5.

Flexural Design of Beams to

EC2

Prof Tan Kang Hai

Email: D-PTRC@ntu.edu.sg

Director of Protective Technology Research Centre (PTRC)

Division of Structures & Mechanics
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering

1
QUIZ
1. Why is there a need to limit neutral axis depth with
greater degree of redistribution  ?

2. How to ensure ductile failure for doubly reinforced

beams?

3. With higher grade of concrete, it becomes more brittle.

How does the code address this aspect in design?

4. Concept of “effective flange width” in beams?

2
Outline

 Introduction

 Comparison between EN1992-1-1:2004 and BS 8110

 Singly reinforced rectangular section

 Doubly reinforced rectangular section

 Flanged beam with tension reinforcement

3
Outline

 Introduction

 Comparison between EN1992-1-1:2004 and BS 8110

 Singly reinforced rectangular section

 Doubly reinforced rectangular section

 Flanged beam with tension reinforcement

4
Introduction
Concrete strength class
Comparison
between - EC2 can be used for high strength concretes up to
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and C90/105.
BS 8110
- EC2 is only applicable for reinforcing steel with fyk =
Singly 400 to 600 MPa (EC2 3.2.2(3)P).
reinforced
rectangular
section
- For UK annex to EC2, only one grade of steel with
with fyk = 500 MPa for longitudinal and stirrups.
Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

5
Introduction
Flexural behaviour
Comparison P P
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and Stage A
BS 8110 Before cracking
Strains Stresses
Stage B (a) Stage A - Before cracking
Singly
reinforced Cracking P P
Compressive
rectangular Stage C
section Crack
After cracking,
Doubly before yield Tensile
Strains Stresses
reinforced Stage D (b) Stage B - After cracking, before yield, service load
rectangular
section Reinforcement P Concrete P
crushed
yields Shear cracks
c

Flanged beam
Stage E
with tension
reinforcement Failure s > y

Strains Stresses
(c) Stage E - Failure

6
Introduction
Flexural failure modes
Comparison
between
EN1992-1- 1. Balanced failure: Concrete crushes and steel yields
1:2004 and simultaneously -> balanced reinforcement.
BS 8110
2. Tension failure: Reinforcement yields before
Singly
reinforced concrete crushes -> under-reinforced.
rectangular
section 3. Compression failure: Concrete crushes before
steel yields -> over-reinforced.
Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

7
Introduction
Examples
Comparison  cu = 0.0035 compressive

c = 136.7 mm
between
EN1992-1-

d = 485 mm
h = 535 mm
1:2004 and  cu = 0.0035 compressive
BS 8110

c = 330 mm
3 No. 25M

d = 460 mm
h = 535 mm
Singly y
reinforced b = 305mm  s = 4.46  y
8 No. 25M
rectangular Tension
section
(a) Beam A - Tension failure  s = 0.69  y
b = 305mm y
Doubly  cu = 0.0035
reinforced
c = 292.8 mm

rectangular (b) Beam B - Compression failure

d = 460 mm
h = 535 mm

section

Flanged beam 6 No. 25M

with tension
reinforcement
b = 305mm  s=  y

8
(c) Beam C - Balanced failure
Outline

 Introduction

 Comparison between EN1992-1-1:2004 and BS 8110

 Singly reinforced rectangular section

 Doubly reinforced rectangular section

 Flanged beam with tension reinforcement

9
 Assumptions in EC2 for
Introduction
flexural design
Comparison
between 1. Plane sections remain plane.
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and 2. Perfect bonding between reinforcement and
BS 8110
concrete
Singly
reinforced 3. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
rectangular
section 4. Compressive stresses in the concrete are derived
from the design stress–strain relationship given in
Doubly EC2 3.1.7.
reinforced
rectangular 5. Stresses in the reinforcing steel are derived from
section
design curves in EC2 3.2.
Flanged beam
with tension 6. Compressive strain in the concrete is limited at
reinforcement 0.0035 for cylinder strength ≤ 50 MPa.

