ARP

NOTES ON
GAS
by Frederick C.Jones
PROTECTION AGAINST GAS
IDENTIFICATION OF GAS
~St~t1JECONTAMINATION.
FIRST AID
ETC.
DYMOCKS DOOK ARCADE
— A MEMORY AID —

GAS
GAS
;GAS
~SKING~s
 Second Edition

Alit RAID PRECAUTIONS

NOTES ON

GAS
By
FREI)ERICK C. JONES
.A.ILP. 1ii~tructor.
St. JOhn Amhularice Association.
National Emergency Services, N.S.W.
State Emergency Services, Victoria.

SYDNEY
DYMOCKI BOOK ARCADE LTD.
J942
 Wholly set up and printed in Australia by
Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd.,
TI 7 Reservoir Street, Sydney.

Registered at the General Post Office, Sydoey,

for transmission through the post as a book.

1st EDITION PUBLISHED 1939

2nd REVISED EDITION, MARCH, 1942

Copyright by Dymock’s Book Arcade Ltd.,

1942.
 FOREWORD

To First Edition

By Dr. A. W. Mobbs

Mr. Jones has supplied a much-needed book on

Air Raid Precautions: Firstly, in view of the
scarcity of reliable works of this nature; and,
secondly, as he brings the work up to date in a
~handy form.
Mr. Jones has had wide experience on the prac-
tical side, as a Lecturer, Demonstrator and
Examiner in this field, of which he is one of th~
earliest (if not the original) of the pioneers in
this State.
In conclusion, I can heartily recommend this
handbook to the student of A.R.P., as well as the
casually interested citizen.

(Sgd.) ATHOL W. MOBBS, M.B., Ch.M.

183 Macquarie Street, Sydney.
10/5/39.
3
 INTRODUCTION

This is not intended to be a work on CHEMICAL

WARFARE, nor a treatise on POISON GASES; it
has been published at the request of those who
have attended my classes and wish to have at
their command a ready reference. These are the
notes I use when lecturing, and all literary style
and embellishment has been disregarded in order
to collate them in a clear and concise form so
that those interested in A.R.P. may rapidly grasp
facts.
Since inaugurating a series of public Lectures
on Air Raid Precautions in 19~7, over eight
thousand men and women have attended my
classes varying from two to ten lectures.
To these people who have given up their leisure
hours and travelled at their own expense, and
provided necessary equipment and apparatus, in
order to render some service to their fellow men,
this handbook is respectfully dedicated.

4
 GENERAL OUTLINE

The Great War of 1914-18 commenced by the

Forces using projectiles seventeen inches
diameter. It finished with them using projectiles
one 100,000,000th of an inch in diameter, and,
strange as it may seem, the latter were more
~ effective and far cheaper. In addition, they were
not dependent upon good marksmanship, for if
they missed the person aimed at, they would hit
somebody else, go around corners, or even lie in
waiting and get him some other time.
This projectile was “Gas,” for, after all, gases
are merely tiny particles, and the tinier they are
the harder they are to fight.
The use of gas in warfare has come to stay, and
although we Britishers have covenanted not to use
it, we have reserved the right to do so if an enemy
should apply it against us. Therefore, it behoves
every person in the community to have sufficient
knowledge of the subject to afford a measure of
protection to himself and his loved ones, as well
as to be able to deal with the effects and apply
treatment.
Modern war is an “all-in” affair. Every man,
woman and child is a target for the enemy; in fact,
the destruction of the civil population is the aim
of the modern strategist.
5
WARFARE HAS TAKEN A REVERSED FORM
Why are gas attacks used? Here are a few
answers that will give you food for thought and
open up vast avenues of methods to meet these
attacks :—
(1) To kill or injure every living thing in the
enemy’s country.
(2) To paralyse activity, e.g.:
(a) Fire brigades; thus creating greater
scope for incendiary activities. Think
this well over yourself; it will save a
lot of talk and printing.
(b) Essential services — transport, muni-
tion manufacture, electric light, gas,
water supply, food supply, both prim-
ary and secondary. This will be
brought about by the use of gases at
“key” points.
(3) For moral effect:
(a) To lower the will to continue the
struggle, by the fear of impending
disaster.
(b) To cause panic and flight and general
disorganisation, which will undoubted-
ly be brought about the combined use
of gas, high explosives and incendiary
6
 bombs. In other words, the enemy will
drop or spray gas to make you take
cover, and what he can’t destroy by
high explosives he will burn. But the
great destroyer, “Panic,” will be
operating all the time if the people are
not trained to act in a cool, quiet
manner.

THE DETECTION OF GAS IS A PERSONAL

MATTER, although there are different forms of
chemical detectors, and one mechanical detector
now under consideration. Therefore you will be
required to make use of your senses to the utmost.
Nature has given you five senses — THREE
•MECHANICAL and TWO CHEMICAL; the latter,
SMELLING and TASTING, will be your best
friends in the case of a gas attack. Take care of
them.

Gases are classified according to their effects on

the person, and, leaving out their military and
~cientific names, which, by the way, will be added
as a footnote, it will be best to remember them in
the way they affect you and in the language of
the people. So let us call them: “TEAR GAS,”
“SNEEZING GAS,” “CHOKING GAS,” “BUS-
TER GAS.” Some of these will produce the whole
four symptoms, but their main effect is as the
name implies.
7
 DEFINITIONS

