Extra work – Matea Labrtić

PRVI MINUS

Bryson, PART V: Cells

yeast, n
/jiːst/
1. a yellowish surface froth or sediment that occurs especially in saccharine liquids (as fruit
juices) in which it promotes alcoholic fermentation, consists largely of cells of a fungus (as
the saccharomyces, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and is used especially in the making of
alcoholic liquors and as a leaven in baking
2. a commercial product containing yeast fungi in a moist or dry medium
3. something that causes ferment or activity
Taxation without representation proved to be the yeast of the rebellion.

caper, n
/ˈkeɪpə(r)/
1. any of a genus (Capparis of the family Capparidaceae, the caper family) of low prickly
shrubs of the Mediterranean region; especially : one (C. spinosa) cultivated for its buds
2. one of the immature greenish flower buds of the caper pickled and used as a seasoning or
garnish

extraneous, adj
/ɪkˈstreɪniəs/
1. existing on or coming from the outside – an extraneous light
2. not forming an essential or vital part – an extraneous ornamentation; having no relevance -
an extraneous discussion
3. being a number obtained in solving an equation that is not a solution of the equation -
extraneous roots
syn: additional, incidental, supplementary
opp: essential, important
She sped up the process by eliminating all the extraneous steps.
The architect's streamlined modern style shuns any sort of extraneous ornamentation.

ubiquitous, adj
/juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/
Existing or being everywhere at the same time
syn: everywhere, omnipresent, universal
opp: rare, scarce
The company's advertisements are ubiquitous.

galling, adj
/ˈɡɔːlɪŋ/
Markedly irritating
syn: aggravating, annoying, bitter
opp: pleasant, comforing
This is a galling defeat.

Robert Hooke
(28 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath.
He was at one time simultaneously the curator of experiments of the Royal Society and a
member of its council, Gresham Professor of Geometry and a Surveyor to the City of London
after the Great Fire of London, in which capacity he appears to have performed more than half
of all the surveys after the fire.

lug, v
/lʌɡ/
1. to carry laboriously – lugged the bags to the car; to introduce in a forced manner - lugs my
name into the argument
2. to pull with effort; to move heavily or by jerks - the car lugs on hills
syn: carry, ferry, haul, heave
opp: hold, keep, mantain
She had to lug her suitcases out of the car by herself.
I was lugging a heavy camera all day.

slough, v
/slʌf/
1. to engulf in a slough
2. to plod thorugh or as if through mud
He sloughed manically through the marsh, hoping to evade the hunters.

dowel, n
/ˈdaʊəl/
1. a pin fitting into a hole in an abutting piece to prevent motion or slipping; also : a round
rod or stick used especially for cutting up into dowels
2. a piece of wood driven into a wall so that other pieces can be nailed to it

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

(24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist. He is commonly
known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist.

Theodor Schwann
(7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German physiologist. His many contributions to
biology include the development of cell theory, the discovery of Schwann cells in the
peripheral nervous system and the discovery and study of pepsin.

animalcule, n
/ˌanəˈmal(ˌ)kyü(ə)l/
A minute usually microscopic organism

teem, v
/tiːm/
1. give birth to
2. to become pregnant
3. to become filled to overflowing; to be present in large quantity
syn: brim, bustle, crawl, overflow, swarm
opp: lack, retreat, fail
The queen has teemed a masculine child.
The water is teeming with bacteria.

camera obscura, n (lat.)

A darkened enclosure having an aperture usually provided with a lens through which light
from external objects enters to form an image of the objects on the opposite surface.

kernel, n
/ˈkɜː(r)n(ə)l/
1. the inner softer part of a seed, fruit stone, or nut
2. a central or essential part of something
3. a subset of the elements of one set (as a group) that a function (as a homomorphism) maps
onto an identity element of another set
There's not a kernel of thruth in what they say.
That apple is full of kernels.

thrum, n
/θrʌm/
1. a fringe of warp threads left on the loom after the cloth has been removed
2. a tuft or short piece of rope yarn used in thrumming canvas —usually used in plural
3. a hair, fiber, or threadlike leaf on a plant; also : a tuft or fringe of such structures
My dress looks disgusting with all these thrums on it.

girder, n
/ˈɡɜː(r)də(r)/
a horizontal main structural member (as in a building or bridge) that supports vertical loads
and that consists of a single piece or of more than one piece bound together

mundane, adj
/ˌmʌnˈdeɪn/
1. of, relating to, or characteristic of the world
2. characterized by the practical, transitory, and ordinary
syn: banal, everyday, humdrum, normal
opp: abnormal, uncommon, unusual
coll: V- be, seem, sound, become, find sth; Adv- very, thoroughly, utterly, fairly, pretty,
rather, somewhat, apparently
They lead a pretty mundane life
I have to do mundane chores, such as washing the windows.

buttress, n
/ˈbʌtrəs/
1. a projecting structure of masonry or wood for supporting or giving stability to a wall or
building
2. something resembling a buttress
Our mother had always been the buttress in our family in trying times.
After the wall collapsed, we had to rebuild it with a buttress.
cacophony, n
/kəˈkɒfəni/
Harsh or discordant sound; harshness in the sound of words or phrases

sieve, n
/sɪv/
A device with meshes or perforations through which finer particles of a mixture (as of ashes,
flour, or sand) of various sizes may be passed to separate them from coarser ones, through
which the liquid may be drained from liquid-containing material, or through which soft
materials may be forced for reduction to fine particles.

Charles Darwin
(12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for
his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have
descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel
Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from
a process that he called natural selection.