10
   1   fck  50  / 200  1
  0.8   fck  50  / 400  0.8
Introduction
EC2 vs. BS8110  cc  1.0 from EC2
Comparison  cc  0.85 from NA to SS EN
between
EN1992-1-  cu 3  0.0035
EC2 stress block
1:2004 and for fck  50 MPa
BS 8110  cu3 f cd F sc
d'  sc x
A' s x
Singly F cc
h d n.a. (f cd = cc f ck / c ) z
reinforced
As F st
rectangular  st
section b

Doubly Section Strains Stress block

reinforced BS8110 stress block
rectangular f cd = 0.67f cu/  c
section 0.0035
F sc
d'  sc 0.9x
A' s x
F cc
Flanged beam h d n.a. z
with tension
As F st
reinforcement  st
b

Section Strains Stress block 11

Introduction
EC2 vs. BS8110
Comparison
between BS 8110 EC 2 (UK NA)
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110 1. Depth of the 1. Depth of the
compression block: compression block:
Singly
0.9x (x: depth to 0.8x for fck ≤ 50 MPa.
reinforced
rectangular neutral axis). 2. Maximum concrete
section
2. Maximum concrete compressive stress:
Doubly compressive stress:
reinforced
rectangular 3. Amount of moment
section 3. Moment redistribution redistribution depends
Flanged beam allows up to 30%. on the steel class:
with tension – Class B, C: up to 30%
reinforcement
– Class A : up to 20%
12
Introduction Ductility characteristics
Comparison
between Reinforcement shall have adequate ductility defined
EN1992-1- by the ratio of tensile strength to the yield stress, k =
1:2004 and
BS 8110 (ft/fy)k and the elongation at maximum force, uk .

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

13
Outline

 Introduction

 Comparison between EN1992-1-1:2004 and BS 8110

 Singly reinforced rectangular section

 Doubly reinforced rectangular section

 Flanged beam with tension reinforcement

14
Introduction
Stress - Strain distribution
Comparison
between
b 0.0035  ccf ck /  c = 0.567f ck
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and s/2
BS 8110 x s = 0.8x
n.a. F cc
h d z
Singly
As F st
reinforced
rectangular  st
section
Section Strains Stress block

Doubly Fcc  0.567fck  b  s and z  d  s / 2

reinforced
rectangular Two equilibrium equations:
section fyk
Fcc  Fst  0.567fck  b  s  As  0.87 As fsk
1.15
Flanged beam
M
with tension M  Fst z  0.87 As fsk  z  As 
reinforcement 0.87fyk z

15
Introduction
Stress - Strain distribution
Comparison
between On the other hand: Fcc  0.567fck  b  s and z  d  s / 2
EN1992-1- M  F
 M scz
Fcc z0 bszz  0.567fck b  2  d  z   z
.567ffckckbs
0.567
1:2004 and
BS 8110  M  1.134fck b  d  z  z
M z z
Singly   1 
reinforced
1.134bfck d 2 d  d 
rectangular
section M
Rearranging and K 
bd 2fck
Doubly use: 2
reinforced z z K
rectangular      0
 d   d  1.134
section
Solving this quadratic equation, we have:
Flanged beam
with tension z  d 0.5 
 0.25  K /1.134  
reinforcement

16
Introduction
Calculating Mlim and Klim
Comparison
between b 0.0035  ccf ck /  c = 0.567f ck
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and s/2
BS 8110 x s = 0.8x
n.a. F cc
h d z
Singly
reinforced As F st
rectangular  st
section
Section Strains Stress block
Doubly
reinforced EC2 limits the depth of neutral axis to x ≤ 0.45d, when the
rectangular concrete and tension steel reach their ultimate strains at the
section ULS.
Flanged beam zlim  d  s / 2  d  0.8 xlim / 2  d  0.8  0.45d / 2  0.82d
with tension Mlim  Fcc zlim  0.567fck bs  zlim  0.567fck b   0.8  0.45d    0.82d 
reinforcement
Mlim
Mlim  0.167fck bd 2  Klim  2
 0.167
fck bd
17
Introduction
Design Procedure
Comparison
between
1. Calculate K = MEd / (bd2fck)
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and 2. Calculate Klim (parameter corresponding to xlim)
BS 8110
3. Check if K ≤ Klim -> Compression steel is not required.
Singly
reinforced 4. Determine the lever-arm, z, from the equation:
rectangular
section z  d 0.5   0.25  K /1.134  
 