A great help to you will be a knowledge of the

correct definitions of the terms used. This list will
lie a good aid to your memory.
AIR LOCK.—A compartment or enclosure at the
entrance to a gas-protected room or shelter,
which enables persons to pass in or out without
admitting gas.
ANTI-DIM OUTFIT. — Material provided for
treating the eyepieces of a respirator to prevent
dimming by moisture.
ANTI-GAS TREATMENT. — The removal of
liquid from a person by means of a solvent or
antidote.
BENZINE.—Petrol.
BLEACHING POWDER.—Chloridc of Lime.
BLEACH PASTE.—Chloride of Lime mixed with
water to form a paste.
BLEACH OINTMENT.—Chloride of Lime mixed
with WHITE Vaseline—l part Vaseline to 2
parts Chloride of Lime. Do not use coloured
Vaseline, as heating is likely to occur.
CONCENTRATION.—The proportion of gas in a
given volume of air.
8
CONTAINER.—Thc part of the respirator con-
taining the filter and gas absorbent.
CONTAMINATION.—The liquid or va~otr~r~~
maining on a person or object as a result of
exposure to gas.
DECONTAMINATION.—A process intended to
remove the contaminating gas or to render it
harmless. In the case of persons this is called
Anti-Gas treatment.
FACEPIECE.—The part of the respirator that
covers the face.
GAS.—This includes any chemical substances,
solid, liquid or gaseous, that is used in war for
its poisonous effects on the human body.
GAS MASK.—A respirator.
NON-PERSISTENT GAS.—A gas which forms a
cloud, not always visible, and leaves no con-
tamination on the ground.
ORTHODOX CLOUD.—Any concentration of gas
or vapour approximately 40 feet high by one
mile in area.
1~ERSISTENTGAS.—A gas in’ liquid form which
evaporates slowly, and so continues to give off
a dangerous vapour for a long time.
RESPIRATOR.—An apparatus designed to pro-
9
 ted the face and lungs, and particularly the
eyes, from the effects of gas.
SENSITIVITY.—The ease with *hich a person is
affected with gas.
SALINE SOLUTION.—A solution of salt and
water; ALWAYS USE COMMON SALT—
NEVER TABLE OR REFINED SALT.
SIGNS: Are what you see.
SYMPTOMS: Are what the patient can tell you.
VASELINE.—This is a proprietary article, but
any good petroleum jelly of the white variety
will be suitable.
CONSIDERATIONS
Gas can be applied as follows:—
By means of PROJECTORS, whereby the gas
is released and allowed to travel don wind,
spreading contamination as it travels.
By means of SHELLS, which explode on contact
with the ground, scattering the contents, which
are in turn acted upon by the wind. Wounds by
splinters may accompany these.
By SPRAYING. A ‘plane can travel up wind or
parallel to the wind and release liquid gas In the
form of a spray; this form of applying gases can
10
 cause considerable trouble, as the small droplets
can cover a very large area. Fortunately, it is not
so dangerous as other methods, but it causes panic
and helps to clutter up the decontamination and
fIrst-aid stations, thus diverting attention for later
attacks in a more lethal form.
SPRINKLING. A method similar to spraying.
This requires no special apparatus, the liquid
simply being allowed to flow out of its container
(luflng the ‘plane’s flight. It is not so effective as
spraying.
It is advisable, when ‘planes are overhead, not
to look upwards and to wear eye-shields or broad-
brimmed hats; the slightest sensation of a gritty
or smarting feeling in the eyes should receive
prompt attention.
Seek any form of overhead cover, trees or
verandahs, but do not remain in the vicinity
- longer than can be avoided.
A single ‘plane can, under favourable conditions,
spray or sprinkle an area with a dangerous con-
centration of liquid about 1,000 yards long by 300
yards wide. This can either be broadened or
lengthened by the direction of the wind.
DURING AN AIR RAID look out for splashes
of moisture on face and hands; wet or moisture on
the hands after touching and handling any objects
or materials. Visit the nearest Warden and see
11
if you need anti-gas treatment.
AERIAL BOMBS: These vary in weight from
22 to 550 lbs. The smaller bombs are more gener-
ally used for liquids, like Mustard, in order to
secure a distribution over a larger area, and create
more contamination centres to need attention.
Other forms of gas would be in larger containers,
to ensure a greater and quicker concentration
when the weather is favourable. It is not neces-
sary to use the service type of bomb in order to
drop gas. Any form of containers would suffice—
for instance, one forty-gallon drum of Phosgene
dropped frdm a plane would have a disastrous
effect on the average small town or suburb.
EFFECT OF WEATHER.—This is a great con-
sideration. A high wind rapidly dissipates gas,
but liquid remaining on the ground will hardly be
affected, and will lie around, giving off vapour and
offering danger to anyone touching objects or the
ground on which it lies, sometimes for days.
Hot and warm weather will, of course, evaporate
liquids more rapidly, at the same time giving off
more vapour; therefore, under warm weather con-
ditions the danger from vapour will be greater.
Frosty weather has little effect on gas; but, if
frozen on the ground, it may lie dormant until
thawed, when it will release vapour. Light rain
has little effect on gas, but heavy rains will wash
12
persistent liquid gas away; at the same time, it
will leave small quantities in crevices and cracks
in drains or rocks, which later will give off
dangerous vapour.
Gas is heavier than air, and always lies close to
the ground; as it loses its concentration it natur-
ally becomes light and drifts away with the sur-
rounding air. Hollow ground, declivities, cellars
and basements are all dangerous localities when
gas is about. Trees and foliage offer little pro-
tection, except in the case of sprayed gases in
liquid form, when the droplets would be collected;
this might give a temporary protection, but later
would give off a dangerous vapour.

TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS

TEMPERATURE LAPSE.—This is the normal

daytime condition, when the ground temperature
is higher than the temperature of the air, which
decreases as you get higher. The result is that
you could get ascending air currents, as the warm
air rises from the ground. Any gas would be
carried upwards by such ascending currents, and
thus dispersed.
ZERO TEMPERATURE GRADIENT.—At cer-
tam times the ground temperature and the tern-
ierature of the upper air are the same, and the
18
 result is you get no warm air rising. Neither do
you get a downward movement of air, so the air
is stationery. Under these conditions gas would
slowly diffuse and its rate of disperse would be
slow, so this is a good condition for gas being
used. You get Zero Temperature Gradients be-
tween dusk and dawn.
TEMPERATURE INVERSION. — This con-
dition is really th~opposite of Temperature Lapse.
It happens on very clear nights, when the upper
regions of the air have a higher temperature than
the layer of air near the ground. Under this con-
dition the “ground air” is kept down, so any gas
would be held down, too, close to the earth’s sur-
face. This is undoubtedly the best possible con-
dition for the use of gas.

WAR GASES

It is only intended to deal with gases that are

generally known or have been used. Those that
are still in the experimental stage will be touched
upon lightly, having regard to the fact that 90
per cent. of all the gases contain as the principal
irritant “CHLORINE.”
Gases may be discharged by means of shells,
bombs and sprays, but whatever method is used
will suffice to bring suffering and panic upon
14
 civilian communities, the extent of both depending
upon their degree of preparedness and the effic-
iency of their Air Raid Precaution personnel.
Let us classify these gases:
TRUE GASES.—Chlorine, Phosgene, Di Phos-
gene or Super Palite, and some tear gases. Origin
ally packed under pressure in liquid state, these
are released as true gases and immediately corn-
bine with the atmosphere to become a dangerous
concentration. They are, invariably, invisible, but
source of manufacture, length of storage, and
weather conditions may produce a yellowish tinge
to the released gas cloud.
CLOUDS OR SMOKES are easily seen, and are
suspended for a long time; the tiny particles,
which are invisible to the naked eye, penetrate
gas masks and such that are no~provided with a
filter, like wool or cotton. These are usually called
nose or sneezing ga~esor stenutators, and for
short are called D.A., D.M., D.C. It is not gener-
ally known that a towel, garment, or any form
of pad will give good protection if held over the
face when nose gases are about. No chemicals
are necessary.
LIQUIDS, which are noted for their persistency,
will first act by direct contact, and, secondly, by
giving off a dangerous vapour for a considerable
time. These liquids include Mustard, Lewisite and
15
Chloropicrin, also Tear Gases like B.B.C. and
K.S.K.
DEPOSITED SOLIDS, which liquefy. Arseniu-
retted Hydrogen in form of Calcium Arsenide
tablets or powder commonly called “Arsine.”
No matter in what form gas is deposited it
will in due course combine with the atmosphere
to form a gaseous concentration.
Persistency

The application of this term is vague and, with

it, such terms as semi-persistent and non-
persistent often cause confusion, particularly
when one tries to draw a line separating persis-
tent from semi-persistent. We might go further
and say demi-semi-persisterit and SO on. In
present-day practice it is sufficient to use the Per-
sistent and Non-persistent, merely separating true
gases from liquids. Prentiss, a world-wide
authority, states that any gas that requires pro-
tection after 10 minutes is persistent.
In studying gas we must regard its —

