Try harder 1

BOOK 13

pedestrian /pəˈdes.tri.ən/ noun a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go
A few pedestrians carrying their evening shopping sheltered from the rain in doorways.
occasion /əˈkeɪ.ʒ ə n/ noun a particular time, especially when something happens or has happened
We met on several occasions to discuss the issue.
mind /maɪnd/ noun the part of a person that makes it possible for a person to think, feel emotions and understand things
I'm not quite clear in my mind about what I'm doing.
tie /taɪ/ verb tying , tied , tied FASTEN to fasten together two ends of a piece of string or other long thin material, or to (cause to) hold together
with a long, thin piece of string, material, etc.
Could you tie this piece of string for me? / This skirt ties at the waist. /She tied the ribbon tightly in a bow/knot.
tie /taɪ/ verb tying , tied , tied FINISH EQUAL to finish at the same time or score the same number of points, etc. in a competition as someone
or something else
We tied with a team from the south in the championships.

tie sb up phrasal verb FASTENED to make a person unable to move by tying a rope around their body or part of their body
The burglars had tied him up ( to the bed).
 Try harder 2

tie sth up phrasal verb NOT AVAILABLE to cause something, often money or possessions, not to be available for use
He tied up the printer all morning, printing out his reports.
knot /nɒt/ /nɑːt/ noun] FASTENING a join made by tying together the ends of a piece or pieces of string, rope, cloth, etc
to tie a knot
beat /biːt/ verb beat , beaten or beat DEFEAT to defeat or do better than
Simon always beats me at tennis. /Holland beat Belgium ( by ) 3-1.
beat /biːt/ verb beat , beaten or US ALSO beat to hit repeatedly
They saw him beating his dog with a stick. /The rain was beating down incessantly on the tin roof
beat /biːt/ adjective extremely tired
I'm beat - I'm going to bed.
beat /biːt/ noun MUSIC in music, a regular emphasis, or a place in the music where such an emphasis is expected
The guitar comes in on the third beat.
He tapped his foot to the beat (= rhythm) of the music.
latest /ˈleɪ.tɪst/ /-t  ̬ɪst/ adjective [ before noun ] being the newest or most recent or modern
Have you seen her latest movie?
at the (very) latest used to emphasize that something must happen or be done before a stated time or day
I have to get this finished by Friday at the latest.
 Try harder 3

farthest /ˈfɑː.ðɪst/ /ˈfɑːr-/ adverb SUPERLATIVE OF far (DISTANCE) ; to the greatest distance
What's the farthest you've ever run?
farthest /ˈfɑː.ðɪst/ /ˈfɑːr-/ adjective at the greatest distance from sth
The farthest landmark visible is about 30km away.
furthest /ˈfɜː.ðɪst/ /ˈfɝː-/ adverb
SUPERLATIVE OF far (DISTANCE)
That's the furthest I can see without glasses.
I wanted to be an actress but the furthest I ever got was selling ice-creams in a theatre.
furthest adjective
The novel explores the furthest extremes of human experience.

commissary /ˈkɒm.ɪ.s ə r.i/ noun a shop which supplies food and goods, especially to people in the army or in prison
grocery /ˈgrəʊ.s ə r.i/ noun FOOD food that you buy in a grocer's shop or supermarket
cotton /ˈkɒt. ə n/noun [ U ] the threads which grow around the seeds of a tall plant
She looked pretty in a simple cotton dress.
nylon /ˈnaɪ.lɒn/ noun [ U ] an artificial substance used especially to make clothes, ropes and brushes
These covers are 100% nylon.
 Try harder 4

metal /ˈmet. ə l/ noun [ C or U ] a chemical element, such as iron or gold, or a mixture of such elements, such as steel, which electricity and heat
can travel through and which is generally hard and strong
Metal, paper and glass can be recycled. / Silver, gold and platinum are precious metals.
do sth over phrasal verb US to do something again because you did not do it well the first time
This essay's the worst you've ever done. I think you should do it over.
throw sth away/out phrasal verb [ M ] to get rid of something that you do not want any more
So when are you going to throw away those old magazines?
ashtray /ˈæʃ.treɪ/ noun [ C ] a small container, sometimes decorative, in which people can leave cigarette ash and cigarette ends

put sth out phrasal verb [ M ] STOP BURNING to make something that is burning, such as a fire or cigarette, stop burning
Would you mind putting your cigarette out, please?
throw sth away/out phrasal verb [ M ] to get rid of something that you do not want any more
So when are you going to throw away those old magazines?

GRAMMAR
 Use made from especially when the materials used to make something have been completely changed and cannot be recognized : a wine
made from Chilean grapes
 Try harder 5

 Use made of when the materials have not been completely changed and can still be recognized:
The wheels were made of wood.
 Do not use 'made by' when talking about the materials used to make something.

suppose /səˈpəʊz/ verb THINK LIKELY to think that something is likely to be true
I couldn't get any reply when I called Dan, so I suppose (that) he's gone out.
Do you suppose (that) Gillian will marry him?

able /ˈeɪ.bl ̩/ adjective CAN DO be able to do sth to have the necessary physical strength, mental power, skill, time, money or opportunity to do
something
Will she be able to cope with the work?
patio /ˈpæt.i.əʊ/ noun [ C ] an area outside a house with a solid floor but no roof which is used, especially for eating, in good weather
In the summer we have breakfast out on the patio.
enlarge /ɪnˈlɑːdʒ/ /-ˈlɑːrdʒ/ verb to become bigger or to make something bigger
They've enlarged the kitchen by building over part of the garden.
curtain /ˈkɜː.t ə n/ noun [ C ] a piece of material, especially cloth, which hangs across a window or opening to make a room or part of a room
dark or private
 Try harder 6

Heavy curtains blocked out the sunlight.

waist /weɪst/ noun [ C ] the part of the body above and slightly narrower than the hips
a small/narrow/tiny/large/thick waist / These trousers are a bit tight around my waist.
tight /taɪt/ adjective UNCOMFORTABLE Clothes or shoes that are tight fit the body too closely and are uncomfortable
That jacket's too tight - you want a bigger size.

bargain /ˈbɑː.gɪn/ noun [ C ] LOW PRICE something on sale at a lower price than its true value
The airline regularly offers last-minute bookings at bargain prices .
amount to sth phrasal verb [ not continuous ] ADD UP TO to become a particular amount
The annual cost of income support to unmarried mothers amounted to £700 million in that year.
fabric /ˈfæb.rɪk/ noun CLOTH a type of cloth or woven material
dress fabric / seats upholstered in hard-wearing fabric /cotton fabrics
patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃ ə nt/ noun [ C ] a person who is receiving medical care
I'm a patient of Dr Stephens, please could I make an appointment to see her?
patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃ ə nt/ adjective Be patient with her - she's very young. Opposite impatient
fill sth in/out phrasal verb [ M ] to write the necessary information on an official document to fill in a form/questionnaire
look sth up phrasal verb [ M ] to try to find a piece of information by looking in a book or on a computer
 Try harder 7

If you don't know what the word means, look it up in a dictionary.

hang up phrasal verb to end a telephone conversation
Let me speak to Melanie before you hang up.
put sth on phrasal verb [ M ] COVER BODY to cover part of the body with clothes, shoes, make-up or something similar
Put your shoes on - we're going out.
try sth on phrasal verb [ M ] to put on a piece of clothing to discover if it fits you or if you like it
Try on the shoes to see if they fit.
turn sth/sb down phrasal verb [ M ] to refuse an offer or request
He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned it/him down. /He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling.
talk sth over phrasal verb [ M ] to discuss a problem or situation with someone, often to find out their opinion or to get advice before making a
decision about it
I'd like to talk it over with my wife first.
jot sth down phrasal verb [ M ] to write something quickly on a piece of paper so that you remember it
I carry a notebook so that I can jot down any ideas.
receipt /rɪˈsiːt/ noun a piece of paper which proves that money, goods or information have been received
Make sure you are given a receipt for everything you buy.
once /wʌn t  s/ conjunction at once immediately
 Try harder 8

height /haɪt/ noun [ C or U ]

She's about average height (= neither short nor tall) / Don't go up the tower if you're afraid of heights.
width /wɪtθ/ noun the distance across something from one side to the other
It is 5 metres in width
length /leŋ k  θ/ noun DISTANCE the measurement of something from end to end or along its longest side
The boat is ten metres in length. / The length of the bay is approximately 200 miles.
diet /ˈdaɪ.ət/ noun the food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group
Diet varies between different countries in the world.
Rice is the staple diet (= most important food) of many people in China.
I'm going on a diet next week and hope to lose two kilos before Christmas.
scale /skeɪl/ noun MACHINE a device for weighing things or people
terrific /təˈrɪf.ɪk/ adjective VERY GOOD
a terrific opportunity You look terrific!
 Try harder 9

BOOK 14
recruit /rɪˈkruːt/ noun [ C ] a new member of an organization, especially the army
ranch /rɑːn t  ʃ/ /ræn t  ʃ/ noun [ C ] a very large farm on which animals are kept, especially in North and South America
insignia /ɪnˈsɪg.ni.ə/ noun [ C ] plural insignia an object or mark which shows that a person belongs to a particular organization or group, or has
a particular rank
silo /ˈsaɪ.ləʊ/ /-loʊ/ noun [ C ] plural silos a large round tower on a farm for storing grain or winter food for cattle
barn /bɑːn/ /bɑːrn/ noun [ C ] a large building on a farm in which hay (= dried grass) and grain are kept
harvest /ˈhɑː.vɪst/ /ˈhɑːr-/ verb [ I or T ] CROPS to pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals or fish to eat
In the US, winter wheat is harvested in the early summer.
plant /plɑːnt/ /plænt/ verb LIVING THING to put a plant into the ground or into a container of earth so that it will grow
We planted trees and bushes in our new garden.
crop /krɒp/ /krɑːp/ noun PLANT plant such as a grain, fruit or vegetable grown in large amounts
The main crops grown for export are coffee and rice.
a bumper (= very good) potato crop
wheat /wiːt/ noun [ U ] a plant whose yellowish brown grain is used for making flour, or the grain itself
Wheat is a staple crop for millions of people across the world.
 Try harder 10

raise /reɪz/ verb [ T ] DEVELOP \ to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown
Her parents died when she was a baby and she was raised by her grandparents.
cattle /ˈkæt.l ̩/ /ˈkæt ̬-/ plural noun cows and bulls large farm animals kept for their milk or meat;
valley /ˈvæl.i/ noun [ C ] an area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it
There was snow on the hill tops but not in the valley.
reflect /rɪˈflekt/ verb RETURN If a surface reflects light, heat, sound, or an image, it sends the light, etc. back and does not absorb it
He saw himself reflected in the water/mirror/shop window.
blossom /ˈblɒs. ə m/ /ˈblɑː.s ə m/ verb [ I ] When a tree or plant blossoms, it produces flowers before producing fruit which can be eaten
The cherry tree is beginning to blossom.
turn sth/sb down phrasal verb [ M ] to refuse an offer or request
He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling
terribly /ˈter.ə.bli/ adverb VERY BADLY very badly I slept terribly last night.
terrible /ˈter.ə.bl ̩/ adjective UNPLEASANT very unpleasant or serious or of low quality The weather was terrible.
terrific /təˈrɪf.ɪk/ adjective INFORMAL VERY GOOD very good a terrific opportunity
commissary /ˈkɒm.ɪ.s ə r.i/ /ˈkɑː.mə.ser-/ noun [ C ] US a shop which supplies food and goods, especially to people in the army mean /miːn/
verb meant , meant HAVE RESULT to have a particular result
 Try harder 11

Lower costs mean lower prices.

mean /miːn/ verb meant , meant INTEND to intend
I'm sorry if I offended you - I didn't mean any harm .
mean /miːn/ adjective NOT GENEROUS not willing to give or share things, especially money
He's too mean to buy her a ring.
mean /miːn/ adjective NOT KIND unkind or unpleasant
Stop being so mean to me!
mean /miːn/ noun [ S ] METHOD FORMAL a quality or way of doing something which is in the middle of two completely different qualities or
ways of doing something
We need to find a mean between exam questions which are too difficult and those which are too easy.
 Try harder 12

Book 15

sweat /swet/ verb [ I ] to pass a salty colourless liquid through the skin because you are hot, ill or frightened
The walls in older houses sometimes sweat with damp.
shine /ʃaɪn/ verb shone or shined , shone or shined LIGHT to send out or reflect light
The sun shone all afternoon.
to make something bright by rubbing it : Guy ironed his shirt and shined his shoes for the interview.
sweep /swiːp/ verb swept , swept CLEAN to clean especially a floor by using a brush to collect the dirt into one place from which it can be
removed : sweep the floor
polish /ˈpɒl.ɪʃ/ /ˈpɑː.lɪʃ/ verb [ T ] to rub something using a piece of cloth or brush to clean it and make it shine
Polish your shoes regularly to protect the leather.
trash /træʃ/ noun [ U ] THINGS rubbish
The trash really stinks - why don't you take it out?
yell /jel/ verb [ I or T ] to shout something or make a loud noise, usually when you are angry, in pain or excited
Our neighbours were yelling at each other this morning.
yield to sth phrasal verb STOP UK give way
to stop in order to allow other vehicles to go past before you drive onto a bigger road
 Try harder 13

locate /lə ʊ  ˈkeɪt/ /loʊ-/ verb BE SITUATED be located in/near/on/etc. SLIGHTLY FORMAL
Our office is located in the city centre.
operate /ˈɒp. ə r.eɪt/ /ˈɑː.pə.reɪt/ verb MEDICAL PROCESS to cut a body open for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace
a diseased or damaged part
If the growth gets any bigger they'll have to operate.
inflate 1. [ I or T ] to cause to increase in size by filling with air FILL WITH AIR
He inflated the balloons with helium.
educate /ˈed.jʊ.keɪt/ verb [ T ] to teach someone, especially using the formal system of school, college or university
The form says he was educated in Africa.
tough /tʌf/ adjective STRONG strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated
These toys are made from tough plastic. / You have to be tough to be successful in politics.
spare /speə r / /sper/ adjective EXTRA If something is spare, it is available to use because it is extra
a spare key/tyre
spare time time when you are not working : I like to do a bit of gardening in my spare time.
realize , UK USUALLY realise /ˈrɪə.laɪz/ /ˈriː.ə-/ verb BECOME AWARE to understand a situation, sometimes suddenly
They didn't realize the danger they were in.
 Try harder 14

reputation /ˌrep.jʊˈteɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ C usually singular U ] the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much
respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character
The company has a worldwide reputation for quality. / She has the reputation of being a good doctor.
personnel /ˌpɜː.s ə nˈel/ /ˌpɝː-/ noun the people who are employed in a company, organization or one of the armed forces
The new director is likely to make major changes in personnel. / military personnel
ˈ rain ˌ check noun [ C ] US a ticket that allows you to see an event at a later time if bad weather stops that event from happening
celebrate /ˈsel.ɪ.breɪt/ verb ENJOY AN OCCASION
to take part in special enjoyable activities in order to show that a particular occasion is important
We always celebrate our wedding anniversary by going out to dinner.
drop by/in phrasal verb INFORMAL to visit someone
I dropped in on George on my way home from school.
custard noun [ U ] a (usually warm) sweet sauce made from eggs, milk and sugar and poured over sweet dishes
mayonnaise noun [ U ] ( INFORMAL mayo ) a thick creamy sauce made from oil, vinegar and the yellow part of eggs
vinegar noun [ U ] a sharp-tasting liquid, made especially from sour wine, malt or cider , which is used to add flavour to
ketchup noun [ U ] ( UK tomato ketchup , US ALSO catsup ) a thick cold red sauce made from tomatoes
pickle noun (a sauce made from) vegetables or fruit which have been preserved in a vinegar sauce or salty water
grocery /ˈgrəʊ.s ə r.i/ /ˈgroʊ.sɚ-/ noun FOOD groceries [ plural ] the food that you buy in a grocer's shop or supermarket
 Try harder 15

company /ˈkʌm.pə.ni/ noun OTHER PEOPLE when you are with a person or people, or the person or people you are with
It was a long journey and I was grateful for his company.
keep sb company to stay with someone so that they are not alone
I'll keep you company till the train comes.
continent /ˈkɒn.tɪ.nənt/ /ˈkɑːn.t ̬ ə n.ənt/ noun [ C ] one of the seven large land masses on the Earth's surface, surrounded, or mainly
surrounded, by sea and usually consisting of various countries
the North American continent
ˌ continental ˈ breakfast noun [ C ] a simple morning meal consisting of fruit juice, coffee, and bread with butter and jam
require /rɪˈkwaɪə r / /-ˈkwaɪr/ verb [ T ] to need or make necessary
Please telephone this number if you require any further information.
apply /əˈplaɪ/ verb REQUEST to request something, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form
Please apply in writing to the address below.
roundtrip ticket a ticket for travel to a place and back again : May I have a return to Birmingham, please?
postpone /pəʊs t  ˈpəʊn/ verb [ T ] to delay an event and plan or decide that it should happen at a later date or time
They decided to postpone their holiday until next year.
run out of time to not have enough hours, etc. available to finish something you are trying to do
She ran out of time and didn't finish the last question.
 Try harder 16

death /deθ/ noun [ C or U ] the end of life

The disease causes thousands of deaths a year.
die /daɪ/ verb [ I ] dying , died , died to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly
Twelve people died in the accident.
She died of/from hunger/cancer/a heart attack/her injuries.
tablet /ˈtæb.lət/ noun [ C ] MEDICINE a small solid piece of medicine
a sleeping tablet a vitamin tablet
pill /pɪl/ noun [ C ] MEDICINE a small solid piece of medicine which a person swallows without chewing
a sleeping pill a vitamin pill / My mother takes three or four pills a day.
the pill
a type of pill for women which is taken every day in order to prevent them from becoming pregnant
Are you on the pill?
lie down phrasal verb to move into a position in which your body is flat, usually in order to sleep or rest
He lay down on the bed and tried to relax.
lie-down /ˌlaɪˈdaʊn/ noun [ S ] MAINLY UK INFORMAL a short rest, usually in bed
I usually have a bit of a lie down after lunch.
dizzy /ˈdɪz.i/ adjective FEELING feeling as if everything is turning round and being unable to balance and about to fall down
 Try harder 17

I felt quite dizzy with excitement as I went up to collect the award.

pulse /pʌls/ noun REGULAR BEAT the regular beating of the heart, especially when it is felt at the wrist or side of the neck
Exercise increases your pulse rate .
take sb's pulse
to hold someone's wrist and count how many times their heart beats in one minute
symptom /ˈsɪm p  .təm/ noun [ C ] any feeling of illness or physical or mental change which is caused by a particular disease
He's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache and so on.
flu /fluː/ noun [ U ] ( FORMAL influenza ) an infectious illness which is like a very bad cold, but which causes a fever
to catch/get/have (the) flu
prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb/ verb GIVE MEDICINE (of a doctor) to say what medical treatment someone should have
The drug is often prescribed for ulcers.
patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃ ə nt/ noun [ C ] a person who is receiving medical care
I'm a patient of Dr Stephens, please could I make an appointment to see her?
patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃ ə nt/ adjective Dinner will be ready in half an hour - just be patient! Opposite impatient
allergic /əˈlɜː.dʒɪk/ /-lɝː-/ adjective [ after verb ] having an allergy
I'm allergic to cats.
 Try harder 18

shot /ʃɒt/ /ʃɑːt/ noun DRUG the amount of a particular drug, whether medical or illegal, which is put into the body by a single injection : The
doctor gave him a shot of morphine.
calm /kɑːm/ adjective peaceful and quiet; without hurried movement, worry or noise
After a night of fighting, the streets are now calm.
He has a very calm manner.
nervous /ˈnɜː.vəs/ /ˈnɝː-/ adjective worried and anxious : Do you feel/get nervous during exams?
slippery /ˈslɪp. ə r.i/ /-ɚ-/ adjective wet, smooth or oily so that it slides easily or causes something to slide
The road was wet and slippery.
check-up ˈtʃekˌʌp noun [countable] an examination by a doctor or DENTIST to make sure that you are healthy
You should have regular dental check-ups.
 Try harder 19

BOOK 16

cut down something to reduce an amount of something :How can you cut down the risk of cancer?
little by little slowly or gradually
Little by little she came to understand why he had behaved the way he did.
unusual/ adjective different from others of the same type in a way that is surprising, interesting or attractive
"Do you like the new settee?" "Very much, it's most unusual."
lap / BrE ; AmE / [ C ] one journey around a track during a race
The 800m is two laps of the track. ◇ He was overtaken on the final lap .
time /taɪm/ noun ABLE TO DO STH
run out of time to not have enough hours, etc. available to finish something you are trying to do
She ran out of time and didn't finish the last question.
time's up INFORMAL there are no more minutes, hours, etc. available
take part INVOLVEMENT to be involved in an activity with other people
She doesn't usually take part in any of the class activities.

