Samantha Cheng, Jessica Hung

Mr. Sanders, M. Ed
Modern World History

Image Bibliography

"Activism And Democracy And Art – Artofthemooc.Org". 2018. Artofthemooc.Org.

Accessed January 1 2019. http://artofthemooc.org/wiki/activism-and-democracy-
and-art/.

A picture of women of the 1960s America holding banners and demanding for equal
rights on the streets.

"Art Student Creates Segregated Bathrooms - Artnet News". 2015. Artnet News. Accessed
January 1 2019. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/segregated-bathrooms-buffalo-
art-student-2-334330.

Colored bathrooms and whites-only bathrooms, showing the segregation of races,

and the colored bathrooms were as well an significant scene which was acted out
in the movie Hidden Figures.

" Boston’S 1960S Civil Rights Movement: A Look Back - WGBH Openvault ". 2019.
Openvault.Wgbh.Org. Accessed January 1 2019.
http://openvault.wgbh.org/exhibits/boston_civil_rights/article.

The picture shows a group of African Americans demanding for equal rights for
education. All of the African American human computers had to pay more in order
to get the education which is required to become an engineer or human computer
than the whites needed. It was what they all had to go through.

"Capsule, Mercury, MA-6". 2016. National Air And Space Museum. Accessed December
20 2018. https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/capsule-mercury-ma-6.

Friendship 7, one of the projects which the human computers worked on. It was the
first space craft which orbited Earth.

"Dorothy J. Vaughan". 2019. NASA. Accessed January 4 2019.

https://www.nasa.gov/langley/hall-of-honor/dorothy-j-vaughan.

A photo of Dorothy Vaughan, an African American female human computer who

worked in NASA Langley starting from the 1960s.

"Dorothy Vaughan (Top Left) With Other Early Computers (Photograph: NASA) | People
| Pinterest | Nasa, Hidden Figures And Katherine Johnson". 2019. Pinterest.
Accessed January 1 2019. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/334814553530883926/.
 A group of human computers; Helen John, Ann Mattson, Rowena Becker, Helen
Willey etc.

"Duchess Harris Shares Grandmother's Story In Upcoming 'Hidden Human Computers:

The Black Women Of NASA' | Minnpost | Know Your History | Pinterest | Black
History, Black History Facts And History". 2019. Pinterest. Accessed January 1
2019. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/496099715189476138/.

Group photo of women who were members of the first women’s class in
engineering fundamentals at Hampton Institute. Mary Jackson and these women
have paved the road of becoming a female engineer for the girls who wanted to.

"File:Computers004.Jpg - Nasacrgis". 2018. Crgis.Ndc.Nasa.Gov. Accessed December 20

2018. https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/File:Computers004.jpg.

A picture of the office where the human computers worked in, taken by a worker
of NASA Langley.

"File:Golemba030.Jpg - Nasacrgis". 2018. Crgis.Ndc.Nasa.Gov. Accessed December 20

2018. https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/File:Golemba030.jpg.

Photo of Mary Jackson, who worked in Langley as the very first African American
female engineer.

"File:L Dorothy Vaughan M Lessie Hunter R Vivian Adair.Jpg - Nasacrgis". 2018.

Crgis.Ndc.Nasa.Gov. Accessed December 20 2018.
https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/File:L_Dorothy_Vaughan_M_Lessie_Hunter_
R_Vivian_Adair.jpg.

A photo shot in NASA Langley, having Dorothy Vaughan at the left most, sitting
with her colleagues.

"File:Mary Jackson With A Model (Cropped).Jpg - Wikimedia Commons". 1977.

Commons.Wikimedia.Org. Accessed December 20 2018.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Jackson_with_a_model_(cropped
).jpg.

Mary Jackson, the first African American female engineer in NASA holding a
model of a space craft.

"File:NASA Human Computers -1981 Staff Photo - Katherine Peddrew On Left.Jpg -

Wikimedia Commons". 1981. Commons.Wikimedia.Org. Accessed January 1
2019. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NASA_human_computers_-
1981_staff_photo_-_Katherine_Peddrew_on_left.jpg.
 A picture of a group of people who worked in NASA as engineers, human
computers, secretaries, etc.

"File:Westarea-Cafe.Jpg - Nasacrgis". 2018. Crgis.Ndc.Nasa.Gov. Accessed December 20

2018. https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/File:WestArea-Cafe.jpg.

A map of NASA Langley showing the colored cafeteria, suggesting the

discrimination between races.

"File:1980-L-00024.Jpg - Nasacrgis". 2018. Crgis.Ndc.Nasa.Gov. Accessed December 20

2018. https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/File:1980-L-00024.jpg.
Katherine Johnson working with a computer, calculating data for the launching of
space crafts.

"Glenn Orbits The Earth". 2018. NASA. Accessed December 20 2018.

https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/mercury_mission.html.

