Hotspot analysis

Project Tool:
A map projection is a way to portray a curved surface of the Earth on a flat surface.
The ArcGIS Project tool changes the projected coordinate system of your data to another
coordinate system. For example, you have a dataset that is currently in latitude and longitude. If
you want to transform this data to NAD 83 UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate
system) Zone 11. The “Project” tool in ArcGIS should be used in this case.

Integrate tool:
Analyzes the coordinate locations of feature vertices among features in one or more
feature classes. Those that fall within a specified distance of one another are assumed to represent
the same location and are assigned a common coordinate value (in other words, they are
collocated).

Collect Events:
Converts event data, such as crime or disease incidents, to weighted point data.
Collect Events combines coincident points: it creates a new Output Feature Class containing all of
the unique locations found in the Input Feature Class. It then adds a field named ICOUNT to hold
the sum of all incidents at each unique location. This tool will only combine features that have the
exact same X and Y centroid coordinates. You may want to use the Integrate tool to snap nearby
features together prior to running the Collect Events tool.

Incremental spatial Auto correlation:

Measures spatial autocorrelation for a series of distances
and optionally creates a line graph of those distances and their corresponding z-scores. Z-scores
reflect the intensity of spatial clustering, and statistically significant peak z-scores indicate
distances where spatial processes promoting clustering are most pronounced. These peak distances
are often appropriate values to use for tools with a Distance Band or Distance Radius parameter.

Hotspot Analysis:
The Hot Spot Analysis tool calculates the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic (pronounced
G-i-star) for each feature in a dataset. The resultant z-scores (Also known as Gizscore) and p-
values tell you where features with either high or low values cluster spatially. This tool works by
looking at each feature within the context of neighboring features. A feature with a high value is
interesting but may not be a statistically significant hot spot. To be a statistically significant hot
spot, a feature will have a high value and be surrounded by other features with high values as well.
The local sum for a feature and its neighbors is compared proportionally to the sum of all features;
when the local sum is very different from the expected local sum, and when that difference is too
large to be the result of random chance, a statistically significant z-score results.