Adam's Rib (1949):

fast and loose
1. in a reckless or irresponsible manner
played fast and loose with the public purse strings
2. in a craftily deceitful way
He manipulated evidence … and played fast and loose with the truth

Yale Law School

Yale Law School (often referred to as Yale Law or YLS) is the law school of Yale University,
located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Established in 1824, Yale Law offers the
J.D., LL.M., J.S.D., M.S.L., and Ph.D. degrees in law. The school's small size and prestige
make its admissions process the most selective of any law school in the United States. Widely
considered to be the preeminent law school in the nation, it is one of the most prestigious law
schools in the world.

hunky-dory, adj
/hʌŋkɪˈdɔːri/
nformal
fine; going well.
everything is hunky-dory

deplorable, adj
/dɪˈplɔːrəb(ə)l/
1. deserving strong condemnation; completely unacceptable.
children living in deplorable conditions
syn: disgraceful, shameful, dishonourable, disreputable, discreditable, unworthy, shabby,
inexcusable, unpardonable, unforgivable
2. shockingly bad in quality.
her spelling was deplorable
syn: lamentable, regrettable, grievous, unfortunate, wretched, dire, atrocious, abysmal, very
bad, awful, terrible, dreadful,

habeas corpus, n, lat

/ˌheɪbɪəs ˈkɔːpəs/
1. a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially
to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.
„his application for habeas corpus“
2. the legal right to apply for a habeas corpus writ.
"Europe was first to introduce habeas corpus and the jury system"

cinch, n
/sɪn(t)ʃ/
1. informal
an extremely easy task.
„the program was a cinch to use"
syn:easy task, easy job, child's play, five-finger exercise, gift, walkover, nothing
2. NORTH AMERICAN
a girth for a Western saddle or pack of a type used mainly in Mexico and the western US.
"they watered the horses and loosed the cinches"

certiorari, n
a writ of superior court to call up the records of an inferior court or a body acting in a quasi-
judicial capacity
'' … filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court, which, in effect, asked
that Court to review Sam's case.''

cap, v
1. put a lid or cover on.
"he capped his pen"
2. provide a fitting climax or conclusion to.
"he capped a memorable season by becoming champion of champions"
syn: round off, crown, be a fitting climax to, put the finishing touch/touches to, perfect,
complete
"his innings capped a great day for the Australians"

competence, n
/ˈkɒmpɪt(ə)ns/
1.
the ability to do something successfully or efficiently.
"courses to improve the competence of staff"
syn: capability, ability, competency, capacity, proficiency, accomplishment, adeptness,
adroitness, knowledge, expertise, expertness, skill, skilfulness, prowess, mastery, resources,
faculties, facilities, talent
2. dated
an income large enough to live on, typically an unearned one.
"he found himself with an ample competence and no obligations"

proceeding, n
1. a particular action or course or manner of action.
2. proceedings, a series of activities or events; happenings.
3. the act of a person or thing that proceeds:
Our proceeding down the mountain was hindered by mud slides
4. proceedings, a record of the doings or transactions of a fraternal, academic, etc., society.
5. proceedings, Law.
the instituting or carrying on of an action at law.
a legal step or measure:
to institute proceedings against a person.

headgear, n
/ˈhɛdɡɪə/
hats, helmets, and other items worn on the head.
"protective headgear"

deduce, v
/dɪˈdjuːs/
1. arrive at (a 6acto r a conclusion) by reasoning; draw as a logical conclusion.
„little can be safely deduced from these figures“
syn: conclude, come to the conclusion, reason, work out, gather
2.
archaic
trace the course or derivation of.
"he cannot deduce his descent wholly by heirs male"

objection, n
/əbˈdʒɛkʃ(ə)n/
1. an expression or feeling of disapproval or opposition; a reason for disagreeing.
"they have raised no objections to the latest plans"
syn:protest, protestation, demur, demurrer, remonstrance, remonstration, exception,
complaint, grievance, moan, grumble, grouse
2. the action of challenging or disagreeing with something.
"his view is open to objection"
3. A formal attestation or declaration of disapproval concerning a specific point of law or
procedure during the course of a trial; a statement indicating disagreement with a judge's
ruling.

chutney, n
a spicy condiment of Indian origin, made of fruits or vegetables with vinegar, spices, and
sugar.
"various chutneys and yogurt dips"

bicker
/ˈbɪkə/
verb
1. argue about petty and trivial matters.
"couples who bicker over who gets what from the divorce"
2. literary
(of water) flow or fall with a gentle repetitive noise; patter.
"against the glass the rain did beat and bicker"
molehill, n
/ ˈməʊlhɪl/
a small mound of earth thrown up by a mole burrowing near the surface.
"the frosts and lack of plant growth will serve to make molehills stand out more"

contract,n
a written or spoken agreement, especially one concerning employment, sales, or tenancy, that
is intended to be enforceable by law.
"he has just signed a contract keeping him with the club"
syn:agreement, commitment, arrangement, settlement, undertaking

foul, v
make foul or dirty; pollute.
"factories which fouled the atmosphere"
syn: dirty, soil, stain, blacken, muddy, begrime, splash, spatter, smear

juror, n
a member of a jury:
A majority of the jurors were women.

