Professional Documents
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manifold phenomenon
Presented by:
Usama Naveed 2013-ME-329
1 Shahzaib Ilyas 2013-ME-333
Waqar Saeed 2013-ME-339
Hamza Saleemi 2013-ME-340
Hamza Iqbal 2013-ME-341
Presented to:
Dr. Shahid Imran
2 Contents
Fuel Metering
SI Engine Maintenance Requirement
Carburetor
Working Animation of Carburetor
Changes required in Carburetor
Electronic Fuel Injection System
General circuit for EFI
Multi-port fuel injection system
Throttle Body Injection System
Fuel flow throttle plate
Throttle plate design requirement
Problems
3
Fuel metering
The mixing of appropriate amount of fuel with the
incoming air which is to be supplied to the engine
cylinders is known as fuel metering
4
SI engine mixture requirements
Most gasolines have (A/F)stich in the range 14.4 - 14.7
Typical value for (A/F) for SI engine = 14.6
In the absence of strict engine NOx emission
requirements, excess air is the obvious diluent
Result of excess air:
Gasoline Engines have traditionally operated
lean (∅ < 1)
5
Equivalence ratio variation vs intake
mass flow rate
6
Recycled exhaust (EGR) schedule
as a function of intake flow rate
7
Carburetor
A device in an internal-combustion engine
for mixing air with a fine spray of liquid fuel
Work on Bernoulli's Principle
Uses the venturi mechanism for metering of
fuel with air
8
9 Changes required in carburetor
The main metering system
An idle system
An enrichment system
An accelerator pump
A choke
10 Electronic Fuel Injection System
Electronic Fuel Injection uses various engine
sensors and control module to regulate fuel
quantity for proper metering of fuel with air
EFI consists of
1. Sensor system
2. Fuel delivery system
3. Air induction system
4. Computer control system
11
12 General circuit for EFI
13 Fuel delivery system
Electrical Fuel Pump
Pressure Regulator
Fuel Injector
Injector Pulse Width
14 Multi-port fuel injection system
Uses multiple injectors for fuel injection
One injector is located in each manifold runner
ECU controls injectors by pulsing their current
Injectors spray fuel directly into intake port in
front of intake valve
15
16 Throttle Body Injection System
Also called central body injection system
Uses single injector mounted in throttle body
Fuel is sprayed into intake air entering the
manifold
17 Flow pass throttle plate
Purpose of throttle body?
What is throttle plate?
Where is it located?
18
Throttle Plate Design Requirement
Low air flow resistance
Good distribution of air and fuel between cylinders
Runner and branch length
Sufficient heating
19
Problem # 01
Conventional spark-ignition engine operating with gasoline
SI will not run smoothly (due to incomplete combustion) with
an equivalence ratio leaner than about ∅= 0.8
Desirable to extend the smooth operating limit of the engine to
leaner equivalence ratios so that at part-throttle operation
(with intake pressure less than 1 atmosphere) the pumping
work is reduced
Leaner than normal operation can be achieved by adding
hydrogen gas (H2) to the mixture in the intake system
The addition of H2 makes the fuel-air mixture easier to burn
20 Solution
Balanced chemical equation
H2 + C8H18 + 13(O2 +3.773N2) = 8CO2 + 10H20 +
41.5N2
Air fuel ratio
𝐴 𝑚𝑎
= = 15.4
𝐹 𝑚𝑓
Brake Power
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑏𝑃 = = 29kW
60000
Mechanical Efficiency
𝑏𝑃
𝜂= = 50.05𝑘𝑊
𝑖𝑃
21
Continued…
Indicated mean effective pressure
𝑃𝑖 𝑥 𝐿𝐴𝑁𝐾
𝑖𝑃 = = 486.34𝑘𝑝𝑎
60000
𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 476.24kpa
𝑝𝑖 + 𝑝𝑒 = 1 − 𝜂𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 285
By solving both equations:
𝑝𝑖 = 380.99𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑝𝑒 = −95.25𝑘𝑝𝑎
Pumping Pressure
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒 = 476.24𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑏𝑃
𝜂= = 39.25
𝑖𝑃 + 𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑓 + 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑓
22
Outcomes
600
500
Temperature
400
300
200
100
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Crank Angle
Tu Tb
Crank Angle vs Mass Fraction Burned
0.35
29
0.3
0.25
Mass Fraction Burned
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Crank Angle
33
35
30
25
Mass Fraction Burned
20
15
10
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Crank Angle
Flame Velocity
Comparison between Temperature of the mass
34
burned, unburned and flame Velocity
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Crank Angle
Tu Tb Flame Velocity
Mass fraction burned and Temperature of the
35 mass burned and unburned
800
700
600
500
Temperature
400
300
200
100
0
0.0547 0.1047 0.1547 0.2047 0.2547
36
35
30
Flame expansion velocity
25
20
15
10
0
0.0547 0.1047 0.1547 0.2047 0.2547
Flame Velocity
37