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XSAS
Ans: (1) Mechanics (2) Heat & Thermodynamics (3) Sound (4) Light
(5) Electromagnetism (6) Atomic and Molecular Physics (7) Nuclear Physics (8) Plasma Physics (9) Solid Physics
We study physics to under stand the laws of nature and how nature effects the human action.
Ans: The state of matter at a very high temperature comprising the ions and electrons is called plasma.
(4) Name the branches of physics overlapping the other branches of science?
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:
Mechanics:
It is the study of motion of objects, the causes and effect.
Heat:
It deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat.
Sound:
It deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties and applications.
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Light (Optics):
MEASUREMENTS
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Q: What is meant by base and derived units? Give three examples of derived units and explain how they are
derived from base units.
Ans:
Base Units:
The units of base quantities are called base units.
Examples:
Kilogram (kg), meter (m), second (s), Ampere (A)
Derived Units:
The units of derived quantities which are derived from base units are called derived units.
Examples:
Unit of Area: m2 .
Unit of Volume: m3
Unit of Density: Kg m-3
Unit of speed: meter per second (ms-1),
Unit of weight: Newton
Unit of force: Newton,
Unit of Pressure: Pascal
Q: Where multiples and sub-multiples of units are used? Describe some standard prefaces which are
internationally used.
Ans. Multiples and sub-multiples of units are used to make very large and very small mathematical calculations easier. The
multiples and sub-multiples are obtained by multiplying or dividing with ten or power of tens.
The terms used internationally for the multiples and sub-multiples for different units are called prefixes.
The least count of micrometer screw gauge is 0.01 mm and that of Vernier calliper is 0.1. cm. So a micrometer screw
gauge measures more accurately than a vernier calliper.
Significant figures:
All accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression are called significant figures. It reflects the
precision of a measured value of a physical quantity.
RULES TO FIND THE SIGNIFICANT FIGURE IN A MEASUREMENT:
(i) Digits other than zero are always significant.
27 have 2 significant digits.
275 have 3 significant digits.
(ii) Zeroes between significant digits are also significant.
2705 have 4 significant digits.
(iii) Final zero or zero after decimal are significant.
275.00 have 5 significant digits.
(iv) Zero used for spacing the decimal points is not significant.
Here zero is place holders only.
0.03 has 1 significant digit.
0.027 has 2 significant digits.
(v) In whole numbers that end in 1 or more zero without a decimal point. These zeroes may or may not be significant. In
such cases, it is not clear which zero serve to locate the position value and which are actually parts of measurements. In
such a case, express the quantity using scientific notation to find the significant zero.
APPLICATION OF PHYSICS
Physics play an important role in our daily life. We hardly find a device where physics is not involved. Consider pulleys
make it easy to left heavy loads. Electricity is not used only to get light and heat but also mechanical energy that derives
fans electric motors ctc.Consider the means of transportation such as car and aeroplanes domestic appliances such as
air conditioners refrigerators vacuum cleaners washing machine and micro wave ovens etc.Similarly the means of
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communication such as radio T V telephone are the result of application of physics. These devices made our lives much
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CHAPTER: 1
Physical quantities and measurement (Problems)
(b)2000000w
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P1.2) How do prefixes micro, nano and pico related to each other.
As we know that,
Micro =10-6
Nano = 10-9
Pico = 10-12
1 p= 1/1000n
1 p= 1/1000000 µ
1 n= 1/1000 µ
1 n = 1000 p
1 µ = 1000n
1 µ = 1000000p
P1.3) Your hair grow at the rate of 1mm per day find their growth rate in nms -1.
As milli = 10-3
Nano = 10-9
1m = 10-6 n OR 1m = 1000000n
By multiplying ‘’m’’ on both sides
1mm = 106 nm OR 1mm = 1000000nm
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As we know that
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Solution:
P1.7) A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular scale. The pitch of the screw gauge is 0.5mm. What is its
least count?