temperature noun HEAT LEVEL the measured amount of heat in a place or in the body
There has been a sudden rise in temperature over the past few days (= The weather has become warmer)
 Try harder 20

run/have a temperature to have a higher body temperature than normal and to be ill
room /ruːm/ , /rʊm/ noun SPACE the amount of space that someone or something needs
That sofa would take up too much room in the flat. / James took the books off the little table to make room for the television.
render / /-dɚ/ verb [ T ] GIVE FORMAL to give something such as a service, a personal opinion or expression, or a performance of a song or
poem, etc. to people
The singers rendered the song with enthusiasm.
installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun PLACE a nearly permanent place with people, buildings and equipment which have a particular, especially
military, purpose a nuclear installation
The Americans still have several military bases and installations on the island.
courtesy /ˈkɜː.tə.si/ /ˈkɝː.t  ̬ə-/ noun [ C or U ] polite behaviour, or a polite action or remark
You might get on better with your parents if you showed them some courtesy.
ˈ warrant ˌ officer noun [ C ] a rank in the armed forces, between a commissioned officer and an NCO
Warrant Officer First Class
respect /rɪˈspekt/ noun HONOUR politeness, honour and care shown towards someone or something that is considered important
You really should treat your parents with more respect.
Please convey/give my respects to your parents.
honourable UK , US honorable /ˈɒn. ə r.ə.bl ̩/ /ˈɑː.nɚ-/ adjective honest and fair, or deserving praise and respect
 Try harder 21

an honourable person
regulation /ˌreg.jʊˈleɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ C or U ] an official rule or the act of controlling
The correct procedure is laid down in the rules and regulations.
privilege /prɪv. ə l.ɪdʒ/ noun an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich
Senior management enjoy certain privileges, such as company cars and private healthcare.
compulsory /kəmˈpʌl.s ə r.i/ /-sɚ-/ adjective If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law
Swimming was compulsory at my school. / Wearing seat belts in cars is compulsory by law.
rough /rʌf/ adjective NOT EVEN not even or smooth, often because of being in bad condition
It was a rough mountain road, full of stones and huge holes.
even /ː.v ə n/ adjective FLAT flat and smooth, or on the same level : We resurfaced the floor because it wasn't even.
last /lɑːst/ /læst/ verb to continue to exist : The meeting lasted two hours.
allergy /ˈæl.ə.dʒi/ /-ɚ-/ noun [ C ] a condition that makes a person become ill or develop skin or breathing problems because they have eaten
certain foods or been near certain substances
an allergy to wheat , a wheat allergy
certain /ˈsɜː.t ə n/ /ˈsɝː-/ adjective LIMITED
I like modern art to a certain extent/degree , but I don't like the really experimental stuff.
 Try harder 22

behave /bɪˈheɪv/ verb [ I or T ] to act in a particular way, or to be good by acting in a way which has society's approval
She always behaves well/badly when her aunts come to visit.
antique /ænˈtiːk/ noun [ C ] something made in an earlier period and collected and valued because it is beautiful, rare, old or of high quality : My
mother collects antiques.
humorous /ˈhjuː.mə.rəs/ adjective funny, or making you laugh
Her latest book is a humorous look at teenage life.
numerous /ˈnjuː.mə.rəs/ /ˈnuː-/ adjective many
We have discussed these plans on numerous occasions.
hood /hʊd/ noun [ C ] CAR METAL COVER
installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun EQUIPMENT/FURNTIURE when equipment or furniture is put into position
Do you have to pay extra for installation?
incapable /ɪnˈkeɪ.pə.bl ̩/ adjective unable to do something
He seems incapable of walk ing past a music shop without going in and buying another CD.
radiator /ˈreɪ.di.eɪ.tə r / /-t  ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ] a device, usually a container filled with water, that sends out heat, often as part of a heating or cooling
system
My car engine overheated because the water had leaked out of the radiator.
 Try harder 23

perform /pəˈfɔːm/ /pɚˈfɔːrm/ verb DO to do an action or piece of work

Computers can perform a variety of tasks.
perform /pəˈfɔːm/ /pɚˈfɔːrm/ verb ENTERTAIN to entertain people by dancing, singing, acting or playing music
She composes and performs her own music.
instrument /ˈɪn.strə.mənt/ noun [ C ] MUSIC
musical instrumen an object, such as a piano, guitar or drum, which is played to produce musical sounds
Which instrument do you play ?
ability /əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun the physical or mental power or skill needed to do something : There's no doubting her ability.
give/lend sb a helping hand to help someone These tax cuts will give industry a helping hand.
observation /ˌɒb.zəˈveɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌɑːb.zɚ-/ noun WATCHING when you observe something or someone
The police are keeping the suspect under observation.
observation /ˌɒb.zəˈveɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌɑːb.zɚ-/ noun NOTICING when you notice or see something
May I make an observation?
deposit /dɪˈpɒz.ɪt/ /-ˈpɑː.zɪt/ verb MONEY to put something valuable, especially money, in a bank or safe
I deposited £500 in my account this morning.
 Try harder 24

BOOK 17

take sth apart phrasal verb to separate something into its different parts
We took the engine apart to see what the problem was.
personality noun CHARACTER the type of person you are, which is shown by the way you behave, feel and think
She has a very warm personality.
messy /ˈmes.i/ adjective DIRTY/UNTIDY untidy a messy kitchen messy hands/hair
neat /niːt/ adjective TIDY tidy, with everything in its place
Your house is always so neat - how do you manage it with three children?
wavy /ˈweɪ.vi/ adjective having a series of curves Sarah's got lovely wavy blond hair.
curvy /ˈkɜː.vi/ /ˈkɝː-/ adjective containing a lot of curves a curvy line
bald adjective NO HAIR with little or no hair on the head At twenty he was already going bald.
beard noun [ C ] the hair that some men allow to grow on the lower part of their face
He's growing a beard. / He shaved off his beard but kept his moustache.
curly adjective having curls or a curved shape
He has blond curly hair.
moustache , US USUALLY mustache noun [ C ] hair which a man grows above his upper lip
Groucho Marx had a thick black moustache.
 Try harder 25

shaven adjective with the hair removed : They all had shaven heads.
razor ˈreɪzə(r) noun [countable] a small tool or piece of electrical equipment used for SHAVING removing hair from your skin
brunette /bruˈnet/ noun [ C ] a white woman or girl with dark hair a tall brunette
blonde ( ALSO blond ) /blɒnd/ /blɑːnd/ adjective with pale yellow or gold hair a blonde woman/a blond man
elderly /ˈel.d ə l.i/ /-dɚ.li/ adjective POLITE WORD FOR old elderly relatives/parents
depend on/upon sb/sth TRUST to trust someone or something and know that they will help you or do what you want or expect them to do : You
can always depend on Michael in a crisis.
rely on sb/sth phrasal verb to need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or
to succeed : I rely on you for good advice.
pleasant /ˈplez. ə nt/ adjective enjoyable, attractive, friendly, or easy to like
a pleasant climate/smile/person
reliable /rɪˈlaɪə.bl ̩/ adjective Something or someone that is reliable can be trusted or believed because they work or behave well in the way you
expect : Is your watch reliable?
selfish /ˈsel.fɪʃ/ adjective DISAPPROVING Someone who is selfish only thinks of their own advantage
The judge told him: "Your attitude shows a selfish disregard for others."
concurrent /kənˈkʌr. ə nt/ /-ˈkɝː-/ adjective happening or existing at the same time
The judge imposed concurrent sentences totalling 14 years for the attacks on the girls.
 Try harder 26

stingy /ˈstɪn.dʒi/ adjective INFORMAL DISAPPROVING unwilling to spend money

He's really stingy and never buys the drinks when we go out.
generous /ˈdʒen. ə r.əs/ adjective willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or expected
a very generous man
demanding dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ dɪˈmændɪŋ adjective a demanding person needs a lot of attention and is not easily pleased or satisfied
Young children can be very demanding.
patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃ ə nt/ adjective having patience
Be patient with her - she's very young. Opposite impatient
patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃ ə nt/ noun [ C ] a person who is receiving medical care, or who is cared for by a particular doctor or dentist when necessary : I'm
a patient of Dr Stephens, please could I make an appointment to see her?

check sth out phrasal verb [ M ] BORROW MAINLY US to borrow books from a library
check sth out phrasal verb [ M ] EXAMINE INFORMAL to examine something or get more information about it in order to be certain that it is
true, safe or suitable
We'll need to check out his story.
assemble /əˈsem.bl ̩/ verb GATHER to come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group
We assembled in the meeting room after lunch.
 Try harder 27

assemble /əˈsem.bl ̩/ verb JOIN to make something by joining separate parts furniture that is easy to assemble
sweep /swiːp/ verb swept , swept CLEAN to clean especially a floor by using a brush to collect the dirt into one place from which it can be
removed
dumb /dʌm/ adjective STUPID
Are they brave or just dumb?
utility /juːˈtɪl.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun SERVICE SLIGHTLY FORMAL a service which is used by the public, such as an electricity or gas supply or a train
service utility bills
furnish /ˈfɜː.nɪʃ/ /ˈfɝː-/ verb to provide with furniture; to put furniture in They've furnished the room very simply.
lease /liːs/ verb to make a legal agreement by which money is paid in order to use land, a building, a vehicle or a piece of equipment for an agreed
period of time
The estate contains 300 new homes, about a third of which are leased to the council.
wonder /ˈwʌn.də r / /-dɚ/ verb QUESTION to ask yourself questions or express a wish to know about something
I wonder if you could give me some information about places to visit in the area?
supper /ˈsʌp.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun [ C or U ] a main meal eaten in the evening, or a small meal eaten in the late evening
We usually have tea at about 5.30 p.m., then supper before we go to bed.
feel /fiːl/ verb felt , felt EXPERIENCE to experience something physical or emotional
 Try harder 28

"How are you feeling?" "Not too bad, but I've still got a slight headache."
feel like sth to have a wish for something, or to want to do something, at a particular moment
I feel like (go ing for) a swim.
recruit /rɪˈkruːt/ verb to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army : Charities
such as Oxfam are always trying to recruit volunteers to help in their work.
argue /ˈɑːg.juː/ /ˈɑːrg-/ verb DISAGREE to speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them
The children are always arguing.
convenience /kənˈviː.ni.ən t  s/ noun EASY when something is convenient
I like the convenience of living so near work.
at your convenience when you want
The goods will be delivered at your convenience.
at your earliest convenience as soon as you like or can
Please return the completed form at your earliest convenience.
storey UK , US story /ˈstɔː.ri/ /ˈstɔːr.i/ noun a three-storey house
athletics /æθˈlet.ɪks/ /-ˈlet ̬-/ noun [ U ] UK ( US track and field ) the general name for a particular group of competitive sports, including
running, jumping and throwing an athletics team/club/meeting
remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ verb to make someone think of something they have forgotten or might have forgotten
Could you remind Paul about dinner on Saturday?
 Try harder 29

discipline /ˈdɪs.ə.plɪn/ noun TRAINING training which produces obedience (= willingness to obey) or self-control, often in the form of rules,
and punishments if these are broken, or the obedience or self-control produced by this training
There should be better discipline in schools.

mandatory /ˈmæn.də.tri/ /-tɔːr.i/ adjective FORMAL describes something which must be done, or which is demanded by law
Athletes must undergo a mandatory drugs test before competing in the championship.
superior /suːˈpɪə.ri.ə r / /-ˈpɪr.i.ɚ/ noun [ C ] a person or group of people who are higher in rank or social position than others
I will pass your complaint on to my superiors.
indicate /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/ verb SHOW to show, point or make clear in another way
Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.
ancient /ˈeɪn. t  ʃ ə nt/ adjective of or from a long time ago, having lasted for a very long time
ancient monuments/ruins/woodlands
anthem noun [ C ] a song which has special importance for a particular group of people, an organization or a country, often sung on a special
occasion
The national anthems of the teams are played at the beginning of a big international football match.
inspect /ɪnˈspekt/ verb [ T ] to look at something or someone carefully in order to discover information, especially about their quality or
condition
After the crash both drivers got out and inspected their cars for damage.
 Try harder 30

She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully .
fine /faɪn/ noun [ C ] an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law
The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1000 fine.
If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a heavy (= severe) fine.
participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ /pɑːrˈtɪs.ə-/ verb to take part in or become involved in an activity
She never participates in any of our discussions, does she?
associate with sb phrasal verb to spend time with a group of people, especially people who are disapproved of
I don't want my children associating with drug-addicts and alcoholics.
associate /əˈsəʊ.si.ət/ /-ˈsoʊ-/ noun [ C ] FRIEND someone who is closely connected to another person as a companion , friend or business
partner
gather /ˈgæð.ə r / /-ɚ/ verb COME TOGETHER When people or animals gather, they come together in a group
A crowd had gathered to hear her speak.
Gather (a)round , children, and I'll tell you a story.
retrieve /rɪˈtriːv/ verb [ T ] to find and bring back something
We taught our dog to retrieve a ball.
Retrieve the flag = lower the flag at the end of the day

retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ verb POSITION to go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger
 Try harder 31

Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat ( from the city).
govern /ˈgʌv. ə n/ /-ɚn/ verb RULE to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people, etc
The country is now being governed by the Labour Party.
autograph /ˈɔː.tə.grɑːf/ /ˈɑː.t ̬ə.græf/ noun [ C ] a signature (= your name written by yourself) of a famous person
Did you get his autograph?
bulletin /ˈbʊl.ə.tɪn/ /-t ̬ɪn/ noun [ C ] a short news programme on television or radio often about something that has just happened, or a short
newspaper printed by an organization
an hourly news bulletin
ˈ bulletin ˌ board noun [ C ] US FOR noticeboard
even though although
Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister.
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ verb ALLOW THROUGH to allow electricity or heat to go through Copper conducts electricity, but plastic does not.

flow /fləʊ/ /floʊ/ verb [ I ] MOVE (especially of liquids, gases or electricity) to move in one direction, especially continuously and easily :
Lava from the volcano was flowing down the hillside.
Electricity flow through to wire.

generate /ˈdʒen. ə r.eɪt/ /-ɚ-/ verb [ T ] MAKE ENERGY to produce energy in a particular form
 Try harder 32

The wind farm may be able to generate enough electricity/power for 2000 homes.
insulate /ˈɪn.sjʊ.leɪt/ verb [ T ] COVER to cover and surround something with a material or substance in order to stop heat, sound or electricity
from escaping or entering
You can insulate a house against heat loss by having the windows double-glazed.
insulate /ˈɪn.sjʊ.leɪt/ verb [ T ] PROTECT to protect someone or something from outside influences
Children should be insulated from the horrors of war.
Until recently the country's economy has been insulated from recession by its reserves of raw materials.
splice /splaɪs/ verb [ T ] to join two pieces of rope, film, etc. together at their ends in order to form one long piece
Scientists have discovered how to splice pieces of DNA.
charge /tʃɑːdʒ/ /tʃɑːrdʒ/ noun SUPPLY ENERGY [ C usually singular ] SPECIALIZED the amount of electricity that an electrical device stores
or that a substance carries
conductor /kənˈdʌk.tə r / /-tɚ/ noun [ C ] SUBSTANCE a substance that allows heat or electricity to go through it
Metal is a good conductor of heat.
insulator /ˈɪn.sjʊ.leɪ.tə r / /-t ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ] a material or covering which electricity, heat or sound cannot go through
Generally, plastics, wood tend to be good insulators.
insulation /ˌɪn.sjʊˈleɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ] when you cover something to stop heat, sound or electricity from escaping or entering, or when
something is covered in this way
material which is used to stop heat, sound or electricity from escaping or entering
 Try harder 33

current /ˈkʌr. ə nt/ /ˈkɝː-/ noun [ C ] FLOW a movement of water, air or electricity, in a particular direction
He was swept out to sea by the strong current. / The current in the river is very strong today.
circuit /ˈsɜː.kɪt/ /ˈsɝː-/ noun CLOSED SYSTEM a closed system of wires or pipes through which electricity or liquid can flow
A defect was found in the water-cooling/electrical circuit.
Copper is the best conductor of electricity.
Copper wire is the most expensive but it is also safest.
generator /ˈdʒen.ə.reɪ.tə r / /-ɚ.eɪ.t ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ] a machine which produces something, especially electricity
sadden /ˈsæd. ə n/ verb [ T ] to make someone sad We are deeply saddened by this devastating tragedy.
loosen /ˈluː.s ə n/ verb NOT FIXED The screws holding the bed together had loosened.
blacken /ˈblæk. ə n/ verb MAKE DARK The folds of the curtains were blackened with dirt.
sharpen /ˈʃɑː.p ə n/ /ˈʃɑːr-/ verb [ T ] ABLE TO CUT My pencil is blunt - I'll have to sharpen it.
weaken /ˈwiː.k ə n/ verb [ I or T ] The illness weaken her.
shorten /ˈʃɔː.t ə n/ /ˈʃɔːr-/ verb [ I or T ] I've asked him to shorten my grey trousers.
tie /taɪ/ verb tying , tied , tied FASTEN to fasten together two ends of a piece of string or other long thin material, or to (cause to) hold together
with a long, thin piece of string, material, etc.
Could you tie this piece of string for me?
harden /ˈhɑː.d ə n/ /ˈhɑːr-/ verb [ I or T ] SOLID The mixture hardens as it cools.
soften /ˈsɒf. ə n/ /ˈsɑː.f ə n/ verb [ I or T ] LESS HARD You can soften the butter by warming it gently.
 Try harder 34

attach /əˈtætʃ/ verb [ T ] CONNECT to fasten, join or connect; to place or fix in position
I attached a photo to my application form. : Compare detach
go out phrasal verb LIGHT/FIRE If a light or something that is burning goes out, it stops producing light or heat.
When I woke up the fire had gone out.
short /ʃɔːt/ /ʃɔːrt/ noun [ C ] ELECTRICITY INFORMAL FOR short circuit
There must be a short in a wire.
bare /beə r / /ber/ adjective EMPTY Bare wire
Neither, either, question tag
ground ( AmE ) , live , neutral Don't touch that ~. It's live.
insulated , plastic - coated copper , silver , etc.
VERB + WIRE
attach , connect The ~ was attached to a pin in the plug.
Disconnect He disconnected the ~ from the clock.
Run The electrician ran a ~ from the kitchen to the bedroom.
WIRE + VERB
go , lead , run , trail
 Try harder 35

BOOK 18

eligible /ˈel.ɪ.dʒə.bl ̩/ adjective having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions
You might be eligible for a grant.
illegible /ɪˈledʒ.ə.bl ̩/ adjective (of writing or print) impossible or almost impossible to read because of being very untidy or not clear
His writing is almost illegible.
appointee /əˌpɔɪnˈtiː/ noun [ C ] someone who has been chosen officially for a job or responsibility
a government appointee
qualification /ˌkwɒl.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills,
You'll never get a good job if you don't have any qualifications.
qualify /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪ/ /ˈkwɑː.lɪ-/ verb HAVE RIGHT to have the legal right to have or do something because of the situation you are in, or to
cause someone to have such a right
She doesn't qualify for maternity leave because she hasn't been in her job long enough.
candidate /ˈkæn.dɪ.dət/ , /-deɪt/ noun [ C ] a person who is competing to get a job or elected position
There are three candidates standing in the election.
commission /kəˈmɪʃ. ə n/ noun MILITARY
the official authority to be an officer in the armed forces
motivate /ˈməʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ /ˈmoʊ.t ̬ɪ-/ verb to cause someone to behave in a particular way
 Try harder 36

Like so many people, he's motivated by greed.

establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ verb START to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time
The brewery was established in 1822.
weatherman , weather man /ˈweð.ə.mæn/ /-ɚ-/ noun [ C ] a man on a television or radio programme who gives a weather forecast
likely /ˈlaɪ.kli/ adjective describes something that will probably happen or is expected
Do remind me because I'm likely to forget.
as likely/like as not
probably As likely as not, she'll end up in court over this problem.
favourable UK , US favorable /ˈfeɪ.v ə r.ə.bl ̩/ /-vɚ-/ adjective favourable weather conditions
lightning / noun [ U ] a flash of bright light in the sky which is produced by electricity moving between clouds or from clouds to the ground
thunder and lightning ,a flash of lightning
severe /sɪˈvɪə r / /-ˈvɪr/ adjective VERY SERIOUS causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc; very serious
This is a school for children with severe learning difficulties.
hail /heɪl/ noun [ U ] small hard balls of ice which fall from the sky like rain
hazardous /ˈhæz.ə.dəs/ /-ɚ-/ adjective dangerous a hazardous journey/occupation
drizzle /ˈdrɪz.l ̩/ noun RAIN rain in very small light drops : Tomorrow will be cloudy with outbreaks of rain and drizzle.
precaution /prɪˈkɔː.ʃ ə n/ /-ˈkɑː-/ noun [ C ] an action which is done to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous happening
Many people have been stockpiling food as a precaution against shortages. / They failed to take the necessary precautions to avoid infection.
 Try harder 37

particle /ˈpɑː.tɪ.kl ̩/ /ˈpɑːr.t ̬ə-/ noun SMALL PIECE an extremely small piece of matter
Dust particles must have got into the motor.
precipitation noun [ U ] RAIN SPECIALIZED water which falls from the clouds towards the ground, especially as rain or snow
The forecast is for dry, cloudy weather with no precipitation expected.
sprinkle noun [ C usually singular ] ( US ALSO sprinkling ) a very light fall of rain or snow which lasts only a short time
evacuate /ɪˈvæk.ju.eɪt/ verb [ I or T ] to move people from a dangerous place to somewhere safe
A thousand people were evacuated from their homes following the floods.
barricade /ˈbær.ɪ.keɪd/ ,/ noun [ C ] a line or pile of objects put together, especially quickly, to stop people from going where they want to go
barricade /ˈbær.ɪ.keɪd/ , /--ˈ-/ verb [ T ] to build a barricade across, around or in front of something : Barricade the doors!
look out phrasal verb to watch what is happening and be careful
The police have warned shopkeepers to look out for forged notes.
ˌ flash ˈ flood noun [ C ] a sudden and severe flood
The unusually heavy rain caused flash floods in several mountain villages.
accustom əˈkʌstəm verb FORMAL to gradually start to feel that something is normal or natural
She had to accustom herself to eating later in the evening.
visibility ˌvɪzəˈbɪləti noun the distance that you can see, depending on conditions such as the weather or the place that you are in
Thick fog reduced visibility to almost zero. poor/good/low visibility : The race was cancelled due to poor visibility.
handle /ˈhæn.dl ̩/ verb OPERATE to operate or control something which could be difficult or dangerous
 Try harder 38

Have you ever handled a gun before?