John Glenn, first American astronaut who orbited Earth in Friendship 7, and
demanded Katherine to re-calculate his launching data before he went in to space.

Goldenberg, Maya. 2019. "Katherine Johnson". The Leaf. Accessed January 2 2019.
https://shsleaf.org/34865/media/black-history-month/katherine-johnson-2/.
Kathrine Johnson receiving the Presidential Reward of Freedom from Obama,
America’s previous president.

"“Hidden Figures” Behind The Space Race | Kid Reporters' Notebook | Scholastic Inc.".
2019. Kpcnotebook.Scholastic.Com. Accessed January 1 2019.
http://kpcnotebook.scholastic.com/post/hidden-figures-behind-space-race-0.

A scene in the movie Hidden Figures, showing the African American human
computers walking in the corridor in NASA Langley.

"Hidden Figures — Margot Lee Shetterly: Research. Write. Repeat.". 2019. Margot Lee
Shetterly: Research. Write. Repeat.. Accessed January 1 2019.
http://margotleeshetterly.com/hidden-figures-nasas-african-american-computers/.

Christine Darden holding an airplane model in NASA Langley. It is most likely that
she was involved in the project.

" Hidden Figures Quotes By Margot Lee Shetterly ". 2019. Goodreads.Com. Accessed
January 1 2019. https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/45855800-hidden-
figures-the-american-dream-and-the-untold-story-of-the-black-wom.

“Katherine Johnson knew: once you took the first step, anything was possible.” ― Margot
Lee Shetterly, Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the
Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race
 A quote written by Margot Lee Shetterley, rephrasing what Katherine G. Johnson,
a well-known human computer, has said, and which this quote has supported
Katherine to go through all the obstacles she has met in her career.

"Hidden Figures: The Untold Story Of The African American Women Who Helped Win
The Space Race". 2019. Harpercollins Australia. Accessed January 1 2019.
https://www.harpercollins.com.au/9780008241100/hidden-figures-the-untold-
story-of-the-african-american-women-who-helped-win-the-space-race/.

Movie poster of Hidden Figures, the movie version of the story about the women
who helped America win the Space Race and accomplished in engineering space
ships and other projects.

"Jfk-Khrucshev-Cuban-Missile-Crisis". 2016. Envisioning The American Dream.

Accessed January 1 2019.
https://envisioningtheamericandream.com/2016/11/28/castro-and-my-cold-war-
childhood/jfk-khrucshev-cuban-missile-crisis/.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK), president of the United States, and Nikita
Sergeyevich Khrushchev, the Soviet Premier, wrestles each other to prove the
superiority of technological innovations of his nation-state.

"Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson, Dorothy Vaughan (NASA) | Inspirational People |

Pinterest | Katherine Johnson, Nasa And Hidden Figures". 2019. Pinterest.
Accessed January 1 2019. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/503981014540184540/.

Picture of Katherine G. Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. The three
female human computers who have been acted out in the movie Hidden Figures.

"Katherine Johnson - Nasacrgis". 2018. Crgis.Ndc.Nasa.Gov. Accessed December 20

2018. https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/Katherine_Johnson.

Katherine G. Johnson, women who showed that she has incredible skills in
calculating math since she was in elementary school, and later on worked in NASA
Langley as a human computer.

"Katherine Johnson Receives Presidential Medal Of Freedom". 2018. NASA. Accessed

December 20 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/langley/katherine-
johnson-receives-presidential-medal-of-freedom

Katherine G. Johnson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from president

Barack H. Obama on November 24, 2015.

"Map · Human Computers At NASA". 2019. Omeka.Macalester.Edu. Accessed January 1

2019. http://omeka.macalester.edu/humancomputerproject/map.
 A construction map of NASA Langley with the colored dining room and white
dining room separated and labeled out.

"Mary Jackson (Engineer)". 2019. En.Wikipedia.Org. Accessed January 6 2019.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jackson_(engineer).

Mary Jackson working with a computer while recording the data.

"NASA's Hidden Computer Women". 2016. Stuff Mom Never Told You. Accessed
January 4 2019. https://www.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/podcasts/nasas-hidden-
computer-women.htm.

Dorothy Vaughan with the IBM computer, which she self-learned and became one
of the first ones who mastered the machine in NASA at that time.

"NASA's Unsung Heroes: The Apollo Coders Who Put Men On The Moon". 2019.
Techrepublic. Accessed January 6 2019.
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/nasas-unsung-heroes-the-apollo-coders-
who-put-men-on-the-moon/.

A group of men engineers occupying the office shows that the STEM field was
occupied by male, and women did not have much chance of becoming one.

"NASA's Unsung Heroes: The Apollo Coders Who Put Men On The Moon". 2019.
Techrepublic. Accessed January 6 2019.
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/nasas-unsung-heroes-the-apollo-coders-
who-put-men-on-the-moon/.