Solution:
Least count= pitch of screw gauge/no. of divisions in circular
0.5/50=0.01mm
0.01x10-3m
1x10-5m
1x10-5x100cm
1x10 -3cm
0.001cm ANS
(b) 0.00450kg
Asif Rasheed BS (HONS) Physics # 0344 78 46 394
Ideal Science Academy
0.00450
It has 3 significant figures
(c) 1.66x10-27kg
1.66x10-27kg
It has 3 significant figures.
(d) 2001s
It has 4 significant figures.
P.10) A chocolate wrapper is 6.7cm long, 5.4cm wide. Calculate its area up to reasonable number of significant
figures.
Solution:
Area= length x width
=6.7cm x 5.4cm
= 36.18cm2
Area in significant figure= 36cm2
Unit # 2 Kinematics
Define Mechanics and its types.
The branch of physics, which deals with the study of motion of bodies, is called Mechanics. It has two types:
I) Kinematics
ii) Dynamics
Define Types of Mechanics.
Kinematics:
It is study of motion of bodies without reference of force and mass.
Dynamics:
It is study of motion of bodies with reference of force and mass.
Q2.3 (i) difference between rest and motion?
Define Rest
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If a body does not change its position with respect to some observers then it is said to be in the state of rest.
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Define Motion
OR
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Can a body moving with certain velocity in the direction of East can have acceleration in the direction of West?
Ans:
Yes, if the velocity of the body decreases, then it will have acceleration in the opposite direction, that is, in the
direction of west.
Does speedometer of a car measures its velocity?
It measures only speed but not velocity.
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The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is denoted by “a”. It is a vector quantity.
Q2.11 Why vectors quantities can not be added and subtracted like scalar quantities?
Ans ; In addition of vector quantities, not their magnitude but their direction also involved therefore vector can not be
added like the addition of scalar.
Q2.12: How are vectors quantities are important to us in our daily life?
Ans: in our daily life vectors quantities are completely explained only when their direction are also considered Q2.13
Derive equation of motion for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion?
Three equations of motion are three equations of motion under the action of gravity are
Vf = Vi + at Vf=Vi+gt
1 1
S = Vi t + at2 h=Vit+ gt2
2 2
2aS = Vf 2 – Vi 2 2gh = Vf 2 – Vi 2
Q2.14 : Sketch the velocity time graph for the motion of the body?
Motion Graphs
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The graph of straight line parallel to the X axis shows that the body is moving with constant velocity
a)
Consider an object moving with a uniform velocity u in a straight line. Let it be, given a uniform acceleration at time, t = 0
when its initial velocity is Vi. As a result of the acceleration, its velocity increases to Vf (final velocity) in time t and s is the
distance covered by the object in time t. The figure shows the velocity-time graph of the motion of the object.
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Vf – Vi = at
Vf = Vi + at ........................................................(1)
𝟏
S = Vit + at2.
𝟐
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(a = -9.8m/s2 , Vf = 0).
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2. When a body falls back to the ground , its velocity continuously increases and become maximum at a particular height
2gh = Vf 2 – Vi 2
CHAPTER: 2 KINEMATICS
P2.1) A train moves with a uniform Velocity of 36𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 for 10S. Find the distance travelled by it. Solution:
(Velocity) V= 36 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
= 36x1000/60x60= 36000/3600= 10𝑚𝑠 −1
(Time) t= 10𝑚𝑠 −1
(Distance) S= ?
Formula: S= Vavx t
= (10) x (10)
S= 100 m ANS
P2.2) A train starts from nest. It moves through 1km in 100S with uniform acceleration. What will be its speed at
the end of 100S?
Solution:
(Distance) S= 1km =1000 m
(Time) t= 100 S
(Velocity)Vi= 0 m/s
Vf=?