neglect, v
/nɪˈɡlɛkt/
1.fail to care for properly.
"the old churchyard has been sadly neglected"
syn: fail to look after, fail to care for, fail to provide for, leave alone, abandon

sufficient
/səˈfɪʃ(ə)nt/
adjective & determiner
enough; adequate.
"he had a small private income which was sufficient for her needs"
syn: enough, adequate, plenty of, ample, abundant

verdict, n
/ˈvəːdɪkt/
a decision on an issue of fact in a civil or criminal case or an inquest.
"the jury returned a verdict of not guilty"
syn: judgement, adjudication, adjudgement, decision, finding, ruling

counsel, n
/ˈkaʊns(ə)l/
1.advice, especially that given formally.
"with wise counsel a couple can buy a home that will be appreciating in value"
syn: advice, guidance, direction, instruction, information, enlightenment
2. a barrister or other legal adviser conducting a case.
"the counsel for the defence"
syn: barrister, lawyer, counsellor, legal practitioner

hearken, v
/ˈhɑːk(ə)n/
1.archaic
listen.
"he refused to hearken to Tom's words of wisdom"

Barbarians with Terry Jones: The Primitive Celts (2006):

invade, v
/ɪnˈveɪd/
1. (of an armed force) enter (a country or region) so as to subjugate or occupy it.
"during the Second World War the island was invaded by the Axis powers"
syn: occupy, conquer, capture, seize, take (over), annex, win
2. enter (a place, situation, or sphere of activity) in large numbers, especially with intrusive
effect.
"demonstrators invaded the Presidential Palace"
syn: permeate, pervade, fill, spread through/over
3. (of a parasite or disease) spread into (an organism or bodily part).
"sometimes the worms invade the central nervous system"

Celts, n
/kɛlts, sɛlts/
Indo-European people in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had
cultural similarities, although the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in
the Celtic world remains uncertain and controversial. The exact geographic spread of the
ancient Celts is also disputed; in particular, the ways in which the Iron Age inhabitants of
Great Britain and Ireland should be regarded as Celts have become a subject of controversy.

celtic, adj
/ˈkɛltɪk/
1. relating to the Celts or their languages, which constitute a branch of the Indo-European
family and include Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Manx, Cornish, and several extinct
pre-Roman languages such as Gaulish.

volatile, adj
/ˈvɒlətʌɪl/
1. (of a substance) easily evaporated at normal temperatures.
"volatile solvents such as petroleum ether, hexane, and benzene"
2.liable to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse.
"the political situation was becoming more volatile"
syn: tense, strained, fraught, uneasy, uncomfortable

smokescreen, n
/ˈsməʊkskriːn/
1 a cloud of smoke created to conceal military operations.
"troops laid down a smokescreen to cover the rescue of the victims"
2 a ruse designed to disguise someone's real intentions or activities.
"he tried to create a smokescreen by quibbling about the statistics"
par excellence, adj
/pɑːr ˈɛks(ə)l(ə)ns,French paʀ ɛksɛlɑ̃s/
better or more than all others of the same kind.
"Nash is, to many, the Regency architect par excellence"

Helvetii, n
a Gallictribe or tribal confederationoccupying most of the Swiss plateau at the time of their
contact with the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. According to Julius Caesar, the
Helvetians were divided into four subgroups or pagi. Of these Caesar only names the
Verbigeni and the Tigurini, while Posidonius mentions the Tigurini and the Tougeni
(Τωυγενοί).They feature prominently in the Commentaries on the Gallic War, with their
failed migration attempt to southwestern Gaul (58 BC) serving as a catalyst for Caesar's
conquest of Gaul.

contend, v
/kənˈtɛnd/
1. struggle to surmount (a difficulty).
"she had to contend with his uncertain temper"
syn: cope with, face, grapple with, deal with, take on

Gaul, n
- was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes,
encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern
Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine. It
covered an area of 494,000 km2 (191,000 sq mi).

curator, n
/kjʊ(ə)ˈreɪtə/
a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection.
"the curator of drawings at the National Gallery"

Vandals, n
/ˈvand(ə)l/
plural noun: vandals; plural noun: Vandals
1. a person who deliberately destroys or damages property belonging to others.
"the rear window of the car was smashed by vandals"
2 a member of a Germanic people that ravaged Gaul, Spain, Rome (455), and North Africa in
the 4th–5th centuries.

Huns, n
members of a warlike Asiatic nomadic people who invaded and ravaged Europe in the 4th–
5th centuries

monumental, adj
/ mɒnjʊˈmɛnt(ə)l/
1.
great in importance, extent, or size.
"it's been a monumental effort"
pillage, n
/ˈpɪlɪdʒ/
1. rob a (place) using violence, especially in wartime.
"the abbey was plundered and pillaged"

arid, adj
/ˈarɪd/
1. (of land or a climate) having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation.
"the arid plains north of Cape Town"
syn: dry, dried up, waterless, as dry as a bone, moistureless, parched, scorched, baked,
thirsty;
2. lacking in interest, excitement, or meaning.
"his arid years in suburbia"

part and parcel

If you say that something is part and parcel of something else, you are emphasizing that it is
involved or included in it.
Payment was part and parcel of carrying on insurance business within the U.K..
It's all part and parcel–just a day's work really you know.

