SI engine fuel metering and

manifold phenomenon

Presented by:
Usama Naveed 2013-ME-329
1 Shahzaib Ilyas 2013-ME-333
Waqar Saeed 2013-ME-339
Hamza Saleemi 2013-ME-340
Hamza Iqbal 2013-ME-341
Presented to:
Dr. Shahid Imran
2 Contents
 Fuel Metering
 SI Engine Maintenance Requirement
 Carburetor
 Working Animation of Carburetor
 Changes required in Carburetor
 Electronic Fuel Injection System
 General circuit for EFI
 Multi-port fuel injection system
 Throttle Body Injection System
 Fuel flow throttle plate
 Throttle plate design requirement
 Problems
3
Fuel metering
 The mixing of appropriate amount of fuel with the
incoming air which is to be supplied to the engine
cylinders is known as fuel metering
4
SI engine mixture requirements
 Most gasolines have (A/F)stich in the range 14.4 - 14.7
 Typical value for (A/F) for SI engine = 14.6
 In the absence of strict engine NOx emission
requirements, excess air is the obvious diluent
 Result of excess air:
Gasoline Engines have traditionally operated
lean (∅ < 1)
5
Equivalence ratio variation vs intake
mass flow rate
6
Recycled exhaust (EGR) schedule
as a function of intake flow rate
7
Carburetor
A device in an internal-combustion engine
for mixing air with a fine spray of liquid fuel
Work on Bernoulli's Principle
Uses the venturi mechanism for metering of
fuel with air
8
9 Changes required in carburetor
 The main metering system

 An idle system

 An enrichment system

 An accelerator pump

 A choke
10 Electronic Fuel Injection System
 Electronic Fuel Injection uses various engine
sensors and control module to regulate fuel
quantity for proper metering of fuel with air
 EFI consists of
1. Sensor system
2. Fuel delivery system
3. Air induction system
4. Computer control system
11
12 General circuit for EFI
13 Fuel delivery system
 Electrical Fuel Pump
 Pressure Regulator
 Fuel Injector
 Injector Pulse Width
14 Multi-port fuel injection system
 Uses multiple injectors for fuel injection
 One injector is located in each manifold runner
 ECU controls injectors by pulsing their current
 Injectors spray fuel directly into intake port in
front of intake valve
15
16 Throttle Body Injection System
 Also called central body injection system
 Uses single injector mounted in throttle body
 Fuel is sprayed into intake air entering the
manifold
17 Flow pass throttle plate
 Purpose of throttle body?
 What is throttle plate?
 Where is it located?
18
Throttle Plate Design Requirement
 Low air flow resistance
 Good distribution of air and fuel between cylinders
 Runner and branch length
 Sufficient heating
19
Problem # 01
 Conventional spark-ignition engine operating with gasoline
 SI will not run smoothly (due to incomplete combustion) with
an equivalence ratio leaner than about ∅= 0.8
 Desirable to extend the smooth operating limit of the engine to
leaner equivalence ratios so that at part-throttle operation
(with intake pressure less than 1 atmosphere) the pumping
work is reduced
 Leaner than normal operation can be achieved by adding
hydrogen gas (H2) to the mixture in the intake system
 The addition of H2 makes the fuel-air mixture easier to burn
20 Solution
 Balanced chemical equation
H2 + C8H18 + 13(O2 +3.773N2) = 8CO2 + 10H20 +
41.5N2
 Air fuel ratio
𝐴 𝑚𝑎
= = 15.4
𝐹 𝑚𝑓
 Brake Power
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑏𝑃 = = 29kW
60000

 Mechanical Efficiency
𝑏𝑃
𝜂= = 50.05𝑘𝑊
𝑖𝑃
21
Continued…
 Indicated mean effective pressure
𝑃𝑖 𝑥 𝐿𝐴𝑁𝐾
𝑖𝑃 = = 486.34𝑘𝑝𝑎
60000
𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 476.24kpa
𝑝𝑖 + 𝑝𝑒 = 1 − 𝜂𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 285
 By solving both equations:
𝑝𝑖 = 380.99𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑝𝑒 = −95.25𝑘𝑝𝑎
 Pumping Pressure
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒 = 476.24𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑏𝑃
𝜂= = 39.25
𝑖𝑃 + 𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑓 + 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑓
22
Outcomes

