
TDV‘WRDSSURDFK’~ /LWKNH¨L¸N|VWL‘WRVWUHWFK’
TLN¬O‘SRLQWVSLNHSHDN’~ /LWKNNXODV‘OXPSFOXVWHU’/DWYF?NXOV
‘IRUHORFNFOXVWHU’
TXUUD‘VQRWVQLYHO’~ /LWKhOL¸UWL‘WREHFRPHGLUW\’
UUDJ‘DSURQ’~ /LWKVU·RJD‘VNHLQKDQNWXIWKDLUORFN’VUDXJDLG
UUHN‘WRVWUDLQWRERWKHU’~ /LWKUHLN£‘QHHGQHFHVVLW\’UHæNWL‘WREH
QHFHVVDU\’
UURM‘WROLYHWRVWD\’~ /LWKU²MXU²WL‘WRFRSHWREHUHDG\’
VXUP¬‘GDUNJUH\’~/LWKhL¼PDV‘JUH\’
WHVKD ‘EHORQJLQJV XWHQVLOV WKLQJV’ ~ /LWK WLHVL¸ WLVWL ‘WR PDNH
ULJKWWREXLOGWRVHW’WHLV¸V‘ULJKW’
W¬U¬ ~ WDQ¬ ‘ZKROH DOO’ ~ /LWK WY®QWL ‘WR ULVH WR VZHOO RI ZDWHU’
WY¦QDV‘IORRG’
256 chapter four
WUDVK¬‘WKLFNIDW’~/LWKWUuh¸V‘IDWIHUWLOHRIVRLO’
WKLUU‘VRRW’~/LWKhL¼YDV‘JUD\’
YHU]¬‘JLOOEUDQFKLD’~/LWKYDUO|‘IURJ’ YDUG|/DWYYUGH
]RUU¬‘JXW’~ /LWKÊDUQ£LG
Separate Albanian-Slavic isoglosses are not as frequent as

Baltic ones:
EDF ‘HOGHU EURWKHU XQFOH’ ~ 6ODY EDW’D EDWMD ‘HOGHU EURWKHU

IDWKHU’
EDKH‘VOLQJ’~6ODY ERMÚ‘ILJKW’
EUHGK‘ILUWUHH’~6ODY EUHGÙ‘ZLOORZ’
EUX]‘EOXHLQGLJR’~ 6ODY EUXGÙ‘GLUW’ EUXGÚQÙ‘GLUW\’
GU\GK¬W ‘HDV\ WR SODQH RI ZRRG’ ~ 6ODY GU\]JDWL GUX]JDWL ‘WR
VTXHH]HWRFUXVK’
IOH~IOê‘WRVOHHS’~ 6ODY OpM_ OpMDWL‘WRGR]HWRVOXPEHU’
KX~Kû‘SLFNHWVWDNHSROHSHQLV’~6ODY [XMÚ‘SHQLV’
NDOOL‘HDURIJUDLQ’~ 6ODY NROVÙ‘HDURIJUDLQ’
NHGK‘NLG’~ 6ODY NR]D‘VKHJRDW’
NRK¬‘WLPH’~6ODY ¨DVÙLG
OR]‘WRPRYHWRVKDNHWRSOD\’~6ODY ODGÙ‘RUGHUSHDFH’ ODGLWL
‘WRPDNHRUGHUWRPDNHSHDFH’
OXJ ‘WURXJK ZDWHUWURXJK ORQJ JXWWHU SLSH’ OXJ¬ ‘VSRRQ’ ~ 6ODY
OÙJD‘VSRRQEODGH’ OÙÊLFDLG
PDUGK¬‘FKLOOIURVWLFH’~ 6ODY PRU]Ù‘IURVW’
PDUUW¬‘PXUN\FORXG\GLPGXOO’~6ODY PRU[Ù‘GXVNIRJ’
PLU¬‘JRRG’~6ODY PLUÙ‘SHDFH’
QJH‘WLPHOHLVXUHFKDQFHRSSRUWXQLW\’~6ODY JRGÙ‘WLPH\HDU’
QJURK~QJURI‘WRZDUP’~ 6ODY JUpM_ JUpWLLG
VKNDUGK¬ ‘GRJ FKDLQ D ORQJ VWLFN DWWDFKHG WR D GRJ’V QHFN WR
SUHYHQWLWIURPELWLQJLWVPDVWHU’~ 6ODY MÚ]JRUGD‘IHQFH’
VKWUHS‘PDJJRWODUYD’~ 6ODY VWUXSÙ‘ZRXQGVFDESRLVRQ’
WMHW¬U‘RWKHU’~6ODY HWHUÙ‘VRPHVRPHERG\’
WUDS‘IHUU\’~ 6ODY WURSD‘SDWK’
WUHV‘WRPHOWWRORRVHQWRGLVVROYH’~ 6ODY WUDWM_ WUDWLWL‘WRVSHQG
WRZDVWH’
,VRJORVVHV ZLWK :HVWHUQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ /DQJXDJHV

7KHVH DUH UDWKHU UDUH 6HSDUDWH *HUPDQLF$OEDQLDQ LVRJORVVHV DUH LQ
vocabulary 257
IDFWXQNQRZQ7KHUHLVRQO\RQH,WDOR&HOWLF$OEDQLDQLVRJORVV&HOWLF
$OEDQLDQLVRJORVVVHVDUHQHDUO\DVUDUH
The only isogloss where both Italic and Celtic are engaged is
the following:
EOHUW¬ ‘JUHHQ’ ~ /DW IOAUXV ‘VKLQLQJ EULJKW’ 2,U EO¢U ‘JUD\’ :

EODZULG
The following are the known Celtic-Albanian parallels:
*E¬UVKê‘MXQLSHU’ HEXUXVD~2,ULEDULG*DXOLVKHEXUR
GHP ‘\RXQJ EXOO’ ~ 2,U GDP ‘R[’ SUREDEO\ DOVR Gk FCOCNQX
‘FDOI’
UUD‘EHOO\ZRUP’~ 2,UIULJH‘YHUPLQIOHVKZRUP’
K¬Q¬ ~ KDQ¬ ‘PRRQ’ ~ &HOW NDQGR : FDQQ ‘ZKLWH’ 0%UHW FDQQ
‘IXOOPRRQ’
VKRW¬‘ELJGXFN’~ :KZ\DGLG2&RUQKRHWLG%UHWKRXDWLG
YHUU ‘DOGHU’ %UHW JZHUQ LG : JZHUQHQ LG 0,U IHUQ LG FI DOVR
$UPJHUDQ‘EHDPWLPEHU’
,VRJORVVHV ZLWK 6RXWKHDVWHUQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV

7KHVH LVRJORVVHV LOOXVWUDWH WKH LQWHUPHGLDU\ SRVLWLRQ RI $OEDQLDQ
EHWZHHQ%DOWR6ODYLFDQGWKHODQJXDJHVRIWKH6RXWKHDVWHUQDUHD0DQ\
RI WKHP OHDYH DQ LPSUHVVLRQ RI EHLQJ VHFRQGDU\ EHWWHU H[SODLQHG E\
ODWHU OLQJXLVWLF FRQWDFWV EHWZHHQ 3URWR$OEDQLDQ DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU
3URWR*UHHNSUREDEO\VRPHZKHUHLQWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWRIWKH%DONDQV
Isoglosses connecting Albanian with the whole South-Eastern

group are very few:
QMHUL‘PDQSHUVRQKXPDQEHLQJ’~6NWQ¢U‘PDQ’~ GkCPJTLG~
$UPD\ULGEXWFI/DW1HUA
VKTHUUDVKWMHUUDSO‘ODPEV’~6NWVWDUÀå‘EDUUHQFRZ’~$UPVWHUÎ
‘VWHULOHEDUUHQ’~GkUVGK`TCLG
Indo-Greek parallels to Albanian are also not very numerous:
HQG‘SROOHQ’~6NW¢QGKDV‘KHUE’~ GkCPSQX‘IORZHU’
258 chapter four
IHQG‘WRIDUW’~6NWVSDQGDWH‘WRVKLYHU’~GkUHCFC\Y‘WRVKLYHU
WRWUHPEOH’
JMHU‘WLOO’~$YD\DU‘GD\’~ GkJ?TK J?GTK ‘HDUO\’FIDOVR*PF
DLUL]‘EHIRUHHUH’
JMHVK‘WR NQHDG’ JMHVK‘WR NQHDG’ ~6NW \¢V\DWL‘WR ERLO’ ~ Gk\GY
‘WRERLOWRFRRN’
NROP¬ ‘SUHWW\ ZLQVRPH’ ~ 6NW NDO\¢ ‘KHDOWK\’ ~ Gk +RP MCNQX
‘EHDXWLIXO’
QGDM~QGD̂M‘WRGLYLGHWRVHSDUDWH’~6NWG¢\DWHLGGdWL‘WRFXWWR
GLYLGH’~ GkFCKQOCK‘WRGLYLGH’
YHUU¬ ‘KROH’ ~ 6NW XU· ‘ZLGH’ Y¢UDV ‘VSDFH ZLGWK’ ~ Gk GWTWX
‘ZLGH’
]¬~]D̂ ‘WRVHL]HWRJUDVSWRWRXFK’~6NWM\d‘IRUFHSRZHU’M¢\DWL
‘WRZLQWRFRQTXHU’~GkDKJ‘SRZHU’
Greco-Armenian isoglosses with Albanian are as follows:
GKL‘VKHJRDW’~$UPD\FLG~ GkCKELG
GKXQ¬‘ODERUSDLQVVKDPHGLVJUDFH’~$UPHUNQ‘ODERUSDLQV’~Gk
QFWPJLG
¬QG¬UU ~ DQG¬UU ‘GUHDP VOHHS’ ~ $UP DQRZUÎ LG ~ Gk QPGKTQP
QPGKTQXLG
PH ‘LQVXIILFLHQFH ODFN LQVXIILFLHQW VFDQW\ QRW IXOO’ ~ $UP PDQU
‘VPDOO WKLQ’ ~ Gk OCPW OKMTQP
#SCOC`PGX +HV OCPQX
‘WKLQ’
P\N¬‘EDFNHGJHRINQLIH’~ $UPP[HP‘WRSXWLQWRWRLQVHUW’~
GkOWZQX‘LQQHUPRVWSDUW’
The amount of Greek-Albanian separate isoglosses is

