fhay;gl;lzk; ,];yhkpa kz;ziw (fy;yiw) f; fy;ntl;Lfs;)

v];. uhkr;re;jpud;
Jhj;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;> jpUr;nre;Jhu; tl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s fhay;gl;lzk;
,];yhkpau; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; CuhFk;. ,t;T+upy; cs;s kP]hd;
(]krhd kahdk; vdg; nghUs;gLk;) fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpj;J
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fs Ma;tpy; mwpag;gl;l nra;jpfs; njhFj;Jj;
jug;gLfpd;wd.
fhay;gl;lzk; fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhay;gl;lzk; ngupa Fj;gh
gs;spthry; kPrhd; fy;ntl;Lfs;
nfhw;wf;Fil cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s> nfhy;yk; 752 (fp.gp. 1587) Mk;
tUlf; fy;ntl;by; 8 jiyKiwfs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. Kjy;
jiyKiwiar; Nru;e;jtu; mrdh iedh Mthu;. (,g;ngau; `]d;
ehafdhu; vd;gjd; jpupghFk;) ,f;fy;yiwapy; mlf;fkhfpapUg;gtu; vl;lhk;
jiyKiwiar; Nru;e;j mg;Jy; fghuhd ,k;kb nrz;gfuhk Kjypahu;
Mthu;.
fpgp. 1587 ,y; Nghu;r;Rf;fP]pau;fNs ,g;gFjpapypUe;j ,];yhkpaf;
flw;gil tPuu;fSf;Fk; tzpfu;fSf;Fk; Kjd;ikahd vjpupfshf
,Ue;jjhy;> Nfus muru;fspd; (jpUtpjhq;$u;> nfhr;rp> Nfhopf;NfhL)
ngauhd nrz;gfuhkd; vd;w ngaiuAk;> tp[a efu muru; rpyupd; gl;lg;
ngauhd ,k;kb vd;w ngaiuAk; ,tu; jkJ gl;lg; ngaUld; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu; vdyhk;. nfhw;wf; Fil rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,tu;
flw;gilj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f tha;G cs;sJ. Kjypahu; vd;gJ
gilKjyp vdg; nghUs;gLk; rhjpg; gl;lkhFk;. jpUtde;jGuk; gFjpapy;
<otu; Fy tPuu;fs; Kjypahu; vd;w rhjpg; gl;lk; Gide;J nfhs;tJ
tof;fk;. vdNt> ,tu;fs; <otu; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshf ,Ue;J muGf;
fyg;gpid Vw;W kjk; khwpatu;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. Kf;Ftu;> fiuahu;
,dj;jtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

ngupa Fj;gh gs;spthrypNy cs;s kw;nwhU kPrhd; fy;ntl;L> 15Mk;

Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpia my;yJ 16k; Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;ijr;
Nru;e;jJ. [khy; Kjypahuhd guhf;uk ghz;ba Kjypahu; kfshu; kfJhk;
ehr;rpahu; - ,d; ngau; ,f;fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;by; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. guhf;uk
ghz;ba Kjypahu; vd;w ngau;> fp.gp. 1420-62 fhyfl;lj;jpy; njd;fhrpiaj;
jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Gupe;j mupNfrup guhf;uk ghz;badpd;
flw;gilj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu; ,tu; vd;gij czu;j;Jk;. mupNfrup
guhf;uk ghz;badpd; flw;gil ntw;wpfs; mk;kd;ddpd; nka;f;fPu;j;jpapy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. rpq;if> mEiu> tPiu> Kjiy Mfpa Cu;fspy;
epfo;e;j Nghu;fspy; mupNfrup guhf;uk ghz;bad; ngw;w ntw;wpfs;
,f;flw;gilapd; JizAlNd epfo;e;jd vdyhk;. ngupa Fj;gh gs;spapd;
ntspNa jdpahf vLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;L xd;wpy;> nfhy;yk; 596
Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1420) kf%J vd;gtupd; kfs; kjypah ehr;rpahu;
,we;j nra;jp Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
ngupa Fj;gh gs;spapYs;s NtnwhU fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;by;> fp.gp. 15-16
Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j rpYf;fntl;b kuf;fhau; vd;gtupd; ngau;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. vjpupapd; clypy; ngupa mstpy; ntl;L tpohky; cly;
KOJk; rpW fPwy;fs; tpOk; tifapy; ntl;Ljy; rpYf;F ntl;L vdg;gLk;
vd;W 1836-37Mk; Mz;by; ntspte;j N[.gp. uhl;yupd; jkpo; mfuhjp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gil ntl;Lk; Nghu;g;gapw;rpapd; NghJk;> Nghl;bfspd;NghJk;
,j;jifa nkr;rj;jf;f ths; tPr;R Kiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. nka;
rpypu;f;Fk;tz;zk; my;yJ vjpupf;F kapu;f; $r;nrwpAk; tpjj;jpy; ntl;Ljy;
vd;w nghUspy; ,t;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

fhay;gl;lzj;jpYs;s rpW gs;spapypUe;j xU fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;L