Men who worked in NASA calculating data and coding for the launching of space
crafts.

NASA. 2019. Dorothy Vaughan's Retirement Party, 1971. Image. Accessed January 6.
https://www.nasa.gov/modernfigures/images.

Mrs.Dorothy Vaughan’s, the first African American female supervisor, retirement

party after spending her career at NASA. She supervised for the West Computing
Center, which was the place for African American human computers, including
Katherine G. Johnson.

NASA. 2019. Friendship 7. Image. Accessed January 6.

https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/314095main_image_1288_full.jp
g.
 A picture from NASA of John Glenn entering Friendship 7 for his mission of
orbiting around the Earth. This mission made him the first American to ever
perform such task.

NASA. 2019. Liftoff Of John Glenn's Friendship 7, Feb. 20, 1962. Image. Accessed
January 6. https://www.nasa.gov/modernfigures/images.

Spacecraft Friendship 7 successfully launched on February 20, 1962. It carries John

Glenn and was assigned to orbit around the Earth for three rounds.

NASA. 2019. NASA Human Computers. Image. Accessed January 6.

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/images/news/computers.jpg.

This picture is acquired from NASA’s own website about the female human
computers. NASA recruited white and African American women to perform
complex mathematical calculations for spacecrafts and orbits for the Space Race.

Newspaper, John. 2019. "John Glenn Orbits Earth Historic Newspaper". Anydate.Com.
Accessed January 1 2019.
https://anydate.com/John_Glenn_Orbits_Earth_Historic_Newspaper.html.

John Glenn being able the first to orbit Earth went on the header of the newspaper,
and proved that America was capable of competing with Russia in the Space Race.

profile, View. 2008. "Mercury Friendship 7 Launch Crew Gold Pin 1 Of 20".
Rayspacestuff.Blogspot.Com. Accessed January 2 2019.
http://rayspacestuff.blogspot.com/2008/10/mercury-friendship-7-launch-crew-
gold.html.

A golden symbol of the project Friendship 7, which is the one which John Glenn
orbited the Earth and which the female human computers participated in.

"The Space Race". 2018. The Space Race | Theindependentbd.Com. Accessed December
20 2018. http://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/134510/2018-01-27.

A poster of the Space Race, showing the flag of America and Russia, and each of
their space crafts, showing the competitive relationship between the two.

"The History Behind 'Hidden Figures'". 2017. Inside Science. Accessed December 20
2018. https://www.insidescience.org/history-behind-hidden-figures.

A group photo shot in NASA Langley, showing a few women human computers
while the majority are men. Shetterley and a worker in NASA was questioned about
these women whose numbers were defiantly too much for them to be secretaries,
 and therefore found out they were human computers who gave great contribution
and revealed them to the public.

"Target: Expect More. Pay Less.". 2019. Target.Com. Accessed January 1 2019.
https://www.target.com/p/hidden-women-the-african-american-mathematicians-
of-nasa-who-helped-america-win-the-space-race/-/A-53236676.

The book cover of Hidden Women, a book which tells the story of women who
helped America win the Space Race.

Taylor, Alan. 2014. "1964: Civil Rights Battles". The Atlantic. Accessed January 1 2019.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/1964-civil-rights-battles/100744/.

A group of African Americans with posters protesting for the unequal treatments
they were suffering from the segregation during the 1960s America.

Team, The, Anubhuti Matta, Melissa Genovesi, The Team, and The Team. 2018. "Sitting
Isn't The New Smoking. It's More Like The New Moderate Drinking.". The
Swaddle. Accessed January 1 2019. https://theswaddle.com/sitting-isnt-the-new-
smoking-its-more-like-the-new-moderate-drinking/.

A group of human computers working and calculating data using the big calculators
in NASA.

"The Movie "Hidden Figures," Which Opens Nationwide This Friday, Celebrates The
African-American Women Who Worked As NASA… | Movies, Music, And
Books... | Pinterest | Andrew Jackson, Women And Hidden Figures". 2019.
Pinterest. Accessed January 1 2019.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/201325045823205556/.

Mary Jackson taking down notes for calculations. With the new computers which
could help the human computers calculate some of the numbers, their work became
slightly easier, but at that time, people believed in the women’s calculation more
than their faith in the computers.

"What Happened For Women's Rights During The 1960S?". 2019. Thoughtco. Accessed
January 1 2019. https://www.thoughtco.com/1960s-feminism-timeline-3528910.

Women raising a banner demanding for liberation in America, which shows that
gender inequality was a great problem in the 1960s.

"When The Computer Wore A Skirt: Langley’S Computers, 1935–1970". 2018. NASA.
Accessed December 20 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/when-the-computer-
wore-a-skirt-langley-s-computers-1935-1970.
An example of the calculation papers which the human computers wrote while
working in NASA Langley. They calculate data which are essentially for the
launching of space crafts.