GASNESS GASFULNESS GASSINESS

coined words to fit into our “Gas” requirements.
GASNESS would imply the state of such, its
strength, chemical character and toxicity.
 GASFULNESS.—Its use as such, e.g., Chlorine
would be more “Gasful” than C.A.P. In war-time.
GASSINESS would mean its comparison as gas
with other gases, liquids and solids.
Gas Requirements
High toxicity. Multiple and immediate effec-
tiveness of maximum duration. Persistency, Pene-
trability. Insidiousness. Invisibility. Odourless-
ness.
PERSISTENT GASES —
Tear Gas: Two types known as K.S.K. and
B.B.C.
Blister Gas: Mustard, Lewisite.
Lung Gas: Chloropicrin.
NON-PERSISTENT OASES —
Choking Gas: Chlorine, Phosgene and Palites.
The Poisonous Smokes: D.A., D.M. and D.C
Tear Gas: CA.?.
Detection of Gases
Gases can be recognised by —
(1) VISIBLE SIGNS.—Patches or pools ofliquid;
an oily appearance on ground or grass,
ti
(2) IMMEDIATE IRRITANT EFFECTS. Cough-
ing and sneezing, smarting of eyes, and, in the
case of Lewisite, a stinging sensation where
the liquid has made contact. An irritation of
the nose precedes the smell of B.B.C.
(3) SENSE OF SMELL. Gases have a distinctive
odour as described under the different head-
ings; plus a particular pungency and effect of
ether or chloroform.
(4) rI1ASTE. A peculiar flatness is noticed when
smoking in the weakest of Phosgene con-
centrations. It is a good method of detection,
while many assert that they can taste onions
in the vicinity of Arsine.
(5) HEARING.—Gas dropped in cylinders be-
trays its presence at a great distance by a
hissing sound as it escapes through the valve.
Chioropicrin brings on acute nausea and
vomiting, accompanied by clicking in the
ears. Of course, detection is too late in this
case, but it is an extra guide for treatment.
(G) By means of chemical indicators.
TEAR GASES
Loch rymalors or Eye Gases
C.A.P. Chioro-aceto-phenon: Phenyle, Chior-
methylketone (C6H5COCH2C~). A white crystal-
18
line solid, usually in glass capsules, released by
breaking capsule and heating over a flame. Prac-
tically harmless but intolerable after a short
period in a strong concentration. Used in demon-
strations and Gas Chambers.
Orthodox cloud, about 36 lbs.
Smell not unlike apple blossom.
K.S.K. or S.K. Letters stand for original place
of manufacture, South Kensington, England.
Ethyl-iodo-acetate (CH21COOEt).
A colourless heavy oil; persistent; more effec-
tive than C.A.P. Not suitable for demonstration.
Orthodox cloud, 70 to 150 lbs., depending upon
time requirements. Smells like Amyl Acetate or
nail polish.
B.B.C. Bramo-Benzyl-Cyanide (C~H5CHBrCN).
An oily brown liquid often mistaken for Mus-
tard Liquid; very persistent. The smell can be
likened to a fruit lIie that has been burnt, plus
the usual pungency. Not suitable for demon-
stration.
Orthodox cloud: 30 to 60 lbs., according to time
requirements.
Respirator complete protection against all Tear
Gases. Don’t get careless because you think it
19
is only Tear Gas. These gases are good covers for
more lethal gases that possess noticeable smells.
PRECAUTIONS.—As soon as smelt, clap on
respirator. Don’t take risks. Try and prevent
panic, or terror of consequences amongst victims.
Watch for other gases under cover of this gas,
such as Phosgene, which has little smell.
FIRST AID.—Little need other than to wash
eyes with a saline solution—one teaspoonful of
COMMON salt to one pint of water.
Remove from area affected. 1(eep quiet and rest.
CAUTION.—Tear gases caz~be fatal if inhaled
for a long period: For instance, an unconscious
person near a pool of liquid tear gas. These gases
are noticeable in concentrations as low as 1 in
1,000,000.

NOSE OR SNEEZING GASES

Toxic or Particulate Smokes. Stcrnutatory Gases.
Really smokes in fine particles.
Many types, such as D.A., D.M. and D.C. Effects
the same.
Non-persistent, unless retained in clothing
bedding or heaps of straw or fodder. Released if
disturbed or shaken.
20
 Originally in solid form, which melts when
released or fired in shells, heat of explosion being
sufficient.
Object in using, to cause wearers to discard
masks, thus preparing way for an attack with a
more deadly gas—Phosgene, for example. Person
may smell the gas, or detect it too late, will put on
mask; after a while will sneeze—desire to tear off
mask for relief.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.—Desire to pick
nose; violent sneezing; burning sensation in chest;
pain in teeth and gums; tightness and burning
across the chest; pains in stomach, sometimes
: vomiting of contents; gradually increasing to a
sense of terror and extreme depression. Masks
seem an encumbrance. Cases sometimes get
violent and collapse. Generally recover in 48
hours; no fatal cases recorded.
Complications may arise due to strains from
sneezing, etc., such as broken blood vessels and
damage to pulmonary organs.
Service respirator is protection if filtering pads
are in good order; otherwise gas will pass through
container.
TREATMENT.—Don’t remove respirator; if
patient is not wearing one, place one on before
removing from area.
21
 Give rest, fresh air, and removal of all con-
taminated clothing, which must be well shaken
outside of shelter. Don’t remove mask.
Nasal douching with Soda BiCarb solution—i
level teaspoonful to 1 pint of warm water. Pain
may be relieved in inhalations of Chloroform
under doctor’s direction.
Gargle with same solution.
Give light fluid diet, reassure patient, and keep
him cheerful.
NOTES.—Nose Gases contaminate water and
food. Arsenical poisoning could occur, which
symptoms are entirely different. See First Aid
Books. Symptoms increase, then subside; finally
recovery comes.
D.A. Di-phenyl-chlor-arsine (P112 As Cl).
Looks not unlike soft cooking sugar, smells like
boot polish.
Orthodox cloud.
Under this category unusable.
D.M. Di-phenyl-amine chior-arsine (CÔH4)2
(NH As Cl), known as Adamsite.
Greenish brown crystals. No smell until one
becomes a definite casualty; then a smell of garlic
is apparent.
22
 Orthodox cloud, 100 lbs.
D.C. Di-phenyle-cyanarsine (Ph2 As CN).
Colourless crystals, more or less prismatic. has
a smell of bitter almonds.
Orthodox cloud: 35 lbs.
Concentrations: Nose gases can be detected in
concentrations as low as 1 in 10,000,000.
CATJTION.—Although nose gases possess dis-
tinctive odours, such recognition is too late to
prevent a mild casualty. Respirator only effective
if filter pads are in good condition.

LUNG GASES
Asphyxiants, Suffocants, Choking Gases
NON-PERSISTENT.
Practically invisible, except on release, when
clouds varying from white to greenish yellow
may be seen, depending upon light. They are
true gases, but heavier than air.
CHLORINE, PHOSGENE and DI-PHOSGENE
are principally used.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHLORINE —

Smell of Chloride of Lime.