moisture /ˈmɔɪs.tʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun [ U ] a liquid such as water in the form of very small drops, either in the air, in a substance, or on a surface
These plants need a rich soil which retains moisture.
invisible /ɪnˈvɪz.ɪ.bl ̩/ adjective impossible to see
The aircraft is designed to be invisible to radar.
sleet /sliːt/ noun [ U ] wet, partly melted falling snow
Driving snow and sleet brought more problems to the county's roads last night.
sleeve /sliːv/ noun [ C ] CLOTHING PART the part of a piece of clothing that covers some or all of the arm short/long sleeves
You'd better roll your sleeves up or you'll get them dirty.
Wish Grammar
Never were loose cloths when work near machine
employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/ verb PROVIDE JOB to have someone work or do a job for you and pay them for it
How many people does your company employ?
Employer, employee employment ,unemployment ,employ by….
chief /tʃiːf/ adjective [ before noun ] MOST IMPORTANT most important or main
The chief problem we have in the area now is the spread of disease.
chief /tʃiːf/ adjective [ before noun ] PERSON IN CHARGE highest in rank the chief fire officer/accountant
supervisor /ˈsuː.pə.vaɪ.zə r / /-pɚ.vaɪ.zɚ/ noun [ C ] a person whose job is to supervise someone or something
 Try harder 39

hire /haɪə r / /haɪr/ verb [ T ] UK to employ someone or pay them to do a particular job I was hired by the first company I applied to.
fire /faɪə r / /faɪr/ verb REMOVE FROM A JOB to remove someone from their job, either because they have done something wrong or badly, or
as a way of saving the cost of employing them
She was fired after she was caught stealing from her employer.
definite /ˈdef.ɪ.nət/ adjective fixed, certain or clear
She has very definite opinions.
get rid of sth to remove or throw away something unwanted
That cream got rid of my skin rash.
point sth out phrasal verb [ M ] to tell someone about some information, often because you believe they do not know it or have forgotten it
He was planning to book a rock-climbing holiday, till I pointed out that Denis is afraid of heights.
on the one hand ... on the other hand used when you are comparing two different facts or two opposite ways of thinking about a situation
On the one hand I'd like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.
convince /kənˈvɪn t  s/ verb [ T ] to persuade someone or make them certain : He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
trail /treɪl/ noun a path through the countryside, often made or used for a particular purpose
a forest/mountain trail / The dogs are specially trained to follow the trail left by the fox.
blind /blaɪnd/ adjective SIGHT unable to see She's been blind since birth.
deaf /def/ adjective unable to hear, either completely or partly
He's been totally/partially deaf since birth.
 Try harder 40

debt /det/ noun [ C or U ] something, especially money, which is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something
He managed to pay off his debts in two years. / The company is deep in debt (= owes a lot of money) .
blame /bleɪm/ verb [ T ] to say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening
Don't blame me (= It is not my fault) if you miss the bus!
persuade /pəˈsweɪd/ /pɚ-/ verb [ T ] to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to them and
making them believe it
If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will persuade her.
fabulous /ˈfæb.jʊ.ləs/ adjective GOOD very good; excellent
She looked absolutely fabulous in her dress.
fabulous /ˈfæb.jʊ.ləs/ adjective NOT REAL imaginary, not existing in real life
The unicorn is a fabulous creature .

set put something aside to keep save time, money, land etc for future use or a particular purpose for emergency
Try to set aside half an hour every day for something you really enjoy doing.
childhood /ˈtʃaɪld.hʊd/ noun [ C or U ] the time when someone is a child
She had an unhappy childhood.
spoil /spɔɪl/ verb spoiled or spoilt , spoiled or spoilt CHILD
Mr Harvey, unable for once to do exactly as he wanted, sulked just like a spoilt child .
 Try harder 41

accuse /əˈkjuːz/ verb [ T ] to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkind
"It wasn't my fault." "Don't worry, I'm not accusing you."
sudden /ˈsʌd. ə n/ adjective happening or done quickly and without warning
He had a sudden heart attack while he was on holiday.
biology /baɪˈɒl.ə.dʒi/ /-ˈɑː.lə-/ noun [ U ] the scientific study of the natural processes of living things

Neither nor ,either or both and Grammar point

 Try harder 42

BOOK 19

brother-in- plural brothers-in-law the brother of your husband or wife, or the man who is married to your sister, or the man who is married to the
sister of your wife or husband
daughter-in- your son's wife
father-in-law the father of the person you are married to
mother-in-law the mother of your husband or wife
sister-in-law the wife of your brother, or the sister of your husband or wife, or the wife of the brother of your husband or wife
son-in-law your daughter's husband
stepmother the woman who is married to someone's father but who is not their real mother
divorce /dɪˈvɔːs/ noun PEOPLE [ C or U ] when a marriage is ended by an official or legal process
Ellie wants a divorce.
eager /ˈiː.gə r / adjective wanting very much to do or have something,
They crowded round the spokesperson, eager for any news.
consequently /ˈkɒn t  .sɪ.kwənt.li/ / adverb as a result
I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by the end of the holiday.
inquire , /ɪnˈkwaɪə r / / verb to ask for information
Shall I inquire about the price of tickets?
 Try harder 43

RELATIONSHIP get along to have a good relationship

He doesn't get on with his daughter.
tolerant /ˈtɒl. ə r. ə nt/ adjective ABLE TO DEAL WITH able to deal with something unpleasant or annoying, or to continue existing despite
bad or difficult conditions
I think men are less tolerant of stress than women.
put up with sth/sb phrasal verb to accept or continue to accept an unpleasant situation or experience, or someone who behaves unpleasantly
I can put up with the house being untidy, but I hate it if it's not clean.
ambition /æmˈbɪʃ. ə n/ noun [ C or U ] a strong wish to be successful, powerful, rich, etc.
His ambition is ultimately to run his own business.
neglect /nɪˈglekt/ verb [ T ] to give not enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
I'm afraid I've rather neglected my studies this week.
neglect to do sth to not do something, often because you forget
I'd neglected to give him the name of the hotel where I'd be staying.
ex- /eks-/ prefix used to show that someone is no longer what they were
ex-prisoners ,ex-policemen ,my ex-husband ,my ex-girlfriend
common /ˈkɒm.ən/ /ˈkɑː.mən/ adjective USUAL the same in a lot of places or for a lot of people
It's quite common to see couples who dress alike.
spouse /spaʊs/ noun [ C ] FORMAL OR LEGAL a person's husband or wife
 Try harder 44

collapse /kəˈlæps/ verb FALL to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support
Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake.
collage /ˈkɒl.ɑːʒ/ noun a picture in which various materials or objects, for example paper, cloth or photographs, are stuck onto a larger surface
The children made a collage of postcards.
colleague /ˈkɒl.iːg/ noun [ C ] one of a group of people who work together
We're entertaining some colleagues of Ben's tonight.
rely on sb/sth phrasal verb to need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or
to succeed : I rely on you for good advice.
Be up for=
go over sth phrasal verb EXAMINE to examine or look at something in a careful or detailed way
I've gone over the problem several times, but I can't think of a solution.
drop by/in phrasal verb INFORMAL to visit someone
I dropped in on George on my way home from school.
arrange /əˈreɪndʒ/ verb PUT IN POSITION to put something in a particular order
His books are neatly arranged in alphabetical order.
assist /əˈsɪst/ verb [ I or T ] FORMAL to help : The army arrived to assist in the search.
prevent /prɪˈvent/ verb [ T ] to stop something from happening or someone from doing something
Label your suitcases to prevent confusion.
 Try harder 45

prevention /prɪˈven t  .ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ] when you stop something from happening or stop someone from doing something
The organization is committed to AIDS prevention and education.
get through sth phrasal verb FINISH to use up or finish something
I can get through a lot more work when I'm on my own.
convince /kənˈvɪn t  s/ verb [ T ] to persuade someone or make them certain
He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
keep (sb/sth) away phrasal verb [ M ] to not go somewhere or near something, or to prevent someone from going somewhere or near something
Keep away from the edge of the cliff.
take place to happen
The concert takes place next Thursday.
out of place in the wrong place or looking wrong
The boy looked uncomfortable and out of place among the adults.
in place If something is in place, it is in its usual or correct position
The chairs are all in place.
in place of sb/sth instead of someone or something : You can use margarine in place of butter in some recipes.
take the place of sb/sth to be used instead of someone or something
drop off phrasal verb SLEEP to start to sleep
use sth up phrasal verb [ M ] to finish a supply of something
 Try harder 46

Don't use up all the milk, we need some for breakfast.

entire /ɪnˈtaɪə r / /-ˈtaɪr/ adjective [ before noun ] whole or complete, with nothing missing
He'd spent the entire journey asleep.
suppose /səˈpəʊz/ /-ˈpoʊz/ verb THINK LIKELY to think that something is likely to be true
Her new book is supposed to be (= generally people think it is) very good.
fuel /fjʊəl/ noun a substance which is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burned
Wood, coal, oil, petrol and gas are all different kinds of fuel.
misplace /ˌmɪsˈpleɪs/ verb [ T ] to lose something temporarily by forgetting where you have put it
She misplaced her keys so often that her secretary used to carry spare ones for her.
run across sb phrasal verb INFORMAL to meet someone you know when you are not expecting to
I ran across several old friends when I went back to my hometown.
drown /draʊn/ verb DIE (cause to) die by being unable to breathe under water He drowned in a boating accident.
Many animals were drowned by the tidal wave.
relative /ˈrel.ə.tɪv/ /-t ̬ɪv/ noun [ C ] a member of your family : I haven't got many blood relatives
drowning /ˈdraʊn.ɪŋ/ noun [ C or U ] There were three drownings in the lake last year.
insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ verb Mto state or demand forcefully, especially despite opposition
She insisted on see ing her lawyer.
ounce /aʊn t  s/ noun ( WRITTEN ABBREVIATION oz ) a unit of weight equal to approximately 28 grams
 Try harder 47

There are 16 ounces in one pound.

confident /ˈkɒn.fɪ.d ə nt/ adjective having confidence
They don't sound confident about the future of the industry.
assume /əˈsjuːm/ /-ˈsuːm/ verb [ T ] TAKE CONTROL take or begin to have responsibility or control, sometimes without the right to do so, or
to begin to have a characteristic
The terrorists assumed control of the plane and forced it to land in the desert.
capability /ˌkeɪ.pəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ C or U ] ABILITY the ability to do something
These tests are beyond the capability of an average 12-year-old.
promotion /prəˈməʊ.ʃ ə n/ /-ˈmoʊ-/ noun RAISE when someone is raised to a higher or more important position or rank
Was Steve given the promotion he wanted?
subject sb/sth to sth phrasal verb [ often passive ] to make someone or something experience an unpleasant or worrying thing
The inquiry found that they had been subjected to unfair treatment.
subject /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/ adjective DEPEND
subject to sth depending on the stated thing happening
We plan to go on Wednesday, subject to your approval.
object verb [intransitive] to be opposed to something, or to express your opposition to it in words
I’ll take care of it, unless anyone objects.
object to Local residents objected to the proposed development.
 Try harder 48

object to doing something I object to paying that much for milk.

sigh /saɪ/ verb [ I ] to breathe out slowly and noisily, expressing tiredness, sadness, pleasure, etc.
She sighed deeply and sat down.
sufficient /səˈfɪʃ. ə nt/ adjective enough for a particular purpose
This recipe should be sufficient for five people. Opposite insufficient
agriculture /ˈæg.rɪ.kʌl.tʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun [ U ] farming
Agriculture is still largely based on traditional methods in some countries.
fill sth in/out phrasal verb [ M ] to write the necessary information on an official document
to fill in a form/questionnaire
examine /ɪgˈzæm.ɪn/ verb [ T ] TEST to test someone's knowledge or skill in a particular subject
We were examined on European history.
 Try harder 49

BOOK 21

define /dɪˈfaɪn/ verb [ T ] EXPLAIN to say what the meaning of something, especially a word
Before I answer your question, could you define your terms a little more (= explain what you mean by the words you have used) ?
judge /dʒʌdʒ/ noun PERSON a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a crime should be
punished, or who makes decisions on legal matters
a US Supreme Court judge
aid /eɪd/ noun help or support
A woman in the street saw that he was in trouble and came to his aid.
represent /ˌrep.rɪˈzent/ verb ACT FOR to speak, act or be present officially for another person or people
They chose a famous barrister to represent them in court.
stand for sth phrasal verb ACCEPT If you will not stand for something, you will not accept a situation or a particular type of behaviour : I
wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you.
court /kɔːt/ /kɔːrt/ noun a building where trials and other legal cases happen, or the people present in such a room, especially the officials and
those deciding whether someone is guilty
Please describe to the court exactly what you saw.
take sb to court to take legal action against someone
She's threatening to take me to court for not paying the bill on time.
 Try harder 50

jury /ˈdʒʊə.ri/ /ˈdʒʊr.i/ noun [ C + sing/pl verb ] a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and
to decide whether a person is guilty or not guilty, or whether a claim has been proved
The jury has/have been unable to return a verdict (= reach a decision) .
crime /kraɪm/ noun illegal activities
crime prevention
petty (= unimportant) crime/ serious crime an illegal act
The defendant is accused of/charged with a range of crimes, from theft to murder.
legal /ˈliː.g ə l/ adjective connected with the law : legal advice
guilty /ˈgɪl.ti/ /-t ̬i/ adjective FEELING : feeling guilt
I feel so guilty about forgetting her birthday.
guilty /ˈgɪl.ti/ /-t ̬i/ adjective RESPONSIBLE the guilty party
the person who has done something wrong or who has committed a crime
innocent /ˈɪn.ə.s ə nt/ adjective not guilty of a particular crime, or having no knowledge of the unpleasant and evil things in life, or (of a thing)
not intended to harm anyone
He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime.
result /rɪˈzʌlt/ noun BECAUSE OF something that happens or exists because of something else
The road has been widened, but the result is just more traffic.
as a result of sth because of something
 Try harder 51

Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.

artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ. ə l/ /ˌɑːr.t ̬ɪ-/ adjective made by people, often as a copy of something natural
artificial fur/sweeteners/flowers
affect /əˈfekt/ verb [ T ] INFLUENCE to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause them to change
Both buildings were badly affected by the fire.
affect /əˈfekt/ verb [ T ] PRETEND FORMAL to pretend to feel or think something
To all his problems she affected indifference.
effect /ɪˈfekt/ verb [ T ] FORMAL to achieve something and cause it to happen
As a political party they are trying to effect a change in the way that we think about our environment.
substance /ˈsʌb.st ə n t  s/ noun MATERIAL material with particular physical characteristics
an organic/chemical substance / What sort of substance could withstand those temperatures?
illegal substance FORMAL an illegal drug
man-made /ˌmænˈmeɪd/ adjective artificial rather than natural
It's a man-made lake.
hardly /ˈhɑːd.li/ /ˈhɑːrd-/ adverb ONLY JUST only just; almost not
I could hardly hear her at the back.
rigid /ˈrɪdʒ.ɪd/ adjective stiff or fixed; not able to be bent, moved, changed or persuaded
I was rigid with (= stiff and unable to move because of) fear.
 Try harder 52

inflexible /ɪnˈflek.sɪ.bl ̩/ adjective USUALLY DISAPPROVING fixed and unable or unwilling to change
The prime minister has adopted an inflexible position on immigration.
bend /bend/ verb bent , bent CURVE to (cause to) curve : I bent down and picked up the coins lying on the road.
squeeze /skwiːz/ verb PRESS TOGETHER to press something firmly, especially from all sides in order to change its shape, reduce its size or
remove liquid from it
Cut the lemon in half and squeeze the juice into the bowl.
seal /siːl/ verb [ T ] COVERING to close an entrance or container so that nothing can enter or leave it
to cover a surface with a special liquid to protect it
This floor has just been sealed ( with varnish), so don't walk on it!
airtight /ˈeə.taɪt/ /ˈer-/ adjective completely closed so that no air can get in or out
Biscuits will stay crisp if you keep them in an airtight container.
absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ /-ˈzɔːrb/ verb [ T ] TAKE IN to take something in, especially gradually
Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
soak sth up phrasal verb [ M ] LIQUID If a dry material or substance soaks up a liquid, it absorbs the liquid through its surface
I tried to soak up most of the spilt milk with a cloth.
waterproof /ˈwɔː.tə.pruːf/ /ˈwɑː.t ̬ɚ-/ adjective not allowing water to go through
Canvas boots are all right but they're not as waterproof as leather.
dense /den t  s/ adjective THICK thick; close together; difficult to go or see through
 Try harder 53

dense fog / a dense forest

dense /den t  s/ adjective MATTER SPECIALIZED (of a substance) containing a lot of matter in a small space
Plutonium is very dense.
scenery /ˈsiː.n ə r.i/ COUNTRYSIDE the general appearance of the natural environment, especially when it is beautiful
beautiful/breathtaking/spectacular scenery
astonish /əˈstɒn.ɪʃ/ /-ˈstɑː.nɪʃ/ verb [ T ] to surprise someone very much
I was astonished by how much she'd grown.
call sth off phrasal verb [ M ] Cancle, to decide that a planned event, especially a sports event, will not happen, or to end an activity because it is
no longer useful or possible
Tomorrow's match has been called off because of the icy weather.
approximate /əˈprɒk.sɪ.mət/ /-ˈprɑːk/ adjective not completely accurate but close
The train's approximate time of arrival is 10.30.
assembly /əˈsem.bli/ noun JOINING the process of putting together the parts of a machine or structure SPECIALIZED the structure produced by
this process
The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine assembly.
appetite /ˈæp.ɪ.taɪt/ noun FOOD when you want to eat food
All that walking has given me an appetite.
portion /ˈpɔː.ʃ ə n/ /ˈpɔːr-/ noun a part or share of something larger
 Try harder 54

A large/major portion of the company's profit goes straight back into new projects.
I accept my portion of the blame.
fog /fɒg/ /fɑːg/ noun WEATHER a weather condition in which very small drops of water come together to form a thick cloud close to the land
or sea, making it difficult to see
Thick/Heavy/Dense fog has made driving conditions dangerous.
keep up (with sb/sth ) phrasal verb If someone or something keeps up with someone or something else, they do whatever is necessary to stay
level or equal with that person or thing
He started to walk faster and the children had to run to keep up. / Wages are failing to keep up with inflation.
come by (somewhere) phrasal verb to visit a place for a short time, often when you are going somewhere else
I'll come by (the office/your house) one day this week and we can have a chat.
contribute verb to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people
Her family have contributed £50,000 to the fund.
occur /əˈkɜː r / /-ˈkɝː/ verb -rr- HAPPEN An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane.
ac ˈ cording ˌ to /əˈkɔː.dɪŋˌtuː/ /-ˈkɔːr-/ preposition METHOD in a way that agrees with
Students are all put in different groups according to their ability.
career noun [ C ] the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life, especially if you continue to get better jobs and earn more money
rapid /ˈræp.ɪd/ adjective fast or sudden
I was startled by a rapid movement to my left.
 Try harder 55

fond /fɒnd/ /fɑːnd/ adjective LIKING having a great liking for someone or something
She was very fond of horses.
characteristic /ˌkær.ɪk.təˈrɪs.tɪk/ /ˌker-/ noun [ C ] a typical or noticeable quality of someone or something
The male bird displays (= has) several characteristics which distinguish him from the female.
nowadays /ˈnaʊ.ə.deɪz/ adverb at the present time, in comparison to the past
Nowadays, I bake my own bread rather than buy it.
So ,Such a….., Grammatical rule
thus /ðʌs/ adverb FORMAL in this way
Bend from the waist, thus.
elastic /ɪˈlæs.tɪk/ noun [ U ] a type of rubber that is able to stretch and be returned to its original shape or size
His trousers were held up with a piece of elastic.
leak /liːk/ verb [ I or T ] LIQUID/GAS (of a liquid or gas) to escape from a hole or crack in a pipe or container or (of a container) to allow liquid
or gas to escape : Water was leaking from the pipe.
bounce /baʊn t  s/ verb JUMP to (cause to) move up or away after hitting a surface
The ball bounced off the post and into the net.
humid /ˈhjuː.mɪd/ adjective (of air and weather conditions) containing extremely small drops of water in the air
New York is very hot and humid in the summer.
a hot and humid climate
 Try harder 56

humidity /hjuːˈmɪd.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ]

the quality of being humid
I don't like the humidity of this climate.
severe /sɪˈvɪə r / /-ˈvɪr/ adjective VERY SERIOUS causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc; very serious
a severe chest infection/leg injury/toothache
generosity /ˌdʒen.əˈrɒs.ɪ.ti/ /-ˈrɑː.sə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ] the quality or condition of being generous
Her friends take advantage of (= benefit unfairly from) her generosity.
severity /sɪˈver.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ] SERIOUS seriousness
Even the doctors were shocked by the severity of his injuries.
illegible /ɪˈledʒ.ə.bl ̩/ adjective
(of writing or print) impossible or almost impossible to read because of being very untidy or not clear
His writing is almost illegible.
eligible /ˈel.ɪ.dʒə.bl ̩/ adjective
having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions
You might be eligible for a grant.
Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.
obligation /ˌɒb.lɪˈgeɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌɑː.blə-/ noun when you are obliged to do something
You have a legal obligation to (= The law says you must) ensure your child receives a proper education.
 Try harder 57

something that you must do

I haven't got time to do his work for him - I've got too many obligations as it is.
discharge /dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/ to allow someone officially to leave somewhere, especially a hospital or a court of law
Patients were discharged from hospital because the beds were needed by other people.

discharge /dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/ /-ˈtʃɑːrdʒ/ verb SEND OUT to send out a substance, especially waste liquid or gas
The oil which discharged into the sea seriously harmed a lot of birds and animals.
discharge /dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/ /-ˈtʃɑːrdʒ/ verb FIRE GUN FORMAL to fire a gun, or to fire a shot from a gun
The police stated that some fifty rounds had been discharged.
discharge /ˈdɪs.tʃɑːdʒ/ noun PERMISSION TO LEAVE official permission to leave the armed forces, a prison or a hospital
disadvantage /ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/ /-ˈvæn.t ̬ɪdʒ/ noun [ C or U ] a condition or situation which causes problems, especially one which causes
something or someone to be less successful than other things or people
One disadvantage of living in the town is the lack of safe places for the children to play.
enlist /ɪnˈlɪst/ verb JOIN reenlisted to join the armed forces
They both enlisted ( in the navy) a year before the war broke out.
inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/ /-ˈfɔːrm/ verb [ T ] to tell someone about particular facts
The name of the dead man will not be released until his relatives have been informed.
beneficial /ˌben.ɪˈfɪʃ. ə l/ adjective helpful, useful or good
 Try harder 58

The improvement in sales figures had a beneficial effect /influence on the company as a whole.
veteran /ˈvet. ə r. ə n/ /ˈve.t ̬ɚ-/ noun [ C ] ( US INFORMAL vet ) someone who has been in the armed forces during a war
prohibit /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/ verb to officially forbid (= refuse to allow) something
Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town centre.
recruit /rɪˈkruːt/ verb [ T ] to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army Even
young boys are now being recruited into the army.
beyond /biˈjɒnd/preposition , adverb FURTHER AWAY further away in the distance (than something)
From the top of the hill we could see our house and the woods beyond.
influence /ˈɪn.flu.ən t  s/ verb [ T ] to affect or change how someone or something develops, behaves or thinks
She's very good at making friends and influencing people.
hesitate /ˈhez.ɪ.teɪt/ verb [ I ] She hesitated slightly before answering the inspector's question.
subject sb/sth to sth phrasal verb [ often passive ] to make someone or something experience an unpleasant or worrying thing
The inquiry found that they had been subjected to unfair treatment.
"I didn't want to subject him to such a long journey," she said.
touch tʌtʃ noun
be in touch (with someone) to see, speak to, or write to someone
I’ll be in touch next week about our trip to Paris.
2 get in touch (with someone) to speak or write to someone, especially after you have not spoken to them for a long time
 Try harder 59

I must get in touch with the bank and arrange an overdraft.