surprisingly high, especially if compared with similar Indo-Albanian and
Armeno-Albanian lists. This particular proximity can be probably
explained by intense secondary contacts of two proto-dialects.
DJ‘WZLOLJKWGXVN’~GkCWIJ‘UD\RIOLJKW’
DUU¬ ‘ZDOQXWWUHH ZDOQXW’ ~ *N CTWC VC> *
TCMNGYVKMC> MCTWC
+HV
EDMJ¬‘GXQJ’~GkDQNDKVQP‘FRZGXQJ’
EDWK¬‘EURDGEHDQ’~ GkHCMJ`‘GLVKRIOHQWLOV’HCMQX‘OHQWLO’
E¬M~ED̂M‘WRGRWRPDNH’~GkHCKPY‘WRDSSHDU’
vocabulary 259
ELP¬‘SODQW’~ GkHWÒC‘SODQW’
EOL~EOî‘VWXUJHRQ’~GkDNGPPQXLG
çDQG¬U‘SURSVXSSRUW’~GkMGPVTQP‘JRDGVSXU’
GDO‘WRJRRXW’~GkSCNNY‘WREORRP’ ‘WRDSSHDUWRFRPHRXW’
GDUN¬‘VXSSHU’~GkFQTRQPLG
GHUL‘WRXSWRWLOO’~GkFGW`TQFGW`TGFGWTK ‘KHUH’
GHUU‘SLJ’~ GkZQK`TQXLG
G\OO¬‘ZD[’~GkZWNQX‘MXLFH’
GKDOO¬~GKDOOW¬‘EXWWHUPLON’~GkICNC‘PLON’
HOE‘EDUOH\’~GkCNHK‘NLQGRIJUDLQ’
HUGKDDRU‘FDPH’~ GkGTZQOCK‘WRFRPH’
¬QG¬ ~ DQG¬ ‘DSSHWLWH GHVLUH ZLVK’ ~ Gk CPVCK CPGOQK CPVCX
RPQCX+HV
IDU¬‘VHHGVHPHQNLQ’~GkURQTC‘VHHG’
JUXD~JUXH‘ZRPDQZLIH’GkITCW`X‘ROGZRPDQ’
KHT ~ KHN ‘WR GUDZ WR SXOO’ ~ Gk QNMGY FDXVDWLYH RI GNMY ‘WR
GUDZ’
KXGK¬U‘JDUOLF’~GkUMQTQFQPLG
MHW¬ ‘OLIH’ ~ Gk GVGQX ‘true, real’, GVC CNJSJ` CICSC (Hes.),
GVC\Y ‘to test’.
NHP‘LQFHQVH’~GkMCRPQX‘VPRNH’
NHT‘EDGHYLO’~GkMCMQX‘EDG’DQG3KU\JNDNRVLG
NU\H‘KHDG’~GkMTCPKQP‘VNXOOKHDG’
OHU¬‘KHDSRIVWRQHVSHEEOHEDQN’~GkNCWTC ‘DOOH\SDVVEHWZHHQ
URFNV’
OXP¬‘ULYHU’~GkNWÒC‘GLUW’
PMDOF¬‘EHH’~GkOGNKUUCLG
PRV‘QRW’~GkOJVG‘DQGQRW’
QGHVK‘WRPHHW’~GkFJY‘WRILQG’
QG\M~QG\HM‘WRPDNHGLUW\WRVRLOWRGLSWRLPPHUVH’~ GkFWY
‘WRVLQNWRFDXVHWRVLQNWRSOXQJHLQ’
S¬USMHW¬ ‘ULVLQJ XSKLOO ULVH VORSH XS’ ~ Gk RTQRGVJX ‘SURPL
QHQW’RTQRGVQOCK‘WRIO\IRUZDUGV’
SULVK‘WRGHVWUR\WRVSRLOWRZDVWH’~GkRTKY‘WRVDZ’
SXT‘WRILWWRJHWKHU’~GkRWMC‘WKLFNO\VWURQJO\’RWMPQX ‘WKLFN
VWURQJ’
UUHM~UUêM‘WRGHFHLYH’~GkCTPGQOCK‘WROLH’
UUXP‘FODSSHUPDL]HFREVWULSSHGRIFRUQV’~GkTCOPQX‘WKRUQ\
EXVK’
UUXVK‘JUDSH’~GkTCELG
260 chapter four
WKHN ‘WR URDVW WR WRDVW EUHDG’ ~ Gk MGIMGK RGKPC`^ MCIMQOGPJX

EJTC`X VY`^ HQDY^ (Hes.), RQNWMCIMJX ‘burning strongly’
(Hom.).
WKHOO¬‘GHHSGDUNRIFRORU’~GkMQK`NQX‘KROORZ’
XM¬‘ZDWHU’ XGUM~GkWFTKC‘ZDWHUEXFNHW’
The number of Armeno-Albanian separate parallels is

insignificant.
HUJM¬]‘\RXQJORXVH’~ $UPRUÎLO‘ORXVH’
JMLWK¬‘DOO’~ $UPH]LGERWKIURP VHP½KR
SDK‘VFDEGXVW’~ $UPKRJL‘EUHDWK’ERWKIURP SRÆR
WULP‘KHUR’‘EUDYHFRXUDJHRXV’~ $UPDUP‘\RXQJIUHVKJUHHQ’
Indo-Iranian parallels to Albanian are more numerous.

Remarkably, some of them are connected with horse-keeping, horse-
breeding and milk products:
EDG¬U‘QDUFLVVXVGDIIRGLO’~6NWEK¢VWU‘EHOORZV’
¬PE¬O~DPE¬O‘VZHHW’~6NWDPO¢‘VRXU’
JMHP‘EULGOH’~ 6NW\¢PDLG
JM\VK‘JUDQGIDWKHU’~6NWV ¿d‘SURJHQLWRU’
KLUU¬‘ZKH\’~6NWN¿U¢‘PLON’2VVHWæ[hLULG
N¬UU ‘GRQNH\ DVV IRDO JUD\’ ~ 6NW NK¢UD ‘GRQNH\’ $Y [DUA LG
6F\WK [DUD2VVHW[æUæJLG
PXW‘H[FUHPHQW’~6NWPXNW¢‘UHOHDVHG’
WUX~WUû‘EUDLQ’~ 6NWW¢UXoD‘\RXQJWHQGHU’$YWDXUXQD‘\RXQJ’
FIDOVRGkVGTJP‘WHQGHU’VGTWCUSGPGXNGRVQP+HV
WKDG¬U‘DNLQGRIGRXEOHVLGHGD[H’~ 6NWyDVWU¢‘NQLIHVZRUG’
]RW‘ORUGPDVWHUJRG’~6NWYLySDWL‘ORUGRIWKHKRXVH’
,VRJORVV ZLWK 7RFKDULDQ 7KHUH LV RQO\ RQH OH[LFDO LVRJORVV
OLQNLQJ$OEDQLDQWR7RFKDULDQEXWLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQW
NXVK‘ZKR’~ 7RFK$NXVLG%NXVHLGERWKIURP áXVR

vocabulary 261
6HOHFWHGVHPDQWLFILHOGVLQ$OEDQLDQ
6RPHRIWKHOH[LFDOILHOGVFDQEHRILPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRI
WKH3URWR$OEDQLDQFXOWXUHLWVRULJLQDOKRPHODQGDQGHDUOLHVWFRQWDFWV
%HORZVHYHUDOVXFKOH[LFDOJURXSVDUHGHVFULEHG
/LWHUDWXUH3,6$1,6DJJLSDVVLP7$*/,$9,1,6WUDWLILFD]LRQHSDVVLP
.LQVKLS WHUPV 7KH HQWLUH V\VWHP RI ,QGR(XURSHDQ NLQVKLS

WHUPVZDVFRPSOHWHO\UHVKDSHGLQ3URWR$OEDQLDQDSSDUHQWO\UHIOHFWLQJ
D UDGLFDO VRFLDO FKDQJH 7KH RQO\ UHPDLQLQJ WHUPV NHHSLQJ WKHLU
RULJLQDOIXQFWLRQDUHWKRVHRIWKHSDUHQWVLQODZDQGVRQLQODZ

/DW VRFUXV LG 3UREDEO\ PRUSKRORJLFDOO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH
PDVFXOLQHIRUP
YMHK¬UU ‘IDWKHULQODZ’ (3$ VZH[XUD ZLWK DVVLPLODWLRQ
,( VÆHXURVLG6NWyY¢yXUD‘IDWKHULQODZ’*NGMWTQXLG
$ GDXJKWHULQODZ LV VLPSO\ GHVFULEHG DV ‘QHZ’ H UHMD FI IURP WKLV
SRLQWRIYLHZ6ODY QHYpVWDLIUHODWHGWR QHÆ‘QHZ’
2OGWHUPVIRUSDUHQWVZHUHUHSODFHGZLWKQHZ/DOOZµUWHURIZKLFKWKH
ZRUGIRUIDWKHUFDQEHKRZHYHUWUHDWHGDVDQ,QGR(XURSHDQGLDOHFWDO
WHUP
Q¬Q¬~ QDQ¬ ‘PRWKHU’ D /DOOZRUWRI %DONDQLF RULJLQ FI 6&U QDQD

LG5XPQDQ:LG
¬P¬~ DP¬‘PRWKHU’.
DW¬‘IDWKHU’(3$ DWD+LWWDWWDLG/DWDWWDLG6ODY RWÚFÚLG
7KHROGWHUPIRU‘PRWKHU’ZDVUHWDLQHGEXWFKDQJHGVHPDQWLFDOO\

OJVJT/DWPWHU
262 chapter four
7KLV FKDQJH ZDV REYLRXVO\ D SDUW RI D VWUXFWXUDO VKLIW LQ WKH NLQVKLS
V\VWHPDIIHFWLQJIHPDOHUHODWLYHVLQVRIDUDVWKHRULJLQDO,QGR(XURSHDQ
WHUPIRU‘VLVWHU’EHFDPHDJHQHUDOWHUPIRU‘JLUO’LQJHQHUDO
R\U/DWVRURU
7KHZRUGIRU‘EURWKHU’ZKLFKUHSODFHG,( EKUWHUPLJKWLQIDFWEHD
YHU\ROGDUFKDLVPXVLQJWZRDQFLHQWVRFLDOWHUPV VÆHDQG OHXGK

$GGLWLRQDO ZRUGV IRU ‘HOGHU EURWKHU’’XQFOH’‘IDWKHU’ VHHPV WR EH

LQQRYDWLYH/DOOZµUWHU
DS¬‘HOGHUEURWKHUGDG’(3$ DS
EDF ‘HOGHU EURWKHU XQFOH’ (3$ EDWMD FORVH WR 6ODY EDW’D ~
EDWMD‘HOGHUEURWKHUIDWKHU’
7HUPVIRU‘VRQ’DQG‘GDXJKWHU’UHSUHVHQWDQ,QGR(XURSHDQORFDOLVP
ELU‘VRQ’(3$ ELUD*RWKEDXU‘VRQ’,( EKHUR

