Solutions for Homework 2

Chapter 19 Problems

17. We assume that all of the kinetic energy of the hammer goes into heating the nail.
KE = Q ! 10 ( 1
2
2
mhammer vhammer)= mnail cFe "T !

"T =
10 ( 1
2
2
mhammer vhammer ) = 5(1.20 kg )(7.5m s) 2

= 53.57 C° # 54C°
mnail cFe (0.014 kg )( 450 J kg C°)
40. (a) Leg ba is an isobaric expansion, and so the work done is positive.
Leg ad is an isovolumetric reduction in pressure, and so the work done on that leg is 0.
Leg dc is an isobaric compression, and so the work done is negative.
Leg cb is an isovolumetric expansion in pressure, and so the work done on that leg is 0.
(b) From problem 38, Wcda = Wcd + Wda = 38J, so Wadc = Wad + Wdc = !38J. Also from
problem 38, Wabc = !84 J, and so Wcba = Wcb + Wba = 84 J. So the net work done during
the cycle is as follows.
Wnet = Wba + Wad + Wdc + Wcb = 84 J ! 38J = 46 J
(c) Since the process is a cycle, the initial and final states are the same, and so the internal
energy
does not change.
!Eint = 0
(d) Use the first law of thermodynamics, applied to the entire cycle.
!Eint = Qnet " Wnet # Qnet = !Eint + Wnet = 0 + 46 J = 46 J
tot

(e) From problem 39(b), we have Qadc = !68 J. This is the exhaust heat. So the input heat is
found
as follows.
Qnet = Qadc + Qcba = !68J + Qcba = 46 J " Qcba = 114 J = Qinput
Wnet 46 J
efficiency =
Qinput
# 100 =
114 J
# 100 = 40% ( 2 sig. fig.)

V2

41. The work is given by W = ! PdV . The pressure is given by the van der Waals expression,
V1

Eq. 18-9, with n = 1.00. The temperature is held constant. We will keep the moles as n until
the last step.
 # &
V V % ( V 2 2
V 2
2
RT 2
a # nRT an & ) 2
an ,
W = ! PdV = ! % " 2
( dV =
! %$ V " bn " V 2 (' dV = + nRT ln (V " bn) + V .
% V #V & ( * -V
% "b % ( (
V 1
V 1
V 1 1

$ n $ n' '
) an 2 , ) an 2 , (V2 " bn) + an2 # 1 " 1 &
(
= + nRT ln V2 " bn + ) . " + nRT ln V1 " bn + ( ) . = nRT ln %$ V V ('
* V2 - * V1 - (V1 " bn) 2 1

We evaluate for n = 1.00 mol, to get W = RT ln

(V ! b) + a " 1 ! 1 %
2
.
(V ! b) $# V V '&
1 2 1

42. For a diatomic gas with all degrees of freedom active, the internal energy is given by
7
Eint = 2 nRT .

Eint = 72 nRT = 7
2
( 4.50 mol)(8.314 J )( )
mol K 645K = 8.45 ! 10 4 J

49. (a) The change in internal energy is given by Eq. 19-12. The nitrogen is diatomic.

!Eint = nCV !T = n ( R ) !T = ( 2.00 mol) "$# 8.314 molJ K %'& (150 K ) = 6236 J ( 6240 J
5
2
5
2
or

" cal % " J %

(
!Eint = nCV !T = 2.00 mol $ 4.96
# '
mol K & #$)4.186 ' 150 K = 6229 J ( 6230 J
cal &
( )
(b) The work is done at constant pressure.
" J %
W = P!V = nR!T = 2.00 mol $ 8.314
#
(mol K '&
)
150 K = 2494 J ( 2490 J ( )
(c) The heat is added at constant pressure, and so Eq. 19-10b applies.

Q = nCP !T = n ( R ) !T = ( 2.00 mol) "$# 8.314 molJ K %'& (150 K ) = 8730 J

7
2
7
2
or

!Eint = Q " W # Q = !Eint + W = 6229 J + 2494 J = 8720 J

55. (a) Both the pressure and the volume are known at the lower left corner of the graph.
P3 = P2 , V3 = V1 ! P3V3 = nRT3 !