3 keep stay in touch (with someone) to continue to write or speak to someone although you do not see them often
They moved away five years ago, but we still keep in touch.
besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/ adverb , preposition in addition to; also
Do you play any other sports besides football and basketball?
 Try harder 60

BOOK 22
descend /dɪˈsend/ verb POSITION FORMAL to go or come down
The path descended steeply into the valley.
ambulance /ˈæm.bjʊ.lən t  s/ noun [ C ] a special vehicle used to take ill or injured people to hospital
I called an ambulance.
swallow ˈswɒləʊ ˈswɑloʊ verb to make food or drink go from your mouth down through your throat and into your stomach
She quickly swallowed the rest of her coffee.
I had a sore throat and it hurt to swallow.
as if/though used to describe how a situation seems to be
She looked as if she'd had some bad news.
Do me/us a favour! INFORMAL Help / lend a hand
"Why don't you tell the police what happened?" "Oh, do me a favour!"
throughout /θruːˈaʊt/ preposition , adverb in every part, or during the whole period of time
People throughout the country are out of work
conscious /ˈkɒn. t  ʃəs/ /ˈkɑːn-/ adjective AWAKE awake, thinking and knowing what is happening around you
He's still conscious but he's fairly badly injured. Opposite unconscious
faint verb BECOMING UNCONSCIOUS to suddenly become unconscious for a short time, usually falling down
He faints at the sight of blood.
 Try harder 61

spoil /spɔɪl/ verb DESTROY When food spoils or is spoilt, it is no longer good enough to eat
The dessert will spoil if you don't keep it in the fridge.
decay verb (cause something to) become gradually damaged, worse or less
Sugar makes your teeth decay. the smell of decaying meat
critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.k ə l/ /ˈkrɪt ̬-/ adjective SERIOUS extremely serious or dangerous
Both drivers are critical/in a critical condition (= so badly hurt that they might die) after the 120mph crash.
slightly /ˈslaɪt.li/ adverb SMALL IN AMOUNT a little
I'm slightly worried that she'll get lost on the way.
variation /ˌveə.riˈeɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌver.i-/ noun CHANGE a change in amount or level
The medical tests showed some variation in the baby's heart rate.
variation /ˌveə.riˈeɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌver.i-/ noun DIFFERENCE something that is slightly different from the usual form or arrangement
The films she makes are all variations on the same theme .
get rid of sth to remove or throw away something unwanted
That cream got rid of my skin rash.
get rid of sb to send away someone annoying or to persuade them to leave
We got rid of our unwelcome guests by saying we had to go to bed.
besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/ adverb , preposition in addition to; also
Do you play any other sports besides football and basketball?
 Try harder 62

operation /ˌɒp. ə rˈeɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌɑː.pəˈreɪ-/ noun MEDICAL PROCESS when a doctor cuts a body for medical reasons in order to repair,
remove or replace a diseased or damaged part
He's got to have an operation on his shoulder.
pass out phrasal verb BECOME UNCONSCIOUS : faint to become unconscious for a short time, for example when ill, badly hurt or drunk
I was hit on the head and passed out.
concern /kənˈsɜːn/ verb WORRY to cause worry to someone : The state of my father's health concerns us greatly .
minor /ˈmaɪ.nə r / /-nɚ/ adjective UNIMPORTANT having little importance, influence or effect, especially when compared with other things of
the same type
It's only a minor problem . Compare major
call on sb phrasal verb to ask someone in a formal way to do something
They're calling on all men and boys over the age of 14 to join the army.
call (in) on sb phrasal verb to visit someone for a short time
I thought we might call in on your mother on our way - I've got some magazines for her.
declare /dɪˈkleə r / /-ˈkler/ verb EXPRESS to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially
They declared their support for the proposal
capable /ˈkeɪ.pə.bl ̩/ adjective able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achieve results
She's a very capable woman/worker/judge.
nominate /ˈnɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ /ˈnɑː.mə-/ verb [ T ] SUGGEST to officially suggest someone for an election, job, position or honour
 Try harder 63

He's been nominated by the Green Party as their candidate in the next election.
nominate /ˈnɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ /ˈnɑː.mə-/ verb [ T ] CHOOSE to officially choose someone for a job or to do something
She was nominated as the delegation's official interpreter.
appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/ verb CHOOSE to choose someone officially for a job or responsibility
We've appointed three new teachers this year.
turn sth in phrasal verb [ M ] RETURN to return something to an organization or a person in authority
hand sth in phrasal verb to give something to someone in a position of authority
Have you handed in your history essay yet?
submit /səbˈmɪt/ verb -tt- GIVE to give or offer something for a decision to be made by others
You must submit your application before January 1st.
Adjective clause grammatical rules
reckless /ˈrek.ləs/ adjective doing something dangerous and not worrying about the risks and the possible results
He was found guilty of reckless driving .
patience /ˈpeɪ.ʃ ə n t  s/ noun [ U ] QUALITY the ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties, or to suffer without
complaining or becoming annoyed
You have to have such a lot of patience when you're dealing with kids. Opposite impatience
Simple /ˈsɪm.pl ̩/ adjective PLAIN without decoration; plain
I like simple food better than fancy dishes.
 Try harder 64

beam verb SEND OUT to send out a beam of light, or an electrical or radio signal, etc.
The midday sun beamed (= shone brightly) down on the boat as it drifted along.
blink verb it flashes on and off.
catch fire to start burning
This wood's too wet, the fire won't catch.
flame /fleɪm/ noun FIRE burning gas (from something on fire) which produces usually yellow light
The flames grew larger as the fire spread.
pullover /ˈpʊlˌəʊ.və r / /-ˌoʊ.vɚ/ noun [ C ] ( US USUALLY sweater , AUSTRALIAN USUALLY jumper )
a piece of clothing which is made of a warm material such as wool, has long sleeves, and is worn over the top part of the body and put on by
pulling it over your head
sweater /ˈswet.ə r / ( UK ALSO jumper ) a piece of clothing with long sleeves which is usually made from wool and worn on the upper part of the
body
climate /ˈklaɪ.mət/ noun WEATHER the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place
a hot/dry/harsh climate
approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ /-ˈproʊtʃ/ verb COME NEAR to come near or nearer to something or someone in space, time, quality or amount
We could just see the train approaching in the distance.
flammable /ˈflæm.ə.bl ̩/ adjective describes something that burns easily
Caution! This solvent is highly flammable.
 Try harder 65

blast /blɑːst/ /blæst/ verb EXPLODE to explode or destroy something or someone with explosives, or to break through or hit something with a
similar, very strong force
A tunnel was to be blasted through the mountains.
combustible /kəmˈbʌs.tɪ.bl ̩/ adjective FORMAL able to burn easily
Wood and coal are both combustible substances.
blurred adjective ( ALSO blurry ) difficult to see
The picture on the TV went all blurry.
complicated /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/ /ˈkɑːm.plɪ.keɪ.t ̬ɪd/ adjective involving a lot of different parts, in a way that is difficult to understand
complicated instructions
I had to fill in this really complicated form.
feature /ˈfiː.tʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun QUALITY a typical quality or an important part of something
The town's main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace.
Our latest model of phone has several new features.
blunt /blʌnt/ adjective NOT SHARP describes a pencil, knife, etc. that is not sharp, and therefore not able to write, cut, etc. well
utensil /juːˈten.sɪl/ noun [ C ] a tool with a particular use, especially in a kitchen or house
In the drawer was a selection of kitchen utensils - spoons, spatulas, knives and whisks.
shovel ˈʃʌv(ə)l noun [countable] a tool used for lifting and moving something such as snow or soil. It consists of a long handle with a curved
metal end. SPADE
 Try harder 66

nail /neɪl/ noun [ C ] METAL a small thin piece of metal with one pointed end and one flat end which you hit into something with a hammer,
especially in order to fasten or join it to something else
a three-inch nail
hammer /ˈhæm.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun [ C ] a tool consisting of a piece of metal with a flat end which is fixed onto the end of a long thin usually wooden
handle, used for hitting things
Hammer drive nail in the wall / Drill make hole in the wall.
He is boring hole in the wall with the drill and he ware the goggles
pliers /ˈplaɪ.əz/ /-ɚz/ plural noun a small tool with two handles for holding or pulling small things like nails, or for cutting wire
Pass me that pair of pliers, please.
goggles plural noun put on goggles to protect his eyes.
special glasses which fit close to the face to protect the eyes from chemicals, wind, water, etc
bore /bɔː r / /bɔːr/ verb MAKE A HOLE to make a hole in something using a tool
He used a drill to bore a hole in the wall.
Hanging on a picture on a nail.
glue /gluː/ noun [ U ] a sticky substance which is used for joining things together permanently, produced from animal bones and skins or by a
chemical process
adhere /ədˈhɪə r / /-ˈhɪr/ verb [ I ] FORMAL to stick firmly
A smooth, dry surface helps the tiles adhere to the wall.
 Try harder 67

fastener /ˈfɑːs. ə n.ə r / /ˈfæs. ə n.ɚ/ noun [ C ]

a button, zip or other device for temporarily joining together the parts of things such as clothes

screw /skruː/ noun METAL OBJECT

a thin pointed piece of metal with a raised edge twisting round along its length and a flat top with a cut in it, which is used to join things
together, especially pieces of wood
a twist or turn made to fasten or tighten something
Give it another screw to make sure the lid doesn't come off while we're travelling.
sandpaper /ˈsæn d  ˌpeɪ.pə r / /-pɚ/ noun [ U ] strong paper with sand or a similar rough substance stuck to one side, used for rubbing a surface
in order to make it smoother coarse/fine sandpaper
coarse /kɔːs/ /kɔːrs/ adjective ROUGH rough and not smooth or soft, or not in very small pieces
coarse sand/breadcrumbs
We use coarse sandpaper to begin sanding to remove dust.
scissors /ˈsɪz.əz/ /-ɚz/ plural noun a device used for cutting materials such as paper, cloth and hair, consisting of two sharp blades which are
joined in the middle, and two handles with holes to put your fingers through
Could you pass me the/those scissors, please.
Use bare hands to lift the goods never wear gloves
 Try harder 68

ˈ light ˌ bulb noun [ C ] ( ALSO bulb ) a rounded glass container with a thin thread of metal inside which produces light when an electric current
goes through it
tip /tɪp/ verb -pp- ONE SIDE HIGHER to (cause to) move so that one side is higher than another side
The tip is very sharp.
aim /eɪm/ verb INTEND to intend
I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35.
counterclockwise in the opposite direction to the movement of the hand of a clock or watch
"How do I get the top off this bottle?" "Push it down and twist it anti-clockwise."
firearm /ˈfaɪə.rɑːm/ /ˈfaɪr.ɑːrm/ noun [ C ] SLIGHTLY FORMAL a gun that can be carried easily
ammunition /ˌæm.jʊˈnɪʃ. ə n/ noun [ U ] ( INFORMAL ammo ) objects that can be shot from a weapon such as bullets or bombs
a shortage of ammunition
equip /ɪˈkwɪp/ verb [ T ] -pp- PROVIDE to provide a person or a place with objects that are necessary for a particular purpose
It's going to cost $4 million to equip the hospital.
sufficient /səˈfɪʃ. ə nt/ adjective enough for a particular purpose
This recipe should be sufficient for five people. Opposite insufficient
adequate /ˈæd.ə.kwət/ adjective enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose
Have we got adequate food for twenty guests? Opposite inadequate
 Try harder 69

thorough /ˈθʌr.ə/ /ˈθɝː-/ , /-oʊ/ adjective CAREFUL complete detailed and careful
They did a thorough search of the area but found nothing.
trigger /ˈtrɪg.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun GUN PART a part of a gun which causes the gun to fire when pressed
It's not clear who actually pulled the trigger.
barrel /ˈbær. ə l/ noun [ C ] GUN PART the long part of a gun that is shaped like a tube
sight /saɪt/ noun GUN PART a part of a gun or other device through which you look to help you aim at something
Make sure you line up the sights before you fire the gun.
cartridge /ˈkɑː.trɪdʒ/ /ˈkɑːr-/ noun [ C ] a small part with a particular purpose, used in a larger piece of equipment, which can be easily
replaced with another similar part
a small tube containing an explosive substance and a bullet for use in a gun
tendency /ˈten.dən t  .si/ noun [ C ] If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it or like it
There is a growing tendency to regard money more highly than quality of life.
malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃ ə n/ verb [ I ] SLIGHTLY FORMAL to fail to work or operate correctly
essential /ɪˈsen. t  ʃ ə l/ adjective important necessary; needed
Government support will be essential if the project is to succeed.
exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/ /-ˈzɑːst/ verb [ T ] TIRE to make someone extremely tired
The long journey exhausted the children.
fatigue fəˈtiːɡ fəˈtiɡ noun [uncountable] a feeling of being extremely tired, either physically or mentally
 Try harder 70

A child’s sleep problems cause parents fatigue and unnecessary guilt.

tired 1 adj.
tired • exhausted • drained • weary • sleepy • drowsy • worn out • shattered • pooped • fatigued
These words all describe sb who needs to sleep or rest.
tired ➔ drained ➔ exhausted sleepy weary shattered drowsy worn out pooped fatigued
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
tired / BrE ; AmE / feeling that you would like to sleep or rest; needing rest
I'm too tired even to think. ◇ They were cold, hungry and tired out ( = very tired ) . ◇ The words danced on the page before his tired eyes.
exhausted / BrE ; AmE / extremely tired
I'm exhausted! The exhausted climbers were rescued by helicopter.
►  exhaustion / BrE ; AmE / noun [ U ]: Her face was grey with exhaustion.
drained / BrE ; AmE / [ not usually before noun ] very tired because you have used up all your physical, mental or emotional energy He suddenly
felt totally drained. ◇ The experience left her physically and emotionally drained.
sleepy / BrE ; AmE / needing sleep; ready to go to sleep
The heat and the wine made him sleepy.
She kept rubbing her eyes like a sleepy child.
►  sleepily / BrE ; AmE / adv. : She yawned sleepily.
drowsy / BrE ; AmE / [ not usually before noun ] almost asleep; making you feel relaxed and sleepy
 Try harder 71

The tablets may make you feel drowsy. ◇ She lay in the sun all through the long, drowsy afternoon.
►  drowsiness / BrE ; AmE / noun [ U ]: The drugs tend to cause drowsiness.
worn out / BrE ; AmE / [ not usually before noun ] very tired, especially as a result of hard work or physical exercise
Can we sit down? I'm worn out.
fatigued / BrE ; AmE / [ not usually before noun ] ( formal ) very tired, both physically and mentally
The troops were already fatigued from the long forced march.
  fatigue / BrE ; AmE / noun [ U ]: Driver fatigue was to blame for the accident.
stationary /ˈsteɪ.ʃ ə n. ə r.i/ /-ʃə.ner-/ adjective not moving, or not changing
The rate of inflation has been stationary for several months.
stationery /ˈsteɪ.ʃ ə n. ə r.i/ /-ʃə.ner-/ noun [ U ] the things needed for writing, such as paper, pens, pencils and envelopes
good quality paper for writing letters on and matching envelopes
overhaul /ˈəʊ.və.hɔːl/ /ˈoʊ.vɚ.hɑːl/ verb [ T ] to repair or improve something so that every part of it works as it should
I got the engine overhauled.
 Try harder 72

BOOK 23
matter /ˈmæt.ə r / /ˈmæt ̬.ɚ/ noun SUBSTANCE physical substance in the universe
Some scientists believe that there is about ten times as much matter in the universe as astronomers have observed.
consist of sth phrasal verb made of made of or formed from something
The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
compose /kəmˈpəʊz/ /-ˈpoʊz/ verb FORM Everything compose of matter. be composed of sth
to be formed from various things : Air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
space /speɪs/ noun EMPTY PLACE an empty area which is available to be used
Is there any space for my clothes in that cupboard?
occupy /ˈɒk.jʊ.paɪ/ /ˈɑː.kjʊ-/ verb [ T ] FILL to fill, exist in, or use a place or period of time
The bathroom's occupied - I think John's in there.
exist /ɪgˈzɪst/ verb [ I ] BE to be, or to be real
I don't think ghosts exist. / Poverty still exists in this country.
demonstrate /ˈdem.ən.streɪt/ verb SHOW to show; to make clear
These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
convert /kənˈvɜːt/ /-ˈvɝːt/ verb CHANGE to (cause something or someone to) change in form, character, or opinion
What's the formula for converting pounds into kilos?
He converted to (= started believing in) Catholicism when he got married.
 Try harder 73

evaporate /ɪˈvæp. ə r.eɪt/ /-ɚ-/ verb BECOME GAS to cause a liquid to change to a gas, especially by heating
Plants keep cool during the summer by evaporating water from their leaves.
steam /stiːm/ noun [ U ] the hot gas that is produced when water boils
Steam rose from the simmering stew. The pump is driven by steam.
vapour UK , US vapor /ˈveɪ.pə r / /-pɚ/ noun GAS gas or extremely small drops of liquid which result from the heating of a liquid or solid
element /ˈel.ɪ.mənt/ noun SIMPLE SUBSTANCE a simple substance which cannot be reduced to smaller chemical parts
Aluminium is an element.
stall /stɔːl/ /stɑːl/ verb ENGINE If an engine stalls, or if you stall it, it stops working suddenly and without you intending it to happen : A car
may stall due to the driver braking too suddenly.
particle /ˈpɑː.tɪ.kl ̩/ /ˈpɑːr.t ̬ə-/ noun SMALL PIECE an extremely small piece of matter
Dust particles must have got into the motor.
atom /ˈæt.əm/ /ˈæt ̬-/ noun [ C ] the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons .
Atoms can combine to form a molecule
A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
layer /ˈleɪ.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun [ C ] a level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, which is different from the material above or below it, or a thin
sheet of a substance : the ozone layer
atmosphere /ˈæt.mə.sfɪə r / /-sfɪr/ noun AIR the mixture of gases that surrounds some planets, such as the Earth; the air
altitude ˈæltɪˌtjuːd ˈæltɪˌtud noun [countable/uncountable]
 Try harder 74

the height of a place or thing above SEA LEVEL the surface of the sea
a jet cruising at an altitude of 35,000 feet
attitude ˈætɪˌtjuːd ˈætɪˌtud noun someone’s opinions or feelings about something, especially as shown by their behaviour
an unhealthy social environment that encourages negative attitudes
attitude to People here have a more relaxed attitude to their work.
attitude towards Attitudes towards the older members of the group will have to change.
barometer /bəˈrɒm.ɪ.tə r / noun [ C ] a device that measures air pressure and shows when the weather is likely to change
Weight of air called pressure.

