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Chapter 2 – Graphs
Frequency of the Class
Relative Frequency of a Class
n
Sample mean: x
x 1 x p
Index: i n , where p is between 0 and 100
n n 100
Range = Largest value - Smallest value IQR Q3 Q1
Sample variance: s 2
(x x ) 2
n 1 n 1
Value - Mean x x
Z Empirical Rule: approximately 68%, 95%, 99.7%
SD s
sxy
( x x )( y y ) r
s xy
n 1 sx s y
ŷ b0 b1 x b1
( x x )( y y ) s xy
b0 y b1 x
(x x) 2
(s ) x
2
Chapter 4 – Probability
Complement Event: P ( A) 1 P ( Ac )
P( A or B) P( A) P( B) P( A and B)
Addition Law:
P( A or B) P( A) P( B) , when A and B are mutually exclusive.
P( A and B)
Conditional Probability: P( A | B)
P( B)
P( A and B) P( A | B) P( B)
Multiplication Law:
P( A and B) P( A) P( B) , when A and B are independent.
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P( B | A) P( A)
Bayes’ Theorem (Two-event case): P( A | B)
P( B | A) P( A) P( B | Ac ) P( Ac )
n!
Probability Equation -- f ( x) p x (1 p) n x
x ! (n x)!
Expected Value E ( X ) x f ( x) E( X ) np
Value - Mean x
Z X Z
SD
X E( X ) X
X is (approximately) Normal with mean and standard error Z
n SE ( X ) / n
p(1 p) p E ( p) p p
p is approximately Normal with mean p and standard error Z
n SE ( p ) p(1 p) / n
s p (1 p )
X z X z p z
n n n
X 0 X 0 p p0
Z Z Z
/ n s/ n p0 (1 p0 ) / n
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