Dacians, n
Indo-European people, part of or related to the Thracians. Dacians were the ancient
inhabitants of the cultural region of Dacia, located in the area near the Carpathian Mountains
and west of the Black Sea. This area includes the present-day countries of Romania and
Moldova, as well as parts of Ukraine, Eastern Serbia, Northern Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary
and Southern Poland.

looting, n
1 spoils or plunder taken by pillaging, as in war.
2 anything taken by dishonesty, force, stealth, etc.:
a burglar's loot.
3 a collection of valued objects:
The children shouted and laughed as they opened their Christmas loot.

irreverent, adj
/ɪˈrɛv(ə)r(ə)nt/
showing a lack of respect for people or things that are generally taken seriously.
"she is irreverent about the whole business of politics"
syn: disrespectful, disdainful, scornful, contemptuous, derisive
DRUGI MINUS

Bryson, PART III: Einstein's Universe

perturbed, adj
/pəˈtɜːbd/
worried or anxious
syn: troubled, upset, bothered, uneasy, alarmed
opp: calm, peaceful
coll: orbit, gravity, expression, influence, spirit
She didn't seem perturbed at the change of plan.
A serendipitous approach to Jupiter in the early 1940s perturbed the comet's orbit.

elucidate, v
/iˈluːsɪdeɪt/
to make something clearer by explaining it more fully
syn: decode, elighten, exemplify, clarify
opp: complicate, confuse, obscure
coll: nature, issues, relationships, structures, aspects
He elucidated a point of grammar.
I will try to elucidate what I think the problems are.

daunt, v
/dɔːnt/
daunt somebody: to make somebody feel nervous and less confident about doing something
syn: baffle, discourage, intimidate, terrify
opp: calm, confort, encourage, support
coll: by, prospect, challenge, task, technology
She was a brave woman but she felt daunted by the task ahead.
The prospect of going in a helicopter rather daunts me.

ramification, n
/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
one of the large number of complicated and unexpected results that follow an action or a
decision
syn: consequence, development, extension, result
opp: cause, origin, source
coll: identity, effect, learning, days
Another ramification is the sometimes disastrous effect on identity formation.
These changes are bound to have widespread social ramifications.

permeate, v
/ˈpɜːmieɪt/
1. (of a liquid, gas, etc.) to spread to every part of an object or a place; 2. to affect every part
of something
syn: infuse, invade, penetrate, infiltrate
coll: every, entire, culture, society, air, lives
The air was permeated with the odour of burning rubber.
A feeling of unease permeates the novel.
velocity, n
/vəˈlɒsəti/
1. (specialist) the speed of something in a particular direction; 2. (formal) high speed
syn: acceleration, pace, quickness, rapidness
They talked about the velocity of light.
Jaguars can move with an astonishing velocity.

plodding, adj
/ˈplɒdɪŋ/
working or doing something slowly and steadily, especially in a way that other people think is
boring
syn: drudge, grind, labor
opp: idle
His plodding pace often kept other golfers waiting.

swiftness, n
/ˈswɪftnəs/
the fact of happening or being done very quickly or in a very short time
syn: briskness, rapidness, velocity
He moved with surprising swiftness for a man of his age.
These technological changes happened with astonishing swiftness.

churn out, phrasal verb

churn something out: (informal, often disapproving) to produce something quickly and in
large amounts
col: products, good, copies, movies, dollars
She churns out novels at the rate of three a year.
The huge presses still churn out tens of thousands of copies of the San Diego Tribune each
day.

endow, v
/ɪnˈdaʊ/
endow something: to give a large sum of money to a school, a college or another institution
to provide it with an income
syn: donate, enable, bestow, provide, sponsor
opp: reduce, refuse, withold
Through their generosity and dignity they endow the landscape with a sense of place that can
never be created through design.
In her will, she endowed a scholarship in the physics department.

apocryphal, adj
/əˈpɒkrɪfl/
(of a story) well known, but probably not true
syn: inaccurate, mythical, untrue
My German dictionary of quotations places the apocryphal incident in 1493.
Most of the stories about him are apocryphal.

unimpeded, adj
/ˌʌnɪmˈpiːdɪd/
with nothing blocking or stopping somebody/something
syn: clear, unlimited, unobstructed
Unimpeded access is available to all sites.

ponderous, adj
/ˈpɒndərəs/
1. (disapproving) (of speech and writing) too slow and careful; serious and boring;
2. moving slowly and heavily; able to move only slowly
syn: monotonous, plodding, stuffy, dreary
opp: exciting, fun, delicate
coll: slow, heavy, profound, voice, tone, silence
He spoke in a slow ponderous voice.
She watched the cow's ponderous progress.

tick, v
/tɪk/
1 (of a clock, etc.) to make short, light, regular repeated sounds to mark time passing;
2. tick something to put a mark (✓) next to an item on a list, an answer, etc.
syn: beat, click, mark, cross
I've ticked the names of the people who have paid.

pliant, adj
/ˈplaɪənt/
1. (of a person or their body) soft and giving way to somebody, especially in a sexual way; 2.
(sometimes disapproving) willing to accept change; easy to influence or control
syn: obedient, yielding, susceptible, soft
opp: rigid, stiff, inflexible

ineluctably, adv
/ˌɪnɪˈlʌktəbli/
in a way that cannot be avoided
syn: inevitably, certainly, undoubtedly, naturally
opp: questionably, unnecessarily
coll: toward, public, reasons, nature, history
The distribution and resultant spending of income must come ineluctably to public attention.
People are ineluctably alike and ineluctably different.

blunder, n
/ˈblʌndə(r)/
a stupid or careless mistake
syn: blooper, error, gaffe
opp: accuracy, correctness, perfection
There were series of political blunders.

inveterate, adj
/ɪnˈvetərət/
1. (of a person) always doing something or enjoying something, and unlikely to stop;
2. (of a bad feeling or habit) done or felt for a long time and unlikely to change
syn: long-standing, established, habitual, abiding, continuing
He was an inveterate traveller.
orotund, adj
/ˈɒrətʌnd/
(of the voice or the way something is said) using full and impressive sounds and language
It was overblown, very orotund, lots of pauses in phrases and dramatic gestures.

belatedly, adv
/bɪˈleɪtɪdli/
in a way that comes or happens late
syn: slowly, tardily, dilatorily
He apologized belatedly.