Did the atmosphere compose of Oxygen and hydrogen / No, it composes of Oxygen and Nitrogen.
inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/ verb BREATHE to breathe air, smoke, or gas into your lungs Compare exhale
compress /kəmˈpres/ verb [ T ] to press something into a smaller space
Firmly compress the soil in the pot so that the plant is secure.
to make information, a piece of writing, etc. shorter
The course compresses two year's training into six intensive months.
expand /ɪkˈspænd/ verb [ I or T ] to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this way
They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s.
density /ˈden t  .sɪ.ti/ /-sə.t ̬i/[ C or U ] MATTER SPECIALIZED the relationship between the mass of a substance and its size
 Try harder 75

Lead has a high density. Aluminium is low in density.

molecule /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/ [ C ] SPECIALIZED the simplest unit of a chemical substance, usually a group of two or more atoms
patio /ˈpæt.i.əʊ/ /ˈpæt ̬.i.oʊ/ noun [ C ] plural patios an area outside a house with a solid floor but no roof which is used, especially for eating,
in good weather : In the summer we have breakfast out on the patio.
insulation /ˌɪn.sjʊˈleɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ] when you cover something to stop heat, sound or electricity from escaping or entering, or when
something is covered in this way
House tools
screwdriver /ˈskruːˌdraɪ.və r / /-vɚ/ noun [ C ] a tool for turning screws, consisting of a handle joined to a metal rod shaped at one end to fit in
the cut in the top of the screw
wrench /ren t  ʃ/ noun TOOL [ C ] MAINLY US a spanner , usually one which can be made larger or smaller for holding and turning objects of
different sizes
pliers /ˈplaɪ.əz/ /-ɚz/ plural noun a small tool with two handles for holding or pulling small things like nails, or for cutting wire
Pass me that pair of pliers, please.
US wrench a metal tool with a shaped end, used to turn nuts and bolts
collision /kəˈlɪʒ. ə n/ noun ACCIDENT an accident that happens when two vehicles hit each other with force
There has been a collision on the southbound stretch of the motorway.
collide /kəˈlaɪd/ verb [ I ] (especially of moving objects) to hit something violently
The two vans collided at the crossroads.
 Try harder 76

unconscious /ʌnˈkɒn. t  ʃəs/ /-ˈkɑːn-/ adjective in the state of not being awake, especially as the result of a head injury
She was hit on the head by a stone and knocked unconscious.
aware /əˈweə r / adjective [ after verb ] knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing
Were you aware of the risks at the time?
victim /ˈvɪk.tɪm/ noun [ C ] someone or something which has been hurt, damaged or killed or has suffered, either because of the actions of
someone or something else, or because of illness or chance
precede /prɪˈsiːd/ /priː-/ verb [ T ] to be or go before something or someone in time or space
It would be helpful if you were to precede the report with an introduction.
procedure /prəˈsiː.dʒə r / /-dʒɚ/ noun WAY TO DO a set of actions which is the official or accepted way of doing something
You must follow correct procedure at all times.
wound /wuːnd/ noun [ C ] INJURY a damaged area of the body, such as a cut or hole in the skin or flesh made by a weapon
a gunshot wound
bandage /ˈbæn.dɪdʒ/ noun [ C or U ] ( US ALSO gauze ) a long narrow piece of cloth which is tied around an injury or a part of someone's body
that has been hurt protect the wound from dirt
elevate /ˈel.ɪ.veɪt/ verb [ T ] FORMAL to raise something or lift something up
The platform was elevated by means of hydraulic legs.
initial /ɪˈnɪʃ. ə l/ adjective [ before noun ] of or at the beginning
Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yet been confirmed.
 Try harder 77

somewhat /ˈsʌm.wɒt/ /-wɑːt/ adverb SLIGHTLY FORMAL slightly

The resort has changed somewhat over the last few years.
come across sth phrasal verb to find something by chance
He came across some of his old love letters in his wife's drawer.
fracture /ˈfræk. t  ʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun [ C ] a break or crack in something hard, especially a bone
He suffered/sustained multiple fractures in a motorcycle accident.
fragile /ˈfrædʒ.aɪl/ /ˈfrædʒ. ə l/ adjective easily damaged, broken or harmed
Be careful with that vase - it's very fragile.
crush /krʌʃ/ verb PRESS to press something very hard so that it is broken or its shape is destroyed
The package had been badly crushed in the post.

collapse /kəˈlæps/ verb FALL to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support
Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake. The chair collapsed under her weight .
bleed /bliːd/ verb bled , bled to lose blood
Your arm is bleeding.
lie down phrasal verb to move into a position in which your body is flat, usually in order to sleep or rest
He lay down on the bed and tried to relax.
lie-down /ˌlaɪˈdaʊn/ noun [ S ] MAINLY UK INFORMAL a short rest, usually in bed
 Try harder 78

I usually have a bit of a lie down after lunch.

forehead /ˈfɒr.ɪd/ , /ˈfɔː.hed/ /ˈfɑː.rɪd/ noun [ C ] the flat part of the face, above the eyes and below the hair
She's got a high forehead.
correspond /ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒnd/ /ˌkɔːr.ɪˈspɑːnd/ verb [ I ] WRITE to communicate by writing a letter or sending an email
I've been corresponding with several experts in the field.
correspondence /ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒn.dən t  s/ /ˌkɔːr.ɪˈspɑːn-/ noun WRITING letters, especially official or business letters
Any further correspondence should be sent to my new address.

mean /miːn/ verb meant , meant EXPRESS to express or represent something such as an idea, thought, or fact
What does this word mean?
embarrass /ɪmˈbær.əs/ /-ˈber-/ verb [ T ] to cause someone to feel nervous, worried or uncomfortable
I didn't want to embarrass her in front of her friends.
right /raɪt/ adverb EXACTLY right away/now immediately You'd better leave right now.
right now at the present time We're very busy right now.
transport /trænˈspɔːt/ /-spɔːrt/ verb [ T ] GOODS/PEOPLE to take goods or people from one place to another
The pipeline was constructed to transport oil across Alaska to ports on the coast.
zip code noun [ C ] in the US, a series of numbers that forms part of an address, and which is used to help organize post so that it can
be delivered more quickly postcode
 Try harder 79

separate /ˈsep. ə r.eɪt/ /-ə.reɪt/ verb to (cause to) divide into parts
My parents separated when I was six and divorced a couple of years later.
mean /miːn/ verb meant , meant to intend I'm sorry if I offended you - I didn't mean any harm .
mean /miːn/ adjective NOT GENEROUS MAINLY UK not willing to give or share things, especially money
He's too mean to buy her a ring.
mean /miːn/ adjective NOT KIND unkind or unpleasant She just said it to be mean.
mean /miːn/ adjective GOOD INFORMAL very good She plays a mean piano (= She plays very well) .
mean /miːn/ adjective MATHEMATICS a mean value
mean /miːn/ noun [ S ] METHOD FORMAL a quality or way of doing something which is in the middle of two completely different qualities or
ways of doing something
We need to find a mean between exam questions which are too difficult and those which are too easy.
distribution /ˌdɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃ ə n/ the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something
distribution costs
short /ʃɔːt/ /ʃɔːrt/ adjective LACKING
be short (of sth )
to not have enough of something : We're a bit short of coffee - I must get some more.
previous /ˈpriː.vi.əs/ adjective [ before noun ] happening or existing before something or someone else
He has two daughters from a previous marriage.
 Try harder 80

meantime /ˈmiːn.taɪm/ noun in the meantime until something expected happens, or while something else is happening
Your computer won't be arriving till Thursday. In the meantime, you can use Jude's.
intersection /ˌɪn.təˈsek.ʃ ə n/ /-t ̬ɚ-/ noun ROADS the place where two or more roads join or cross each other
Turn right at the next intersection.
converge /kənˈvɜːdʒ/ /-ˈvɝːdʒ/ verb [ I ] If lines, roads or paths converge, they move towards the same point where they join or meet : The
paths all converge at the main gate of the park. Compare diverge
fence /fen t  s/ noun [ C ] STRUCTURE a structure which divides two areas of land, similar to a wall but made of wood or wire and supported
with posts
northward /ˈnɔːθ.wəd/ /ˈnɔːrθ.wɚd/ adjective towards the north
southward /ˈsaʊθ.wəd/ /-wɚd/ adjective towards the south
Reported speech

artillery /ɑːˈtɪl. ə r.i/ /ɑːrˈtɪl.ɚ-/ noun [ U ] very large guns that are moved on wheels or metal tracks, or the part of the army which uses these
Naval gunfire and ground-based artillery are generally less accurate than many aircraft-borne weapons.
inspect /ɪnˈspekt/ verb [ T ] to look at something or someone carefully in order to discover information, especially about their quality or
condition : The King inspected the troops.
interfere /ˌɪn.təˈfɪə r / /-t ̬ɚˈfɪr/ verb [ I ] to involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not helpful
It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere.
 Try harder 81

give up phrasal verb to stop trying to guess

You'll never guess the answer - do you give up?
When would be the ticker should be replace

Aiming device has to be level

It must be inspect regularly

expect /ɪkˈspekt/ verb THINK to think or believe something will happen, or someone will arrive
We are expecting a lot of applicants for the job.
aim at sth phrasal verb to plan, hope or intend to achieve something
The talks are aiming at a compromise.
barricade /ˈbær.ɪ.keɪd/ , /--ˈ-/ noun [ C ] a line or pile of objects put together, especially quickly, to stop people from going where they want to
go
Inmates erected a barricade between themselves and prison officers.
accommodate /əˈkɒm.ə.deɪt/ /-ˈkɑː.mə-/ verb [ T ] FIND A PLACE FOR to provide with a place to live or to be stored in
New students may be accommodated in halls of residence.
occurrence /əˈkʌr. ə n t  s/ /-ˈkɝː-/ noun HAPPENING something that happens
Street-fights are an everyday occurrence in this area of the city.
 Try harder 82

perform /pəˈfɔːm/ /pɚˈfɔːrm/ verb DO to do an action or piece of work : The operation will be performed next week.
performance /pəˈfɔː.mən t  s/ /pɚˈfɔːr-/ noun DO how well a person, machine, etc. does a piece of work or an activity
Some athletes take drugs to improve their performance.
resist /rɪˈzɪst/ verb to fight against something or someone that is attacking you
The soldiers resisted (the enemy attacks) for two days.
resistance /rɪˈzɪs.t ə n t  s/ noun when something or someone resists
Government troops offered no resistance ( to the rebels).
tolerate /ˈtɒl. ə r.eɪt/ /ˈtɑː.lə.reɪt/ verb [ T ] ACCEPT to accept behaviour and beliefs which are different from your own, although you might
not agree with or approve of them : I will not tolerate that sort of behaviour in my class.
tolerance /ˈtɒl. ə r. ə n t  s/ /ˈtɑː.lɚ-/ noun ACCEPTANCE ( FORMAL toleration ) willingness to accept behaviour and beliefs which are
different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them
This period in history is not noted for its religious tolerance.
convergence /kənˈvɜː.dʒ ə n t  s/ /-ˈvɝː-/ noun [ C or U ] a convergence of interests/opinions/ideas
convergent /kənˈvɜː.dʒ ə nt/ /-ˈvɝː-/ adjective convergent lines/opinions
 Try harder 83

BOOK 24

co-educational /ˌkəʊ.ed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃ ə n. ə l/ /ˌkoʊ-/ adjective having male and female students being taught together in the same school or
college rather than separately
Girls tend to do better academically in single-sex schools than in co-educational ones.
co- prefix sharing a job or responsibility used with some nouns, verbs, and adjectives
her co-star another main actor taking part with her in the film
co-ownership ,a co-writer/co-author ,Co-manufacture, Co-author, Co-Captain, Co-publish ect
terrific /təˈrɪf.ɪk/ adjective INFORMAL VERY GOOD 1. very good a terrific opportunity
drive /draɪv/ noun ROAD driveway a short private road which leads from a public road to a house
I parked in the drive.
take off phrasal verb LEAVE INFORMAL to suddenly leave somewhere, usually without telling anyone that you are going
When he saw me, he took off in the other direction.
forgive /fəˈgɪv/ /fɚ-/ verb [ I or T not continuous ] forgave , forgiven to stop blaming or being angry with someone for something they have
done, or not punish them for something
I don't think she's ever quite forgiven me for getting her name wrong that time.
forgive me FORMAL used before you ask or say something that might seem rude
Forgive me for asking, but how much did you pay for your bag?
 Try harder 84

attend /əˈtend/ verb BE PRESENT SLIGHTLY FORMAL to go to an event, place, etc.

Over two hundred people attended the funeral.
apologize , UK USUALLY apologise /əˈpɒl.ə.dʒaɪz/ /-ˈpɑː.lə-/ verb [ I ] to tell someone that you are sorry for having done something that has
caused them problems or unhappiness
I must apologize to Isobel for my lateness. Gerund grammar
against /əˈgen t  st/ , /-ˈgeɪn t  st/ /-ˈgentst/ preposition OPPOSING in opposition to
She spoke against the decision to close the college.
against /əˈgen t  st/ , /-ˈgeɪn t  st/ /-ˈgentst/ preposition TOUCHING next to and touching or being supported by (something)
Why don't we put the bed against the wall?
against /əˈgen t  st/ , /-ˈgeɪn t  st/ /-ˈgentst/ preposition OPPOSITE DIRECTION in the opposite direction to
The last part of the course was hard because I was running against the wind.
apply /əˈplaɪ/ verb REQUEST to request something, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form
By the time I saw the job advertised it was already too late to apply.
Apply for a loan

insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ verb [ I ] to state or demand forcefully, especially despite opposition

Greg still insists (that) he did nothing wrong. Please go first - I insist!
congratulate /kənˈgræt.jʊ.leɪt/ verb [ T ] to praise someone and say that you approve of or are pleased about a special or unusual achievement
 Try harder 85

I was just congratula

ting Ceri on winn ing/on hav ing won her race.
cement /sɪˈment/ noun [ U ] BUILDING MATERIAL a grey powder which is mixed with water and sand to make mortar or with water, sand and
small stones to make
cement /sɪˈment/ noun [ U ] GLUE a substance which sticks things together
Dentists use cement to hold crowns and bridges in place.
concrete /ˈkɒŋ.kriːt/ /ˈkɑːn-/ noun [ U ] a very hard building material made by mixing together cement , sand, small stones and water : a
concrete floor/path
pour /pɔː r / /pɔːr/ verb CAUSE TO FLOW to make a substance flow from a container, , by raising just one side of the container that the
substance is in : Pour the honey into the bowl and mix it thoroughly with the other ingredients.
iron /aɪən/ /aɪrn/ noun METAL a common silver-coloured metal element which is magnetic. It is strong, used in making steel and found in very
small amounts, in a chemically combined form, in blood Iron rusts easily.
alloy /ˈæl.ɔɪ/ noun [ C ] a metal that is made by mixing two or more metals, or a metal and another substance
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
steel /stiːl/ noun [ U ] steel is a well know alloy.
a strong metal which is a mixture of iron and carbon, and which is used for making things which need a strong structure, especially vehicles
and buildings steel girders/rods/struts
 Try harder 86

mineral /ˈmɪn. ə r. ə l/ noun SUBSTANCE a valuable or useful chemical substance which is formed naturally in the ground a chemical that
your body needs to stay healthy
mine /maɪn/ noun [ C ] HOLE a hole or system of holes in the ground made for the removal of substances such as coal, metal, and salt by digging
a coal/salt/gold mine My grandfather used to work in/ UK down the mines.
ore /ɔː r / /ɔːr/ noun [ C or U ] rock or soil from which metal can be obtained
iron/copper ore
liquefy , liquify /ˈlɪk.wɪ.faɪ/ verb to (cause a gas or a solid to) change into a liquid form : Gases liquefy under pressure.
solidify /səˈlɪd.ɪ.faɪ/ verb [ I or T ] NOT LIQUID/GAS to change from being a liquid or gas to a solid form, or to make something do this :
Molten volcanic lava solidifies as it cools.
exact /ɪgˈzækt/ verb [ T ] FORMAL to demand and get something, sometimes using force or threats, or to make something necessary
utilize , UK USUALLY utilise /ˈjuː.tɪ.laɪz/ /-t ̬ ə l.aɪz/ verb FORMAL to use something in an effective way
The vitamins come in a form that is easily utilized by the body.
refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ verb to make something pure or improve something, especially by removing unwanted material
Crude oil is industrially refined to purify it and separate out the different elements, such as benzene.
to improve an idea, method, system, etc. by making small changes
Engineers spent many months refining the software.
accomplish /əˈkʌm.plɪʃ/ /-ˈkɑːm-/ verb] to finish something successfully or to achieve something
The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes.
 Try harder 87

metallic /məˈtæl.ɪk/ adjective describes a sound, appearance or taste which is like metal
Our new car is metallic blue.
refined /rɪˈfaɪnd/ adjective CHANGED A refined substance has been made pure by removing other substances from it
Refined foods such as white bread and white sugar
ˈ melting ˌ point noun [ C usually singular ] the temperature at which a substance melts
origin /ˈɒr.ɪ.dʒɪn/ /ˈɔːr.ə-/ noun the beginning or cause of something
It's a book about the origin of the universe.
actual /ˈæk.tʃu.əl/ , /-tju-/ , /-tʃʊl/ adjective [ before noun ] real; existing in fact We had estimated about 300 visitors, but the actual number
was much higher.
bronze /brɒnz/ /brɑːnz/ noun a brown metal made of copper and tin The church bells are made of bronze.
relatively ˈrelətɪvli adverb in comparison with someone or something similar
used for saying that something is true when you compare it with other similar things
brass /brɑːs/ /bræs/ noun METAL a bright yellow metal made from copper and zinc : The door handles were made of brass.
the brass the group of brass instruments or players in a band or orchestra
The brass seems to me too loud in this recording.
ˌ precious ˈ metal noun [ C ] a metal which is valuable and usually rare
Platinum and gold are precious metals.
 Try harder 88

scrap noun METAL old cars and machines or pieces of metal, etc. that are not now needed but have parts that can be used to make other things :
We've sold our old car for scrap.
smith noun [ C ] , suffix someone who makes things out of metal, especially by heating and hammering it to shape it
a goldsmith/silversmith
welding noun [ U ] the activity of joining metal parts together
clean-up /kliːn/ noun [ S ] when you make a place clean and tidy It's time you gave your bedroom a good clean-up.
regret /rɪˈgret/ verb [ T ] -tt- to feel sorry about a situation, especially something sad or wrong or a mistake that you have made Is there
anything you've done in your life that you regret?
abundant /əˈbʌn.d ə nt/ adjective FORMAL more than enough : an abundant supply of food
appointee /əˌpɔɪnˈtiː/ noun [ C ] someone who has been chosen officially for a job or responsibility
The new appointee will be working closely with both departments.
appliance /əˈplaɪ.ən t  s/ noun [ C ] a device, machine or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that is used in the house, such as a
cooker or washing machine
electric/domestic/household appliances
excuse /ɪkˈskjuːs/ noun [ C ] a reason that you give to explain why you did something wrong
He'd better have a good excuse for being late.
justify /ˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪ/ verb [ T ] to give or to be a good reason for : Are you sure that these measures are justified?
object /əbˈdʒekt/ verb [ I ] to feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone
 Try harder 89

Would anyone object if we started the meeting now?

Time clause Grammar

insecticide /ɪnˈsek.tɪ.saɪd/ noun ] a chemical substance made and used for killing insects, especially those which eat plants pesticide
fuselage /ˈfjuː.z ə l.ɑːʒ/ noun ] the main body of an aircraft
A close inspection revealed minute cracks in the aircraft's fuselage and wings.
disaster /dɪˈzɑː.stə r / /-ˈzæs.tɚ/ noun [ C or U ] (an event which results in) great harm, damage or death, or serious difficulty
An inquiry was ordered into the recent rail disaster (= a serious train accident) .
discourage /dɪˈskʌr.ɪdʒ/ /-ˈskɝː-/ verb [ T ] MAKE LESS CONFIDENT to make someone feel less confident, enthusiastic and positive about
something, or less willing to do something
The thought of how much work she had to do discouraged her. Opposite encourage
removal /rɪˈmuː.v ə l/ noun [ U ] TAKING AWAY when you take something or someone away from somewhere, or off something stain
removal
.
propel /prəˈpel/ verb [ T ] -ll- to push or move something somewhere, often with a lot of force
a rocket propelled through space
propeller /prəˈpel.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun SOMETIME SAY prop a device which causes a ship or aircraft to move, consisting of two or more blades
which turn round at high speed
 Try harder 90

wing /wɪŋ/ noun [ C ] FOR FLYING the flat part of the body which a bird, insect or bat uses for flying, or one of the flat horizontal structures
that stick out from the side of an aircraft and support it when it is flying
I could see the plane's wing out of my window.
cockpit /ˈkɒk.pɪt/ noun [ C ] the small closed space where the pilot sits in an aircraft, or where the driver sits in a racing car
windscreen /ˈwɪn d  .skriːn/ noun [ C ] 1. UK ( US windshield ) the window at the front of a car, truck etc.
glide verb FLY to fly by floating on air currents instead of using power from wings or an engine
We saw a condor gliding high above the mountains.
bumpy /ˈbʌm.pi/ adjective not smooth We drove along a narrow, bumpy road .
indicate /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/ verb SHOW to show, point or make clear in another way
Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.
indicate /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/ verb SIGNAL UK to show other road users that you intend to turn left or right when you are driving a vehicle : The gauge
indicates a temperature below freezing point.
mask /mɑːsk/ /mæsk/ noun [ C ] FACE COVER a covering for all or part of the face which protects, hides or decorates the person wearing it a
gas mask
crosscheck /ˈkrɒs.tʃek/ /ˈkrɑːs-/ , /-ˈ-/ verb [ I or T ] to make certain that information, a calculation, etc. is correct, by asking a different person
or using a different method of calculation
velocity /vəˈlɒs.ɪ.ti/ /-ˈlɑː.sə.t ̬i/ noun [ C or U ] FORMAL the speed at which an object is travelling
He always used high velocity lead bullets in his rifle.
 Try harder 91

aviation /ˌeɪ.viˈeɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ]

the activity of flying aircraft, or of designing, producing and keeping them in good condition
prop /prɒp/ /prɑːp/ noun AIRCRAFT/SHIP INFORMAL FOR propeller
panel /ˈpæn. ə l/ noun PART a flat, usually rectangular part, or piece of wood, metal, cloth, etc., that fits into or onto something larger : a
beautiful old door with oak panels
flap /flæp/ noun AIRCRAFT PART SPECIALIZED part of the back of an aircraft wing which can be moved up or down to help the aircraft go up or
down
turbine /ˈtɜː.baɪn/ /ˈtɝː-/ noun [ C ] a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns a special wheel with blades in order to
produce power : a steam turbine a turbine engine
awful ˈɔːf(ə)l ˈɔf(ə)l adjective used for emphasizing how unpleasant someone or something is
This wine tastes awful.
Question tags Grammatical rule

uproot /ʌpˈruːt/ verb [ T ] PLANT to pull a plant including its roots out of the ground
Hundreds of mature trees were uprooted in the storm.
give up phrasal verb to stop trying to guess You'll never guess the answer - do you give up?
compulsory /kəmˈpʌl.s ə r.i/ adjective If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law
Swimming was compulsory at my school.
 Try harder 92

mandatory /ˈmæn.də.tri/ adjective FORMAL describes something which must be done, or which is demanded by law
Athletes must undergo a mandatory drugs test before competing in the championship.
plenty /ˈplen.ti/ /-t ̬i/ pronoun , noun , adverb (the state of having) enough or more than enough, or a large amount
We've got plenty of time before we need to leave for the airport.

advisable /ədˈvaɪ.zə.bl ̩/ adjective [ after verb ] If something is advisable, it will avoid problems if you do it
A certain amount of caution is advisable at this point.
necessary adj.
necessary • compulsory • mandatory • requisite • obligatory • forced • involuntary
These words all describe sth that sb has to do or have.
necessary / BrE ; AmE / that is needed for a purpose or a reason
compulsory / BrE ; AmE / ( rather formal ) English is a compulsory subject at this level.
mandatory / BrE ; AmE ( BrE also ) / ( formal ) It is mandatory for blood banks to test all donated blood for the virus..
requisite / BrE ; AmE / [ only before noun ] ( formal ) necessary for a particular purpose
She lacks the requisite experience for the job.
obligatory / BrE ; AmE / ( formal ) that must be done because of a law or rule
It is obligatory for all employees to wear protective clothing.
 Try harder 93