By using formula:
1
S= vit+ ( ) 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
1000= 0(t)+ a (100)2
2
1
1000= a (10000)
2
2x1000/10000=a
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A= 0.2 𝑚𝑠 −2 ANS
Now by using first equation of motion:
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P2.3) A car has a Velocity of 10m/s. At accelerate at 0.2 m 𝒔𝟐 for half minute. Find the distance travelled during
this time and the final Velocity of the car.
Solution:
(Initial Velocity) Vi= 10m/s
(Acceleration) a= 0.2m/𝑠 2
1
(time) t= minutes= 30s
2
(final velocity) Vf= ?
S=?
st
By using 1 equation of motion:
Vf= Vi+at
Vf= (10)+(0.2)(30)
Vf= 10+6
Vf= 16m𝑠 −1
By using 3rd equation of motion to find s:
2aS= V𝑓 2 -V;2
2aS= V𝑓 2 -V;2
2(0.2)= (16)2 -(10)2
0.4 S= 256-100
156
S= ( )
0.4
S= 390m ANS
P2.4) A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a Velocity of 30m/s. it takes 3s to reach the highest point.
Calculate the maximum highest reached by the ball. How long it will take to return to the ground?
Solution:
(Initial Velocity) Vi= 30m/s
(Time) t1= 3s
(Height) S=?
Time required returning to the ground t2=?
g = -10m/𝑠 2
The value of g will be negative because the ball will be decelerating.
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S= vit+ ( ) (10)(3)2
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P 2.6) A train starts from the nest with an acceleration of 0.5m𝒔−𝟐 . Find its speed in 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 when it has
moved through 100m.
Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 0
Acceleration a= 0.5𝑚𝑠 −2
Distance s= 100m
Final Velocity Vf=?
To find the final Velocity we have to find the time. By using 2nd equation of motion:
S= vit+1/2𝑎𝑡 2
By putting the values:
100= (0)t+1/2(0.5)(𝑡 2 )
100= ½(0.5)𝑡 2
100= 0.25𝑡 2
100
𝑡 2= =400
0.25
𝑡 2 = 400
Taking square root on both sides:
√𝑡 2 =√400
T= 20s
Now for Vf, we have formula:
Vf= Vi+at
Vf= 0=(0.5)(20)
Vf= 10m𝑠 −1
Now to convert 10m/s into km/h, we will multiply it with 3600 nad divide it by 1000.
3600
So, Vf= 10 x
1000
Vf= 36 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 ANS
P2.8) A cricket ball is hit vertically upward and returns to the ground 6s later. Calculate:
(i) Maximum height reached by the ball
(ii) Initial Velocity of the ball
Solution:
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Acceleration g = -10m/𝑠 2
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Time t= 6s
P2.9) When brakes are applied the speed of train decreases from the 96km/h to 48km/h. In 800m how much
distance will it cover before coming to rest? (Assume the retardation is constant)
Solution:
The situation can be divided into two parts. The parts 1 data is as follows:
Initial Velocity Vi= 96 km/h
= 96x1000/3600= 26.66m/s
Final Velocity Vf= 48km/h
= 48x1000/3600= 13.33m/s
Distance s= 800m
Acceleration a=?
By using 3rd equation of motion:
2aS= V𝑓 2 - V;2
2a(800)= (13.33)2 -(26.66)2
1600s= -533.35
a= -533.35/1600
a= -0.33m/𝑠1
vi= 48km/h= 13.33m/s
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vf= 0 m/s
s=?
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P2.10) In problem 2.9 find the time taken by the train to stop after the application of brakes.
Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 96km/h= 26.667m/s
Final Velocity Vf= 0m/s
Acceleration a= -0.33m/𝑠 2
Time t=?
Formula Vf= vi+at
O= 26.677+(-0.33)t
-26.66= -033t
T= -26.667/-0.33
T= 80.80
Vf-vi=at
0-26.677/-0.3344=t
T=80s ANS
P2.11) A car moves with uniform Velocity of 5s it comes to rest in the next 10s/ Find deceleration and total
distance covered by the car?
Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 40m𝑠 −1
Time t = 10s
Final Velocity Vf= 0
Retardation a=?
Total distance S=?
As we know that:
vf − vi
a= ( )
𝑡
a= 0-40/40
a= -4 m𝑠 −2 ANS
Distance travelled in 1st five seconds.
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𝑆1= vxt
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= 40x5
Chapter # 3 Dynamics
1. FORCE
The Force is an agent which produces or tends to produce a motion in a body or it stops or tends to stop the motion of a
body. In simple words we can also say that force is an agent which changes or tends to change the state of an object.
UNIT
The unit of a Force in M.K.S System is Newton
2. MASS
The quantity of matter contained in a body is called mass. It is a scalar quantity.
FORMULA
F = ma
m = F/a
UNIT
The unit of mass in M.K.S System is Kilogram (kg).
3. WEIGHT
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The force with which earth attracts other bodies towards its centre is called weight. It is a vector quantity.
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FORMULA; W = mg
Combining both.
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F
a∝
𝑚
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or
F = ma
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
Statement:
“To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction ”
EXPLANATION
According to Newton’s Law of Motion, we have:
F(action) = – F(reaction)
The negative (-) sign indicates that the two forces are parallel but in the opposite direction. If we consider one of the
interacting objects as A and the other as B, then according to the third law of motion:
F(AB) = – F(BA)
F(AB) represents the force exerted on A and F(BA) is the force exerted on B.
Examples
We walk on the ground, we push the ground backward and as a reaction the ground pushes us forward. Due to this
reason we are able to move on the ground.
If a book is placed on the table, it exerts some force on the table, which is equal to the weight of the book. The table as a
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reaction pushes the book upward. This is the reason that the book is stationary on the table and it does not fall down.
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Definition
The force, which resists the motion of one surface on another
surface, is known as
friction.
Explanation
Suppose a wooden block is placed on a table and a spring balance is attached on it. If we apply a very small force of
magnitude F by pulling the spring gradually and increase it, we observe that the block does not move until the applied
force has reached a critical value. If F is less then critical value, the block does not move. According to Newton’s Third
Law of motion an opposite force balance the force. This opposing force is known as the force of friction or friction.
CausesofFriction
If we see the surface of material bodies through microscope, we observe that they are not smooth. Even the most
polished surfaces are uneven. When one surface is placed over another, the elevations of one get interlocked with the
depression of the other. Thus they oppose relative motion. The opposition is known as friction.
Advantages of Friction
1. We could not walk without the friction between our shoes and the ground. As we try to step forward, we push our foot
backward. Friction holds our shoe to the ground, allowing you to walk.
2. Writing with a pencil requires friction. We could not hold a pencil in our hand without friction.
3. A nail stays in wood due to friction
4. Nut and bold hold due to friction
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. In any type of vehicle–such as a car, boat or airplane–excess friction means that extra fuel must be used to power the
vehicle. In other words, fuel or energy is wasted because of the friction.
2. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the amount of energy remains constant. Thus, the energy that is “lost” to
friction in trying to move an object is really turned to heat energy. The friction of parts rubbing together creates heat.
3. Due to the friction a machine has less efficiency less than 100%.
4. Due to friction machine catch fire.
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Laws of Friction
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We know that the magnitude of centripetal acceleration of a body in a uniform circular motions is directly proportional to
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Centrifugal Force
Definition
“A force supposed to act outward on a body moving in a curve is known as centrifugal force.”
Explanation
Centrifugal force is actually a reaction to the centripetal force. It is a well-known fact that Fc is directed towards the
centre of the circle, so the centrifugal force, which is a force of reaction, is directed away from the centre of the circle or
the curved path.
According to Newton’s third law of motion action and reaction do not act on the same body, so the centrifugal
force does not act on the body moving round a circle, but it acts on the body that provides Fc.
Examples
If a stone is tied to one end of a string and it is moved round a circle, then the force exerted on the string on outward
direction is called centrifugal force.