ELO¬ELM¬‘GDXJKWHU’(3$ ELULOGHULYHGIURPELU‘VRQ’
&IDOVRDFORVHO\UHODWHGDQFLHQWZRUGIRU‘FKLOG’DV‘VXFNOLQJ’
‘VRQ’/DWIOLXVLG
6HFRQG GHJUHH EORRG NLQVKLS ZDV DSSDUHQWO\ LUUHOHYDQW LQ WKH 3URWR
$OEDQLDQVRFLDOVWUXFWXUH$OOFRUUHVSRQGLQJWHUPVKDYHEHHQERUURZHG
IURP/DWLQ
XQJM‘XQFOH’Õ/DWDYXQFXOXV‘PDWHUQDOXQFOH’
PEHV¬‘QLHFHJUDQGGDXJKWHU’Õ/DWQHSAWLDLG
vocabulary 263
6RFLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ ,Q 3URWR$OEDQLDQ VRPH EDVLF WHUPV

ZHUHSUHVHUYHGWKRXJKZLWKUDGLFDOFKDQJHVLQIXQFWLRQZKLFKUHIOHFW
D VRFLDO VWUXFWXUH LQ ZKLFK WKH QRWLRQ RI ‘KRXVH’ DV ‘NLQXQLILHU’ LV RI
SDUWLFXODULPSRUWDQFH
‘GZHOOLQJKRXVH’
KRXVH’
]RQM¬ ‘ODG\’ (3$ ZLWhSDWQM IHPLQLQH IRUPDWLRQ UHODWHG WR
]RW
1RWKLQJ FDQ EH VDLG DERXW WKH SROLWLFDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH 3URWR
$OEDQLDQV $OO $OEDQLDQ SROLWLFDO WHUPLQRORJ\ LV ERUURZHG PDLQO\
IURP /DWLQ +RZHYHU LPSRUWDQW HOHPHQWV RI $OEDQLDQ YHQGHWWD DQG
UHODWHG FRPPRQ ODZ PD\ ZHOO UHIOHFW FHUWDLQ DUFKDLF ,QGR(XURSHDQ
SDWWHUQV
7KH OH[LFRQ RI HFRQRPLF H[FKDQJH LQ 3URWR$OEDQLDQ LV HQWLUHO\

VHFRQGDU\%DVLFZRUGVVXFKDV‘WREX\’DQG‘WRVHOO’DUHORDQZRUGVRU
QHZO\EXLOWPHWDSKRUV

VKHV‘WRVHOO’(3$ LhDJWMD,( D½‘WRGULYH’
$OEDQLDQ UHOLJLRXV QRWLRQV DUH KDUGO\ RSHQ WR UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ <HW WKH
ZRUGSHU¬QGL‘*RG’FRXOGFDVWVRPHOLJKWRQWKLVSUREOHP,WDSSHDUVWR
EHDGHYHUEDWLYHRISHU¬QGRM‘WRVHWRIWKHVXQ’ZKLFKLQLWVWXUQKDV
EHHQERUURZHGIURP/DWSDUHQWUH‘WREULQJDVDFULILFHWRWKHGHDGWR
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RIWKHOH[LVDERXQGVLQ5RPDQFHDQG*UHHNORDQV7KHQDPHRIWKHVHD
264 chapter four
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vocabulary 265

VKWUDS‘VWDJQDQWJUHHQRQSRQGV’(3$ VWUDSD0+*VWUDI‘WLJKW’
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266 chapter four
‘IRUHVW’ZDVERUURZHGIURPD5RPDQFHWHUPIRU‘VZDPS’SUHVXPDEO\
ZKHQWKH3URWR$OEDQLDQVUHDFKHGWKHORZODQGVRIWKH$GULDWLFVKRUH
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vocabulary 267
VKHOJ‘ZLOORZ’Õ/DWVDOL[LG
7KH JHQHUDO LPSUHVVLRQ RI WKLV VHPDQWLF JURXS LV WKDW QHZO\ DFTXLUHG
WUHHQDPHVPRVWO\UHIHUWRSODQWVKLVWRULFDOO\ORFDWHGLQPRUHVRXWKHUQ
DQGVRXWKHDVWHUQJHRJUDSKLF]RQHV
*HRJUDSKLF WHUPLQRORJ\ 0RXQWDLQV ,Q WKLV JURXS EDVLF

QRWLRQVDUHRIGLVWLQFWO\3URWR$OEDQLDQRULJLQ
JXU‘VWRQHURFN’(3$ JXUD,( ÞHUi‘PRXQWDLQ’6NWJLU$Y

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LQWKHPRXQWDLQVDUHERUURZHG&IWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHV

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ULYHUVEXWGHILQLWHO\QRWLQWKHKLJKPRXQWDLQVRIWKH%DONDQVZLWKWKHLU
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268 chapter four
P©OÊLXP©OÊWLLG
WHU‘EXOO’(3$ WDXUD*NVCW`TQXLG/DWWDXUXVLG/LWKWD-UDV
LG6ODY WXUÙLG
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2+*UDG
3+21(7,&7$%/(6∗
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,QGR(XURSHDQ (DUO\3URWR$OEDQLDQ
D D
R D
r D
i w HUDUH
q Ø DIWHUDVWUHVVHGYRZHO
H H
L L
X X

!
A A

DL DL
RL DL
HL HL
DX DX
RX DX
HX HX
∗
Not all combinatorial changes are included. For the development of clusters see the
main text. Modern Albanian is represented by the Tosk dialect.
270 phonetic tables
)URP3URWR$OEDQLDQWRPRGHUQ$OEDQLDQ7RVN
(DUO\3URWR$OEDQLDQ $OEDQLDQ7RVN
D
r HE\XPODXW
D w ¬ØXQVWUHVVHG
q ¬EHIRUHQDVDOV
MHLH
r HEHIRUH G] WV QG QW PE
u HDIWHUFçJMTOU
u MDEHIRUH LRIWKHQH[WV\OODEOH
H w DMDDIWHUJM
u LEHIRUHPVLELODQWRUDIIULFDWH
u LGXHWRPRUSKRQRORJLFDOIDFWRUV
q ¬LUUHJXODUO\EHIRUHQDVDOV
L
L 8 \EHIRUHDODELDO
X X
r R
w XDEHIRUHUDQGQDVDOV
q \HEHIRUHQODQGDIURQWYRZHO
r H
A w YHLQDQODXW
q XDEHIRUHUDQGQDVDOV
L
\
r LLQDXVODXW
w LEHIRUHDQGDIWHUODELDOV
q LEHIRUH MDQG LRIWKHQH[WV\OODEOH
DL H
HL L
r D
DX w HE\XPODXW
q ¬ØXQVWUHVVHG
HX H
phonology 271
6RQRUDQWV
D
D
â 8 LOEHIRUHFRQVRQDQWDOFOXVWHUV L M

XO
8 LUEHIRUHFRQVRQDQWDOFOXVWHUV L M

XU
M M
Æ Z
P P
Q Q
O O
U U
LO LOOL
XO XOOX
LU LUUL
XU XUUX
JMDQODXWEHIRUH D H A
r MDQODXWEHIRUH X
*j w Ø LQODXWDIWHUIURQWYRZHOV
q [LQODXWDIWHUQRQIURQWYRZHOV
*w 8 YDQODXW
Ø (inlaut, absorbed by long vowels)
P
*m 8 PEDXVODXWLUUHJXODUO\
r QDQODXW
Q w ULQODXWDIWHUXQVWUHVVHGYRZHOV
q Ø LQODXWDIWHUVWUHVVHGYRZHOV
272 phonetic tables
*l
8 ODQODXWDQGFOXVWHUV
OOLQODXW
r UUU
U w ULQFOXVWHUV
q Ø (DXVODXWDIWHU H
phonology 273
&RQVRQDQWV
r VDQODXWDQGFOXVWHUV
V w [EHWZHHQYRZHOV
q hDIWHU L X
S S
E E
EK E
W W
G G
GK G
N N
J J
JK J
WV
8 WhEHIRUH X
G]
½ 8 GÊEHIRUH X
½K 8 G]
GÊEHIRUH X
á 8 N
WhEHIRUHIURQWYRZHOVDQG M
Þ 8 J
GÊEHIRUHIURQWYRZHOVDQG M
ÞK 8 J
GÊEHIRUHIURQWYRZHOVDQG M
V JM
[ KØ
h VK
S S
274 phonetic tables
E E
W W
G
G 8 GKEHWZHHQYRZHOVDQGDIWHUU
N N
J J
WV WK
G] 8 GK
GDQODXWLIIROORZHGE\VLELODQWV
Wh V
GÊ ]
,1'(;2)$/%$1,$1)2506
DFDU DUULM
DFLVK DUV\H
DFR DUV\HVK¬P
DFRVK DVDM
DGKXURM DVR
DI¬U DVLVK
DIW¬ DVRVK
DJ DVKN¬
DJMH DVKW
DJM¬QRM DVKW¬
DJM¬URM DW
DK DWD
DL DWê
âM DW¬
DMN¬ DW¬Q
DN¬ DWL
DPE¬O DWLM
DP¬ DWR
DP¬] DW\QH
DPXOO DW\UH
DQG¬ DWK¬W
DQG¬UU DYXM
DQGUUD DYXOO
DQ¬ D\
DQ¬PLN
DQ¬]¬ EDF
DQJ EDG¬U
DQJ¬UU EDGK¬U
DS EDJ¬P
DS¬ EDJ¬WL
DU EDKH
DUD ED̂M
DUE¬Q EDMJ¬
DUE¬U EDNWL
DU¬ EDOç¬P
DUJ¬VK EDOJ¬
DUL EDOVK¬P
DUN EDOW¬
DUP¬ EDOO¬
DUPLN EDOOXQJ¬
DUQRM EDQ¬
DUTLW¬ EDU
DUU¬ EDUGK¬
DUU¬]¬ EDU¬QD
276 index of albanian forms
EDU¬UD EMHU¬