Obligatory is sometimes used humorously before a noun to talk about sth that often exists or is done, but that is not really necessary at all: The
hotel has a terrace with comfy chairs for that obligatory cocktail.
OP optional ⇨ VOLUNTARY   1
forced / BrE ; AmE / [ usually before noun ] happening or done without you wanting it to
ordinary /ˈɔː.dɪ.nə.ri/ /ˈɔːr.d ə n.er-/ adjective not different or special or unexpected in any way; usual
Readers of the magazine said they wanted more stories about ordinary people and fewer stories about the rich and famous.
normal adj.
normal • ordinary • average • common • typical
These words all describe people, things or events that are not special or different.
normal / BrE ; AmE / what you would expect; happening in most cases
Her temperature was normal . ◇ The help desk is available during normal office hours. ◇ He should be able to lead a perfectly normal life .
◇ It's normal to feel tired after such a long journey. ◇ Life continued as normal . OPP exceptional ⇨ SPECIAL , strange , odd , weird ⇨
STRANGE   1
ordinary / BrE ; AmE / [ usually before noun ]
We were an ordinary family. ◇ The images can be printed on ordinary paper. ◇ It began as an ordinary sort of day. ◇ This was no ordinary
meeting. ◇ ( BrE ) He was not a nervous person in the ordinary way ( = usually ) .
 Try harder 94

These plates are for ordinary, everyday use. ◇ I used to dream of an ordinary life. ◇ Poetry differs from ordinary language. ◇ It was, for
most ordinary citizens, a time of prosperity. ◇ She doubted that, in ordinary circumstances, the two would have got on well together.
average / BrE ; AmE /
approximately the same as most others
An entrance fee of £5 is about average. ◇ The route is for walkers of average ability.
common / BrE ; AmE / [ only before noun ] not unusual or special in any way; ordinary
I wanted a recording of the common cuckoo. ◇ Oats were the staple food of the common people It's only common
typical / BrE ; AmE / happening in the usual way; showing what sth is usually like
Each woman was asked to describe a typical working day.
  typically / BrE ; AmE / adv. : The factory typically produces 500 cars a week. Typically, the contracts were for five years.
scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪf.ɪk/ adjective relating to science, or using the organized methods of science
a scientific discovery/experiment/theory
article noun [ C ] NEWSPAPER a piece of writing on a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine
There was an interesting article on vegetarianism in the paper yesterday.
eventually adverb in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort, problems, etc
Although she had been ill for a long time, it still came as a shock when she eventually died.
principle noun BASIC IDEA a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works
the principles of the criminal justice system
 Try harder 95

principle MORAL RULE APPROVING a moral rule or standard of good behaviour

She doesn't have any principles.
principal/ adjective [ before noun ] first in order of importance
Iraq's principal export is oil. He was principal dancer at the Dance Theatre of Harlem.
principal noun PERSON the person in charge of a school or college for children aged between approximately 11 and 18
headteacher /noun [ C ] MAINLY UK ( US USUALLY principal , UK ALSO head ) someone who is in charge of a school
formulate / verb [ T ] to develop all the details of a plan for doing something to formulate a new plan
gravity FORCE the force which attracts objects towards one another, especially the force that makes things fall to the ground
the laws of gravity
observation /ˌɒb.zəˈveɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌɑːb.zɚ-/ noun WATCHING when you observe something or someone
The police are keeping the suspect under observation.
adapt verb CHANGE to change something to suit different conditions or uses
Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system.
for instance for example In the electronics industry, for instance, 5000 jobs are being lost.
vaporize , UK USUALLY vaporise to turn, or cause something to turn, from a solid or liquid state into gas
When heat apply to water it vaporize.
condense BECOME LIQUID to change or make something change from a gas to a liquid or solid state
 Try harder 96

Water vapor in the air condenses into fog.

condense verb REDUCE to reduce something, such as a speech or piece of writing, in length
I condensed ten pages of comments into/to two.
viscosity vɪsˈkɒsəti noun [uncountable] the thick and sticky quality of a liquid
Oil has a high viscosity but water has not
runny adjective more liquid than usual The sauce looked runny so I added some more flour.
Adv of frequency
Matter mæt.ə r / noun SITUATION a situation or subject which is being dealt with or considered
Could I talk to you about a personal matter?
matter PROBLEM the matter the reason for pain, worry or a problem
What's the matter? Why are you crying?
matter SUBSTANCE [ U ] physical substance in the universe
Some scientists believe that there is about ten times as much matter in the universe as astronomers have observed.
Matter noun SMALL AMOUNT used in expressions describing how small an amount or period of time is
The interview was over in a matter of minutes.
matter verb [ I ] to be important, or to affect what happens
We were late but it didn't seem to matter. "What did you say?" "Oh, it doesn't matter."
southernmost / adjective furthest towards the south of an area
 Try harder 97

the southernmost tip of the island

cliff noun [ C ] a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast
Keep away from the edge of the cliff - you might fall.
peak noun [ C ] MOUNTAIN TOP the pointed top of a mountain, or the mountain itself
It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb.
range noun SET a group of hills or mountains a mountain range
We could see a low range of hills in the distance.
soil noun [ C or U ] the material on the surface of the ground in which plants grow
light/heavy/fertile soil
fertile adjective LAND describes land that can produce a large number of good quality crops
penetrate / verb MOVE INTO to move into or through something
Our eyes couldn't penetrate the dark/ the gloom of the inner cave.
abundant adjective FORMAL more than enough : an abundant supply of food
abandon verb [ T ] LEAVE . to leave a place, thing or person forever
We had to abandon the car.
dissolve verb BE ABSORBED (of a solid) to be absorbed by a liquid, especially when mixed, or (of a liquid) to absorb a solid
Dissolve two spoons of powder in warm water.
saturate verb MAKE WET [ T often passive ] to make something or someone completely wet
 Try harder 98

The grass had been saturated by overnight rain.

He had cut his leg badly, and his trousers were saturated with/in blood.
saturate /ˈsæt.jʊ.reɪt/ /-jʊr.eɪt/ verb FILL to fill a thing or place completely so that no more can be added
The police saturated (= A large number of police officers were sent into) the area in an attempt to find the missing child.
moisture /ˈmɔɪs.tʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun [ U ] a liquid such as water in the form of very small drops, either in the air, in a substance, or on a surface :
These plants need a rich soil which retains moisture.
absorb /əbˈzːb/ /-ˈzɔːrb/ verb [ T ] TAKE IN to take something in, especially gradually
Towels absorb moisture.
precipitation /prɪˌsɪp.ɪˈteɪ.ʃ ə n/ /priː-/ noun [ U ] RAIN
SPECIALIZED water which falls from the clouds towards the ground, especially as rain or snow
Hail and sleet are types of precipitation. The forecast is for dry, cloudy weather with no precipitation expected.
excessive /ekˈses.ɪv/ adjective too much
Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems.
bucket noun [ C ] a container with an open top and a handle, often used for carrying liquids
Armed with a bucket and a mop, I started washing the floor.
canteen noun [ C ] CONTAINER a small container for carrying water or another drink, used especially by soldiers or travellers
damp /dæmp/ adjective slightly wet, especially in a way that is not pleasant or comfortable
 Try harder 99

This shirt still feels a bit damp.

excess adj.
excess • spare • surplus • superfluous • leftover
These words all describe an amount or number that is more than you want or need.
excess / BrE ; AmE / [ only before noun ]
more than is necessary, usual or legal
Excess food is stored as fat. Driving with excess alcohol in the blood is a serious offence.
The book is hard to obtain, because of excess demand following the author's appearance on TV.
spare / BrE ; AmE / [ usually before noun ]
that is not being used or is not needed at the present time; kept in case you need to replace the one you usually use
We've got a spare bedroom, if you'd like to stay. ◇ I'm afraid I haven't got any spare cash. ◇ Take some spare clothes in case you get wet.
surplus / BrE ; AmE / more than is needed or used
Surplus grain is being sold for export
accumulate /əˈkjuː.mjʊ.leɪt/ verb to collect a large number of things over a long period of time
The company said the debt was accumulated during its acquisition of nine individual businesses.
well /wel/ noun [ C ] a deep hole in the ground from which you can get water, oil, or gas
efficient / BrE ; AmE /doing sth well and thoroughly with no waste of time, money or energy
It's an incredibly efficient system
 Try harder 100

sufficient /səˈfɪʃ. ə nt/ adjective enough for a particular purpose

This recipe should be sufficient for five people. Opposite insufficient
constant /ˈkɒn t  .st ə nt/ /ˈkɑːn t  -/ adjective STAYING SAME
staying the same, or not getting less or more We've kept up a fairly constant speed .
reservoir /ˈrez.ə.vwɑː r / /-ɚ.vwɑːr/ noun [ C ]
1. a place for storing liquid, especially a natural or artificial lake providing water for a city or other area
2. a large supply of something
The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
dam /dæm/ noun [ C ] a wall built across a river which stops the river's flow and collects the water, especially to make a reservoir (= an artificial
lake) which provides water for an area
The Aswan High Dam is on the River Nile in Egypt.
fluent /ˈfluː.ənt/ adjective When a person is fluent, they can speak a language easily, well and quickly
She's fluent in French.
especially /ɪˈspeʃ. ə l.i/ adverb ( ALSO specially ) very much; particularly; for a particular reason
She's not especially interested in sport.
undergo /ˌʌn.dəˈgəʊ/ /-dɚˈgoʊ/ verb [ T ] undergoing , underwent , undergone
to experience something which is unpleasant or which involves a change
She underwent an operation on a tumour in her left lung last year.
 Try harder 101

manner /ˈmæn.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun WAY the way in which something is done
She stared at me in an accusing manner.
manner /ˈmæn.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun BEHAVIOUR
[ S ] the usual way in which you behave towards other people, or the way you behave on a particular occasion
She has a rather cold, unfriendly manner.
manner /ˈmæn.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun POLITE BEHAVIOUR [ plural ] polite ways of treating other people and behaving in public
He needs to be taught some manners.
manner /ˈmæn.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun TYPE Very little is known about the new candidate - what manner of man is he?
erratic /ɪˈræt.ɪk/ /-ˈræt ̬-/ adjective not regular, uncertain or without organization in movement or behaviour
She can be very erratic, one day she is friendly and the next she'll hardly speak to you.
fluctuate /ˈflʌk.tju.eɪt/ verb [ I ] to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another
Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season. Her wages fluctuate between £150 and £200 a week.
Her weight fluctuates wildly .
ensure , US ALSO insure /ɪnˈʃɔː r / /-ˈʃʊr/ verb [ T ] to make something certain to happen
The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft.
stable /ˈsteɪ.bl ̩/ adjective firmly fixed or not likely to move or change
The hospital said she was in a stable condition (= not likely to get worse) following the operation.
break down phrasal verb MACHINE If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it stops working
 Try harder 102

Our car broke down and we had to push it off the road.
digest /d a  ɪˈdʒest/ verb EAT to change food in your stomach into substances that your body can use
I find that I don't digest meat easily.
digest /d a  ɪˈdʒest/ verb UNDERSTAND to read or hear new information and take the necessary time to understand it
This chapter is so difficult to digest, I shall have to read it again later.
digest /ˈdaɪ.dʒest/ noun [ C ] a short written report providing the most important parts of a larger piece of writing, or one containing recent news
A digest of the research findings is now available.
guidance /ˈgaɪ.d ə n t  s/ noun [ U ] help and advice about how to do something or about how to deal with problems connected with your work,
education, or personal relationships
I've always looked to my father for guidance in these matters.
a missile guidance system
guard against sth phrasal verb to take careful action in order to try to prevent something from happening
Regular exercise helps guard against heart disease.
surgery /ˈsɜː.dʒ ə r.i/ /ˈsɝː.dʒɚ-/ noun MEDICAL OPERATION
the treatment of injuries or diseases in people by cutting open the body and removing or repairing the damaged part
The patient had/underwent surgery on his heart.
organ /ˈɔː.gən/ /ˈɔːr-/ noun BODY PART a part of the body
an organ donor/transplant
 Try harder 103

intestine /ɪnˈtes.tɪn/ noun [ C usually plural ]

(either of the two parts of) a long tube through which food travels from the stomach and out of the body while it is being digested
Antibodies from the mother's milk line the baby's intestines and prevent infection.
eyesight / noun [ U ] the ability to see good/bad/poor eyesight
vision noun MENTAL IMAGE [ C ] an idea or mental image of something
We see in his novels his sinister, almost apocalyptic, vision of the future.
an experience in which you see things which do not exist physically, when your mind is affected powerfully by
surgeon /ˈsɜː.dʒ ə n/ /ˈsɝː-/ noun [ C ]
a doctor who is specially trained to perform medical operations
cure /kjʊə r / /kjʊr/ verb [ T ] MAKE WELL to make someone with an illness healthy again
At one time the doctors couldn't cure TB/cure people of TB.
symptom /ˈsɪm p  .təm/ noun [ C ] any feeling of illness or physical or mental change which is caused by a particular disease
He's been HIV-positive for six years, but just recently he's started to develop the symptoms of AIDS.
faith /feɪθ/ noun TRUST great trust or confidence in something or someone
She has no faith in modern medicine.
trust /trʌst/ verb BELIEVE [ I or T ] to have belief or confidence in the honesty, goodness, skill or safety of a person, organization or thing :
Trust your instincts and do what you think is right.
 Try harder 104

disease /dɪˈziːz/ noun (an) illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a failure of health rather than by an accident a
common/rare/incurable/fatal disease
recovery /rɪˈkʌv. ə r.i/ noun [ S or U ] the process of getting back something lost, especially health, ability, possessions, etc
At last the economy is showing signs of recovery (= is starting to improve) .
typical /ˈtɪp.ɪ.k ə l/ adjective showing all the characteristics that you would usually expect from a particular group of things
I must look like the typical tourist with my shorts and my camera.
admit /ədˈmɪt/ verb -tt- ALLOW IN to allow someone to enter a place
Each ticket admits one member and one guest.
skull /skʌl/ noun [ C ] the bones of the head, which surround the brain and give the head its shape
The soldiers discovered a pile of human skulls and bones.
brain
the organ inside the head that controls thought, memory, feelings and activity
Doctors tried desperately to reduce the swelling in her brain.
His wife died from a brain tumour .
assure /əˈʃɔː r / /-ˈʃʊr/ verb [ T ] MAKE CERTAIN to cause something to be certain
The play's popularity has been assured by the critics' rave reviews.
progress /ˈprəʊ.gres/ /ˈprɑː-/ noun [ U ] movement to an improved or more developed state, or to a forward position
upset /ʌpˈset/ adjective WORRIED worried, unhappy or angry
 Try harder 105

Don't get upset about the dress - there's only a little stain on it.
upset adjective ILL INFORMAL If you have an upset stomach you feel slightly ill, especially because of something you have eaten or drunk
I've got an upset stomach/tummy - serves me right for eating so much.
resist /rɪˈzɪst/ verb [ I or T ] to fight against something or someone that is attacking you
The soldiers resisted (the enemy attacks) for two days.
absorb
absorbent
differ
different
excel . to be extremely good at something
excellent
tolerate verb [ T ] ACCEPT
tolerant adjective ACCEPTING
convergent/ adjective convergent lines/opinions
convergence [ C or U ] a convergence of interests/opinions/ideas
resist verb resistant adjective NOT ACCEPTING not wanting to accept something, especially changes or new ideas
 Try harder 106

Book 25

exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/ /-ˈzɑːst/ verb [ T ] TIRE to make someone extremely tired

I've exhausted myself with all that cleaning.
exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/ /-ˈzɑːst/ verb [ T ] USE to use something completely Do not have it anymore
How long will it be before the world's fuel supplies are exhausted? / I'm afraid he's exhausted my patience.
run out phrasal verb to finish, use or sell all of something, so that there is none left
I've run out of milk/money/ideas/patience.
time is running out used to say that there is not much time left in which to achieve something
Time is running out for the men trapped under the rubble.
resource /rɪˈzɔːs/ , /ˈriː.sɔːs/ /ˈriː.sɔːrs/ noun a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization or person
Britain's mineral resources include oil, coal and gas deposits.
temporary /ˈtem.p ə r. ə r.i/ , /-pr ə r-/ /-pə.rer.i/ adjective not lasting or needed for very long
The ceasefire will only provide a temporary solution to the crisis.
permanent /ˈpɜː.mə.nənt/ /ˈpɝː-/ adjective lasting for a long time or forever : She is looking for a permanent place to stay.
 Try harder 107

utilize , UK USUALLY utilise /ˈjuː.tɪ.laɪz/ /-t ̬ ə l.aɪz/ verb [ T ] FORMAL to use something in an effective way
The vitamins come in a form that is easily utilized by the body.
emission /ɪˈmɪʃ. ə n/ noun when gas, heat, light, etc. is sent out : The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in the emission of
greenhouse gases by the UK.
emit /ɪˈmɪt/ verb [ T ] -tt- to send out a beam, noise, smell or gas
The alarm emits infra-red rays which are used to detect any intruder.
compulsory /kəmˈpʌl.s ə r.i/ /-sɚ-/ adjective If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law
Swimming was compulsory at my school.
optional /ˈɒp.ʃ ə n. ə l/ /ˈɑːp-/ adjective If something is optional, you can choose whether to do it, pay it, buy it, etc
English is compulsory for all students, but art and music are optional.
advance /ədˈvɑːn t  s/ verb GO FORWARD progress to go or move something forward, or to develop or improve something
The fire advanced steadily through the forest.
Not only but also grammatical rule
altimeter /ˈæl.tɪ.miː.tə r / /ælˈtɪm.ə.t ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ] a device used in an aircraft to measure how high it is from the ground
barometer /bəˈrɒm.ɪ.tə r / noun [ C ] a device that measures air pressure and shows when the weather is likely to change
 Try harder 108

pressure /ˈpreʃ.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun PUSH the force you produce when you press something
He put too much pressure on the door handle and it snapped. : Air at sea level is more dense
branch /brɑːn t  ʃ/ /bræn t  ʃ/ noun [ C ] PART a part of something larger
Immunology is a branch of biological science.
radioactive /ˌreɪ.di.əʊˈæk.tɪv/ /-oʊ-/ adjective having or producing the energy which comes from the breaking up of atoms
Uranium is a radioactive material.
respiratory /rɪˈspɪr.ə.tri/ /ˈres.pɚ.ə.tɔːr.i/ adjective [ before noun ] FORMAL OR SPECIALIZED
relating to breathing Smoking can cause respiratory diseases .
re ˈ spiratory ˌ system noun [ C usually singular ] the organs which make it possible for you to breathe
surround /səˈraʊnd/ verb [ T ] to be everywhere around something Snow-capped mountains surround the city.
property /ˈprɒp.ə.ti/ /ˈprɑː.pɚ.t ̬i/ noun THINGS OWNED an object or objects that belong to someone
The club does not accept responsibility for loss of or damage to club members' personal property.
Both books have 'Property of Her Majesty's Government' stamped inside them.
plant /plɑːnt/ /plænt/ noun LIVING THING a living thing which grows in earth, in water or on other plants, and usually has a stem, leaves, roots
and flowers and produces seeds
 Try harder 109

plant /plɑːnt/ /plænt/ noun BUILDING/MACHINES machines used in industry

plant /plɑːnt/ /plænt/ verb LIVING THING to put a plant into the ground or into a container of earth so that it will grow
We planted trees and bushes in our new garden.
lung /lʌŋ/ noun [ C ] either of the two organs in the chest with which people and some animals breathe : lung cancer
alternative /ɒlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv/ /ɑːlˈtɝː.nə.t ̬ɪv/ adjective ( US ALSO alternate ) An alternative plan or method is one that you can use if you do not
want to use another one
The opposition parties have so far failed to set out an alternative strategy.
Grammatical rule neither ..nor either…or
tragic /ˈtrædʒ.ɪk/ adjective very sad, often involving death and suffering
His friends were deeply shocked and saddened by the tragic news of his death.
call /kɔːl/ /kɑːl/ noun VISIT a short, especially official visit, usually made by someone whose job is connected with health
Doctor Seward is out on a call this morning.
on call Some types of workers, especially doctors, are described as being on call if they are available to make official visits at any time when
they are needed, whether they are at home or at work
She's a doctor, so she's often on call at the weekend.
 Try harder 110

equally /ˈiː.kwə.li/ adverb fairly and in the same way In an ideal world, would everyone get treated equally?
in equal amounts The inheritance money was shared equally among the three sisters.
to the same degree You looked equally nice in both dresses.
vessel /ˈves. ə l/ noun [ C ] SHIP FORMAL a large boat or a ship
a cargo/fishing/naval/patrol/sailing/supply vessel
submerge /səbˈmɜːdʒ/ /-ˈmɝːdʒ/ verb to go below the surface of the sea or a river or lake
The submarine submerged when enemy planes were sighted.
radar /ˈreɪ.dɑː r / /-dɑːr/ noun [ U ] a system which uses radio waves to find the position of objects which cannot be seen
Other vessels in the area show up on the ship's radar (screen) .
sonar /ˈsəʊ.nɑː r / /ˈsoʊ.nɑːr/ noun [ U ] equipment, especially on a ship, which uses sound waves to discover how deep the water is or the
position of an object in the water, such as a group of fish
edge /edʒ/ noun OUTER POINT the outer or furthest point of something
They built the church on the edge of the village.
informative /ɪnˈfɔː.mə.tɪv/ /-ˈfɔːr.mə.t ̬ɪv/ adjective providing a lot of useful information
This is an interesting and highly informative book.
 Try harder 111

And …….in additional ,Also ,Besides ,Furthermore , more over

Grammatical rule
detect /dɪˈtekt/ verb [ T ] to notice something that is partly hidden or not clear, or to discover something, especially using a special method Some
sounds cannot be detected by the human ear.
Still anymore yet already Grammatical rules
determine /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/ /-ˈtɝː-/ verb DECIDE