Doubly 5. Calculate the required area of steel:
reinforced
rectangular As  MEd /(0.87fyk z)
section
6. Select bar sizes. Check if the area is within the required
Flanged beam limits.
A
with tension 100 s,max  4.0%
reinforcement bh
A f
100 s,min  26% ctm but not less than 0.13%
bh fyk 18
Introduction Flowchart 1
Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

19
Introduction Flowchart 1
Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

20
Introduction
Example 1
Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
A simply supported rectangular beam of 7m span carries
1:2004 and characteristic dead (including self-weight), gk, and
BS 8110 imposed, qk, loads of 12 kN/m and 8 kN/m respectively.
Singly Calculate the area of reinforcement required with C25/30,
reinforced fy = 500 MPa.
rectangular
section

Doubly q k = 8 kN/m
reinforced
d = 450

rectangular g k = 12 kN/m
section
L=7m
Flanged beam
with tension b = 275
reinforcement

21
Introduction
Example 1
Comparison
between BS 8110 EC2
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular MEd MEd
K K
section fcu bd 2 fck bd 2

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

22
Introduction
Minimum Reinforcement Area
Comparison
fy = 250 MPa fy = 460 MPa
between Table 3.25 (BS 8110)
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
9.2.1.1 (1) (EC2)
fctm
section As,min  0.26 bt d but not less than 0.0013bt d
fyk
Flanged beam bt: the mean width of the tension zone
with tension
reinforcement fctm = 0.3xfck(2/3) with fck ≤ C50/60

23
Introduction
Minimum Reinforcement Area
Comparison
between 3.12.6.1 (BS 8110)
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and Neither the area of tension reinforcement nor the area
BS 8110
of compression reinforcement should exceed 4% of the
Singly cross-sectional area of the concrete.
reinforced
rectangular
section 9.2.1.1 (3) (EN 1992-1-2)
Doubly The cross-sectional area of tension or compression
reinforced reinforcement should not exceed As,max outside lap
rectangular
section locations. The recommended value is 0.04Ac.

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

24
Introduction
Observations
Comparison
between • The area of steel required to BS8110 is slightly
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and greater than the one to EC2 due to the higher
BS 8110 combination of load factors.
Singly • The ultimate bending moment resistance of a
reinforced section to BS 8110 is slightly higher than the one to
rectangular
section EC2.
Doubly • BS 8110 and EC2 give the same result in the case
reinforced that the maximum allowable level arm is provided.
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

25
Outline

 Introduction

 Comparison between EN1992-1-1:2004 and BS 8110

 Singly reinforced rectangular section

 Doubly reinforced rectangular section

 Flanged beam with tension reinforcement

26
Introduction
Stress - Strain distribution
Comparison
between
b 0.0035  ccf ck /  c = 0.567f ck
EN1992-1- F sc
1:2004 and
d'  sc s = 0.8x
A' s x
BS 8110 F cc
h d n.a. z
Singly As F st
reinforced
 st
rectangular
section Section Strains Stress block

Doubly For the analysis of a singly reinforced section and for concrete
reinforced class not greater than C50/60 when K > Klim, the compression
rectangular reinforcement is required.
section
Imposing x ≤ 0.45d is to ensure a tension failure with a ductile
Flanged beam
with tension
section. Distance z between tensile reinforcement and the total
reinforcement compressive force should be smaller than zlim with:
z  zlim  0.82d
 zlim  d  s / 2  d  0.8xlim / 2  d  0.8  0.45d / 2  0.82d  27
Introduction
Stress - Strain distribution
Comparison
between
b 0.0035  ccf ck /  c = 0.567f ck
EN1992-1- F sc
1:2004 and
d'  sc s = 0.8x
A' s x
BS 8110 F cc
h d n.a. z
Singly As F st
reinforced
 st
rectangular
section Section Strains Stress block

Doubly For equilibrium:

reinforced Fst  Fcc  Fsc  0.87fyk As  0.567fck bs  0.87fyk As'
rectangular
section With slim  0.8  0.45d  0.36d  0.87fyk As  0.204fck bd  0.87fyk As' 1
Taking moment about the centroid of tension steel:
Flanged beam
with tension M  Fcc zlim  Fsc  d  d '   0.204fck bd  0.82d  0.87fyk As' d  d ' 
reinforcement M  0.167fck bd 2
A  '
 2
0.87fyk  d  d ' 
s