smudge, n
/smʌdʒ/
a dirty mark with no clear shape
syn: smear, blur, smutch, blemish
opp: cleanliness
coll: light, cheek, horizon, sky, smoke, nose
He saw a smudge of lipstick on a cup.

vast, adj.
/vɑːst/
extremely large in area, size, amount, etc.
syn: ample, big, boundless, broad, extensive
In the vast majority of cases, this should not be a problem.

woefully, adv
/ˈwəʊfəli/
1. (disapproving) to a very bad or serious degree;
2. (literary or formal) in a very sad way
syn: greatly, extremely, painfully
coll: inadequate, short, lacking, unprepared
His performance was woefully inadequate.
‘I’ll never see him again,’ she sighed woefully.

strand, n
/strænd/
1. a single thin piece of thread, wire, hair, etc.;
2. one of the different parts of an idea, a plan, a story, etc.; 3. (literary or Irish English) the
land along the edge of the sea or ocean, or of a lake or river
The author draws the different strands of the plot together in the final chapter.

Hitchcock: Strangers on a train

compartment, n
/kəmˈpɑːtmənt/
1. one of the separate sections which a coach/car on a train is divided into;
2. one of the separate sections that something such as a piece of furniture or equipment has
for keeping things in
syn: section, subdivision, cell, chamber, slot
The desk has a secret compartment.

chump, n
/tʃʌmp/
a stupid person
syn: fool, goof, oaf, sap

swanky, adj
/ˈswæŋki/
fashionable and expensive in a way that is intended to impress people
syn: deluxe, fancy, fashionable, stylish

conniving, adj
/kəˈnaɪvɪŋ/
behaving in a way that secretly hurts others or deliberately fails to prevent others from being
hurt
syn: intriguing, conspiring, colluding
Hal Malchow was a middle-aged Mississippian who had spent his life conniving new ways to
win elections.

strenuous, adj
/ˈstrenjuəs/
1. needing great effort and energy;
2. showing great energy and determination
adv: strenuously
syn: arduous, demanding, exhausting, laborious, uphill
The plan has met with strenuous opposition.

brazen, adj
/ˈbreɪzn/
1. (disapproving) open and without shame, usually about something that people find
shocking;
2. made of, or the colour of, brass
syn: audacious, blatant, bold, impudent, unabashed
She’s known for her own brand of brazen sexuality.

sordid, adj
/ˈsɔːdɪd/
1. immoral or dishonest;
2. very dirty and unpleasant
syn: disreputable, nasty, shameful, sleazy, dirty, bad, low
opp: clean, decent, good, kind, respectable
These were the urban poor, living in the sordid back streets and alleys of prosperous
Victorian cities.

prompt, adj
/prɒmpt/
1. done without delay;
2 (of a person) acting without delay; arriving at the right time
syn: early, responsive, efficient, immediate, punctual, precise
Prompt payment of the invoice would be appreciated.

bloodhound, n
/ˈblʌdhaʊnd/
a large dog with a very good sense of smell, used to follow or look for people
syn: agent, informer
The police were investigating with a help of bloodhound.
Dodge indicates his bloodhound nose.

ablaze, adj
/əˈbleɪz/
1. burning quickly and strongly;
2. full of bright light or colours;
3. ablaze (with something) full of strong emotion or excitement
syn: afire, aflame, frenzied, aroused, flashing, gleaming
opp: dull, dim, unexcited
The whole building was soon ablaze.
He turned to her, his eyes ablaze with anger.

keep somebody on their toes, idiom

to make sure that somebody is ready to deal with anything that might happen by doing things
that they are not expecting
Surprise visits help to keep the staff on their toes.

errand, n
/ˈerənd/
a job that you do for somebody that involves going somewhere to take a message, to buy
something, deliver goods, etc.
syn: task, assignment, charge, commision, duty
He often runs errands for his grandmother.
Her boss sent her on an errand into town.

slip, n
/slɪp/
1. a small mistake, usually made by being careless or not paying attention;
2. a small piece of paper, especially one for writing on or with something printed on it;
3. an act of slipping;
4. a piece of women’s underwear like a thin dress or skirt, worn under a dress;
5. a player who stands behind and to one side of the batsman and tries to catch the ball; the
position on the field where this player stands

grating, n
/ˈɡreɪtɪŋ/
a flat frame with metal bars across it, used to cover a window, a hole in the ground, etc.
syn: annoying, displeasing, rough, shrill, grinding, jarring
opp: pleasing, smooth
The entrance to the drain is covered by a heavy iron grating.
D. Attenborough: Desert Seas
unrestricted, adj
/ʌnrɪˈstrɪktɪd/
not limited or restricted.
„unrestricted access to both military bases"
syn: unlimited, open, free, clear, unhindered, unimpeded, unhampered, unchecked,
unopposed, unbridled, unrestrained, unconstrained, unblocked, untrammelled, unbounded,
unconfined, uncurbed, unconditional, unqualified, absolute

peninsula, n
/pɪˈnɪnsjʊlə/
a piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of water.
syn: cape, promontory, point, head, headland, foreland, ness, horn

gulf, n
/ɡʌlf/
1.a deep inlet of the sea almost surrounded by land, with a narrow mouth.
syn: inlet, creek, bight, fjord, estuary, sound, arm of the sea; Više
2. a deep ravine, chasm, or abyss.
syn: opening, gap, fissure, cleft, split, rift

myriad, n
/ˈmɪrɪəd/
1.a countless or extremely great number of people or things.
"myriads of insects danced around the light above my head"
syn: multitude, a large/great number/quantity, a lot, scores, quantities, mass, crowd, throng,
host, droves, horde, army, legion, sea
2. (chiefly in classical history) a unit of ten thousand.
"the army was organized on a decimal system, up to divisions of 10,000 or myriads"

plain, n
1. a large area of flat land with few trees.
„the coastal plain“
syn: grassland, flatland, lowland, pasture, meadowland

coral, n
1. a hard stony substance secreted by certain marine coelenterates as an external skeleton,
typically forming large reefs in warm seas.
"a coral reef"
2.
a sedentary coelenterate of warm and tropical seas, with a calcareous, horny, or soft skeleton.
Most corals are colonial and many rely on the presence of green algae in their tissues to obtain
energy from sunlight.

