Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. FORMAL communication
to inform, to educate, to persuade
Employs formal language delivered orally or
Downward Comm – Superior to subordinate (ex.
in written form
President to a manager) – usually asking individuals
Formal situations & writings such as -
to perform a task.
lectures, public talks/speeches, researches &
Upward Comm – Subordinates to bosses – send
project proposals, reports & business letters
views/feedback on organizational policies, issues
related to their jobs and the like.
Note that while lectures and speeches are delivered
Horizontal Comm – facilitate performance of tasks
orally, the texts have been thought out carefully and
through proper coordination (Subject Coordinators,
written well before they are delivered. The main
Program Heads)
objectives of this type of communication is to
Diagonal Comm – Superior-project heads-staff-
inform, to educate, and to persuade.
managers – various levels & units communicate &
coordinate with each other
2. INFORMAL communication
Informal / Grapevine – occurs due to the
Doesn’t employ formal language. Oral (face-
dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by
to-face), phone calls, written texts (e-mails,
uncertainty – superiors playing favorites,
letters)
unfavorable company rules, etc.
Personal & ordinary situations such as –
conversations with friends, family members,
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
or acquaintances about anything under the
The communication between or among people
sun
having different linguistic, religious, ethnic,
to socialize and enhance relationships
social, and professional backgrounds.
Even gender difference affects communication.
Individuals having different orientations
communicate and interpret messages
differently.