nfhy;yk; 671 (fpgp. 1496) -Ir; Nru;e;jJ. rhJ ehapdh> mtu; kfd; nrapjp
mfkJ ehapdhuhd tPu ghz;ba Kjypahu;> mtu; kfd; [khy; ehapdhu;>
mtu; kfd; nra;aJ mfkJ ehapdhu;> mtu; kfd; [khy; ehapdhu;> mtu;
kfd; Nrfhyp ehapdhuhd nrz;gfuhk Kjypahu; vd 6 jiyKiwfs;
,f;fy;ntl;bvy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;lhtJ jiyKiwapduhf
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nrapjp mfkJ ehapdhuhd (iraj; mfkj; ehafdhuhd)
tPughz;ba Kjypahu; vd;gtu;> fp.gp. 1334-1380 fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Ml;rp Gupe;j
khwtu;kd;
tPughz;badpd; flw;gilj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f tha;G cs;sJ.
fhay;gl;lzj;jpy; ngupa mstpyhd ,];yhkpa kjkhw;wk; kJiu
Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;njhlf;fj;jpy; (fp.gp.1327) epfo;e;jnjd;Wk;
1335,y; jpy;yp Ry;jhd;fspd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij cjwptpl;L kJiu Ry;jhdhd
iraj; [yhYjpd; mrd; rh Rahl;rp mikj;jNghJ> fp.gp. 1358-59 ,y;
kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpy; ghkpdp Ry;jhd;fspd; jiyaPL epfo;e;jNghNjh
fhay;gl;lzj;jpypUe;j ,];yhkpaf; flw;gil tPuu;fs; rpyu; ghz;baupd; kW
vOr;rpf;F Mjuthfj; jpUk;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ehk; Cfpf;fyhk;. ,J
mofhd r%f tuyhw;wha;Tf;Fupa Fwpg;ghFk;. nul;ilf;Fsk; gs;spf;
fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;L nfhy;yk; 644-f;F (fp.gp.1468) cupaJ. ma;aKjypahu;
kfd;
thypryhu; kuf;fhau; kupj;j nra;jp ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
fUg;Gilahu; gs;sp kPrhd; fy;ntl;Lfs;
.
fUg;Gilahu; gs;spapy; cs;s ,uz;L fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Kjw;fy;ntl;L nfhy;yk; 688 (fp.gp.1512) Mk;
Mz;Lf;FupaJ. nehsk;ghjuha Kjypahu; kfd; fhu;j;jpahu; mtu; kfs;
gPtpahu; vd 3 jiyKiwapdu; ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;Lfpd;wdu;.
nehsgk;ghjuha Kjypahu; vd;gtNu ,t;tk;rj;jtupy; Kjd; Kjypy;
,];yhkpauhf khwpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu; tho;e;jJ 15Mk; Ehw;whz;bd;
,ilg;gFjpahfyhk;. (gPtpahu;> cj;Njrkhf 60 tajpy; ,we;jhu; vdf;
nfhz;lhy; mjw;F 30 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; - fp.gp.1482 mstpy;
nehsk;ghj uha Kjypahu; ,e;jpUf;fyhk;.)
njd;jpUg;NgiuapYs;s ifyhrehju; Nfhapypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fp.gp.13Mk; Ehw;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; khdtPu tsehl;il
jpUr;nre;JhUf;Fj; njw;Nf FyNrfud;gl;bdj;ij xl;bAs;s gFjpia
Nru;e;j tPu Esk;ghj uhad; vd;gtu; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;. fUg;Gilahu;
gs;spf; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nehsk;ghjuha Kjypahu;>
mt;tPuEsk;ghj uhadpd; tk;rj;jhNuhL cwTila flw;gil
tPuuhf ,Uf;f tha;Gs;sJ.

,g;gs;spapYs;s kw;nwhU fy;ntl;L nfhy;yk; 701 (fp.gp. 1526) f;FupaJ.

Nfhrhyp eapdh mtuJ kfd; fr;rp eapdh mtuJ kfd; kfkJ eapdh
mtu; kfdhu; Nruh Kjypahu; MfpNahu; ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;.
Nfhrhyp eapdh vd;gJ nfhr;rhyp eapdh vd;gjd; jpupghfyhk;. FQ;R myp>
nfhr;R myp vd;gd kiyahs tof;fpyike;j ngau;fshFk;.

fr;rp eapdh (fr;rp ehafdhu;) vd;w ngau; fr;rp nfhz;l ghz;bad;

vdg;gl;l ghz;bau; gl;lg;ngaUld; njhlu;Gilajhfyhk;.
FyNrfugl;bdj;jpYs;s rptd; Nfhapypd; ngau; fr;rp nfhz;l ghz;Br;Ruk;
MFk;. NkYk;> ,g;gFjpapy; Mw;WhiuaLj;J cs;s Kf;fhzpapy; fr;rp
ehr;rpahu; ju;fh cs;sJ. fr;rpehr;rp tpis (fr;rpehtpis) vd;w Cu;
Mo;thu; jpUefupf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. ,g;ngau;fnsy;yhk; fr;rpnfhz;l
ghz;bad; vd;w gl;lg; ngaUld; njhlu;Gila gjtpg; ngau;fspd; my;yJ
Ml;ngau;fspd; gpw;fhyj; jpupG tbtq;fnsdyhk;.

fhay;gl;lzk; ,];yhkpaf; fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;Lfs; NkYk; Ma;T

nra;tjw;F cupait. fp.gp. 1400 njhlq;fp> 20Mk; Ehw;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjptiu nfhy;yk; Mz;Lf; Fwpg;GlDk;> jkpo; vz;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpAk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fy;ntl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if 100f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;ljhFk;.