Dissolves in water.
 Contaminates water, rendering it unpalatable
and dangerous.
Contaminates food.
Corrodes metals and rots clothing and
materials.
rJ~I1eeffects are immediate and continued.

Spasms of throat, coughing, retching, feeling

of tightness across chest. Blueness of face;
vomiting of frothy liquid.
Rapidity of pulse; rapidity of breathing.
ALL LUNG CASES ARE STRETCHER
CASES. Patient must not be allowed to walk,
even if desirous.
NO ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION IN LUNG
CASES.
Deaths, if any, occur within 48 hours. There-
fore, give rest, warmth and early evacuation to
hospital.
Minor or milder cases may be allowed to go
borne after treatment if facilities are there and
conditions favourable. They should be instructed
to send for medical aid if not recovered in a few
hours.

[F IN DOUBT, DETAIN AT F.A. POST.

24
 How Cases Arc Classified

(1) ACUTE WITH VIOLENT ONSET.

Immediate coughing, choking, spasmodic
coughing, gasping, difficulty in taking a deep
breath: USUALLY CHLORINE.
(2) ACUTE WITH INSIDIOUS ONSET.
Persons not immediately affected or only
slightly so may appear cheerful; later, per-
haps two or three hours, sometimes even
twenty-four hours, they may collapse. Skilled
diagnosis is vitally necessary in these cases,
especially if the person has travelled any dis-
tance from original contaminated area. 20
per cent, of cases under this heading are
usually fatal, and can be attributed to
PHOSGENE or DI-PHOSGENE.
(3) MILD.
Same symptoms, but not so acute, followed
by headache, flatulence and purging of the
bowels. Recovery 100 per cent. after hospital
treatment.
Watch for “late signs and symptoms” most
marked with Phosgene, such as
LESS SEVERE TYPE.—Flushed face, rapid
breathing, pain in chest.
25
SEVERE, known as “BLUE TYPE.”—BIue face,
quick full pulse, panting respiration, staring
eyes, restlessness, mental distress. Usually
these improve.
COLLAPSED OR “GREY TYPE.”—Heart failure
has supervened; grey pallor, lips and tips of ears
lilac in colour; pulse rapid, but weak; skin cold
and clammy; respiration rapid, but shallow.
Prostration most noticeable. Usually fatal.
Complications: Bronchopneumonia after, say,
a week. Abscess or gangrene of lung rarely.
Tuberculosis: There has been no medical
evidence of more frequency.

First Aid Treatment

Put respirator on patient if not masked.

Remove from concentration.
Remove or loosen tight clothing. Men: Collars,
ties, vests, belts, braces. Women: Belts, corsets,
brassieres. Then keep at rest in a recumbent
position.
Avoid all shock.
NO ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION.
Apply hot-water bottles, plenty of blankets;
1 )reVeflt shivering.
2G
 Remove as early as possible ON A
STRETCFIER, carried shoulder high in gas in-
fected area.
Reassure your patient.
Encourage patient to vomit, except in collapsed
cases. This can be done by raising foot of bed and
turning patient’s head to one side.
Use a mouth-wash for dry and dirty mouths.
Drink may be given —lemonade, water, or
weak tea; if bottled lemonade is used, add one tea-
spoonful of sugar to a one-pint bottle to remove
surplus gas.
Lung Gas patients must not be allowed to walk,
even if they appear fit and insist.
Phosgene
Similar in effect to Chlorine, except that it
possesses what is known as “delayed action.”
Breathing a contamination ever so slight
scarcely affects the person at the time; in
fact, a condition of well-being sometimes
follows, but later, when the person does some
slight exertion, he collapses.
What is really happening, as in all cases of lung
irritant gases, is this; Water is left behind in the
lungs as the blood comes up for aeration, and the
27
lungs become water-logged, so actually your
patient is being slowly drowned.
Whole chapters could be written on this “de-
layed action,” and I would advise all A.R.P. per-
sonnel to give this a careful and exhaustive study.
Delayed action has been known to extend over 48
hours, and then prove fatal; but, of course, this
is rare.
Treatment as for Chlorine. Respirator 100 per
cent protection.
Chioro-Picrin

A persistent oily liquid. Has also slight blister-

ing effect, otherwise signs and symptoms as for
Lung Gases. Will lie around in pools for several
hours, giving off dangerous vapour. Sometimes
reported In mistake for Mustard Gas. Watch out
for this. Treat as for lung cases. Respirator Is
complete protection.
CHLORINE (Cl). A true gas. Greenish yellow
in colour when first released. Orthodox cloud 4
tons. Smells like Chloride of Lime or the vapour
given off when soldering with spirits of salts. 141*
likely to be used In air raids. Respirator complete
protection.
PHOSGENE (COCI2). A clear, colourless gas,
unless coloured by enemy for tactical purposes,
28
then a white cloud. A true gas. Smells like sweet
corn, rotten nuts, or some cleaning fluid containing
Carbon Tetraehloride. Orthodox cloud, 4 tons.
Respirator complete protection only if in good con-
dition, valves well fitting and charcoal fresh. How-
ever, special chemical pads are now being added
to some respirators.
DI PHOSGENE, Tri-chior-methyl-chioro-for-
-

mate (Cl, COOC, C12), other characteristics

similar to Phosgene.
CHLOROPICRIN, Tn Chior Nitromethane
- -

CI2CNO2), a colourless oily liquid. Has a sweet

spicy smell, but pungent and sickly. Induces acute
vomiting. Orthodox cloud, 2 tons. Respirator
complete protection.

BLISTER GASES

Skin irritant gases. Vesicants.

Two types —

(1) Mustard.
(2) Lewisite.
i\IUSTARD GAS —

Dark brown or yellowish oily liquid.