EDUL EMHUU
EDUN EMHVKN¬
EDUN¬ EODW¬
EDUP¬ EOHKXU¬
EDUTH EOHM
EDUXN¬ EOHU¬
EDUU¬ EOHUW¬
EDVKN¬ EOHW¬
EDWK¬ EOL
EH EOî
EHNRM EOLQM
EHOE¬ EOLVKW¬
EHUN EORU¬
EHURQM¬ EORYD
EHUU EOR]¬
EHUUD EOXDM
EHVD EOXHM
EHV¬ ERKHW
E¬M ERM
E¬UUDN¬ EROOH
E¬U¬ EROO¬
E¬UVKê ERQ
E¬UWDV ERU¬
E¬UWHW ERU¬UD
E¬UU\O ERULJ¬
ELH ERUQD
ERUUD
ELJ¬ ERVKW
ELM ERVKWLQM
ELM¬ ERWD
ELM¬] ERW¬
ELO¬ ERYD
ELORQM¬ EUDP
ELP¬ EUHGK
ELQG
ELQGD EUHJ
ELU EUHJMH
ELUD EUHM
ELU¬ EUêM
ELUT EUHMWD
ELUWK EUHN¬
ELUWKD EUHQ
ELVK¬ EUHQGD
ELVKW EUHQJ¬
ELVKWDM¬ EUHVK¬Q
ELVN EUHVK¬U
index of albanian forms 277
EUHVKN¬ FHPW¬
EUHVKW¬ F¬ULM
EUHWN F¬ULO
EUH] F¬ULWD
EUL FHUN
EUî FHUND
EULJMH FHUP¬
EULP¬ FLW¬
EULQ¬ FXE
EULQM FXS
EULU¬ FXUU
EULUWK FXUUD
EULUWK¬
EULVN çDM
EURGKD çDO¬
EUXP¬ çDQG¬U
EUXVKWXOO FDUH
EUXVKWXOOD çDUV
EUX] çDUWD
EU\GK ç¬
EU\P¬ çHO
EXDM çHOD
EXDOO çHP
EXçDV çHUGKH
EXHM çLPN¬
EXHOO çMHUU
EXM çPRM
EûM çRM
EXMN
EXMWD GDF
EûMWD GDFD
EXN¬ GDGDQ
EXN¬O GDM
EXNXU GDN
EXOE¬U GDO
EXO¬
EXON GDOW¬
EXOORJ GDP
EXQJ GDQJ¬
EXQJD GDUND
EXUGK¬ GDUN¬
EXUU¬ GDUVP¬
EXVK GDVP¬
EXVKW¬U GDVK
EXW
EXW¬ GDYD
EX]¬ G¬IWRM
GHJ¬ GLVKN¬
GHK GLVKW¬
GHM GLW
GHO GLWD
GHOO GLW¬
GHP GLW¬]L
GHPD GMDO¬
GHPHVK
GHPL GMDOO
GHQG GMDWK¬
GHQM¬ GMDWK¬UD
GHUGK GMDWKQD
GHU¬ GMDWKW¬
GHUJM GMH
GHUL GMHJ
GHUN
GHUU GMHJ¬
GHUUD GMHO
GHVK GMHOP
GHVKD GMHOP¬]
GHVKW¬ GMHP
GHW GMHUU
GHW\U¬ GMHUV¬
G¬NRM GRJMD
G¬OLU GROD
G¬OLURM GROL
G¬OO¬QM¬ GRUD
G¬OOLQM¬ GRU¬
G¬P GRU¬]DQ¬
G¬US¬QM GRUJMD
G¬UUDV¬ GRV¬
G¬VKLURM GUD
G¬VKPRM GUâ
GL GUDJRQM
GLHM GUDJXD
GLHOO GUDQJ
GLJMD GUDQJMH
GLJMQL GUDQJRM
GLKDV GUDQJXH
GLN¬ GUDS¬Q
GLOMD GUDS¬U
GLOQL GUDSLQM
GLP¬Q GUH
GLP¬U GUê
GLPQD GUHGK
GLPUD GUHGKDOHVK
GLUT GUHJ¬
GUHMW¬ GKDOO¬
GUHN¬ GKDOOW¬
GUHT GKDPE
GUHT¬Q GKDPEH
GUHT¬U GKDPEHVK
GU¬QM¬ GKDPE¬
GULQM¬ GKDP¬
GULWD GKDQG¬U
GULW¬ GKDQGXU¬
GULWK¬ GKDQ¬
GULWK¬UD GKDVK¬
GULWKQD GKDW¬
GUL]¬ GKH
GURGKD GKHPE
GURH GKHPED
GURMWD GKHQD
GURPF¬ GKHUD
GURYD GKH]
GUX GK¬PE
GUû GK¬PEH
GUXDM GK¬PEHVK
GUXDMWD GK¬PE¬
GUXGKH GK¬QG¬U
GUXHM GK¬QGXU¬
GUXVKN GK¬QH
GU\GK¬W GK¬Q¬
GU\VKN GKL
GXD GKLU¬
GXDM GKMDP¬
GXDO GKMDP¬UD
GXDU GKMDPQD
GXH GKMHV
GXHM GKMHW¬
GXHU GKMHYD
GXURM GKXQ¬
GXVKN GKXURM
GXVKTH
G\ HF
G\HU HF¬M
G\OO¬ HFL
G\PE¬GKMHW¬ HGK
G\QG HJM¬OO
G\QGD HJM¬U
G\W¬ HK
G\]HW HKXM
HKXOO
GKD HMD
êM¬ IDMNXH
HOE IDP¬
HOE¬QD IDPXOO
HOE¬UD IDTH
HP IDU¬
HPH IDUN¬
HP¬Q IDW
HP¬U IDWR
HPQD IH
HPUD I¬MHM
HPW¬ IHO¬
HQG IHP¬Q
HQJM¬OO IHP¬U
HQM¬ I¬PLM¬
HUGKD IHQG
HU¬ IHQGD
HU¬QD I¬QG\HO
HU¬UD I¬UJRM
HUJM¬] I¬UNRM
HUU IHUU
HV¬OO IHUU¬
HVK I¬QG\HOO
HVK¬ ILDOH
HVKNH ILN
HVKWD ILND
HVKW¬ ILVKNHP
HVKW¬QD IMDO¬
HVKWQD IMHWD
HVKWUD IODN
HW IODN¬
HW¬Q IODN¬QD
HW¬U IODN¬UD
HWKH IODV
IODVKN¬W
¬M IOH
¬PE¬O IOê
¬P¬ IOHJ¬
¬QG¬ IOHW
¬QG¬UU IOHW¬
¬QGUUD IOL
¬VKW¬ IOî
IORN
IDM IOXJ¬
IâM IOXWXURM
IDMH IRUW¬
IDMNRQM ITLQM¬
IDMNXD IUDT
IUDTQD JDUGKH
IUDTUD JDUGKHVK
IUDVK¬Q JDUGK¬
IUDVK¬U JDU¬
IUH JDUJXOO
IUê JDUULV
IUXHU JDVKW¬
IU\HM JDW¬
IU\M JDWRYD
IU\W JDWXDM
IVKâM JDWXHM
IVKDQD JD]
IVKDW JGKH
IVKDWQD JGKê
IVKDWUD JGKHQG
IVKHK JGKLM
IVKHKD JGKîM
IVKLN¬ JGKLQD
IWRI JGKLYD
IWRK JHU
IWXD JHUD
IWXH J¬OED]¬
IXQG J¬ORM
IXTL J¬ORYD
IXTLVK¬P J¬UçDN
IXUN¬ J¬UGKLM
IXUU J¬UKDV
IXUU¬ J¬UMHS¬
IXUULN J¬UPDGK¬
IXUULT J¬UUHV¬
IXV J¬UU\HM
IXVK¬ J¬UVKDQ¬
I\HOO J¬UVKDV
I\OO J¬UVK¬U¬
I\VKNHP J¬VKWDOO¬
I\W J¬VKWHQM¬
I\W\U¬ J¬WKHS
JLVKW
JDERQM¬ JLVKW¬UD
JDMJ¬ JLVKWQD
JDN JODW¬
JDODPVK JOHGK¬
JDPXOH JOHS¬
JDQG JO¬PE
JDUEH JORT
JDUE¬ JOXK¬
JDUGK JREHOO¬
JRGDV JU\N¬
JRM¬ JXDM
JRM¬OLGKQL JXDOO
JRP¬ JXOçRM
JRUULF¬ JXOWRM
JRV¬ JXQ¬
JUD JXQ¬GKLU¬
JUDED JXU
JUDE¬ JXU¬
JUDELV JXUWK
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WXDM WKLN¬
WXDMD WKLPWK
WXHM WKLPWKD
WXHMD WKLQG
WXO WKLQGD
WXOD WKLQM¬
WXOH WKLUTH
WXQG WKLUU
WXQGD WKMHUP¬
WXULV WKMHUU¬
WXUP¬ WKMHVKW¬
WXUS WKQHJ¬O
WXUVKHM WKRM
WXV WKRP
WKRQM XVKWRM
WKRQM¬] XVKûM
WKRW¬ XVKXQM¬
WKXD XW
WKXH XWK
WKXPE XWK¬W
WKXPEXOO XWKXOO
WKXS¬U
WKXU YD
WK\HM YDGLV
YDGK¬
X YDM
XGK¬ YDM¬
XJDU YDMUD
XM¬ YDM]¬
XM¬UD YDO¬
XMN YDOONXD
XMQD YDOONXH
XMT YDQJ
XMT¬Q YDQJMH
XMT¬U YDU
XO YDUI¬U
XOD YDUJ
XOLVKW¬ YDUU
XO]¬ YDUUD]
XOOL YDUUH
XOOî YDVKD
XPDV YDVKD]
XPDWD YDVK¬
XPE YDVK¬]
XQD]¬ YDW¬U
XQG\U¬ YDY¬U
XQ¬ YGHV
XQJM YGLT
XQJMLOO YGLTL
XSHVKN YGLVMD
XU YGLVQL
XUGK¬Q YGMHUU
XUGK¬U YGRUUD
XUHO¬ YH
XU¬
XUL Yê
XULQM YHG¬U
XULWK YH¬]
XULWK¬ YHKWH
XURM YHM
XUUHM YHMD
YHQG YLGKD
YHQ¬ YLJMH
YHQLWHP YLM
YHS¬U YLODV
YHUE YLQM
YHUE¬U YLUJM¬U
YHUGK¬ YLUJMLQ
YHUH YLUUD
YHU¬ YLUXD
YHULJ¬ YLUXH
YHUU YLVH
YHUU¬ YLW
YHU]¬ YLWH
YHV YLWRUH
YHVK YMHGK
YMHK¬UU
YHVKD
YHVK¬ YMHM
YHVK¬] YMHO
YêVKW YMHOO
YHWH YMHUU
YHWHP YMHUVK¬
YHWK YMHVKW¬
YHWK¬ YMHW
YH] YMHW¬U
Y¬OOD YQHVKWD
Y¬OOD]¬Q YREHNW¬
