FORMULAS FOR

STRESS, STRAIN, AND

STRUCTURAL MATRICES
SECOND EDITION

Walter D. Pilkey
University of Virginia
School of Engineering and Applied Science
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Charlottesville, Virginia

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pilkey, Walter D.
Formulas for stress, strain, and structural matrices / Walter D.
Pilkey.– 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-471-03221-2 (cloth)
1. Strains and stresses–Tables. 2. Structural analysis
(Engineering)–Tables. 3. Structural analysis (Engineering–Computer
programs. I. Title.
TA407.2 P55 2004
624.1 76 0212—dc22 2003025749

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 7
Tables
7-1 Stress Intensity Factors 350
7-2 Strength and Fracture Toughness Data for Selected Materials 360
7-3 S–N Curves for Some Steels 363
7-4 S–N Curves for Aluminum under Completely Reversed Bending 364
7-5 Fatigue Endurance Ratio σe /σu and Maximum Fatigue Limit (σe )max
for Various Classes of Engineering Materials 365
7-6 Surface Treatments That Increase or Decrease Fatigue Strength 365
7-7 Corrosion Fatigue Limits of Selected Steels 366
7-8 Corrosion Fatigue Limits of Selected Nonferrous Metals 366
7-9 Parameters of Fatigue Crack Propagation Equation da/dn = A(K )n
for Three Classes of Steel 367
7-10 Fatigue Crack Growth Data for Various Materials 368

349
350
TABLE 7-1 STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS
Notation
KI = mode I stress intensity factor (F/L 3/2 )
K II = mode II stress intensity factor (F/L 3/2 )
K III = mode III stress intensity factor (F/L 3/2 )
σ = tensile stress, under opening mode of loading (F/L 2 )
τ = shear stress, under shearing mode of loading (F/L 2 )
τIII = shear stress, under tearing mode of loading
which is in out-of-plane direction (F/L 2 )
Case Intensity Factor
√
1. K I = σ πa F(a/b)
Finite-width plate with center   a 4  
2
F(a/b) = 1 − 0.1(a/b) + 0.96 b sec πa
crack, tension loading b
For a  b, F(a/b) ≈ 1

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

 √
2. K II = τ πa F(a/b)
Finite-width plate with center   2  4  
crack, mode II crack propagation F(a/b) = 1 − 0.1 ab + 0.96 ab sec πa
b
(shear load along crack)

3. √ b
Finite-width plate with center b
K III = τIII πa πa tan πa
crack, mode III crack propagation
(out-of-plane shear loading)

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

√
4. K I = σ πa F(a/b)
Finite-width plate with double-  πa
 b
edge crack, tension loading F(a/b) = 1 + 0.122 cos4 b πa tan πa
b
For a  b, F(a/b) ≈ 1.1

351
352
TABLE 7-1 (continued) STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS
Case Intensity Factor
√
5. K II = τ πa F(a/b)
Finite-width plate with F(a/b) is the same as in case 4.
double-edge cracks, mode
II crack propagation

6. √ b
Finite-width plate with K III b
= τIII πa πa tan πa
double-edge cracks, mode III
crack propagation

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

 √
7. K I = σ πa F(a/b)
Plate with single-edge crack, 
2b 0.752+2.02(a/b)+0.37[1−sin(πa/2b)]3
tension loading F(a/b) = πa tan πa
2b cos(πa/2b)
For a  b, F(a/b) ≈ 1.1

6M
8. σ = b2

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

Plate with single-edge crack √
K I = σ πa F(a/b)
bending load M with 
units (F · L/L) 2b 0.923+0.199[1−sin(πa/2b)]4
F(a/b) = πa tan πa
2b cos(πa/2b)

353
354
TABLE 7-1 (continued) STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS
Case Intensity Factor
9. 6M
Beam with crack, three-point σ = ,
M = P4L
b2
√
bending P with units (F/L) K I = σ πa F(a/b)
For L/b = 4, β = a/b
2)
F(a/b) = √1 1.99−β(1−β)(2.15−3.93β+2.7β
3/2
π (1+2β)(1−β)