T often passive ] to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen
The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we're allowed to spend.
site /saɪt/ noun [ C ] PLACE a place where something is, was, or will be built, or where something happened, is happening, or will happen a
building site

pollution /pəˈluː.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ] damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste
air/water pollution
invent /ɪnˈvent/ verb [ T ] NEW DESIGN to design and/or create something which has never been made before
The first safety razor was invented by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903.
 Try harder 112

compass /ˈkʌm.pəs/ noun DIRECTION DEVICE

a device for finding direction which has a needle which can move easily and that always points to magnetic north
continent /ˈkɒn.tɪ.nənt/ /ˈkɑːn.t ̬ ə n.ənt/ noun [ C ]
one of the seven large land masses on the Earth's surface, surrounded, or mainly surrounded, by sea and usually consisting of various
countries : the North American continent
tremendous /trɪˈmen.dəs/ adjective very great in amount or level, or extremely good
They were making the most tremendous amount of noise last night.
dental /ˈden.t ə l/ /-t ̬ ə l/ adjective relating to the teeth dental decay/treatment
cavity /ˈkæv.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ C ] a hole, or an empty space between two surfaces : a hole in a tooth
filling /ˈfɪl.ɪŋ/ noun put a filling in a cavity [ U ] any material used to fill something
duvets with synthetic filling
numb /nʌm/ adjective If a part of your body is numb, you are unable to feel it, usually for a short time
I had been lying awkwardly and my leg had gone numb.
My fingers were numb with cold. : not able to feel any emotions or to think clearly, because you are so shocked or frightened
facility /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun BUILDING a place, especially including buildings, where a particular activity happens
 Try harder 113

a nuclear research facility

anaesthetic , MAINLY US anesthetic /ˌæn.əsˈθet.ɪk/ /-ˈθet ̬-/ noun [ C or U ] substance that makes you unable to feel pain
The operation is performed under anaesthetic.
nerve /nɜːv/ /nɝːv/ noun BODY a group of long thin fibres (= structures like threads) that carry information or instructions between the brain
and other parts of the body
the optic nerve
needle /ˈniː.dl ̩/ noun [ C ] MEDICAL TOOL ( ALSO hypodermic needle ) a very thin hollow pointed piece of metal which is connected to
a syringe and used to take blood from the body or to put drugs or medicine in
dent noun [countable] a place where a surface has been pushed or knocked inwards
make a dent in something INFORMAL to reduce the amount of something
vicinity vəˈsɪnəti vɪˈsɪnəti noun [singular] the area near a particular place
in the vicinity of a university somewhere in the vicinity of London (in the vicinity of FORMAL)
lie back phrasal verb to move the top half of your body from a sitting to a lying position
She lay back in the dentist's chair and tried to relax.
endure /ɪnˈdjʊə r / /-ˈdʊr/ verb EXPERIENCE to suffer something difficult, unpleasant or painful
 Try harder 114

We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.

endure /ɪnˈdjʊə r / /-ˈdʊr/ verb CONTINUE FORMAL to continue to exist for a long time
The political system established in 1400 endured until about 1650.
endure ɪnˈdjʊə(r) ɪnˈdʊr verb to suffer something difficult or unpleasant in a patient way over a long period
He endured solitude and torture for months at a time.
glide /glaɪd/ verb MOVE to move easily without stopping and without effort or noise
She came gliding gracefully into the ballroom in a long flowing gown.
glide /glaɪd/ verb FLY to fly by floating on air currents instead of using power from wings or an engine
We saw a condor gliding high above the mountains.
relieve /rɪˈliːv/ verb MAKE BETTER to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong
She was given a shot of morphine to relieve the pain .
withstand /wɪðˈstænd/ verb [ T ] withstood , withstood
to bear or not be changed by something, or to oppose a person or thing successfully
Our toys are designed to withstand the rough treatment of the average five-year-old.
despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ preposition without taking any notice of or being influenced by; not prevented by
 Try harder 115

I still enjoyed the week despite the weather.

require /rɪˈkwaɪə r / /-ˈkwaɪr/ verb [ T ] to need or make necessary
Please telephone this number if you require any further information.
even as at the same time as
I tried to reason with him, but even as I started to explain what had happened he stood up to leave.
even if whether or not
Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train.
even now/then despite something
I've thought about it so much, but even now I can't believe how lucky I was to survive the accident.
even so despite what has just been said
I had a terrible headache, but even so I went to the concert.
even though although
Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister.
helmet /ˈhel.mət/ noun [ C ] a strong hard hat that covers and protects the head : a crash helmet
effect /ɪˈfekt/ noun RESULT the result of a particular influence
 Try harder 116

She has a lot of confidence which she uses to good effect (= to her advantage) in interviews.
take effect to produce or achieve the results you want
They had to wait ten minutes for the anaesthetic to take effect before they stitched up the cut.
dread /dred/ verb [ T ] to feel extremely worried or frightened about something that is going to happen or that might happen
withstand verb
withstand • tolerate • stand • resist • absorb • stand up to sth
These words all mean to be strong enough not to be harmed or damaged by sth.
to start with
at the beginning, or as the first of several things
We only knew two people in London to start with, but we soon made friends.
nonetheless /ˌnʌn.ðəˈles/ adverb ( ALSO nevertheless ) despite what has just been said or done
There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return.
delay /dɪˈleɪ/ verb to make something happen at a later time than originally planned or expected
My plane was delayed by an hour.
regardless /rɪˈgɑːd.ləs/ /-ˈgɑːrd-/ adverb despite; not being affected by something
 Try harder 117

constant /ˈkɒn t  .st ə nt/ /ˈkɑːn t  -/ adjective FREQUENT happening a lot or all the time
He's in constant trouble with the police.
glance /glɑːn t  s/ /glæn t  s/ verb LOOK [ I usually + adverb or preposition ] to give a quick short look
She glanced around/round the room to see who was there.
vanish /ˈvæn.ɪʃ/ verb [ I ] to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising way
The child vanished while on her way home from school.
fall apart phrasal verb BREAK to break into pieces
My poor old boots are falling apart.
fall apart phrasal verb STOP WORKING If an organization, system or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively
The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing.
comment /ˈkɒm.ent/ /ˈkɑː.ment/ verb [ I or T ] to make a comment
My mum always comments on what I'm wearing.
stairway /ˈsteə.weɪ/ /ˈster-/ noun [ C ] a passage in a public place with a set of steps that leads from one level to another
evacuate /ɪˈvæk.ju.eɪt/ verb [ I or T ] to move people from a dangerous place to somewhere safe
The police evacuated the village shortly before the explosion.
 Try harder 118

reserve /rɪˈzɜːv/ /-ˈzɝːv/ verb [ T ] to keep something for a particular purpose or time
I reserve Mondays for tidying my desk and answering letters.
entrance /ˈen.trən t  s/ noun a door, gate, etc. by which you can enter a building or place
There are two entrances - one at the front and one round the back.
dispensary /dɪˈspen t  .s ə r.i/ /-sɚ.i/ noun [ C ] a place where medicines are prepared and given out, often in a hospital
So Yet Nor
Form compound sentences …Grammatical rule
comment verb
comment • note • remark • observe
These words all mean to say or write a fact or opinion.
mess-up /ˈmes.ʌp/ noun [ C usually singular ] INFORMAL msomething which has been done badly
He made a real mess-up of the sales figures.
cheer (sb) up phrasal verb [ M ] If someone cheers up, or something cheers them up, they start to feel happier
She was ill so I sent her some flowers to cheer her up.
fed ˈ up adjective INFORMAL bored, annoyed or disappointed, especially by something that you have experienced for too long
 Try harder 119

I'm fed up with my job.

curious /ˈkjʊə.ri.əs/ /ˈkjʊr.i-/ adjective INTERESTED interested in learning about people or things around you
I was curious to know what would happen next.
disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ /-ˈstɝːb/ verb [ T ] INTERRUPT to interrupt what someone is doing
Please don't disturb Georgina - she's trying to do her homework.
disturb the peace to break the law by behaving unpleasantly and noisily in public
Several England supporters were arrested and charged with disturbing the peace after the match.
disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ /-ˈstɝːb/ verb [ T ] WORRY to cause someone to be worried or upset
Some scenes are violent and may disturb younger viewers.
disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ verb [ T ] MOVE to move or change something from its usual position, arrangement, condition or shape
The thief had disturbed the documents in her filing cabinet, but nothing had been taken.
algebra /ˈæl.dʒə.brə/ noun [ U ] a part of mathematics in which signs and letters represent numbers
individual /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪd.ju.əl/ adjective SINGLE existing and considered separately from the other things or people in a group
Each individual table is finished by hand.
valuable /ˈvæl.jʊ.bl ̩/ adjective IMPORTANT worth Valuable information, advice, etc. is very helpful or important
 Try harder 120

He was able to provide the police with some valuable information.

Obvious /ˈɒb.vi.əs/ /ˈɑːb-/ adjective clear; easy to see, recognize or understand
I know you don't like her, but do you have to make it so obvious?
approve /əˈpruːv/ verb GOOD OPINION to have a positive opinion of someone or something
She doesn't approve of my friends.
approve /əˈpruːv/ verb AGREE to accept, allow or officially agree to something
We had to wait months for the council to approve our plans to extend the house.
get sth across to get an idea across =to make it clear to manage to make someone understand or believe something
This is the message that we want to get across to the public.
compute /kəmˈpjuːt/ verb [ T ] FORMAL figure it out to calculate an answer or amount by using a machine
Compute the ratio of the object's height to its weight.
fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.t ə l/ /-t ̬ ə l/ adjective forming the base, from which everything else develops; more important than anything else :
We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we treat our environment.
recognize , UK USUALLY recognise /ˈrek.əg.naɪz/ verb KNOW to know someone or something because you have seen, heard or experienced
them before : I hadn't seen her for 20 years, but I recognized her immediately.
 Try harder 121

"Do you recognize this song?"

recognize , UK USUALLY recognise /ˈrek.əg.naɪz/ verb ACCEPT to accept that something is legal, true or important
The international community has refused to recognize (= officially accept the existence of) the newly independent nation state.
humour UK , US humor /ˈhjuː.mə r / /-mɚ/ noun AMUSEMENT the ability to find things funny, the way in which people see that some things
are funny or the quality of being funny
He's got a great sense of humour (= he is very able to see things as funny).
Honourable UK , US Honorable /ˈɒn. ə r.ə.bl ̩/ /ˈɑː.nɚ-/ adjective ( WRITTEN ABBREVIATION Hon )
the Honourable a title used before the name of some government officials, and in the UK before the names of certain people of high social
rank
humidity /hjuːˈmɪd.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ] the quality of being humid : I don't like the humidity of this climate.
honest /ˈɒn.ɪst/ /ˈɑː.nɪst/ adjective telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat or lie
She's completely honest.
hesitate /ˈhez.ɪ.teɪt/ verb [ I ] to pause before you do or say something, often because you are uncertain or nervous about it
She hesitated slightly before answering the inspector's question.
irritating /ˈɪr.ɪ.teɪ.tɪŋ/ /-t ̬ɪŋ/ adjective making you feel annoyed
 Try harder 122

an irritating habit
irritate /ˈɪr.ɪ.teɪt/ verb [ T ] MAKE ANGRY to make angry or annoyed
After a while her behaviour really began to irritate me.
impression /ɪmˈpreʃ. ə n/ noun OPINION an idea or opinion of what something is like
I didn't get much of an impression of the place because it was dark when we drove through it.
calculate /ˈkæl.kjʊ.leɪt/ verb [ T ] to judge the number or amount of something by using the information that you already have, and adding,
multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers
The cost of the damage caused by the recent storms has been calculated as/at over £5 million.
The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual.
evident /ˈev.ɪ.d ə nt/ adjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL easily seen or understood; obvious
The full extent of the damage only became evident the following morning.
evidence /ˈev.ɪ.d ə n t  s/ noun [ U ] one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true
The police have found no evidence of a terrorist link with the murder.
participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ /pɑːrˈtɪs.ə-/ verb [ I ] to take part in or become involved in an activity
She never participates in any of our discussions, does she?
 Try harder 123

manner /ˈmæn.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun BEHAVIOUR the usual way in which you behave towards other people, or the way you behave on a particular
occasion : She has a rather cold, unfriendly manner.
effect /ɪˈfekt/ noun RESULT the result of a particular influence
The radiation leak has had a disastrous effect on/upon the environment.
take effect to produce or achieve the results you want
They had to wait ten minutes for the anaesthetic to take effect before they stitched up the cut.
annoy /əˈnɔɪ/ verb [ T ] to make someone angry
Tim really annoyed me in the meeting this morning.
bother /ˈbɒð.ə r / /ˈbɑː.ðɚ/ verb ANNOY to annoy or cause problems for someone
Don't bother your father when he's working.
authorize , UK USUALLY authorise /ˈɔː.θ ə r.aɪz/ /ˈɑː.θɚ-/ verb [ T ] to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone
official permission to do something Who authorized this expenditure?
plain /pleɪn/ adjective WITH NOTHING ADDED not decorated in any way; with nothing added
plain paper paper which has no lines on it : a letter written on plain paper
plain /pleɪn/ adjective CLEAR obvious and clear to understand
 Try harder 124

It 's quite plain that they don't want to speak to us.

I mean, taking the wrong equipment with you - that's just plain stupid .
angle /ˈæŋ.gl ̩/ verb [ T ] SLOPE to aim, turn or position something in a direction that is not horizontal or vertical
The stage had been steeply angled (= was sloping very noticeably) .
diagonal /daɪˈæg. ə n. ə l/ adjective A diagonal line is straight and sloping, not horizontal or vertical, for example joining two opposite corners
of a square or other flat shape with four sides
dimension /ˌd a  ɪˈmen. t  ʃ ə n/ noun a measurement of something in a particular direction, especially its height, length or width
Please specify the dimensions (= the height, length and width) of the room.
horizontal /ˌhɒr.ɪˈzɒn.t ə l/ /ˌhɔːr.ɪˈzɑːn.t ̬ ə l/ adjective flat or level; parallel to the ground or to the bottom or top edge of something :
Draw a horizontal line across the bottom of the page.
vertical /ˈvɜː.tɪ.k ə l/ /ˈvɝː.t ̬ə-/ adjective standing or pointing straight up or at an angle of 90° to a horizontal surface or line
vertical lines/stripes : She looked over the cliff and found she was standing at the edge of a vertical drop .
perpendicular /ˌpɜː.p ə nˈdɪk.jʊ.lə r / /ˌpɝː.pənˈdɪk.juː.lɚ/ adjective FORMAL at an angle of 90° to a horizontal line or surface
We scrambled up the nearly perpendicular side of the mountain.
SPECIALIZED at an angle of 90° to another line or surface
 Try harder 125

The wheel rotates about an axis which is perpendicular to the plane.

treat /triːt/ verb DEAL WITH . [ T usually + adverb or preposition ] to behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way : My
parents treated us all the same when we were kids.
Suffix -al make nous
Arrival,Approval,Dismissal,Refusal,Removal,Denials,Rental
denial /dɪˈnaɪ.əl/ noun NOT ACCEPT when someone does not accept that something unpleasant is true
He's still in denial about the break-up of his relationship.
removal /rɪˈmuː.v ə l/ noun [ U ] TAKING AWAY when you take something or someone away from somewhere, or off something : stain
removal furniture removal
dismissal /dɪˈsmɪs. ə l/ noun END JOB [ C or U ] when an employer officially makes someone leave their job
unfair/wrongful dismissal
refusal /rɪˈfjuː.z ə l/ noun [ C or U ] when someone refuses to do or accept something
Our request for permission to travel met with/received a flat/point-blank (= complete) refusal from the authorities.
The government's refusal to see that the protection of the environment must be our first priority today is a great tragedy.
 Try harder 126

BOOK 26

activate /ˈæk.tɪ.veɪt/ verb [ T ] to cause something to start

The alarm is activated by the lightest pressure.
rid /rɪd/ adjective
be rid of sth/sb to not now have an unwanted or unpleasant task, object or person
I didn't enjoy marking those papers and I was glad to be rid of them.
get rid of sth to remove or throw away something unwanted
That cream got rid of my skin rash.
Disposal is the opposite word of save.
hang on/upon sth phrasal verb GIVE ATTENTION KEEP = hang on to to give careful attention to something, especially something that
someone says
He hangs on her every word as if she were some sort of goddess / The opposite word of hang on to is throw away.
defeat /dɪˈfiːt/ verb [ T ] =overcome to win a victory over someone in a fight, war or competition
Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo.
overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/ /ˌoʊ.vɚ-/ verb overcame , overcome to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something
Juventus overcame Ajax in a thrilling match. The opposite word is surrender
concern /kənˈsɜːn/ /-ˈsɝːn/ verb WORRY to cause worry to someone
 Try harder 127

The state of my father's health concerns us greatly .

pertain to sth phrasal verb FORMAL to be connected with a particular subject, event or situation
We are only interested in the parts of the proposals that pertain to local issues.
concern /kənˈsɜːn/ /-ˈsɝːn/ verb INVOLVE to be important to someone or to involve someone directly
Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all.
enough /ɪˈnʌf/ determiner , pronoun , adverb = ample as much as is necessary
Is there enough cake/Are there enough cakes for everyone?
ample /ˈæm.pl ̩/ adjective ENOUGH more than enough insufficient
You'll have ample opportunity to ask questions after the talk.
insufficient /ˌɪn.səˈfɪʃ. ə nt/ adjective not enough
There was insufficient money to fund the project.
once /wʌn t  s/ conjunction at once immediately : I knew at once that I'd like it here.
instantly /ˈɪn.stənt.li/ adverb immediately : Both drivers were killed instantly.
sudden /ˈsʌd. ə n/ adjective happening or done quickly and without warning
He had a sudden heart attack while he was on holiday.
abrupt /əˈbrʌpt/ adjective SUDDEN describes something that is sudden and unexpected, and often unpleasant
The car made abrupt turn.
 Try harder 128

gradual /ˈgræd.jʊ.əl/ , /ˈgrædʒ.ʊ.əl/ adjective opposite of abrubt happening or changing slowly over a long period of time or distance : As you
go further south, you will notice a gradual change of climate.
guide /gaɪd/ verb SHOW WAY to show people round a place
The curator guided us round the gallery, pointing out the most famous paintings in the collection.
guide /gaɪd/ verb MAKE MOVE to make something move in the direction in which you want it to go
The pilot guided the plane onto the runway.
steer /stɪə r / /stɪr/ verb to control the direction of a vehicle
She carefully steered the car around the potholes.
prohibit /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/ verb to officially forbid (= refuse to allow) something
Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town centre.
forbid /fəˈbɪd/ /fɚ-/ verb to refuse to allow something, especially officially
The law forbids the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16.
allow /əˈlaʊ/ verb GIVE PERMISSION to make it possible for someone to do something, or to not prevent something from happening; give
permission : You're not allowed to talk during the exam.
automobile /ˈɔː.tə.mə ʊ  .biːl/ /ˈɑː.t ̬ə.moʊ-/ noun [ C ] US : a car the automobile industry
loan /ləʊn/ /loʊn/ noun BORROW an act of borrowing or lending something
Thank you very much for the loan of your bike.
debt /det/ noun something, especially money, which is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something
 Try harder 129

He managed to pay off his debts in two years.

indebted /ɪnˈdet.ɪd/ /-ˈdet ̬-/ adjective GRATEFUL [ after verb ] grateful because of help given
We're deeply indebted to you for your help.
verify /ˈver.ɪ.faɪ/ verb to prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct
Are you able to verify your account/allegation/report/theory?
release /rɪˈliːs/ verb [ T ] MAKE FREE to give freedom or free movement to someone or something
He was released from prison after serving two years of a five-year sentence.
insurance /ɪnˈʃɔː.rən t  s/ /-ˈʃɔːr. ə n t  s/ noun [ U ] an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if you have an
accident, injury, etc : life/health/car/travel insurance
Compare assurance
assurance /əˈʃɔː.r ə n t  s/ /-ˈʃʊr. ə n t  s/ noun INSURANCE
UK a type of insurance against events which will certainly happen, such as death, not ones which may happen, such as illness, fire or having
your property stolen
hung-up on sth to be extremely interested in or worried by a particular subject and spend an unreasonably large amount of time thinking about it :
Why are the British so hung-up on class?
subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/ verb to pay money to an organization in order to receive a product, use a service regularly or support the organization
She subscribes to several women's magazines.
 Try harder 130

publish /ˈpʌb.lɪʃ/ verb [ T ] to make information available to people, especially in a book, magazine or newspaper, or to produce and sell a book,
magazine or newspaper
She's just had an article published in their weekend supplement.
emphasize , UK USUALLY emphasise /ˈem p  .fə.saɪz/ verb [ T ] to show or state that something is very important or worth giving attention to :
You can use italics or capitals to emphasize a word in a piece of writing.
fill sth in/out phrasal verb [ M ] to write the necessary information on an official document
to fill in a form/questionnaire
amusement /əˈmjuːz.mənt/ noun the feeling of being entertained or made to laugh
She looked at him with amusement.
come across sth phrasal verb to find something by chance
He came across some of his old love letters in his wife's drawer.
comic /ˈkɒm.ɪk/ /ˈkɑː.mɪk/ noun [ C ] MAGAZINE a magazine, especially for children, which contains a set of stories told in pictures with a
small amount of writing
editor /ˈed.ɪ.tə r / /-t ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ]
a person who corrects or changes pieces of text or films before they are printed or shown, or a person who is in charge of a newspaper or
magazine
She's a senior editor in the reference department of a publishing company.
objective /əbˈdʒek.tɪv/ noun [ C ] something which you plan to do or achieve
 Try harder 131

Her main/prime objective now is simply to stay in power.

charge /tʃɑːdʒ/ /tʃɑːrdʒ/ noun CONTROL
in charge being the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or something
Who will be in charge of the department when Sophie leaves?
editorial /ˌed.ɪˈtɔː.ri. ə l/ /-əˈtɔːr.i-/ noun an article in a newspaper which expresses the editor's opinion on a subject of particular interest at the
present time : All the papers deal with the same subject in their editorials.
viewpoint / noun [ C ] SIGHT a place from where a person can look at something, especially at an area of natural beauty
The viewpoint by the side of the road gave us a stunning panorama of the whole valley.
viewpoint /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/ noun [ C ] OPINION a point of view
put sth across phrasal verb [ M ] to express your and opinions clearly so that people understand them easily
It's an interesting idea and I thought he put it across well.
assume /əˈsjuːm/ /-ˈsuːm/ verb [ T ] ACCEPT to accept something to be true without question or proof
Let's assume (that) they're coming and make plans on that basis.
assume /əˈsjuːm/ /-ˈsuːm/ verb [ T ] TAKE CONTROL to take or begin to have responsibility or control, sometimes without the right to do so,
or to begin to have a characteristic
The new President assumes office at midnight tonight.
influence /ˈɪn.flu.ən t  s/ verb [ T ] to affect or change how someone or something develops, behaves or thinks She's very good at making
friends and influencing people.
 Try harder 132

governor / noun [ C ] ( WRITTEN ABBREVIATION Gov ) a person in charge of a particular political unit the governor of Texas
resign /rɪˈzaɪn/ verb [ I or T ] to give up a job or position by telling your employer that you are leaving
He resigned from the company in order to take a more challenging job.
humorous /ˈhjuː.mə.rəs/ adjective funny, or making you laugh
Her latest book is a humorous look at teenage life.
nervous /ˈnɜː.vəs/ /ˈnɝː-/ adjective WORRIED worried and anxious
Do you feel/get nervous during exams?
anxious /ˈæŋ k  .ʃəs/ adjective WORRIED worried and nervous
My mother always gets a bit anxious if we don't arrive when we say we will.
anxious /ˈæŋ k  .ʃəs/ adjective EAGER eager to do something
Developing countries which are anxious for hard currency can rarely afford to protect the environment.
poisonous /ˈpɔɪ.z ə n.əs/ adjective very harmful and able to cause illness or death
Can you tell the difference between poisonous mushrooms and edible varieties?
poison /ˈpɔɪ.z ə n/ noun a substance that can make people or animals ill or kill them if they eat or drink it
The pest control officer put bowls of rat poison in the attic.
danger /ˈdeɪn.dʒə r / /-dʒɚ/ noun the possibility of harm or death to someone
something or someone that may harm you / Icy roads are a danger to drivers.
dangerous /ˈdeɪn.dʒ ə r.əs/ /-dʒɚ-/ adjective describes a person, animal, thing or activity that could harm you
 Try harder 133

I've never played ice hockey - it's far too dangerous.