Smell of horseradish, onions or garlic, or
combination of all.
29
 Persistent.
Insoluble in water; does not float on top.
Dangerous to food and water.
May be invisible on grass or ploughed ground.
has slightly iridescent appearance on wet
ground like spilt oil.
NO IMMEDIATE EFFECTS.
Characteristics are most important individu-
ally, but collec~tively offer a difficult
problem.
A GAS MOST LIKELY TO BE USED IN AIR
RAIDS.
Known principally for its POWER, PERSiS-
TENCY, PENETRATION, INSIDIOUSNESS,
UNIVERSAL ACTION, and DELAYED ACTION,
we will deal with each separately.
PO\VER.—A drop of Mustard liquid no bigger
than the head of a pin will produce a blister the
size of a shilling, and exposure to vapour of a
concentration of 1 in 1,000,000 is capable of
casualty production, particularly upon the eyes.
PERSISTENCY.—Under normal temperature
conditions, if the concentration is heavy and
sheltered from the direct rays of the sun, or from
winds, the area is dangerous to anyone coming
into contact with it. Liquid gives off slowly but
continuously a dangerous vapour.
 PENETRATION.—This is remarkable, and a
knowledge of it iS iinpoi’taiit. The action is similar
to ink on blotting paper—not eating directly into
the article or skin like acid; actually there is no
destruction of the material, and penetration takes
place in every direction, and is universal. The only
substances defying it are metal, glass and highly-
glazed tiles. The body offers no resistance. Ordin-
ary rubber articles are proof to a limited degree
if treated as early as possible.
INSIDIOUSNESS.—By this is meant that its
presence is not very obvious either by smell or
feeL Lewisite, however, is obvious to both senses.
DELAYED ACTION.—Whilst actual damage
takes place, no signs or symptoms appear for some
time afterwards.
UNIVERSAL ACTION means that, unlike
other gases, which confine themseh~esto certain
parts of the body, Blister Gases have the power
of burning or blistering any area which they con-
tact, either as a liquid or vapour, within the body
or on the surface. mi uiies produced, in order of
importance :—
VAPOUR:
The eyes.
Breathing passages and lungs.
The skin.
31~
 EYE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Within about 4 hours: Sore and gritty;
light affects them (Photophobia),
flow of tears; spasm of eyelids.
Within about 18 hours: Swelling of eyes
and eyelids; mattery discharge from
between lids which runs down the
cheeks; severe pain and headache;
temporary blindness.
LIQUID:
Extremely dangerous to eyes; immediate irri-
tation; irritation subsides; rapid and
extreme swelling, discharge and pain
within one hour; eye completely closed.
IMMEDIATE TREATMENT IS ESSEN-
TIAL.
BREATHING PASSAGES.
Nose, about 4 hours: Sneezing; running,
like a cold; discharge becomes mat-
tery.
Throat, about 4 hours: Soi’eness, dry and
burning sensation; hoarseness; dry,
hard cough.
Lungs: Inflammation of windpipe and
bronchial passages; pneumonia, pos-
sibly on third to eighth (lay.
32
 Food Tract: Affected in most cases by
the swallowing of contaminated
saliva; inflammation of, and pain in,
stomach within 4 hours; nausea;
vomiting.
SKIN.
Intense itching, in about 4 hours ; redden-
ing of skin, in about 8 hours; blis-
tering; small blisters, in about 16 to
18 hours; large blisters, in 24 hours.
The blister contains a clear lemon-
coloured fluid. This blister must not
be interfered with.
Ulceration.
These signs and symptoms appear much quicker
in the case of direct splashing.
Moist areas, such as bend of the elbow, knee,
armpits and inside of the thighs, are affected most.
Exposed areas affected quicker than clothed
areas. Gas retained in clothing will increase
severity of burn. Clothes give little protection.
Solubility of Mustard Gas in fat enables it to pene-
trate the skin rapidly. HOT WEATHER and hot
skin assists this.
TYPICAL MUSTARD GAS CASE AFTER 24
HOURS —

Intense pain in eyes; inability to see; tears

33
 audi matter ooze from eyelids, trickling
(lOWn over a re(ldened and blistered face
constant nasal discharge ; continuous
harsh coughing; severe headaches; red-
ness of skin, with blistering.
Breathing Passage.—Damage to these parts is
beyond First Aid. Evacuate immediately to hos-
pital for expert attention. I)ELAY IS DANGER-
OUS. Many deaths occur from this delay.
Digestive System.—Relieve by drinks of Bicar-
bonate of Soda—i teaspoonful to 1 pint of water.
Not really a First Aid case; transfer to hospital.
Skin.—There is a delay of some hours before
the poison comes into actual contact with the
person and when he develops signs and symptoms.
(Lewisite excepted.) It damages at once the area
which it first contacts, but it takes time to spread
far enough to produce final results of redness,
blister or ulcer.
POINTS TO DECIDE --

(1) Whether the time which has elapsed

since contact is such that penetration is
so deep that ii is too late to prevent in-
jury developing.
(2) How this action can be arrested.
Time is deciding factor Easy to stop if First
Aid applied soon enough.
31
TWO LINES OF ACTION —
Destroy by means of an antidote—bleach,
ointment or cream.
Remove by mechanical means—that is,
wiping or washing It away before it has
had time to penetrate.
LIQUID REQUIRES FIRST AID WITHIN
FIVE MINUTES.
Vapour depends upon concentration, as in all
gases. Lower the concentration, longer time for
maximum effects.
Antidote quicker and more thorough, especially
when there is actual contact with drops of liquid.
Chloride of lime Is best known antidote; usually
called Bleach.
BLEACH OINTMENT —
1 part WHITE VASELINE, 2 parts Chloride
of Lime.
BLEACH PASTE —
Chloride of lime and sufficient water to form
a paste. This will depend upon the
weather, whether humid or dry.
Treatment with Bleach requires great care, as
it will cause injury if it enters the eyes.
135
 To use Bleach, cover the area, rub well in for
about a minute, then remove by wiping with a dry
rag in the case of ointment, and by washing with
plain water in the case of paste.
A subsequent bath is desirable.
If liquid is visible, remove with dry rag before
applying Bleach, then burn or otherwise dispose
of rag.
This is true First Aid, and must be applied
within a few minutes, and, of course, refers to
liquid contamination only.
All cases are not of this character, or even in
this class; there will be persons who know, or
think, they have been splashed but don’t know
where, or have only been in a contaminated area.
Remember, when liquid touches clothing, only
vapour passes through unless splashes are of ex-
ceptional volume. In any case, removal of all
clothing and treatment of whole body is necessary,
not forgetting PERSISTENCY AND UNIVER-
SAL ACTION.
This is not true First Aid, as it cannot be carried
out on the spot. It is really preventive treatment.
POINTS TO REMEMBER —

TRUE FIRST AID FOR DIRECT CONTAMI-

NATION: “OINTMENT WITHIN A
FE\V 1\IINUTES.”
 PREVENTIVE TREATMENT FOR iN-
DIRECT CONTAMINATION: “STRIP-
PING AND COMPLETE WASHING AT
THE EARLIEST POSSIBLE MOMENT
WITH OR WITHOUT BLEACH?’
The latest Initructions received from England
require Mustard Gas blisters to be opened and the
fluid evacuated by means of a hypodermic or
similar syringe.
Confine washing to contaminated parts (First
~ Md only); change water and swab or brush fre-
I quently. Always use rubber or oilskin gloves.
Solvents of Mustard Gas are: Petrol or Benzlne,
Kerosene and Carbon Tetrachloride. These do not
~ destroy, but merely collect It, or lower the concen-
~tration. Usecare,asitwlllbellkelytospreadif
~ upset or used carelessly; afterwards destroy
A~! solvent.
~ Send developed cases to hospital.
Itching and burning may be relieved by any
good evaporating lotion.
After swabbing and drying, use dusting powder.
Lewisite
CHARACTERISTICS —