fringed, adj
/frɪn(d)ʒ/
past tense: fringed; past participle: fringed
decorate (clothing or material) with a fringe.
"a rich robe of gold, fringed with black velvet"
syn: trim, hem, edge, border

chasm, n
/ˈkaz(ə)m/
a deep fissure in the earth's surface.
„a chasm a mile long“
syn: gorge, abyss, canyon, ravine, gully, gulf, pass, defile, couloir, crevasse, cleft, rift, rent

moray, n
/mɒˈreɪ,ˈmɒreɪ/
noun
a mainly nocturnal eel-like predatory fish of warm seas, which typically hides in crevices with
just the head protruding

entourage, n
/ˈɒntʊrɑːʒ,ˌɒntʊ(ə)ˈrɑːʒ/
a group of people attending or surrounding an important person.
"an entourage of loyal courtiers"
syn: retinue, escort, company, cortège, train, suite, court, staff, bodyguard

cuttlefish, n
a swimming marine mollusc that resembles a broad-bodied squid, having eight arms and two
long tentacles that are used for grabbing prey. Its internal skeleton is the familiar cuttlebone,
which it uses for adjusting buoyancy.

trevally, adj
a marine sporting fish of the Indo-Pacific.

TREĆI MINUS

D. Attenborough: Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life

theory of evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive
generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological
organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules

fossils, n
1 the remains or impression of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved
in petrified form.
"sites rich in fossils"
syn: petrified remains, petrified impression, cast, impression, mould, remnant, relic; reliquiae
"fossils of eels have been found in rocks a hundred million years old"
2 derogatory/humorous
a person or thing that is outdated or resistant to change.
"he can be a cantankerous old fossil at times"

unearth, v
/ʌnˈəːθ/
1. find (something) in the ground by digging.
„workmen unearthed an ancient artillery shell“
syn: dig up, excavate, exhume, disinter, bring to the surface, mine, quarry, pull out, root out,
scoop out, disentomb, unbury
"workmen unearthed an ancient artillery shell"
2. drive (an animal, especially a fox) out of a hole or burrow.

helix, n
/ˈhiːlɪks/
1.
an object having a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly in a single
layer around a cylinder or cone, as in a corkscrew or spiral staircase.
syn: spiral, coil, curl, corkscrew, twist, twirl, loop

insight, n
/ˈɪnsʌɪt/
the capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something.
„his mind soared to previously unattainable heights of insight“
syn: intuition, perception, awareness, discernment, understanding, comprehension,
apprehension, appreciation, cognizance, penetration, acumen, astuteness, perspicacity,
perspicaciousness, sagacity, sageness

dominion, n
/dəˈmɪnjən/
1.sovereignty or control.
"man's attempt to establish dominion over nature"
syn: supremacy, ascendancy, dominance, domination, superiority, predominance, pre-
eminence, primacy, hegemony, authority, mastery, control, command, direction, power, sway,
rule, government, jurisdiction, sovereignty, suzerainty, lordship, overlordship; Više
2. the territory of a sovereign or government.
„the Angevin dominions“
syn: dependency, colony, protectorate, territory,

bicentenary, n
the two-hundredth anniversary of a significant event.
"last year's commemoration of the bicentenary of Mozart's birth"

domesticated, adj
1 (of an animal) tame and kept as a pet or on a farm.
"domesticated dogs"
2 (of a plant) cultivated for food; naturalized.
"domesticated crops"
3 humorous
(especially of a man) fond of home life and housework.
"he is thoroughly domesticated"
natural selection
most often defined to operate on heritable traits, because these directly participate in
evolution. However, natural selection is "blind" in the sense that changes in phenotype can
give a reproductive advantage regardless of whether or not the trait is heritable. Following
Darwin's primary usage, the term is used to refer both to the evolutionary consequence of
blind selection and to its mechanisms

artificial selection
the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop
particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant
males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together

mutation, n
/mjuːˈteɪʃ(ə)n/
1.the action or process of mutating.
"the mutation of punk's angry energy into something more thuggish and mindless"
syn: alteration, change, variation, modification, transformation, metamorphosis,
transmutation, transfiguration, sea change, evolution; humoroustransmogrification
"cells that have undergone mutation"
2.
the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form which may be transmitted
to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the
deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
"mutation is, ultimately, the only way in which new variation enters the species"

genome, n
/ˈdʒiːnəʊm/
1 the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a
multicellular organism.
2 the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

abiotic, adj
/ ˌeɪbʌɪˈɒtɪk/
physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.
"abiotic chemical reactions"
devoid of life; sterile.
"soils are seldom completely abiotic"

variant, n
a form or version of something that differs in some respect from other forms of the same thing
or from a standard.
"clinically distinct variants of malaria"
syn: variation, form, alternative, alternative form, other form, different form, derived form,
development, adaptation, alteration, modification, revision

genotype, n
/ˈdʒɛnətʌɪp,ˈdʒiːnətʌɪp/
1. the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
Empedocles
Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles'
philosophy is best known for originating the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements.
He also proposed forces he called Love and Strife which would mix and separate the
elements, respetively. These physical speculations were part of a history of the universe which
also dealt with the origin and development of life.