28
Introduction
Stress - Strain distribution
Comparison
between
b 0.0035  ccf ck /  c = 0.567f ck
EN1992-1- F sc
1:2004 and
d'  sc s = 0.8x
A' s x
BS 8110 F cc
h d n.a. z
Singly As F st
reinforced
 st
rectangular
section Section Strains Stress block

Doubly Multiplying both sides of Eq. (1) by z = 0.82d and rearrange:

reinforced
0.167fck bd 2
rectangular  As   As' 3 
section 0.87fyk  zlim

Substituting Klim = 0167 and K = M / (bd2fck)

Flanged beam
with tension
A 's 
 K  Klim  fckbd 2
As 
Klimfckbd 2
 A 's
reinforcement
0.87fyk  d  d '  0.87fyk zlim

29
Introduction
Stress - Strain distribution
Comparison
between
b 0.0035  ccf ck /  c = 0.567f ck
EN1992-1- F sc
1:2004 and
d'  sc s = 0.8x
A' s x
BS 8110 F cc
h d n.a. z
Singly As F st
reinforced
 st
rectangular
section Section Strains Stress block

Doubly For doubly reinforced rectangular section, one can start by assuming
reinforced compression steel has yielded so that fsc = 0.87fyk
rectangular
section But we need to check if d’/ x < 0.38
From the strain  sc 0.0035 x d'  sc d'  sc
Flanged beam    or  1
with tension distribution program: x  d ' x x 0.0035 x 0.0035
reinforcement
d' 0.00217 d'
Steel yields when  sc   y  0.00217   1   0.38
x 0.0035 x
30
Introduction
Design Procedures
Comparison
between
b 0.0035  ccf ck /  c = 0.567f ck
EN1992-1- F sc
1:2004 and
d'  sc s = 0.8x
A' s x
BS 8110 F cc
h d n.a. z
Singly As F st
reinforced
 st
rectangular
section Section Strains Stress block

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular 1. Calculate: K = MEd / (bd2fck)
section
2. Choose the depth to neutral axis: x ≤ xlim
Flanged beam 3. Calculate Klim
with tension
reinforcement

31
Introduction
Design Procedures
Comparison
between
4. Check if K > Klim -> Compression steel is required.
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and 5. Check if d’/x ≤ 0.38 to determine whether the
BS 8110 compression steel has yielded. If d’/x > 0.38,
Singly
determine fsc based on sc.
reinforced 6. Calculate the area of compression steel
rectangular
section A 's 
 K  Klim  fck bd 2
fsc  d  d ' 
Doubly
reinforced 7. Calculate the area of tension steel required
rectangular Klimfck bd 2
section As   A 's
0.87fyk zlim
Flanged beam
8. Select bar sizes. Check if the area is within the
with tension
reinforcement required limits.

32
Introduction
Comparison of xlim/d ratio
Comparison
between To achieve plasticity the concrete sections must be
EN1992-1- designed so that plastic hinges can form with the
1:2004 and yielding of the tensile reinforcement.
BS 8110 This will result in a ductile structure that has a gradual
failure at the ULS and not a sudden failure of the
Singly
reinforced concrete in compression.
rectangular
section EC2 places limits on the maximum depth of the
neutral axis xlim, which is set to the amount of
Doubly redistribution .
reinforced For fck  50 MPa
rectangular
section
 0.8  0.44
xlim
(EC2 Eq. 5.10)
Flanged beam d
with tension moment at the section after distribution
reinforcement where  
moment at the section before distribution