Clear colourless liquid, looks like glycerine,

darkens later; persistent; smell of geran-
37
 iums; contams arsenic—watch for ar-
senical poisoning; immediate effects,
with a sharp stinging sensation; irrita-
tion immediately; destroyed by water or
any alkali.
Lewisite penetrates the skin with great rapid-
ity, and all symptoms, w’hether from liquid or
vapour, show much quicker than with Mustard.
Vapour, if breathed only for a few minutes, pro-
duces an intolerable sensation of burning and irri-
tation of the nose.
Liquid produces a sharp stinging sensation on
contact with the skin, and if a drop reaches the
eye, severe pain.
Blisters have sharp defined edges, covering
nearly all the reddened area, easily distinguished
from Mustard.
Blisters filled with opaque fluid, which contains
arsenic. THESE BLISTERS MUST BE OPENED
AT ONCE.
Where skin has been heavily contaminated,
symptoms of arsenical poisoning may occur~
FIRST AID FOR BLISTER GAS CASUAL-
TIES.—Under two headings, on account of in-
sidious and delayed action:—
(1) FIRST AID PROPER, on the spot.
38
 (2) PREVENTIVE TREATMENT, at the
Shelter or Hospital.
First Aid in eye cases important.
Free washing with solution of Bi-carbonate of
Soda—lO grains to 1 pint of warm water. Don’t
use same piece of cotton wool or rag twice. Have
a quantity handy. Drop pieces in some container
bag or box, then burn on first opportunity. Use a
douche-can if possible, with rubber tube and glass
nozzle. This must be carried out at the first
possible opportunity.
White Vaseline (Petroleum Jelly), smeared over
the edge of the lid, or a drop of Medicinal Paraffin
in the eye, will prevent sticking of lids.
REMEMBER, EYES ARE AFFECTED BY
VAPOUR AS WELL AS LIQUID.
Treatment is similar in many respects except,
that if known or suspected that blisters are Lewis-
ite, they should be immediate’y opened and the
blister fluid removed with usual surgical cleanli-
ness—that is, always use instruments that have
been steeped in disinfectant.
Remove dead skin.
Wash exposed raw parts to remove all traces of
arsenic.
BE CAREFUL AND GENTLE.
39
 Decontamination of Blister Gas Cases

VAPOUR:
Hang outer garments iii open air for 24 hours.
Wash all light garments and underwear with
soap and water for AT LEAST 15
minutes.
LIQUID:
All outer garments to be steam disinfected.
All under garments to be boiled in plain water
for one hour, also all washable garments.
OILSKINS OIl PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:
Vapour: Hang in open air for two hours.
Liquid: Hose off visible liquid. Use care here!
Then boil in water for haR an hour.
RUBBER BOOTS:
Stand in tray of Bleaching powder; brush
uppers; boil in water for two hours, wipe
inside and outside, dry in warm room.
Leather boots are unsuitable for wear, as they
cannot be decontaminated satisfactorily. If they
have to be used, cover well with Bleach ointment.
Use thick-soled boots.
40
RESPIRATORS:
Vapour: hang respirator and haversack in
open air for 24 hours; protect it from
rain or wet.
Liquid: Dismantle, detach container and eye-
pieces. Boil all other parts in water 2
hours; haversack half an hour. Treat
container and eyepieces with ointment
for 10 minutes.
Mustard Gas. Di Chior Ethyl di Suiphide.
- - - -

Smells like garlic, onions, or horseradish.

Lewisite. Chlor-vinyl-di-chior-arsine. Smells
like geraniums.
Note
A Non-Persistent Gas lasts for MINUTES.
A Persistent Gas lasts for DAYS or WEEKS,
unless destroyed by decontamination, or natural
means, sun or weather.
Non-Persistent Gases combine with the atmos-
phere as soon as released, the concentration
gradually getting lower as the sun and wind affect
it, or even broken up by rain.
Persistent Gases are sent out as liquids, and re-
main such, giving off a dangerous vapour for days
or weeks, depending upon the climate. Water or
41
rain, unless very heavy, will have little effect
other than to spread the liquid over a greater
area with more opportunities for spreading the
vapour later.
Thus we have, as regards persistency

NON-PERSISTENT:
Lung Gas.
Nose Gas.
reai Gas.
FERSISTE NT:
Tear Gas.
Blister Gas.
Lung Gas.

A FEW POINTS TO REMEMBER

Gas cases usually receive first treatment.

Always place a respirator on a case before re-
moving to a station or other place for treatment,
despite the opposition or request of the person so
affected.
Never enter a station or other shelter if you
have been in a contaminated area, until you re-
12
move your outer clothing and otherwise receive
some treatment.
Never allow a person to enter a station, home or
shelter until you are satisfied that he has not been
in a contaminated area or is not in any way
affected.
Don’t wear another person’s mask until it has
been disinfected.
Don’t apply a mask to a person unless you are
sure it has been disinfected.
All Lung Gas cases are stretcher cases, however
well the person may seem.
NEVER APPLY ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
TO A LUNG GAS CASE.
If you notice any strange smell, hold your
breath, clap on your respirator. Better be sure
than sorry!
A respirator is only a filter where gases contain-
ing oxygen are concerned, and Coal Gas, Carbon
Monoxide, etc., are not held in check by a
respirator.
(Don’t forget, however bad a case may be, you
have seen dozens worse and the patient always
recovered.)
43
 Reassurance and cheerfulness at all times.

If you are caught in a gas attack and have no

respirator, place some of your garments over your
face—wet them if possible—and walk calmly to
the nearest shelter.

DON’T HOLD YOUR BREATH. DON’T RUN.

THE RESPIRATOR

Three kinds in use:—

THE SERVICE RESPIRATOR.—Issued to the
Forces and to such Air Raid Personnel as may be
engaged in working in high concentrations or con-
tinuous heavy duties. Several “Marks” or im-
provements are in use, but the principle is similar.

THE CIVILIAN DUTY RESPIRATOR.—Issued

to Air Raid Personnel and others similar engaged,
where the working in high concentrations is not
expected. Cheaper and lighter, principle the same.

THE CIVILIAN RESPIRATOR.—For civilian

use only of a personal character, not suitable for
prolonged use in high concentrations or hard wear.
44
 Part~cuIarsof Respfrators
THE SERVICE.—Known as the “box” type, con-
sisting of:—
A FACEPIECE, covers face from forehead to
chin, excludes all air or gas except what
passes through tube.
THE CONNECTING TUBE.—Flexible rub.
ber, covered with fabric, which leads
into the facepiece from the container.
THE CONTAINER—A corrugated metal
box, containing material to filter gas and
purify air.
A later pattern of the Service and Civil-
ian duty has attachment for a micro-
phone.
THE HAVERSACK—In which the respira-
tor is carried and stored at all times. It
also holds the respirator when in use.

DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR PARTS.

Facepiece o sheet vulcanised rubber, covered
with fabric; this has a one-way stretch UP AND
DOWN ONLY. It is constructed to fit tightly to
the face around the edges, allowing freedom to
other parts of the face. It is fitted with adjustable
headstraps. Made in three sizes—large, medium
45
and small. Other sizes and shapes are under con-
sideration. The connecting tube is fitted to the
facepiece by way ~f a circular metal valve holder,
which is known as the “Outlet Valve,” and allows
air to pass “Outwards.”
Air entering the facepiece by way of the con-
necting tube is distributed by means of channels
cut in the rubber facepiece known as “Tissot”
channels, named after the inventor. This is the
air you breathe, and these channels permit of a
free and easy circulation, passing over the glass
eyepieces and helping to keep them free from
moisture. The eyepieces are of splinterproof glass,
removable for decontamination purposes.
THEY MUST NEVER BE BOILED.