Y¬OOH]¬U YRGKD
Y¬QHU YRGK¬
Y¬QJ YRH
Y¬QJMH YRJ¬O
Y¬UF¬ YRM
Y¬UUDV YRMQD
Y¬UUL YROD
Y¬UUî YROOD
Y¬UV¬ YRQ¬
Y¬UWLW YRUE¬
Y¬UYLW YRUI¬Q
Y¬VKW YRUUD
Y¬VKWMHOO YRVKW¬U
Y¬VKWLU¬ YRW¬U
Y¬WK YUDQ¬W
Y¬WK¬ YUDS
YJMH YUDU¬
YJMê YUDV
YLç YUDYD
YLGK YUHU
YUHVKWD ]JMXD
YU¬QG¬ ]JMXH
YU¬U¬W ]JM\U¬
YULJXOO ]L
YUXJ ]LH
YXDM ]LHM
YXHM ]MDUP
YXOOQHW ]MDUPH
YXUJ ]MDUU
YXUNROODN ]MDUUH
]MHM
\OEHU ]MHUP
\OO ]MHUP¬
\Q¬ ]PRMOH
\W ]RJ
]RJM
]â ]RNWK
]DEHO ]RNWKD
]DEXD ]RQMD
]DEXH ]RQMH
]âM ]RQM¬
]DMHYH ]RUU¬
]DOO ]RW
]DQD ]RWD
]DQ¬ ]RW¬U
]EHM ]RW¬ULQM
]GUDM ]XO¬
]HW ]YHUN
]¬ ]YMHUGK
]¬M
]¬UD ]YRUGKD
]¬U¬
]JDUE¬ ]KHJ
]JDY¬U ]KXPELQ¬
]JULG ]KXU
]JMHGK¬ ]K\V
,1'(;$7(5*2
JUDED THQJMD
GKHPED GRJMD
NULPED GRUJMD
KXPED KD
JMHUED SODKD
N¬UED QMHKD
KXUED NUHKD
GDFD SUHKD
PMDOFD IVKHKD
IHQGD QGLKD
EUHQGD PLKD
ELQGD QMRKD
OLQGD VKWURKD
WKLQGD PLD
PXQGD WK¬QLD
WXQGD WK¬ULD
G\QGD PDMD
GKD WXDMD
NHGKD HMD
YLGKD WXHMD
KRGKD YHMD
PEORGKD GLOMD
EURGKD SLOOMD
GURGKD VLOOMD
NURGKD N¬UNRMD
WURGKD QGLTMD
UURGKD SLTMD
YRGKD YGLVMD
HUGKD MXMD
SRUGKD ND
]YRUGKD SUHND
SODID ILND
QMHID SLND
NUHID KRND
SUHID GDUND
PVKHID FHUND
QGLID QGXND
PLID JU\ND
QMRID KDOD
VKWURID çHOD
VKWDJD NDOOD
QJD SDOOD
OLQJD N¬UVK¬QGHOOD
EXQJD JUHOOD
GLJMD KLV¬OOD
index a tergo 305
KîV¬OOD GKMDPQD
Y¬OOD JUDPQD
N¬VKLOOD HPQD
PEROOD GLPQD
SROOD WRQD
VROOD NU\SQD
VKWROOD IUDTQD
YROOD ERUQD
NRUEXOOD OHVKQD
PRGKXOOD P¬QGDIVKQD
QRIXOOD PLVKQD
PMHJXOOD IVKDWQD
QGULNXOOD VKWDWQD
QGU\VKNXOOD VKSLUWQD
EUXVKWXOOD HVKWQD
GROD JLVKWQD
PROD PXWQD
YROD GMDWKQD
XOD GULWKQD
WXOD K\QD
GHPD P¬OOHQMD
JULPD ]RQMD
NDUPD SD
NU\PD NDSD
UU\PD ODSD
QD WUDSD
JMDQD NUHSD
OODQD WKHSD
IVKDQD URSD
]DQD NDUSD
THOEQD NUXSD
SLGKQD QGRTD
GKHQD KRTD
HOE¬QD SRTD
IODN¬QD VKTD
LN¬QD DUD
EDU¬QD THOEUD
HU¬QD GUD
HVKW¬QD KXGKUD
SOêKQD GKHUD
JGKLQD JHUD
SULQD OHUD
VKLQD JUHUD
YRMQD WHUD
XMQD HOE¬UD
JMDNQD SLGK¬UD
PLHOOQD JM¬UD
306 index a tergo
XM¬UD YLUUD
IODN¬UD ERUUD
OO¬UD YGRUUD
GKMDP¬UD PRUUD
NULS¬UD SRUUD
EDU¬UD VKTRUUD
HU¬UD VRUUD
ERU¬UD WRUUD
VKSLUW¬UD YRUUD
JLVKW¬UD FXUUD
GMDWK¬UD TXUUD
GULWK¬UD SODVD
]¬UD TDVD
JUD UUDVD
KDQJUD EHVD
SOHKUD QGHVD
ELUD TRVD
PLUD URVD
VKLUD ODSVD
YDMUD S¬UPE\VD
JMDNUD YDVKD
PMHNUD GHVKD
PLHOOUD JMHVKD
JUDPUD WHVKD
HPUD YHVKD
GLPUD ODIVKD
GRUD N¬QGRIVKD
PRUD LVKD
SRUD JULVKD
IUDTUD DWD
OHVKUD PDWD
P¬QGDIVKUD XPDWD
PLVKUD SDWD
WUD PEHWD
IVKDWUD JMHWD
VKWDWUD MHWD
PRWUD IMHWD
HVKWUD THWD
PXWUD GLWD
K\UD PLWD
UUD TLWD
DQGUUD GULWD
¬QGUUD F¬ULWD
EHUUD QJULWD
GHUUD SULWD
VKTHUUD UULWD
N¬UUD VKLWD
index a tergo 307
QGDMWD JUXD
QJDMWD YLUXD
JMDMWD NUXD
PDMWD WRUXD
TXDMWD S¬UUXD
GUXDMWD WXD
EUHMWD NDWXD
UUHMWD IWXD
OXHMWD WKXD
TXHMWD YD
ORMWD GDYD
GURMWD QGDYD
EXMWD JMDYD
EûMWD ODYD
U\MWD YUDYD
ERWD WKDYD
]RWD N¬UFHYD
çDUWD GKMHYD
HVKWD UHYD
YQHVKWD NUHYD
YUHVKWD SUHYD
QJXWD WKHYD
OXWD PELYD
N¬SXWD JGKLYD
WXWD NLYD
U\WD SLYD
NOLWKD ERYD
ODNWKD JMRYD
VKWHNWKD EORYD
]RNWKD J¬ORYD
KDOWKD QMRYD
WKLPWKD URYD
NUDQWKD GURYD
NDSWKD NURYD
ELUWKD VKNURYD
JXUWKD JDWRYD
SXWKD QGH]D
]DEXD
GXD JMâ
QGXD Nâ
GUDJXD Oâ
]JMXD VKXOOâ
IDMNXD GUâ
YDOONXD ]â
SDWNXD
PXD ODE
NDSXD NDOE
308 index a tergo
HOE GHQG
THOE JGKHQG
WKHOE IHQG
GKDPE OHQG
P¬NDPE PHQG
VKNDPE NDODPHQG
GKHPE VKSHQG
JMHPE UHQG
WUHPE SRUHQG
UUHPE YHQG
GK¬PE NXYHQG
P¬N¬PE N¬QG
VKN¬PE P¬QG
JO¬PE NU¬QG
NULPE W¬QG
XPE ELQG
KXPE OLQG
NDOLKXPE SULQG
VKNUXPE WKLQG
WKXPE IXQG
VKT\PE VKNXQG
JMHUE PXQG
YHUE WXQG
NRUE G\QG
FXE
PDGK
EDF HGK
GDF JMHGK
HF KHGK
VKN¬UGKHF UUMHGK
QHPHF YMHGK
O¬SHF NHGK
NRF OHGK
N¬UF PEOHGK
EUHGK
NDç GUHGK
UU¬PDç NUHGK
YLç WUHGK
PO\ç ODWUHGK
OLGK
]JULG SLGK
JDQG QJULGK
NDQG YLGK
QDQG ORGK
NUDQG PRGK
WDQG PEURGK
HQG SURGK
index a tergo 309
OEDUGK SRVWDKH
JDUGK ELH
ODUGK VKSLH
VKSDUGK VKWLH
GHUGK ]LH
SMHUGK MH
]YMHUGK IDMH
QJRUGK GMH
NRUGK KHMH
EU\GK PHMH
QJU\GK WHMH
KLMH
QDH KRMH
EH SORMH
UUDEH NURMH
NROLEH Q\MH
GKDPEH UU¬NH
GK¬PEH O¬EDUNH
JDUEH HVKNH
NUDQGH OH
WDQGH ILDOH
W¬QGH PHWDOH
JMLQGH IOH
GKH NDçLOH
JGKH PDQGLOH
SLGKH NDVKLOH
JDUGKH ]PRMOH
çHUGKH KHOOH
JMHUGKH EROOH
KHUGKH NDçXOH
GUXGKH JDPXOH
IH WXOH
UUXIH PH
QJH HPH
DJMH LPH
EUHJMH KLPH
VKWHJMH UULPH
EULJMH NROPH
VKWLJMH ]MDUPH
YLJMH QH
GUDQJMH GK¬QH
YDQJMH DW\QH
Y¬QJMH ]RQMH
WRJMH GURH
YJMH YRH
KH SH
EDKH NDSH
310 index a tergo
VTHSH MRWH
WUHSH PRWH
WKHSH LVKWH
IDTH ODNVKWH
JMDTH HWKH
O¬PDTH ODNWKH
OHTH NXUWKH
RUWLTH ]DEXH
N¬OERTH GXH
ORTH GUDQJXH
EDUTH ]JMXH
WKDUTH IDMNXH
WKLUTH YDOONXH
GXVKTH SDWNXH
UH PXH
FDUH NDSXH
NDOLYDUH JUXH
GUH YLUXH
NDFDGUH NUXH
N¬OTHUH WRUXH
P¬VKHUH S¬UUXH
YHUH NDWXH
IUH IWXH
QJUH WKXH
QJMLUH YH
PLUH UHQGHYH
YLWRUH ]DMHYH
SUH PDOHYH
WUH UULPHYH
N¬VK\UH QHYH
DW\UH WUHSHYH