T3 =
P3V3
=
P2V1
=
(3.606 " 10 Pa )( 48.26 " 10
4 #3
m3 ) = 209 K
nR nR
(1.00 mol) $&% 8.314 molJ K ')(
(b) For the adiabatic process, state 1 to state 2:
 !Eint = 23 nR!T = 3
2
(1.00 mol) "$# 8.314 molJ K %'& (389 K ( 588 K ) = (2482 J ) (2480 J

Q= 0 (adiabatic ) ; W = Q ( !Eint = 2480 J

For the constant pressure process, state 2 to state 3:

!Eint = 23 nR!T = 3
2
(1.00 mol) "$# 8.314 molJ K %'& ( 209 K ( 389 K ) = (2244.7 J ) (2240 J

( )( )
W = P!V = 3.606 * 10 4 Pa 48.26 * 10 (3 m 3 ( 89.68 * 10 (3 m 3 = (1494 J ) (1490 J

Q = W + !Eint = (1494 J ( 2244.7 J = (3739 J ) (3740 J

For the constant volume process, state 3 to state 1:

!Eint = 23 nR!T = 3
2
(1.00 mol) "$# 8.314 molJ K %'& (588 K ( 209 K ) = 4727 J ) 4730 J

W = P!V = 0 ; Q = W + !Eint = 4730 J

(c,d,e)For the complete cycle, by definition !Eint = 0 . If the values from above are added,
we get !Eint = 4727 J " 2482 J " 2245J = 0. Add the separate values for the work done
and the heat added.

W = 2482 J ! 1494 J = 998J " 990 J ; Q = !3739 J + 4727 J = 998J " 990 J
Notice that the first law of thermodynamics is satisfied.

57. (a) The power radiated is given by Eq. 19-17. The temperature of the tungsten is
273K + 25K = 298 K .

!Q 2 4

!t
( )( ) (
= e" AT 4 = 0.35 5.67 # 10 $8 W m 2 K 4 4% 0.16 m ) ( 298 K ) = 50 W ( 2 sig. fig.)
(b) The net power is given by Eq. 19-18. The temperature of the surroundings is 268 K.

!Q 2 4 4

!t
( ) ( )( ) (
= e" A T14 # T14 = 0.35 5.67 $ 10 #8 W m 2 K 4 4% 0.16 m & 298 K ) '( ) # ( 268 K ) ()
= 17 W
62. For the temperature at the joint to remain constant, the heat flow in both rods must be the
same. Note that the cross-sectional areas and lengths are the same. Use Eq. 19-16a for heat
conduction.
! Q$ ! Q$ Thot ( Tmiddle Tmiddle ( Tcool
#" t &% = #" t &% ' k A = k A '
Cu Al
Cu
l Al
l

Tmiddle =
kCuThot + kAlTcool
=
(380 J s m C°)( 225°C) + ( 200 J s m C°)(0.0°C) = 147°C
kCu + kAl 380 J s m C° + 200 J s m C°

82. Assume that the final speed of the meteorite, as it completely melts, is 0, and that all of its
initial kinetic energy was used in heating the iron to the melting point and then melting the
iron.

1
2
( )
mvi2 = mcFe Tmelt ! Ti + mLfusion "

vi = 2 #$ cFe (T melt
!T )+ L
i fusion ( )
%& = 2 #$( 450 J kg C° ) 1808°C ! ( !105°C ) + 2.89 ' 105 J kg %&

= 1520 m s

87. Since the specific heat is a function of temperature, we need to integrate the infinitesimal
version of Eq. 19-2, and use moles instead of grams.

dQ = nCdT !

) (
2.75mol ) (1940 J mol K )
T2
T3 nk 4 4
"Q = # nk
T0 3
dT =
4T0 3 (T
2
4
$ T14 = 3
%( 48.0 K ) $ ( 22.0 K ) ' = 305J
& (
T1 (
4 281K )