If fitted properly, it is quite comfortable arid

efficient.
THE CONNECTING TUBE is of flexible rubber
covered with waterproof fabric; it is corrugated
to prevent kinking or cracking; it enters the face-
piece by way of the valve holder.
THE CONTAINER is a box of tinned iron, con-
taming activated charcoal, to purify the air that
enters, and certain filters that prevent smokes,
“nose gases” from passing through, also gauzes
and separators. In the later pattenis the “inlet
46
valve” is fitted on the dome of the container, and
not in the base.
ANTI-DIMMING OUTFIT consists of a metal
box in which is a quantity of anti-dimming com-
pound or grease, and a small piece of cloth for
cleaning the eyepieces and to cover them with a
thin layer 6f grease to prevent dimming by mois-
ture; similar substances are used by all wearers
of spectacles, and will no doubt be familiar.

The Civilian Duty Respirator

Facepiece of plain rubber, uncovered; eyepieces

are not splinter-proof; can be removed for clean-
ing. There are no Tissot channels; consequently,
more anti-dimming treatment is necessary. Head
harness similar to Service pattern.
CONTAINER.—Metal, fitted directly in front
like a snout, usual charcoal and filter. Air is
breathed straight through, and leaves by outlet
valve situated on top of container through a soft
rubber beak-like valve.
The Civilian Respirator

A modification of the Civilian Duty type, but

frailer. Has no outlet valve. Breathing is effected
through the sides of the facepiece.
.47
 Points to Remember

IMPORTANCE OF RESPIRATOR.
Protection of wearer. Comfort. The efficiency
of the wearer while at work.
ESSENTIALS.
Close fitting and gas-proof.
Connecting tube intact and airtight.
Outlet valve is working efficiently.
Contents of the container undamaged.
WATER IN THE CONTAINER WILL REN-
DER IT USELESS.
Of the two valves, a damaged OUTLET VALVE
IS THE WORSE, because it will allow gas to enter
without passing through the filter.
WATCH OUT FOR —

Defective inlet valve.

Neck of container plugged.
Water in container.
Damaged facepiece, due to cracked or
perished rubber, probably the result of
long storage, or careless packing,
4~
NEVER—
Scrub a facepiece.
Strain the head harness.
Turn it inside out.
Boil a facepiece until the glasses have been
removed.
Allow container to be knocked out.
Drop the haversack when the respirator is
inside.
ALWAYS—
Stick to your own respirator.
Wipe it thoroughly after use, using a good
disinfectant diluted with water.
Have a respirator disinfected before passing
it to a new wearer, and observe this rule
in your own case.
Remove spectacles beforQ putting on respira.
tor.

Life of Containers
Although the life of the contents of a container
as far as their filtering capabilities are con-
cerned is one that depends upon the type and
49
 usage, the following will serve as some indication:
In high concentrations:
Service Respirator 4 hours
Civilian Duty 2 hours
Civilian 2 hours
In any case, the matter of inspection and care
of all respirators, as far as A.R.P. Personnel is
concerned, will be in the hands of a specialist.
REMEMBER that all respirators are merely
filters of pure air from bad or contaminated air.
They are not effective in any place where there is
no oxygen; consequently, will be useless in such
gases as carbon monoxide. The actual function of
the respirator is to separate the poison gases used
in warfare from the pure air.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

Made of oilskin similar to that in everyday use.

Protection under ordinary conditions against
Mustard, Liquid and Vapour.
In hot weather liquid will penetrate the clothing
a lot quicker, but it will be proof for at least four
hours, and much longer in cold weather.
Protective garments can be boiled when being
decontaminated, but suffer to the extent of losing
50
their efficiency by one-quarter; in other words,
four boilings will render a suit almost unsuitable
for general use.
Very exhausting to the wearer in hot weather.
LIST OF GARMENTS: JACKET, TROUSERS,
hOOD, GLOVES, RUBBER BOOTS, KNEE
HIGH.
Underclothing must be worn with these gar-
ments; underpants must be full length.
For personnel in First Aid posts engaged as
“Undressers,” the following need only be worn:—
OILSKIN TOP COAT, OR APRON WITH
SLEEVES, OILSKIN GLOVES, RUBBER KNEE
BOOTS. Underclothing and a strong cotton or
twill suit are worn in addition.

Order of Dressing

Attend to wants of Nature.

Remove own underclothing and socks.
Put on special and clean underclothing and socks.
Put on trousers.
Put on boots, trousers draped “plus fours”
fashion.
51
Put on jacket.
Adjust respirator to alert position—that is, slung
in front of the body.
Put on gloves, which are tied at wrist by dresser.
Put on hood, or sou’wester, or helmet.
The hood should not be worn unless the respira-
tor is adjusted in the gas position—that is, on the
face—and only when gas is likely to be en-
countered.
Order of Undressing
REMOVE:
Hood, sou’wester, or helmet.
Gloves.
Respirator.
Jacket, coat, or apron.
Trousers lowered, no more.
Boots removed.
Trousers removed.
Underclothing removed.
These directions must be most carefully ob-
served, and in the case of contaminated protective
clothing, will be carried out in a special room oi,
compartment. This calls for great care, so that no
contaminated clothing touches the skin of the
52
wearer. A form or seat will he provided, and a
person should not sit down until the oilskin
trousers have been lowered. During the removal
of trousers arid boots by an undresser, the feet
will be kept off the ground, and when finally re-
moved, the person will swing round to the op-
posite side of the seat, keeping his feet raised.
This will prevent contamination from the ground
touching his feet.
I would advise all A.R.P. Personnel to practice
this at home with ordinary garments. In the case
of ladies, no doubt male friends will supply the
necessary garments.
All contaminated garments are then placed in
separate bins or boxes provided.
Ordinary clothing offers no protection other
than immediate physical contact by liquid, and if
rapidly discarded may prove effective. If, how-
ever, they are allowed to be worn, the skin will be
blistered considerably more than by mere
splashes. The garments are acting like “Mustard
Gas Poultices” with the consequent injurious
results.

PARALYSING GASES

Hydrocyanic or Prussic Acid gas is not likely

to be used again as a war gas. It is too non-
53
persistent and the rapidity of its evaporation
renders it useless in war except perhaps in iso-
lated cases such as hand gas grenades for uses in
dugouts and shelters. It has a smell similar to
almonds. Victims usually gasp for breath, then
collapse into unconsciousness.
Respirator gives protection.
Suiphuretted Hydrogen—usually due to escap-
ing sewer gas, perhaps following a street ex-
plosion. Has a smell of rotten eggs, and is highly
inflammable. Will bring about unconsciousness,
paralysis, death.
Respirator gives protection.

NITROUS FUMES
Occur in vicinity of machine-gun emplacements,
or from burning cordite scattered from shells.
Symptoms are irritation in nose and throat;
pain in chest; running eyes, and vomiting.
Respirator gives protection.
CARBON MONOXIDE
This occurs near burst gas mains, engine ex-
hausts, and smouldering ruins. Symptoms are
headache, sleeplessness, collapse.
Respirator NO protection.
54
 First Aid in all these cases is FRESH AIR,

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION, QUIETNESS.