heredity, n
/ hɪˈrɛdɪti/
1. the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to
another.
„the relative influence of heredity and environment“
syn: congenital characteristics, congenital traits, genetics, genetic make-up, genes
2. the inheritance of a title, office, or right.
"a second chamber whose membership is largely based on heredity"

Bryson: Lonely Planet

grudging, adj
/ˈɡrʌdʒɪŋ/
given or done unwillingly
syn: reluctant, resent, mind
There was grudging admiration in his voice.

swiftly, adj
/ˈswɪftli/
quickly; after a very short time
syn: hastily, promptly, rapidly
Surprise was swiftly followed by outrage.

exhilarating, adj
/ɪɡˈzɪləreɪtɪŋ/
very exciting and enjoyable
syn: breathtaking, exciting, inspiring, thrillinh
opp: boring, depressing, unstimulating
Young people often find danger rather exhilarating.

briskly, adv
/ˈbrɪskli/
1. quickly;
2. in a practical and confident way; in a way that shows a desire to get things done quickly;
3. if the wind blows briskly, it is cold or pleasantly fresh
syn: nimbly, rapidly, in a lively manner.
The wind was blowing briskly.

exuberant, adj.
/ɪɡˈzjuːbərənt/
1. full of energy, excitement and happiness;
2. (of plants, etc.) strong and healthy; growing quickly and well
syn: spirited, animated, elated, enthusiastic
We have witnessed the exuberant growth of high summer.

crumple, v
/ˈkrʌmpl/
1. crumple (something) (up) (into something): to crush something into folds; to become
crushed into folds;
2. crumple (up): if your face crumples, you look sad and disappointed, as if you might cry;
3. crumple (up): to fall down in an uncontrolled way because you are injured, unconscious,
drunk, etc.
syn: break down, buckle, crush, collapse
Her face crumpled up and she burst into tears.

hapless, adj
/ˈhæpləs/
not lucky; unfortunate
syn: unlucky, woeful, ill-fated
opp: happy, fortunate
coll: victim, soul, character, insect
Often the hapless victims have no warning that the flood is on its way.
Do you picture some poor, hapless soul throwing up her hands with a sigh of resigned
frustration?

cumbersome, adj
/ˈkʌmbəsəm/
1. large and heavy; difficult to carry;
2. slow and complicated;
3. of words or phrases) long or complicated
He was connected with cumbersome legal procedures.

attire, n
/əˈtaɪə(r)/
clothes
syn: costume, dress, uniform, habit
They were dressed in formal evening attire.

salvage, n
/ˈsælvɪdʒ/
1. the act of saving things that have been, or are likely to be, damaged or lost, especially in a
disaster or an accident;
2. the things that are saved from a disaster or an accident
syn: regain, restore, retrieve, save
They were working on the salvage of the wrecked tanker.
There was an exhibition of the salvage from the wreck.

immemorial, adj
/ˌɪməˈmɔːriəl/
that has existed for longer than people can remember
syn: age-old, archaic, long-standing
My family has lived in this area from time immemorial (= for hundreds of years).
It is ancient and immemorial, inhabited by them for as long as there has been land and sky.

fizz, v
/fɪz/
when a liquid fizzes, it produces a lot of bubbles and makes a long sound like an ‘s’
fizz with something (figurative)
n: fizz
syn: buzz, hiss, simmer, whoosh
Champagne was fizzing in the glass.
He started to fizz with enthusiasm.

uncork, v
/ˌʌnˈkɔːk/
uncork something: to open a bottle by removing the cork from the top
syn: crack, draw off, open
That left plenty of time for him to uncork the wine and pour himself a glass.
Bill lost no time in motioning a waiter to uncork the liquid treasure.

hookworm, n.
/ˈhʊkwɜːm/
1. a worm that lives in the intestines of humans and animals;
2. [uncountable] a disease caused by hookworms
Hookworm causes nutritional anemia through blood loss.

peevishly, adv
/ˈpiːvɪʃli/
in a bad-tempered way; in a way that shows you are easily annoyed by unimportant things
syn: angry, irritably, bad-tempered, cranky
It’s your own fault,’ she said peevishly.

inebriation, n
/ɪˌniːbriˈeɪʃn/
the state of being drunk
adj: inebriated
syn: intoxication, alcoholism, drunkness
At some point mild inebriation gave me the necessary courage.

keel over (phrasal verb): to fall over unexpectedly, especially because you feel ill/sick
syn: collapse, faint, tumble
opp: ascend, rise, straighten
Allowing the seas to pass under the keel and go on their way contributes toward maintaining
boat control.
Several of them keeled over in the heat.

amenable, adj.
/əˈmiːnəbl/
1. (of people) easy to control; willing to be influenced by somebody/something;
2. amenable to something (formal): that you can treat in a particular way
syn: agreeable, responsive, susceptible
‘Hamlet’ is the least amenable of all Shakespeare's plays to being summarized.

distil, v
/dɪˈstɪl/
1. distil something (from something): to make a liquid pure by heating it until it becomes a
gas, then cooling it and collecting the drops of liquid that form;
2. distil something: to make something such as a strong alcoholic drink in this way;
3. distil something (from/into something) (formal): to get the essential meaning or ideas from
thoughts, information, experiences, etc.
syn: extract, infuse, refine
The notes I made on my travels were distilled into a book.

verdure, n
/ˈvɜːdjə(r)/
thick green plants growing in a particular place
syn: greenery
She could decoct from the smell of the gravel in her face the dank verdure of the spring soil
beneath the gravel.