]MDUUH MXYH
YDUUH T\H
VKNXUUH NU\H
YLVH DUV\H
QXVH UUH]H
WULVKH
ODPVKH JGKê
SUXVKH YJMê
WH Kê
VKHWH IOê
YHWH Sê
YHKWH GUê
SLWH NDFDGUê
YLWH IUê
NXOWH E¬UVKê
VRQWH DWê
index a tergo 311
Yê VKNDUGK¬
PDUGK¬
VKNDE¬ YHUGK¬
JUDE¬ NRUGK¬
VKNUDE¬ SRUGK¬
N¬UUDE¬ EXUGK¬
UULE¬ KXUGK¬
EHOE¬ N¬SXUGK¬
NXOE¬ XGK¬
GKDPE¬ UUXGK¬
NDPE¬ TDI¬
GK¬PE¬ NDODTDI¬
N¬PE¬ VKWURI¬
JDUE¬ SODJ¬
]JDUE¬ VKWDJ¬
YRUE¬ GHJ¬
KXUE¬ GMHJ¬
OOXUE¬ IOHJ¬
NDçXE¬ GUHJ¬
JRUULF¬ VKWUHJ¬
SMDYLF¬ ELJ¬
PMDOF¬ YHULJ¬
GURPF¬ ERULJ¬
Y¬UF¬ NDUULJ¬
OXF¬ EDMJ¬
ç¬ JDMJ¬
DQG¬ EDOJ¬
NDQG¬ GDQJ¬
ODQG¬ NDQJ¬
UDQG¬ PDQJ¬
SHQG¬ UDQJ¬
¬QG¬ WDQJ¬
N¬QG¬ EUHQJ¬
O¬QG¬ JMXYHQJ¬
U¬QG¬ N¬QJ¬
YU¬QG¬ P¬QJ¬
J¬UPDGK¬ OLQJ¬
YDGK¬ RSLQJ¬
]JMHGK¬ EDOOXQJ¬
NHGK¬ VKW¬OOXQJ¬
JOHGK¬ VKWUXQJ¬
JMLGK¬ MDUJ¬
OLGK¬ IOXJ¬
NURGK¬ UUXJ¬
YRGK¬ UDYJ¬
EDUGK¬ SL]J¬
JDUGK¬ SLOLSL]J¬
312 index a tergo
JM¬ S\ON¬
THQJM¬ çLPN¬
K¬ TLPN¬
NRK¬ SU¬QMN¬
OORK¬ WKHURN¬
VKWURK¬ SURN¬
JMXK¬ EDUN¬
JOXK¬ GDUN¬
SOODM¬ IDUN¬
PDM¬ VDUN¬
UU¬VKDM¬ IXUN¬
PXUWDM¬ DVKN¬
ELVKWDM¬ EDVKN¬
YDM¬ EMHVKN¬
êM¬ SMHVKN¬
LM¬ NROHVKN¬
ELM¬ EUHVKN¬
VKN¬QGLM¬ NUHVKN¬
OLM¬ GLVKN¬
PLM¬ ODUXVKN¬
I¬PLM¬ O¬UXVKN¬
VKLM¬ VKS¬QHWN¬
VKWLM¬ VKRUHWN¬
W¬UIRM¬ VKSUHWN¬
JRM¬ O¬SLWN¬
QHYRM¬ EXN¬
XM¬ OOXN¬
P\M¬ EDUXN¬
N¬ VXN¬
DN¬ PDWXN¬
KDN¬ P\N¬
ODN¬ JU\N¬
IODN¬ O¬
PDN¬ çDO¬
E¬UUDN¬ KDO¬
UHN¬ GMDO¬
EUHN¬ IMDO¬
GUHN¬ NDO¬
NUHN¬ SDO¬
WKHN¬ VKDO¬
GLN¬ YDO¬
P¬VKLN¬ IHO¬
IVKLN¬ SHO¬
WKLN¬ XUHO¬
QR]LN¬ NDUDYHO¬
DMN¬ WU\HO¬
VKWDON¬ ELO¬
index a tergo 313
OLO¬ WDP¬
PLO¬ SHP¬
EDOO¬ VKHP¬
GKDOO¬ ¬P¬
JMDOO¬ O¬P¬
VKNDOO¬ Q¬P¬
SDOO¬ ELP¬
S¬UUDOO¬ SLP¬
SUUDOO¬ EULP¬
WDOO¬ JULP¬
VKWDOO¬ N¬UNRMP¬
J¬VKWDOO¬ NROP¬
N¬VKWDOO¬ JRP¬
JREHOO¬ DUP¬
NDQGHOO¬ EDUP¬
N¬QGHOO¬ NDUP¬
JMHOO¬ FHUP¬
N¬VKWMHOO¬ WKMHUP¬
SHOO¬ ]MHUP¬
JUHOO¬ N¬UP¬
WKHOO¬ JMXUP¬
P¬OO¬ VXUP¬
UULOO¬ WXUP¬
EROO¬ GDVP¬
JMROO¬ OLVP¬
NROO¬ GDUVP¬
PROO¬ JM\VP¬
WROO¬ NUHVKP¬
PXOO¬ JMXP¬
QXOO¬ OXP¬
SRVXOO¬ EUXP¬
VKXOO¬ VKXP¬
G\OO¬ EU\P¬
N¬UUO¬ UU\P¬
EXO¬ DQ¬
NXO¬ EDQ¬
SXO¬ W¬EDQ¬
]XO¬ GKDQ¬
UU\O¬ JMDQ¬
P¬ KDQ¬
DP¬ MDQ¬
GKDP¬ ODQ¬
IDP¬ OODQ¬
GKMDP¬ QDQ¬
ODP¬ UDQ¬
QDP¬ QJUDQ¬
VDP¬ VDQ¬
314 index a tergo
J¬UVKDQ¬ GU¬QM¬
WDQ¬ UU¬QM¬
WKDQ¬ OLQM¬
]DQ¬ G¬OOLQM¬
GRU¬]DQ¬ ITLQM¬
MHQ¬ GULQM¬
SHOHQ¬ WKLQM¬
THQ¬ SDOQM¬
NUHQ¬ JDERQM¬
WHQ¬ PLVKNRQM¬
YHQ¬ PXVKNRQM¬
GK¬Q¬ ELORQM¬
K¬Q¬ EHURQM¬
O¬Q¬ ]RQM¬
Q¬Q¬ XVKXQM¬
VKS¬Q¬ VKXVKXQM¬
T¬Q¬ DS¬
U¬Q¬ NDS¬
QJU¬Q¬ ODS¬
WK¬Q¬ NOODS¬
]KXPELQ¬ QDS¬
O¬QGLQ¬ J¬UMHS¬
NUDKLQ¬ JOHS¬
SLQ¬ VKNOHS¬
EULQ¬ UHS¬
UU¬VKLQ¬ NULS¬
WLQ¬ UULS¬
N¬UNRMQ¬ JMDOS¬
N¬PERQ¬ ORS¬
MRQ¬ VKTRS¬
VRQ¬ NDUS¬
WRQ¬ NUHVKS¬
YRQ¬ SXS¬
LVKQ¬ NU\S¬
XQ¬ DU¬
GKXQ¬ IDU¬
JXQ¬ JDU¬
JUXQ¬ ODU¬
\Q¬ SDU¬
UUDQM¬ WUDU¬
HQM¬ YUDU¬
GHQM¬ VKDU¬
P¬OOHQM¬ HU¬
VKHQM¬ GHU¬
WHQM¬ JMHU¬
J¬VKWHQM¬ KHU¬
G¬OO¬QM¬ EMHU¬
index a tergo 315
PMHU¬ QDW\U¬
OHU¬ GHW\U¬
EOHU¬ OLNW\U¬
OXTHU¬ JM\PW\U¬
JUHU¬ OHSW\U¬
NUHU¬ I\W\U¬
WUHU¬ DUU¬
VHU¬ EDUU¬
WHU¬ NDUU¬
YHU¬ VKDUU¬
SUDQGYHU¬ IHUU¬
SU¬QGYHU¬ PDQDIHUU¬
E¬U¬ WKMHUU¬
OO¬U¬ P¬VKTHUU¬
U¬U¬ YHUU¬
J¬UVK¬U¬ KLUU¬
W¬U¬ VRUU¬
]¬U¬ ]RUU¬
LU¬ EXUU¬
ELU¬ IXUU¬
GKLU¬ NXUU¬
JXQ¬GKLU¬ SXUU¬
PLU¬ G¬UUDV¬
SLU¬ EHV¬
UU¬SLU¬ PEHV¬
EULU¬ SMHV¬
W¬UVLU¬ VKNOHV¬
P¬VKLU¬ PHV¬
UU¬VKLU¬ SLOLYRHV¬
Y¬VKWLU¬ SHV¬
ERU¬ P¬NUHV¬
N¬PERU¬ J¬UUHV¬
GRU¬ PDUWHV¬
NRU¬ SLOLYHV¬
EORU¬ SêV¬
NXQRU¬ JM\P¬V¬
NXURU¬ GRV¬
XU¬ JRV¬
GKDQGXU¬ URV¬
GK¬QGXU¬ GMHUV¬
JXU¬ THUV¬
EOHKXU¬ Y¬UV¬
O¬NXU¬ VKNRUV¬
JUXU¬ JM\V¬
XQG\U¬ GKDVK¬
]JM\U¬ ODVK¬
ODW\U¬ SDVK¬
316 index a tergo
UDVK¬ G\PE¬GKMHW¬
WUDVK¬ WULGKMHW¬
WKDVK¬ O¬SMHW¬
YDVK¬ U¬SMHW¬
HVK¬ S¬USMHW¬
MHVK¬ UUMHW¬
PHVK¬ EOHW¬
SHVK¬ IOHW¬
THVK¬ QHW¬
WHVK¬ SHW¬
YHVK¬ THW¬
NDIVK¬ WHW¬
ODIVK¬ MHVK¬W¬
JULIVK¬ DIW¬
NRIVK¬ WURIW¬
LVK¬ OXIW¬
ELVK¬ SXIW¬
NLVK¬ OHKW¬
SLVK¬ FLW¬
TLVK¬ GLW¬
PRVK¬ PLW¬
JURVK¬ UDTLW¬
YMHUVK¬ DUTLW¬
P¬UVK¬ GULW¬
IXVK¬ VLW¬
NDQXVK¬ PDMW¬
O¬SXVK¬ PâMW¬
JM\VK¬ GUHMW¬
W¬ YREHNW¬
DW¬ EDOW¬
GKDW¬ GDOW¬
JDW¬ PMDOW¬
O¬JDW¬ GKDOOW¬
OLJDW¬ HPW¬
O¬QJDW¬ FHPW¬
JMDW¬ LPW¬
ODW¬ Q¬QW¬
EODW¬ VKWUHQMW¬
JODW¬ VKHQMW¬
QDW¬ ERW¬
UDW¬ SORW¬
JU¬P¬UDW¬ WHUSORW¬
VKWDW¬ UURW¬
VK¬QJMHW¬ VKRW¬
MHW¬ WKRW¬
GKMHW¬ TDUW¬
QM¬PE¬GKMHW¬ EOHUW¬
index a tergo 317
IRUW¬ J¬OED]¬
PDUUW¬ JMD]¬
DVKW¬ PLHOOD]¬
JDVKW¬ PD]¬
JMDVKW¬ O¬PD]¬
MDVKW¬ XQD]¬
NDVKW¬ VKWD]¬
ODVKW¬ UXD]¬
HVKW¬ VKWâ]¬
GHVKW¬ NH]¬
KHVKW¬ OH]¬
WKMHVKW¬ P¬OOH]¬
YMHVKW¬ VKSH]¬
EUHVKW¬ VKTH]¬
¬VKW¬ WK¬OO¬]¬
ODJVKW¬ DQ¬]¬
GLVKW¬ KDQ¬]¬
EOLVKW¬ DUU¬]¬
XOLVKW¬ VKW¬]¬
SRVKW¬ PL]¬
W¬USRVKW¬ GUL]¬
GMDWKW¬ QGUL]¬
EXW¬ YDM]¬
JXW¬ SHM]¬
NXNXW¬ XO]¬
NDUUXW¬ OHP]¬
N¬UUXW¬ JUHQ]¬
VXW¬ PXVKOOLQ]¬
G\W¬ VKN¬OER]¬
EDWK¬ VKNR]¬
GMDWK¬ EOR]¬
JUDWK¬ YHU]¬
WUDWK¬ O¬YRU]¬
UUDWK¬ EX]¬
YHWK¬ VKSX]¬
Y¬WK¬
JMLWK¬
GULWK¬ SODI
XULWK¬ JUDI
EULUWK¬ PçHI
O\WK¬ OHI
V\WK¬ PHI
MDY¬ QMHI
UDY¬ NUHI
JUDY¬ SUHI