For L/b = 8,
F(a/b) = 1.106 − 1.552(a/b) + 7.71(a/b)2 − 13.53(a/b)3
√
10. K I = σnet πa F1 (a/b)
Shaft with crack, tension P
σnet = πa 2
loading P with units (F) 
F1 (a/b) = 1 − 2a
b G(a/b)
  2  3  4

1 1 2a 3 2a 2a
G(a/b) = 2 1 + 2 b + 8 b − 0.363 b + 0.731 2a
b

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

 √
11. K I A = σ N πa F1 (a/b)
Shaft with crack, bending load 4M
σN = πa 3

F1 (a/b) = 1 − 2a
b G(a/b)
  2  3  4  5

3 2a 5 2a 35 2a 2a
b
G(a/b) = 38 1 + 12 2a + 8 b + 16 b + 128 b + 0.537 b

√
12. K III = τ N πa F1 (a/b)
Shaft with crack, torsional load 2T
τN = πa 3

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors


F1 (a/b) = 1 − 2a
b G(a/b)
  2  3  4  5

3 1 2a 3 2a 5 2a 35 2a 2a
G(a/b) = 8 1 + 2 b + 8 b + 16 b + 128 b + 0.208 b

355
356
TABLE 7-1 (continued) STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS
Case Intensity Factor
√
13. K I = σnet πa F1 (a/b)
Shaft with internal circular P
σnet = π [(b2 /4)−a 2 ]
crack, tension loading 
F1 (a/b) = 1 − 2a
b G(a/b)
  2  3

2 1 2a 5 2a
G(a/b) = π 1 + 2 b − 8 b + 0.421 2a
b

√
14. K I A = σ N πa F1 (a/b)
Shaft with internal circular 4Ma
σN = π [(b4 /16)−a 4 ]
crack, bending loading 
F1 (a/b) = 1 − 2a
b G(a/b)
  2  3  4  5

4 3 2a 5 2a 93 2a 2a
G(a/b) = 3π b
1 + 12 2a + 8 b + 16 b − 128 b + 0.483 b

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

 √
15. K III = τ N πa F1 (a/b)
Shaft with internal circular 2T a
τN = π [(b4 /16)−a 4 ]
crack, torsional load 
F1 (a/b) = 1 − 2a
b G(a/b)
  2  3  4  5

4 1 2a 3 2a 5 2a 93 2a 2a
G(a/b) = 3π 1 + 2 b + 8 b + 16 b − 128 b + 0.038 b

2 √

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

16. KIA = π σ πa F(θ)
Semi-infinite body with semi- √
F(θ) = 1.211 − 0.186 sin θ (10◦ < θ < 170◦ )
circular crack, tension loading

357
358
TABLE 7-1 (continued) STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS
Case Intensity Factor
17. √  1/4
Infinite body with internal σ πa a2
KIA = E(k) sin2 θ +c2
cos2 θ
elliptical crack, tension loading √
πa
K I,max = K I (θ = ± 12 π)= σE(k)
√
K I (c = a) = 2σπ πa
√
K I (c → ∞) = σ πa
 π/2 
E(k) = 0 1 − k 2 sin2 φ dφ
(Elliptic integral available in mathematical handbooks)
k 2 = 1 − a 2 /c2

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

   
18. K = σ πa/E(k)2 f (θ)F at , ac , bc
Semielliptical surface crack where
in finite plane, tension loading  0.25
2 a2 2
f (θ) = sin θ + c2 cos θ
   
a c a
  a √π
F = 1.13 − 0.1 c + 2
E(k) a − 1.13 − 0.1 c t
    √   
π a 2 π a
+ E(k)2 ac 4 −1 t sec πcb t
 π/2 
E(k) = 1 − k 2 sin2 φ dφ
0
(Elliptic integral available in mathematical handbooks)
k2 = 1 − a 2 /c2

TABLE 7-1 Stress Intensity Factors

359