NAMA : DIAH RESTY

NPM : 08180100067

Introduction of hypotension

Hypotension is a decrease in systemic blood pressure below accepted low

values. While there is not an accepted standard hypotensive value, pressures

less than 90/60 are recognized as hypotensive. Hypotension is a relatively

benign condition that is under-recognized mainly because it is typically

asymptomatic. It only becomes a concern once pumping pressure is not

sufficient to perfuse key organs with oxygenated blood. This leads to symptoms

impacting the quality of life of a patient. Hypotension is classified based on the

biometric parameters of the blood pressure measurement. It may be absolute

with changes in systolic blood pressure to less than 90 mm Hg or mean arterial

pressure of less than 65 mm Hg. It may be relative to a decrease in diastolic

blood pressure to less than 40 mm Hg. It may be orthostatic with a decrease in

systolic pressure or 20 mm Hg or greater or a decrease in diastolic pressure of

10 mm Hg or greater on positional change from lying to standing. It may be

profound which is defined as being medication-dependent. In acute conditions,

the hypotensive shock is a possible and life-threatening condition. Blood

pressure is defined as:

 Blood Pressure = Cardiac output x Total peripheral vascular resistance

 The mean arterial pressure is an average blood pressure over the course of

one cardiac cycle. It is calculated as:

 Mean arterial pressure = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

NAMA : IDA FARIDA MARDAS

NPM : 08180100135

Introduction to Diabetes

Created: July 7, 2004.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, e.g., after a meal, it triggers the release of

the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove

glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood

sugar level to decrease to normal levels.

In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high. This may be because insulin is not

being produced at all, is not made at sufficient levels, or is not as effective as it should be.

The most common forms of diabetes are type 1 diabetes (5%), which is an autoimmune

disorder, and type 2 diabetes (95%), which is associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes is

a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnancy, and other forms of diabetes are very rare and are

caused by a single gene mutation.

For many years, scientists have been searching for clues in our genetic makeup that may

explain why some people are more likely to get diabetes than others are. "The Genetic

Landscape of Diabetes" introduces some of the genes that have been suggested to play a role

in the development of diabetes.

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Classification
Diabetes is classified by underlying cause. The categories are: type 1 diabetes—an

autoimmune disease in which the body's own immune system attacks the pancreas, rendering

it unable to produce insulin; type 2 diabetes—in which a resistance to the effects of insulin or

a defect in insulin secretion may be seen; gestational diabetes; and “other types”. Table

1 compares the presentation (phenotype) of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.