SUHY¬ PVKHI
]¬ QGLI
318 index a tergo
PLI ]RJM
VKSLI GHUJM
QMRI OXJM
QJURI
VKRI DK
IWRI JMDK
SODK
DJ SDK
ODJ JUDK
UUDJ NUDK
VKDJ UUDK
GMHJ HK
EUHJ GHK
WUHJ OHK
VKWHJ SOHK
]KHJ PHK
OLJ QMHK
VKHOJ JUHK
SHOOJ NUHK
DQJ VKNUHK
GUDQJ SUHK
VKWDQJ VKSUHK
YDQJ IVKHK
SOHQJ SOêK
SHQJ QGLK
Y¬QJ PLK
EXQJ VKSLK
PXQJ JULK
WUXQJ QMRK
EXOORJ QJURK
SORJ VKRK
WRJ IWRK
]RJ
YDUJ DL
PXUJ PEL
YXUJ S¬UPEL
OXJ HFL
PXJ GL
YUXJ RUHQGL
PX]J SHU¬QGL
GKL
UHJM OLGKL
UUHJM JML
OLJM PDQJML
JULJM P¬QJML
THQJM KL
XQJM MXML
index a tergo 319
OL SUXVKL
PDOL WL
EOL DWL
IOL EDJ¬WL
NDOOL O¬WL
XOOL PEXILWL
PXOOL OXKLWL
GROL WURNLWL
PL VS¬UNLWL
JM\VDPL QJULWL
GHPL EDNWL
MHPL ORWL
KDUPL WKL
QL ODMWKL
OLGKQL ]L
JRM¬OLGKQL GLW¬]L
MHQL
WK¬QL JMî
GLJMQL Kî
GLOQL Oî
SLOOQL EOî
VLOOQL IOî
N¬UNRQL VK¬OOî
SLTQL XOOî
YGLVQL PXOOî
OLGKXQL Pî
SL Uî
NDSL EUî
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TLSL NUî
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UL
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SLOLNXUL PDUDM
Y¬UUL ]GUDM
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320 index a tergo
WKDM QG¬OHM
EXDM VKHPE¬OOHM
GXDM S¬OTHM
JXDM EUHM
JMXDM VKS¬UHM
KXDM VK¬IUHM
MXDM VKXIUHM
OXDM NUHM
EOXDM UUHM
PXDM XUUHM
TXDM WXUVKHM
VKTXDM EXHM
UXDM GXHM
GUXDM JMXHM
NUXDM KXHM
VKNUXDM MXHM
WXDM OXHM
JDWXDM EOXHM
YXDM PXHM
YDM TXHM
âM VKTXHM
EâM UXHM
QGâM GUXHM
IâM NUXHM
SXJâM VKNUXHM
OâM WXHM
PâM JDWXHM
IVKâM YXHM
]âM YHM
VKN¬PEHM QG\HM
UU¬PEHM K\HM
VK¬UEHM O\HM
]EHM Q\HM
N¬UFHM VKT\HM
GHM U\HM
QGHM IU\HM
JMHM VKNU\HM
PDOO¬QJMHM J¬UU\HM
UU¬QJMHM WK\HM
GLHM QG¬U]HM
]LHM P¬U]HM
QGMHM QGêM
I¬MHM JMêM
YMHM EUêM
]MHM UUêM
OHM ¬M
EOHM E¬M
index a tergo 321
HF¬M O¬QJRM
S¬J¬M P¬QJRM
LN¬M VKWU¬QJRM
KLS¬M NXQJRM
]¬M PXQJRM
ELM UXQJRM
PELM I¬UJRM
VNXQGLM P¬UJRM
JGKLM S¬UJMRM
J¬UGKLM QJXMRM
P¬UGKLM EHNRM
QJLM VKWHNRM
NLM G¬NRM
VK¬OOLM QGLNRM
SLM PDOONRM
O¬SLM VKNDUNRM
PSLM I¬UNRM
TLM N¬UNRM
ULM VKNRM
F¬ULM VKXUXNRM
JULM JM\NRM
SULM PEORM
VKWULM J¬ORM
DUULM NDOORM
VKLM NXOORM
DWLM PEXORM
YLM çPRM
PEîM JM¬PRM
JGKîM KDUPRM
QJîM KHUPRM
PSîM G¬VKPRM
JUîM SURVKPRM
SUîM SUR]KPRM
ERM DJM¬QRM
VK¬OERM DUQRM
PDOFRM NXQMRM
çRM VKTHSRM
JXOçRM VKTLSRM
SHQGRM TRM
N¬QGRM PEDURM
SHU¬QGRM ODURM
NXQGRM ORGURM
VXQGRM DJM¬URM
SURGKRM QJM¬URM
VKNDJRM Q¬P¬URM
WUDVK¬JRM Q\W¬URM
GUDQJRM G¬OLURM
322 index a tergo
G¬VKLURM XVKûM
NDSURM QG\M
XURM K\M
GXURM N\M
GKXURM U\M
DGKXURM IU\M
IOXWXURM
UURM J¬UçDN
NDFDUURM GDN
KDUURM JDN
QG¬UURM JMDN
VKW¬UURM MDN
QJXUURM VKNDN
P¬VRM ODN
S¬VRM IODN
O¬VKRM YXUNROODN
P¬VKRM SODN
NDIVKRM OXPDN
KHWRM SDN
G¬IWRM SDVKWUDN
O¬IWRM KHN
SDMWRM QGMHN
WUDMWRM PMHN
NXMWRM SMHN
JXOWRM PHN
SUHPWRM THN
QRWRM JUHN
VKDUWRM VKWUHN
VKWRM UUHN
XVKWRM RUWHN
WKRM WKHN
YRM LN
U¬Q[RM ILN
SDJ¬]RM OLN
PL]RM PLN
O¬YRU]RM DQ¬PLN
EXM DUPLN
UUREXM SLN
THIXM IXUULN
HKXM XMN
NXM EXMN
VXNXM EXON
OHSXM IORN
SRSXM WDURN
WLWXM KDUURN
DYXM VKRN
EûM DUN
index a tergo 323
EDUN PHO
KDUN THO
TDUN NUHO
VKDUN I¬QG\HO
WKDUN DPE¬O
EHUN WDPE¬O
FHUN ¬PE¬O
GHUN W¬PE¬O
]YHUN WKQHJ¬O
VKHP¬UN KLQJ¬O
W¬UIXUN YRJ¬O
ELVN TLN¬O
EULVN EXN¬O
UU¬IHVKN WK¬QXN¬O
SHVKN OLO
XSHVKN F¬ULO
GXVKN
PXVKN KDOO
GUXVKN GMDOO
NUXVKN NDOO
P\VKN PDOO
GU\VKN SDOO
SHWN VKSDOO
EUHWN S¬UUDOO
QGXN WDOO
VKDUDQGXN EXDOO
QXN JXDOO
TXN KXDOO
NDSUXDOO
GDO ]DOO
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VKNDO KHOO
PDO GLHOO
GXDO PLHOO
KDUDEHO TLHOO
]DEHO PEMHOO
çHO SMHOO
NDçHO VMHOO
GHO VKWMHOO
JMHO Y¬VKWMHOO
NDFDJMHO YMHOO
NDQJMHO THOO
GMHO S¬UTHOO
PMHO EXHOO
YMHO KXHOO
S¬UYMHO NDSUXHOO
VKNHO I¬QG\HOO
324 index a tergo
I\HOO KDPXOO
Q\HOO NUHSXOO
HJM¬OO SRSXOO
HQJM¬OO TXOO
HV¬OO LVKXOO
KLV¬OO NXVKXOO
KîV¬OO VKSDWXOO
VNXQGLOO WLWXOO
WK¬QJMLOO EUXVKWXOO
XQJMLOO XWKXOO
PLOO DYXOO
N¬UPLOO \OO
P¬QMLOO PE\OO
JULOO I\OO
SULOO K\OO
N¬VKLOO P\OO
UUDVROO S\OO
UUXPEXOO RUUO
VXPEXOO XO
WKXPEXOO QJXO
UUREXOO S¬UNXO
NRUEXOO VKNXO
SHQGXOO WXO
PRGKXOO T\O
THIXOO E¬UU\O
QRIXOO N¬UW\O
PMHJXOO
WMHJXOO GDP
UUHJXOO MDP
YULJXOO NDP
NXQJXOO EUDP
JDUJXOO JUDP
SMHUJXOO HP
PXJXOO çHP
SL]JXOO GHP
HKXOO KLGKHP
JUHKXOO OLGKHP
PUHNXOO JMHP
VKHNXOO PHKHP
QGULNXOO MHP
NUURNXOO GMHP
PDVKNXOO NHP
UUXVKNXOO QGXONHP
QGU\VKNXOO ILVKNHP
VXNXOO I\VKNHP
DPXOO VWHSHP
IDPXOO THP
index a tergo 325
PNHTHP DUE¬Q
UUHP NHç¬Q
N¬UYHVKHP SULQG¬Q
YHWHP XUGK¬Q
YHQLWHP YRUI¬Q
SXQXHP SUHK¬Q
EDOç¬P ODN¬Q
PHQç¬P P¬VKWHN¬Q
G¬P PRN¬Q
EDJ¬P KDO¬Q
PHQGVK¬P HP¬Q
MHVK¬P IHP¬Q
DUV\HVK¬P GLP¬Q
IXTLVK¬P WLP¬Q
EDOVK¬P GUDS¬Q
LP SMHS¬Q
WULP QLS¬Q
LVKLP NXOS¬Q
JMDOP JMDUS¬Q
SMDOP GUHT¬Q
KHOP UULT¬Q
GMHOP XMT¬Q
NXOP ULV¬Q
WKRP IUDVK¬Q
]MDUP EUHVK¬Q
MHUP JM\VK¬Q
]MHUP DW¬Q
WHUP HW¬Q
NDOLKXP NXQHW¬Q