Rich Mixture Lean Mixture

Low air to fuel ratio High air to fuel ratio

High mechanical efficiency Low mechanical efficiency

High equivalence ratio Low equivalence ratio

23
Problem # 02
 The flame propagation environment under typical engine
condition
 Engine specification:
N=1500 rpm; intake pressure=38kpa; λ =1; ignition= 30
degree BTC; Bore = 86 mm; Stroke = 86 mm; con-rod to bore
ratio = 1.58; Clearance vol.=58.77 cc
 Plot the following quantities as a function of the mass burned
fraction
1. The unburned and burned gas temperatures
2. The laminar flame speed
3. The laminar flame expansion velocity
4. The mass fraction burn
5. The volume of burned gas
24
Solution
 Displaced Volume
𝜋 2
𝑉𝑑 = 𝐷 𝑙 = 500cc
4
 Total Volume
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑑 = 558.77cc
 Mass of mixture
𝑚 = 32 + 4∅ 1 − 2𝜀 + 28.16𝜓
 Assumption: Octane Fuel
 Mass of mixture (Modified)
𝑚 = 138.2 + 9.12∅ = 147.32kg
25
Continued…
 Unburned gas temperature
𝑇𝑢 𝑝 𝛾𝑢𝛾−1
=( ) 𝑢
𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑜
 Burned gas temperature
𝑅𝑢 𝑝𝑉 − 𝑚𝑅𝑢 𝑇𝑢
𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇 +
𝑅𝑏 𝑢 𝑚𝑅𝑏 𝑥𝑏
 Mass fraction burned
𝑝𝑉 − 𝑝𝑜 𝑉0 + 𝛾𝑏 − 1 𝑊 + 𝑄 + 𝛾𝑏− 𝛾𝑢 𝑚𝑐𝑣,𝑢 (𝑇𝑢 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝑥𝑏 =
𝑚[ 𝛾𝑏 − 1 ℎ𝑓,𝑢 − ℎ𝑓,𝑏 + (𝛾𝑏 − 𝛾𝑢 )𝑐𝑣,𝑢 𝑇𝑢
 Volume change
𝑝𝑉
= 𝑥𝑏 𝑅𝑏 𝑇𝑏 + (1 − 𝑥𝑏 )𝑅𝑢 𝑇𝑢
𝑚
26
27 Results
 Crank Angle vs Temperature of the mass burned and
800
Unburned
28
700

600

500
Temperature

400

300

200

100

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Crank Angle
Tu Tb
 Crank Angle vs Mass Fraction Burned
0.35

29
0.3

0.25
Mass Fraction Burned

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Crank Angle

Mass fraction burned

30
Continued…
 Flame Velocity
𝑇𝑢 𝛼 𝑝 𝛽
𝑆𝐿 = 𝑆𝐿,0 ( ) ( )
𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑜
Where
𝑆𝐿,0 = 𝐵𝑚 + 𝐵∅ (∅ − ∅𝑚 )2
𝛼𝑔 = 2.4 − 0.217∅3.51
𝛽𝑔 = −0.357 + 0.14∅2.77
31 For Laminar Flame Velocity
32 Results
 Crank Angle vs Flame Expansion Velocity
40

33
35

30

25
Mass Fraction Burned

20

15

10

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Crank Angle

Flame Velocity
 Comparison between Temperature of the mass
34
burned, unburned and flame Velocity
800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Crank Angle

Tu Tb Flame Velocity
 Mass fraction burned and Temperature of the
35 mass burned and unburned
800

700

600

500
Temperature

400

300

200

100

0
0.0547 0.1047 0.1547 0.2047 0.2547

Mass fraction burned

Tu Tb
 Mass fraction burned vs Flame Expansion Velocity
40

36
35

30
Flame expansion velocity

25

20

15

10

0
0.0547 0.1047 0.1547 0.2047 0.2547

Mass fraction burned

Flame Velocity
37