Sophie's Choice (1979.):

ladnlocked, adj
1 (of a country or region) almost or entirely surrounded by land.
"I was raised in landlocked Winnipeg"
2. (of a lake or harbour) enclosed by land and having no navigable route to the sea.
"a chain of landlocked lagoons"
3. (of a fish, especially a North American salmon) cut off from the sea in the past and now
confined to fresh water.
"Maine's landlocked sebago salmon"

surplus, n
1. an amount of something left over when requirements have been met; an excess of
production or supply.
„exports of food surpluses“
syn: excess, surfeit, overabundance, superabundance, superfluity, oversupply,
oversufficiency, glut, profusion, plethora;

insufferable, adj
1 too extreme to bear; intolerable.
"the heat would be insufferable by July"
sinonimi: intolerable, unbearable, unendurable, insupportable, unacceptable, oppressive,
overwhelming, overpowering, impossible, not to be borne, past bearing, too much to bear,
more than one can stand, more than flesh and blood can stand, enough to try/test/tax the
patience of a saint
2 having or showing unbearable arrogance or conceit.
"an insufferable bully"

trichinosis, n
trichinosis is infection caused by the roundworm Trichinella spiralis or another Trichinella
species. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, muscle pain, and fever

biliary, n
/ˈbɪlɪəri/
medicine
relating to bile or the bile duct.

pellagra, n
a disease caused by low levels of niacin, also known as vitamin B-3. It’s marked by dementia,
diarrhea, and dermatitis, also known as “the three Ds”. If left untreated, pellagra can be fatal.
While it’s much less common than it used to be, thanks to advancements in food production,
it’s still a problem in many developing countries. It can also affect people whose bodies don’t
properly absorb niacin.

eavesdropping, v
secretly listen to a conversation.
"my father eavesdropped on my phone calls"

pone, n
unleavened maize bread in the form of flat oval cakes or loaves, originally as prepared with
water by North American Indians and cooked in hot ashes.
"she used to come into town weekly to sell her pone"

persuasion
noun
1.
the action or process of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe
something.
"Monica needed plenty of persuasion before she actually left"
syn: coaxing, persuading, coercion, inducement, convincing, blandishment, encouragement,
urging, prompting, inveiglement, temptation, cajolery, enticement, wheedling, pressure, moral
pressure
2.a belief or set of beliefs, especially religious or political ones.
"writers of all political persuasions"

scurvy, n
Scurvy is better known as severe vitamin C deficiency.
Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is an essential dietary nutrient. It plays a role in the development
and functioning of several bodily structures and processes.

typhus, n
Typhus is a disease caused by infection with one or more rickettsial bacteria. Fleas, mites
(chiggers), lice, or ticks transmit it when they bite you. Fleas, mites, lice, and ticks are types
of invertebrate animals known as arthropods. When arthropods carrying around rickettsial
bacteria bite someone, they transmit the bacteria that causes typhus.

Veneziano, n
a sparkling cocktail that contains of prosecco, aperol and a splash of soda water,
built into an old-fashioned glass filled with ice and garnished with half orange slice.
presentiment, n
/prɪˈzɛntɪm(ə)nt,prɪˈsɛntɪm(ə)nt/
an intuitive feeling about the future, especially one of foreboding.
„a presentiment of disaster“
syn: premonition, foreboding, intuition, feeling, hunch, suspicion, sneaking suspicion, feeling
in one's bones, funny feeling, vague feeling, inkling, idea, sixth sense

Sachsenhausen
Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used
primarily for political prisoners from 1936 to the end of the Third Reich in May 1945. After
World War II, when Oranienburg was in the Soviet Occupation Zone, the structure was used
as an NKVD special camp until 1950 (See NKVD special camp Nr. 7). The camp ground with
the remaining buildings is now open to the public as a museum.

overmaster
/ əʊvəˈmɑːstə/
verb
gerund or present participle: overmastering
overcome; conquer.
"he was overmastered by events"

Lebensborn
was an SS-initiated, state-supported, registered association in Nazi Germany with the goal of
raising the birth rate of "Aryan" children of persons classified as "racially pure and healthy"
based on Nazi racial hygiene and health ideology

cunning,adj
/ˈkʌnɪŋ/
1.having or showing skill in achieving one's ends by deceit or evasion.
"a cunning look came into his eyes"
syn: crafty, wily, artful, guileful, devious, sly, knowing, scheming, designing, tricky, slippery,
slick, manipulative, Machiavellian, deceitful, deceptive, duplicitous,
2. NORTH AMERICAN
attractive or quaint.
"Baby will look too cunning for anything in that pink print"

betroth, v
/bɪˈtrəʊð,bɪˈtrəʊθ/
formally engage (someone) to be married.
"in no time I shall be betrothed to Isabel"

phonograph, n
1 BRITISH
an early form of gramophone using cylinders and able to record as well as reproduce sound.
2 NORTH AMERICAN
a record player.

Redeemer, n
/rɪˈdiːmə/
a person who redeems someone or something.
usually meaning Christ.

Yid, n
a slang Jewish ethnonym of Yiddish origin. Its usage may be controversial in modern English
language. It is not usually considered offensive when pronounced /ˈjiːd/, the way Yiddish
speakers say it. When pronounced /ˈjɪd/ by non-Jews, it is commonly intended as a pejorative
term.

cyanide, n
/ˈsʌɪənʌɪd/
a salt or ester of hydrocyanic acid, containing the anion CN− or the group —CN. The salts are
generally extremely toxic