OXP PEUHW¬Q
UUXP VKWUHW¬Q
NDFDUUXP N¬VKW¬Q
NU\P Y¬OOD]¬Q
W\P YLUJMLQ
PDOLQ
QGDQ SHOLQ
ODQ LVKLQ
PDQ ERQ
NDODPDQ N¬UNRQ
OLGKHQ OLGKXQ
JMHQ SLPXQ
U¬PHQ SDVXQ
THQ
EUHQ TDQM
N¬VHQ P¬GKHQM
OHE¬Q ODPHQM
JMHOE¬Q O¬PHQM
326 index a tergo
OXPHQM VWDS
WUHQM UMHS
S¬UUHQM NHS
SO¬I¬QM VKNHS
ODP¬QM SOHS
G¬US¬QM THS
NRFLQM VTHS
EOLQM JUHS
PLQM NUHS
N¬UPLQM VKNUHS
GUDSLQM VKWUHS
VWDSLQM WKHS
EULQM J¬WKHS
]RW¬ULQM QLS
XULQM UULS
SULIWLQM VKWDOS
ERVKWLQM NXOS
YLQM NDQS
GUDJRQM VKNRS
IDMNRQM SHVKNRS
JMLQRQM N¬US
NDSRQM WXUS
NURQM FXS
S¬UURQM OOXS
NDWRQM NUXS
WKRQM NDUUXS
KXQM VXS
NXQM O\S
UU\S
DFR
NMR N¬QDT
QHQR SDT
DVR VTDT
DWR IUDT
IDWR KHT
W¬UKHT
DS NHT
KDS OHT
MDS SOHT
NDS GUHT
ODS YGLT
OODS OLT
VTDS SOLT
WUDS SLT
VKWUDS LULT
YUDS SRUULT
VKDS IXUULT
index a tergo 327
XMT JMHOE¬U
KHOT EXOE¬U
SHOT VHPE¬U
THOT WKHPE¬U
JORT DUE¬U
VKRT YHUE¬U
WKDUT NHç¬U
NXPHUT EDG¬U
ELUT WKDG¬U
GLUT YHG¬U
SHVKT çDQG¬U
SLVKT GKDQG¬U
NXT JMDQG¬U
ODNXT WODQG¬U
SXT GK¬QG¬U
NU\T JM¬QG¬U
SULQG¬U
DU NXQG¬U
EDU ORG¬U
PEDU EDGK¬U
DFDU PMHGK¬U
SHQGDU XUGK¬U
XJDU VKXUGK¬U
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NXODU DI¬U
OLITDU YDUI¬U
WDIWDU JM¬U
GXDU HJM¬U
SXQXDU YLUJM¬U
YDU SUHK¬U
\OEHU ODN¬U
JHU PMHN¬U
JMHU P¬VKWHN¬U
Y¬QHU PRN¬U
QMHU HP¬U
OLITHU IHP¬U
YUHU VKHP¬U
WHU U¬P¬U
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WKHU WLP¬U
GXHU S¬U
IUXHU GUDS¬U
G\HU SMHS¬U
PXVKN¬OO\HU OHS¬U
SXOT\HU YHS¬U
OHE¬U QLS¬U
VKWDOE¬U NXOS¬U
328 index a tergo
JMDUS¬U ODNXU
WKXS¬U EXNXU
GUHT¬U OHSXU
UULT¬U SDVXU
XMT¬U VKXU
QHV¬U WKXU
ULV¬U ]KXU
IUDVK¬U T\U
EUHVK¬U N¬T\U
JM\VK¬U VKW\U
NDW¬U
YDW¬U KDUU
HW¬U ]MDUU
MHW¬U PDUU
WMHW¬U VKSDUU
YMHW¬U TDUU
NHW¬U VKTDUU
NXQHW¬U PXDUU
PEUHW¬U YDUU
VKWUHW¬U HUU
SLW¬U EHUU
NDOW¬U GHUU
NXOW¬U IHUU
NXPW¬U EMHUU
PRW¬U çMHUU
YRW¬U GMHUU
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P¬JDVKW¬U S¬UPMHUU
JMHVKW¬U SMHUU
PMHVKW¬U WMHUU
N¬VKW¬U YMHUU
NXOORVKW¬U WPHUU
QRVKW¬U VKSHUU
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EXVKW¬U VKTHUU
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YDY¬U DQG¬UU
Y¬OOH]¬U NDQG¬UU
ELU ¬QG¬UU
KLU DQJ¬UU
G¬OLU YMHK¬UU
VKWLU N¬UU
KDUP¬VKRU PDN¬UU
XU KLN¬UU
VTXIXU WKLUU
VKTXIXU RERUU
JXU KRUU
index a tergo 329
NRUU VKNPHV
PRUU SUHV
VKSRUU WUHV
VKRUU VKHV
FXUU YHV
IXUU S\HV
V
JUDELV
UDGLV
PEDV YDGLV
S¬OFDV JMH]GLV
N¬UFDV QJMLV
EXçDV NUDKLV
JRGDV PROLV
PEXIDV SOLV
QJDV PLV
GLKDV QLV
J¬UKDV SRQLV
OXKDV TLV
QXKDV ULV
WURNDV QHYHULV
NDUNDV P¬UP¬ULV
S¬UNDV WXULV
SLVNDV UULV
VKNDV JDUULV
IODV OHEHWLV
YLODV VW¬UYLV
N¬OODV NRV
S¬OODV PRV
SODV TRV
PDV ODSV
XPDV çDUV
SDV PDUV
TDV IXV
WUDV JXV
YUDV QJXV
UUDV OXV
VKW¬UUDV QXV
Y¬UUDV SXV
J¬UVKDV N¬SXV
KLWDV WXV
E¬UWDV PE\V
N¬OWKDV S¬UPE\V
PEHV U\V
QGHV QJU\V
YGHV WU\V
MHV ]K\V
GKMHV
330 index a tergo
GDVK S¬USRVK
SDVK DVRVK
HVK VKRVK
GKDPEHVK EXVK
GK¬PEHVK MXVK
GHVK NXVK
QGHVK SXVK
OLGKHVK S¬USXVK
JDUGKHVK SUXVK
JMHVK UUXVK
QJMHVK JM\VK
MHVK N¬O\VK
OHVK PO\VK
GUHGKDOHVK
NDOHVK DW
KHOOHVK IDW
N¬UOHVK P¬NDW
GHPHVK PDW
QHVK NXQDW
WUDSHVK VKSDW
OXSHVK VKWUDW
THVK VKDW
SUHVK IVKDW
VKHVK VKWDW
SUXVKHVK HW
YHVK GHW
NDODYHVK OLGKHW
NDUUDYHVK PEXIHW
OLGK¬VK QJHW
DUJ¬VK ERKHW
P¬QGDIVK OXKHW
LVK YMHW
DFLVK VLYMHW
SOLVK WURNHW
PLVK VS¬UNHW
JULVK PDOHW
SULVK IOHW
DVLVK W¬UPHW
PHNVK QHW
ODPVK YXOOQHW
JDODPVK NDVKQMHW
O¬PVK PEUHW
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VK¬QGRVK E¬UWHW
MRVK PE¬VKWHW
P¬UNRVK SXVKWHW
U¬SRVK T\WHW
index a tergo 331
KDODYHW NDELVKW
]HW NDUUDELVKW
G\]HW N¬UELVKW
WKDUE¬W JLVKW
KLGK¬W ERVKW
GU\GK¬W NRSVKW
PHN¬W JXVKW
IODVKN¬W PXVKW
YUDQ¬W JUXVKW
YU¬U¬W XW
PXUU¬W EXW
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WDIW PDNXW
TLIW OXW
SULIW PXW
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PDOLW I\W
NDFDPLW O¬I\W
VK¬QGULW VKT\W
UULW U\W
SRURVLW IU\W
LVKLW
VK¬WLW PEDWK
PRWLW JUDWK
Y¬UWLW WUDWK
YLW JMHWK
Y¬UYLW THWK
Q[LW UUHWK
NXMW YHWK
NRW Y¬WK
ORW LWK
PRW XULWK
VRW P]LWK
]RW ODNWK
PEDUW VKWHNWK
VKSLUW ]RNWK
NXUW KDOWK
DVKW WKLPWK
UUDVKW NUDQWK
âVKW NDSWK
YêVKW ELUWK
NOXP¬VKW EULUWK
TXP¬VKW JXUWK
Y¬VKW NXUWK
ELVKW SXUWK
332 index a tergo
XWK YDUUD]
SXWK YDVKD]
O\WK Pâ]
V\WK QGH]
GKH]
X OH]
JMX EUH]
KX YH]
OLGKQLX YH¬]
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A CONCISE HISTORICAL

A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR

A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme

© Copyright 2000 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal

printed in the netherlands

“The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty,

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