The aeroplane moving in a circle exerts force in a direction opposite to the pressure of air.
When a train rounds a curve, the centrifugal force is also exerted on the track.
Vertical motion of two bodies attached to the ends of a string that passes over a frictionless pulley
Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively, let m1 is greater than m2 . the bodies are attached to the
opposite ends of an inextensible string. The string passes over a frictionless pulley. the body A being heavier must be
moving downward with some acceleration. Let this acceleration be a. At the same time, the body B attached to the other
end of the string moves up with the same acceleration a. As the pulley is frictionless, hence tension will be the same
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The above arrangement is also known as Atwood machine. It can be used to find the acceleration g due to gravity using ,
m1+ m2
g= ( )a
𝑚1−𝑚2
OR
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Motion of two bodies attached to the ends of a string that passes over a frictionless pulley such that one body
moves vertically and the other moves on A smooth horizontal surface
Consider two bodies A and B masses m1 and m2 respectively attached to the ends of an inextensible string as shown in the
figure above.Let the body A moves downwards with an acceleration a. Since the string is inextensible, therefore, body B
also moves over the horizontal surface with the same acceleration a. As the pulley is frictionless hence tension T will be
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Consider a body of mass m moving with initial velocity Vi. Let a force F acts on the body which produces an acceleration a
in it. This changes the velocity of the body. Let its final velocity after time t becomes Vf. if Pi and Pf be the initial momentum
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and the final momentum related to the body related to the initial and the final velocity respectively then:
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3.7. How can you relate a force with the change of momentum of a body?
vf − vi
Ans : By using 2nd of motion we can write F = ma here a= by putting this value we can get
𝑡
vf − vi
F =m
𝑡
mvf − mvi final momentum − initial momentum
F= but F =
𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Force = time rate of change of momentum
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3.8. What will be the tension in the rope that is pulled from the end by two opposite forces 100N each?
Ans: When two forces of 100 N each applied on a string then resultant tension is equal to 100.
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3.9. Action and reaction are always equal and opposite. Then how does a body move?
Chapter No 3
Dynamics
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20/2 = 10 kg Ans
P3.3) How much force is needed to prevent a body of mass 10kg from falling?
Solution:
Mass m=10kg
Force F=a
The force needed to prevent the body from falling is equal to the weight of the body
F=W
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W=mg
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a=100/50 = 2ms-2
P3.5) A body has weight 20N how much force is required to move it vertically upward with an acceleration of
20ms-2?
Solution:
Weight W = 20N
Acceleration a = 20ms-2
Force F=?
To find out force we have to first calculate the Mass of the body
To find out the mass to use W= mg m = w/g m= 20/10 m = 2kg
So he net force will take the body upward will be
Net force F = W
F= ma
W = mg
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W = -mg
Solution:
m1 = 52kg
m2 = 58kg
T =?
a =?
First we find tension in the string
Formula:
2m1m2
T=( )g
𝑚1+𝑚2
P3.7) Two masses 26kg and 24kg are attached to the end of a string which passes over a frictionless pulley. 26kg
is lying over a smooth horigalal table .24kg mass is moving vertically downward. Find the tension in string and
acceleration in bodies.
Solution:
m1 = 24kg m2 = 26kg T =? a =?
Formula:
2m1m2
T=( )g
𝑚1+𝑚2
= 24x10 / 24+ 26
a = 408ms-2 Ans
Pf − Pi
=F
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= 0-22/ 20
t = -1.1s
As time cannot be negative to
t = 1.1s ANS
P3.9) How much is the force of friction between a wooden block of mass 5 kg and the horizontal marble floor?
The coefficient of friction between the wood and marble is 0.6
Solution:
Fr =? m= 5 kg u= 0.6 Formula Fr = UF
F = mg
5 x 10 = 50 N
Fr =UF
Fr = 0.6 x 50 = 30 N ANS
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