BLOOD-POISONING GAS

ARSINE, or Arsenieuretted Hydrogen, usually

in the form of greyish-white powder or in tablet
form known as Calcium Arsenide, can also be
released as a true gas. t[The favourite method is
to drop the powder or tablets overnight and allow
moisture or dew to cause the necessary action.
Has a faint smell of garlic.
Patient’s symptoms are headache, vomiting,
nausea, pains in the body, stomach particularly,
and reddening of Urine. Treat as a stretcher case,
give quietness, rest and warmth, rio stimulants
other than lemonade, weak tea or water. Jaundice
may develop later.
Respirator gives protection.

CONTAINERS AND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

When the gases pass into the container they
are absorbed by the activated charcoal. Activated
charcoal is ordinary charcoal treated either by
chemicals or super-heated steam.
~Vhichever treatment is used, the effect is the
same; the charcoal is so acted upon that it in-
creases its pores to such an extraordinary extent
that a cube half an inch square will present a
porous surface of several thousand square yards.
This gas has to traverse this intricate maze of
charcoal and, in doing so, condenses, while the
pure air jasses on. This is known as adsorption—
often erroneously referred to as absorption.
The difference between absorb and adsorb as
applied to gas masks is this: Absorb is to suck
up, like a sponge, and to return it if desired. Ad-
sorb is to suck up and bring about a change in
state—or chemically filter. This is not, scientifi-
cally, a correct explanation, but near enough to
understand the meaning ot the i.sords in question.
Therefore, gases that do not condense are not
held in check by a respirator.
The trouble is with charcoar that, if too much
Phosgene is adsorbed, it starts to throw it off;
consequently, it can be breathed in by the wearer
with dangerous results. A little mixture of lime,
cement, earth, caustic soda and water, called Soda
Lime, is added.
To be efficient, a gas mask container should pos-
sess three good assistants—Charcoal; Soda Lime;
Filter.
Charcoal takes care of B.B.C., Chloropicrin ar.d
Mustard.
56
 Charcoal and Filter: C.A.P.
Charcoal and Soda Lime: Chlorine, Phosgene,
Di-Phosgene, Lewisite, hlydrocyanic and
Arsine.
Filter: D.A., D.M. and D.C.
So far no gas requires the services of all three.
A gas mask is not expected to give protection
in concentration over one per cent., that is, 1 to
100. Such a. concentration is unlikely, except in
the vicinity of a bursting shell or extra large pool
of liquid.
: Many of the First Aid remedies recommended
to datethings
such are but
as rough
Bleach and ready expedients,
Ointment, and
Bleach Paste,
Sodium-Bicarbonate and Salt and Water, will be
replaced by proper pharmaceutical compounds
when the occasion demands and proper anti-gas
organisations arc set up.

A SIMPLE GAS MASK

Make two pads of cotton wool, six inches square.

Next, take one level teaspoonful of washing soda
and the same of photographic hypo. Grind these
to a fine powder and place between the pads of
cotton wool. Now stretch them together and
57
lightly quilt, say, into one inch squares. This is
now placed between a strip of gauze, muslin, mos-
quito net or any similar material, so that folded
it is about 6 inches by 1 yard. When required for
use, moisten with clean water, if possible, but if
caught in a gas attack don’t be too particular
from what source you obtain it. Then place this
across the mouth and nose and tie it behind the
neck. Walk in the direction from which the gas
is coming until you are clear, or, failing this, re-
main quiet until the “All Clear” sounds. Do not
sit down. Your eyes may get very sore, but yo’i
will live. This type of pad will require renewal
after using once.

HOW TO MAKE SAMPLE “GAS SMELLS”

1\IUSTARD.—Ci’ush a small piece of garlic in
glycerine, add a few drops of mustard oil and
pour on about a teaspoonful of methylated
spirit. This is annoying if inhaled too deeply.
LEWISITE.—Add a few drops of Oil of Geranium
to some glycerine, then one teaspoonful of
methylated spirits.
B.B.C.—This is rather hard to simulate, but a
piece of blue serge soaked in sugar and w’ater
will often act, but a lot depends on the dye
used on the serge.
58
CHLORINE.—Chloride of Lime with a trace of
Hydrochloric Acid, or match heads and
vinegar.
PHOSGENE.—Tobacco soaked in Carbon Tetra-
chloride.
CHLOROPICRIN.—A few drops of Oil of Almond,
Cinnamon, Aniseed and Cloves in a teaspoon
of methylated spirits.
ARSINE.—Plain garlic.
These ingredients should be mixed with Fuller’s
Earth or China Clay and kept in small jars or
bottles.
Ether or Spirits of Chloroform in place of
methylated spirits is an improvement and more
realistic.
Let your nose do the smelling; do not sniff or
inhale.

GAS PROOFING OF ROOMS

So far all instructions that have been issued

apply only to the old-fashioned type of terrace
houses so common in Great Britain. Australian
conditions and building regulations call for a dif-
59
ferent treatment. I do not recommend the use of
“paper pulp” if it can be avoided; experiments
have shown that this rapidly shrinks and falls out
unless it is prepared with an adhesive, then it be-
comes a nuisance. Ordinary putty is almost as
cheap; it is easily procured, and better to handle.
I would like to quote the following extract from
my recent article in the “Australian Pharmaceu-
tical Notes and News” of April, 1939
“Gas-proof Rooms.—Apart from the instruc-
tions given, there are a few points which we
could well consider: Remove all furniture and
pictures from the rooms (this will give more
air space), and don’t forget that every room is
not the same, as mentioned in the text-books,
which seem to cater for the old-fashioned type
of English dwelling. You will have to use a lot
of your own judgment. Cover all wall ventila-
tors; cover all ceiling ventilators, particularly
the ornamental type; examine all spaces around
the skirting boards, both top and bottom; cover
around chandeliers and ceiling roses, also blocks
from which electric lights are suspended:
examine the flooring and see if there are any
cracks where they join, also all around dooi~
architraves and window sash frames, especially
where they join the walls; plug the electric con-
duit if it enters the house from outside, as gas
will leak in through this and go all over the
house, escaping by means of the switch points.
 Plug the conduit with cotton wool or plasticine,
taking care to force it well around the wires.
This also applied to telephone wires. Gas pipes,
if disconnected, should be examined, and if the
main house pipe is open, place a cap on it or plug
it with wood or a cork. In any case, turn off
your gas at the main in time of air raid.”
Australia generally, and the towns in particular,
are never likely to suffer to the same extent as
European countries. Any attacks on this country
will be sporadic and really of an irritating nature.
Complete envelopment of a city or town will be
almost impossible. Whatever protection we have,
one or more planes will get through, and from
those few that are successful we are to expect
trouble, and be prepared.
Therefore, because we have to expect some
casualties, and cannot actually state the position
or magnitude of them, we must each regard our-
selves and our friends as the most likely, and make
provision accordingly. Numbers do not interest
us. Even if but one person is affected, it is one
too many. Lives are too precious to be treated
lightly.
Those who are prepared are doubly armed, and
preparation, like civility, costs nothing.

61
ANfl- GAS CRES5ET