33
Introduction
Moment redistribution factors (fck ≤ 50)
Comparison
between Redistribution
d xlim/d zlim Klim d'/d c
(%)
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and According to EC2, k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25
BS 8110 0 1.0 0.448 0.821 0.167 0.171
10 0.9 0.368 0.853 0.142 0.140
15 0.85 0.328 0.869 0.129 0.125
Singly
20a 0.8 0.288 0.885 0.116 0.109
reinforced
25 0.75 0.248 0.900 0.101 0.094
rectangular 30b 0.7 0.206 0.917 0.087 0.079
section
According to EC2, UK Annex, k1 = 0.4 and k2 = 1.0
Doubly 0 1.0 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
reinforced 10 0.9 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
rectangular 15 0.85 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
section 20a 0.8 0.40 0.84 0.152 0.152
25 0.75 0.35 0.86 0.137 0.133
30b 0.7 0.30 0.88 0.120 0.114
Flanged beam
with tension a Maximum permitted redistribution for class A normal ductility steel
reinforcement b Maximum permitted redistribution for class B and C higher ductility steel
c The ratio d’/d sets the upper value for the yield of compression steel

34
 Flowchart 2
Introduction

Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

35
 Flowchart 2
Introduction

Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

36
Introduction
Example 2
Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
The beam section shown in the figure has fck = 25 MPa
1:2004 and and fyk = 500 MPa for the steel. The ultimate design
BS 8110 moment is 370 kNm. Design tension and compression
Singly reinforcements with 20% moment redistribution.
reinforced
rectangular
section
d' = 100
Doubly
A' s
d = 540
h = 600

reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
As
with tension
reinforcement
b = 300
37
Introduction
Example 2
Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly This is to ensure

reinforced that the depth of
rectangular the neutral axis
section has not
exceeded the
Flanged beam maximum value
with tension of xlim by
reinforcement providing an
excess of
compression
38
reinforcement.
Outline

 Introduction

 Comparison between EN1992-1-1:2004 and BS 8110

 Singly reinforced rectangular section

 Doubly reinforced rectangular section

 Flanged beam with tension reinforcement

39
 Depth of stress block
within the flange s ≤ hf
Introduction

Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam Due to large compressive stress provided by the flange, it

with tension
reinforcement is usually unnecessary to consider the case where
compression steel is required.
40
 Depth of stress block
Introduction
in the web s > hf
Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section
Transverse reinforcement should be placed across the
Flanged beam
with tension full width of the flange to resist the shear developed
reinforcement between the web and the flange.

41
Introduction Defining effective flange beff
Comparison
between beff  bw   beff,i
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and beff,i  0.2bi  0.1l0  0.2l0 and also beff,i  bi
BS 8110

Singly
2bi is the clear distance between the webs of adjacent beams;
reinforced l0 is the distance between the points of contra-flexure along
rectangular beams.
section
l0=
l 0 = 0.85l 1 0.15(l 1 + l 2 ) l 0 = 0.7l 2 l 0 = 0.15l 2 + l 3
Doubly l1 l2 l3

reinforced Figure 5.2: Definition of l 0 for calculation of effective flange width

rectangular Note: The length of the cantilever, l 3 , should be less than half the adjacent span and

section the ratio of adjacent spans should lie between 2/3 and 1.5

b eff
b eff,1 b eff,2
Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement
bw
b1 b1 b2 b2

b
42
Figure 5.3: Effective flange width parameters
Introduction
Design Procedure
Comparison
between 1. Determine the effective flange width beff
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and 2. Calculate: Mf  0.567fck bf hf d  hf / 2
BS 8110
3. Find the position of the neutral axis by checking if:
Singly
reinforced 4. If MEd > Mf, find sw from the quadratic equation: MEd  Mf
rectangular
MEd  Mf
section Fcw z2  MEd  Mf  sw  d  hf  0.5sw  
0.567fck bw
Doubly
reinforced 5. Calculate the depth to neutral axis: x   hf  sw  / 0.8  xmax
rectangular
section Compression steel is not required.
Flanged beam 7. Calculate the area of tension steel required
with tension
reinforcement 8. Check if the area of actual steel is within the limits
required.
43
 Flowchart 3
Introduction

Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

44
 Flowchart 3
Introduction

Comparison
between
EN1992-1-
1:2004 and
BS 8110

Singly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Doubly
reinforced
rectangular
section

Flanged beam
with tension
reinforcement

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REFLECTIONS
1. Why is there a need to limit neutral axis depth with
greater degree of redistribution  ?

2. How to ensure ductile failure for doubly reinforced

beams?

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REFLECTIONS
3. With higher grade of concrete, it becomes more brittle.
How does the code address this aspect in design?

4. Concept of “effective flange width” in beams?

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Thank You!

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