Unless = if only
shield /ʃiːld/ noun in the past, a large flat object made of metal or leather that soldiers held in front of their bodies to protect themselves
The police held up their riot shields against the flying rocks and bricks.
vital /ˈvaɪ.t ə l/ /-t ̬ ə l/ adjective IMPORTANT
necessary for the success or continued existence of something; extremely important
A strong opposition is vital to a healthy democracy.
vitally /ˈvaɪ.t ə l.i/ /-t ̬ ə l-/ adverb It's not vitally important that we get extra funding for the project but it would help.
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊn.tə r / /-t ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ] a meeting, especially one that happens by chance
I had a rather alarming encounter with a wild pig.
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊn.tə r / /-t ̬ɚ/ verb [ T ] MEET FORMAL to meet someone unexpectedly
On their way home they encountered a woman selling flowers.
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊn.tə r / /-t ̬ɚ/ verb [ T ] EXPERIENCE to experience, especially something unpleasant
When did you first encounter these difficulties?
conceal /kənˈsiːl/ verb [ T ] to prevent something from being seen or known about; to hide something
Is there something you're concealing from me?
obstruct /əbˈstrʌkt/ verb [ T ]
 Try harder 134

to block a road, passage, entrance, etc. so that nothing can go along it, or to prevent something from happening correctly by putting
difficulties in its way
After the earthquake many roads were obstructed by collapsed buildings.
set out phrasal verb to start an activity with a particular aim
She set out with the aim of becoming the youngest ever winner of the championship.
hoist /hɔɪst/ verb [ T ] to lift something heavy, sometimes using ropes or a machine
A helicopter hoisted the final section of the bridge into place.
hoist a flag to raise a flag to the top of a pole using a rope
rotate /rə ʊ  ˈteɪt/ /ˈroʊ.teɪt/ verb to (cause to) turn in a circle, especially around a fixed point
Rotate the handle by 180° to open the door.
terrain /təˈreɪn/ noun [ U ] an area of land, when considering its natural features
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
obstacle /ˈɒb.stɪ.kl ̩/ /ˈɑːb-/ noun [ C ] something that blocks you so that movement, going forward or action are prevented or made more
difficult
The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road.
waterproof /ˈwɔː.tə.pruːf/ /ˈwɑː.t ̬ɚ-/ adjective not allowing water to go through
Canvas boots are all right but they're not as waterproof as leather.
shallow /ˈʃæl.əʊ/ /-oʊ/ adjective NOT DEEP having only a short distance from the top to the bottom
 Try harder 135

The stream was quite shallow so we were able to walk across it.
sustain /səˈsteɪn/ verb [ T ] CONTINUE to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time
The economy looks set to sustain its growth into next year.
sustain /səˈsteɪn/ verb [ T ] SUPPORT to support emotionally : She was sustained by the strength of her religious faith.
blast /blɑːst/ /blæst/ verb EXPLODE to explode or destroy something or someone with explosives, or to break through or hit something with a
similar, very strong force : A tunnel was to be blasted through the mountains.
contrast /ˈkɒn.trɑːst/ /ˈkɑːn.træst/ noun an obvious difference between two or more things
I like the contrast of the white trousers with the black jacket.
rotary /ˈrəʊ.t ə r.i/ adjective (of a machine) having a part that moves around in a circle a rotary engine
rotor /ˈrəʊ.tə r / noun a part of a machine that spins, especially the device supporting the spinning blades of a helicopter
spin /spɪn/ verb spinning , spun , spun , UK ALSO span TURN to (cause to) turn around and around, especially fast
The Earth spins on its axis.
reverse /rɪˈvɜːs/ /-ˈvɝːs/ verb [ I or T ] to (cause something to) go backwards, or to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of
something to its opposite : She reversed the car into the parking space.
fuselage /ˈfjuː.z ə l.ɑːʒ/ noun [ C ] the main body of an aircraft
A close inspection revealed minute cracks in the aircraft's fuselage and wings.
propeller /prəˈpel.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun [ C ] ( INFORMAL prop ) a device which causes a ship or aircraft to move, consisting of two or more blades
which turn round at high speed
 Try harder 136

destructive /dɪˈstrʌk.tɪv/ adjective causing, or wanting to cause, damage : the destructive power of nuclear weapons
trade /treɪd/ noun BUYING AND SELLING the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between people or countries
The country's trade in manufactured goods has expanded in the last ten years.
trade /treɪd/ noun BUSINESS a particular business or industry
the building/catering/tourist trade
equivalent /ɪˈkwɪv. ə l. ə nt/ adjective having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc
Is $50 equivalent to about £30?
currency /ˈkʌr. ə n t  .si/ noun MONEY the money that is used in a particular country at a particular time
foreign currency
part with sth phrasal verb to give something to someone else, especially when you do not want to
I was going to give away her old baby clothes, but I couldn't bring myself to part with them.
lean /liːn/ verb [ I or T usually + adv/prep ] leaned or UK ALSO leant , leaned or UK ALSO leant
to (cause to) slope in one direction, or to move the top part of the body in a particular direction
That fence is leaning to the right.
collapse /kəˈlæps/ verb FALL to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support
Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake.
vibrate /vaɪˈbreɪt/ verb [ I or T ] to shake slightly and quickly, or to cause something to do this, in a way that is felt rather than seen or heard :
The whole station seemed to vibrate as the express train rushed through.
 Try harder 137

identical /aɪˈden.tɪ.k ə l/ /-t ̬ə-/ adjective exactly the same, or very similar

The interests of both parties may not be identical, but they do overlap considerably.
historic /hɪˈstɒr.ɪk/ /-ˈstɔːr-/ adjective important or likely to be important in history
historical /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.k ə l/ /-ˈstɔːr-/ adjective
connected with the study or representation of things from the past
tension /ˈten t  .ʃ ə n/ noun STRETCH The tension of a wire or rope is the degree to which it is stretched.
path /pɑːθ/ /pæθ/ noun [ C ] TRACK a route or track between one place and another, or the direction in which something is moving : a garden
path
compartment /kəmˈpɑːt.mənt/ /-ˈpɑːrt-/ noun [ C ] one of the separate areas inside a vehicle, especially a train a first class compartment
idle /ˈaɪ.dl ̩/ adjective NOT WORKING not working or being used
Half these factories now stand idle.
idle /ˈaɪ.dl ̩/ adjective NO PURPOSE [ before noun ] without any particular purpose
an idle glance
idle /ˈaɪ.dl ̩/ adjective LAZY lazy and not willing to work
He's a very able student, he's just bone idle (= very lazy) .
idleness /ˈaɪ.dl ̩.nəs/ noun [ U ]
ride /raɪd/ verb rode , ridden to sit on a horse or a bicycle and travel along on it controlling its movements
I learned to ride a bike when I was six.
 Try harder 138

scarcely /ˈskeə.sli/ /ˈsker-/ adverb ONLY JUST only just or almost not
I was scarcely able to move my arm after the accident.
Adv of frequency
unusual /ʌnˈjuː.ʒu.əl/ adjective different from others of the same type in a way that is surprising, interesting or attractive
"Do you like the new settee?" "Very much, it's most unusual."
strange /streɪndʒ/ adjective UNUSUAL unusual and unexpected, or difficult to understand
He's got some very strange ideas about women!
 Try harder 139

BOOK 27

countless /ˈkaʊnt.ləs/ adjective very many; too many to be counted

There are countless arguments against this ridiculous proposal.
willing /ˈwɪl.ɪŋ/ adjective be willing (to do sth ) to be happy to do something if it is needed
If you're willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
challenge /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ/ noun DIFFICULT JOB the situation of being faced with something needing great mental or physical effort in order to be
done successfully and which therefore tests a person's ability
disregard /ˌdɪs.rɪˈgɑːd/ /-ˈgɑːrd/ verb [ T ] to ignore something
He told us to disregard everything we'd learned so far and start again.
disregard /ˌdɪs.rɪˈgɑːd/ /-ˈgɑːrd/ noun [ U ] when someone shows no care or respect for something
What amazes me is her complete disregard for anyone else's opinion.
surrender /s ə rˈen.də r / /səˈren.dɚ/ verb ACCEPT DEFEAT to stop fighting and admit defeat
They would rather die than surrender ( to the invaders).
endure /ɪnˈdjʊə r / /-ˈdʊr/ verb EXPERIENCE to suffer something difficult, unpleasant or painful
We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport. / She's already had to endure three painful operations on her leg.
exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/ /-ˈzɑːst/ verb [ T ] TIRE to make someone extremely tired
I've exhausted myself with all that cleaning.
 Try harder 140

exhaustion /ɪgˈzɔːs.tʃ ə n/ /-ˈzɑː-/ noun [ U ] when you are extremely tired

She felt ill with/from exhaustion.
exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/ /-ˈzɑːst/ verb [ T ] USE to use something completely
How long will it be before the world's fuel supplies are exhausted?
desert /ˈdez.ət/ /-ɚt/ noun [ C or U ] an area, often covered with sand or rocks, where there is very little rain and not many plants
dessert /dɪˈzɜːt/ /-ˈzɝːt/ noun [ C or U ] sweet food eaten at the end of a meal
If you make the main course, I'll make a dessert.
experiment /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/ noun [ C or U ] conduct an experiment
a test done in order to learn something or to discover whether something works or is true
isolate /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/ verb [ T ] to separate to separate something or someone from other things or people with which they are joined or mixed : He
was isolated from all the other prisoners.
periodic /ˌpɪə.riˈɒd.ɪk/ /ˌpɪr.iˈɑː.dɪk/ adjective happening repeatedly over a period of time
He suffers periodic mental breakdowns.
lack /læk/ verb [ T ] to not have or not have enough of something that is needed or wanted
What we lack in this house is space to store things.
raise /reɪz/ verb [ T ] INCREASE to cause something to increase or become bigger, better, higher, etc
The government plan to raise taxes .
I had to raise my voice (= speak more loudly) to make myself heard over the noise.
 Try harder 141

rise /raɪz/ verb rose , risen INCREASE to increase

Inflation is rising at/by 2.1% a month. The wind/storm is rising (= beginning to get stronger).
look up to sb phrasal verb look downto admire and respect someone
He'd always looked up to his uncle.
look sth up phrasal verb [ M ] to try to find a piece of information by looking in a book or on a computer
If you don't know what the word means, look it up in a dictionary.
inferior /ɪnˈfɪə.ri.ə r / /-ˈfɪr.i.ɚ/ adjective inferior product are low in quality
not good, or not as good as someone or something else / These products are inferior to those we bought last year.
interfere /ˌɪn.təˈfɪə r / /-t ̬ɚˈfɪr/ verb [ I ] to involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not helpful
It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere.
willingness /ˈwɪl.ɪŋ.nəs/ noun [ S or U ] She shows a willingness to work on her own initiative.
refusal /rɪˈfjuː.z ə l/ noun [ C or U ] when someone refuses to do or accept something
watch out phrasal verb used to warn someone of danger or an accident that seems likely to happen
"Watch out!" he shouted, but it was too late - she had knocked the whole tray of drinks on the floor.
geography /dʒiˈɒg.rə.fi/ /dʒiˈɑː.grə-/ noun [ U ] the study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas,
lakes, etc. and of the ways in which countries and people organize life within an area
massive /ˈmæs.ɪv/ adjective very large in size, amount or number
They've got a massive house.
 Try harder 142

latitude /ˈlæt.ɪ.tjuːd/ /ˈlæt ̬.ɪ.tuːd/ noun POSITION the position north or south of the equator measured from 0° to 90°
longitude /ˈlɒn.dʒɪ.tjuːd/ , /ˈlɒŋ. g  ɪ-/ /ˈlɑːn.dʒə.tuːd/ noun [ C or U ] ( WRITTEN ABBREVIATION long )
the distance of a place east or west of an imaginary line from the top to the bottom of the Earth, measured in degrees
equator [ S ] an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth an equal distance from the North Pole and the South Pole
axis /ˈæk.sɪs/ noun [ C ] plural axes a real or imaginary straight line which goes through the centre of a spinning object, or a line which divides
a symmetrical shape into two equal halves, or a line on a graph used to show the position of a point
The Earth revolves about the axis which joins the North and South Poles.
continent /ˈkɒn.tɪ.nənt/ /ˈkɑːn.t ̬ ə n.ənt/ noun [ C ] one of the seven large land masses on the Earth's surface, surrounded, or mainly
surrounded, by sea and usually consisting of various countries : the North American continent
feature /ˈfiː.tʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun QUALITY a typical quality or an important part of something
discrepancy /dɪˈskrep. ə n t  .si/ noun [ C or U ] FORMAL difference between two things that should be the same
There is some discrepancy between the two accounts. It didn’t match.
silence /ˈsaɪ.lən t  s/ noun QUIET a period without any sound; complete quiet
A loud crash of thunder broke the silence of the night.
reprimand /ˈrep.rɪ.mɑːnd/ verb [ T ] FORMAL disapprove to express to someone your strong official disapproval of them
She was reprimanded by her teacher for biting another girl.
respect / noun ADMIRATION admiration felt or shown for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities
I have great/the greatest respect for his ideas, although I don't agree with them.
 Try harder 143

talk back phrasal verb If a child talks back, they reply rudely to someone they should be polite to
Children who talk back are regarded as cheeky and disrespectful
one by one one at a time separately, one after the other
They entered the room one by one.
commandant /ˈkɒm. ə n.dænt/ /ˈkɑː-/ noun [ C ] an officer who is in charge of a military organization or building, such as a prison for soldiers
used during a war
revelry /ˈrev. ə l.ri/ noun [ C usually plural U ] LITERARY when people are drinking, dancing, singing, etc. at a party or in public, especially in a
noisy way : Sounds of revelry came from next door.
ˈ bed ˌ linen noun [ U ] the sheets, pillow and duvet covers that you put on a bed
lecture /ˈlek.tʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun [ C ] a formal talk on a serious or specialist subject given to a group of people, especially students
We went to a lecture on Italian art.
leisure /ˈleʒ.ə r / /ˈliː.ʒɚ/ noun [ U ] free time
the time when you are not working or doing other duties
distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.gwɪʃ/ verb distinguish person is well know person
to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from another
He's colour-blind and can't distinguish (the difference) between red and green easily.
extinguish /ɪkˈstɪŋ.gwɪʃ/ verb [ T ] FIRE/LIGHT to stop a fire or a light burning
It took the firefighters several hours to extinguish the flames. / to extinguish a cigarette
 Try harder 144

considerable /kənˈsɪd. ə r.ə.bl ̩/ /-ɚ-/ adjective large or of noticeable importance

The fire caused considerable damage to the church.
enthusiasm /ɪnˈθjuː.zi.æz. ə m/ /-ˈθuː-/ noun very interested
a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an eagerness to be involved in it
After the accident he lost his enthusiasm for the sport.
numerous /ˈnjuː.mə.rəs/ /ˈnuː-/ adjective many
We have discussed these plans on numerous occasions.
intention /ɪnˈten.ʃ ə n/ noun [ C or U ] something that you want and plan to do
He's full of good intentions, but he never does anything about them!
comparison /kəmˈpær.ɪ.s ə n/ noun [ C or U ] EXAMINING DIFFERENCES when two or more people or things are compared
In comparison with the French, the British eat far less fish.
all /ɔːl/ /ɑːl/ determiner , predeterminer , pronoun considering everything every one (of), or the complete amount or number (of), or the whole
(of) : All animals have to eat in order to live.

artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ. ə l/ /ˌɑːr.t ̬ɪ-/ adjective made by people, often as a copy of something natural
clothes made of artificial fibres
genuine /ˈdʒen.ju.ɪn/ adjective If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be
 Try harder 145

If it is a genuine Michelangelo drawing, it will sell for millions.

synthetic /sɪnˈθet.ɪk/ /-ˈθe-/ adjective
describes products that are made from artificial substances, often copying a natural product
authentic /ɔːˈθen.tɪk/ /ɑːˈθen.t ̬ɪk/ adjective If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is
an authentic 1920s dress ,authentic Italian food
sufficient /səˈfɪʃ. ə nt/ adjective enough for a particular purpose
This recipe should be sufficient for five people.
Similar to
These two cars are exactly alike.
imitate /ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/ verb [ T ] copy another action : to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or to copy the speech or behavior,
etc. of someone or something
Some of the younger pop bands try to imitate their musical heroes from the past.
in short briefly : He's disorganized, inefficient, never there when you want him - in short, the man's hopeless.
get by phrasal verb barely making it
to be able to live or deal with a situation with difficulty, usually by having just enough of something you need, such as money
gripe /graɪp/ noun [ C ] INFORMAL a complaint about something that is annoying but not very important
a strong complaint
emphatic /em p  ˈfæt.ɪk/ /-ˈfæt ̬-/ adjective done or said in a strong way and without any doubt
 Try harder 146

Poland reached the final of the championship yesterday with an emphatic 5-0 victory over Italy.
thermostat /ˈθɜː.mə.stæt/ /ˈθɝː-/ noun [ C ] a device which keeps a building, engine, etc. within a usually limited temperature range by
automatically switching the supply of heat on and off
a central heating thermostat
evacuate /ɪˈvæk.ju.eɪt/ verb [ I or T ] to move people from a dangerous place to somewhere safe
The police evacuated the village shortly before the explosion.
protrude /prəˈtruːd/ verb [ I ] stick out to stick out from or through something
His pen is protruded from his pocket so it can be seen.

trim /trɪm/ verb [ T ] -mm- CUT to make something tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it
My hair needs trimming.
tremendous /trɪˈmen.dəs/ adjective very great in amount or level, or extremely good
They were making the most tremendous amount of noise last night.
orderly /ˈɔː.d ə l.i/ /ˈɔːr.dɚ.li/ adjective well arranged or organized
She put the letters in three orderly piles.
explosion /ɪkˈspləʊ.ʒ ə n/ /-ˈsploʊ-/ noun BURST when something such as a bomb explodes
The fire was thought to have been caused by a gas explosion.
muscular /ˈmʌs.kjʊ.lə r / /-lɚ/ adjective POWERFUL powerful : It was a muscular, hard-hitting documentary.
 Try harder 147

wealth /welθ/ noun MONEY a large amount of money or valuable possessions that someone has
During a successful business career, she accumulated a great amount of wealth.
wealth /welθ/ noun LARGE AMOUNT a large amount of something good
Wealth of information, The instructor provide a wealth of example so the class has numerous example
practically /ˈpræk.tɪ.kli/ adverb NEARLY almost or very nearly
She blamed me for practically every mistake in the report.
alike /əˈlaɪk/ adjective [ after verb ] similar; like each other : The children all look very alike.
more or less mostly : The project was more or less a success.
approximately : It's 500 kilos, more or less.
very nearly : He more or less admitted he'd done it.
roughly /ˈrʌf.li/ adverb NOT EXACTLY approximately
There has been an increase of roughly 2.25 million.
roughly /ˈrʌf.li/ adverb VIOLENTLY in a violent or angry way
He pushed the children roughly to one side.
"And what's going on here?" he said roughly.
common /ˈkɒm.ən/ /ˈkɑː.mən/ noun SHARED
have sth in common
to share interests, experiences or other characteristics with someone or something
 Try harder 148

We don't really have much in common.

in common with sb/sth
in the same way as someone or something
In common with many mothers, she feels torn between her family and her work.
noticeable /ˈnəʊ.tɪ.sə.bl ̩/ /ˈnoʊ.t ̬ɪ-/ adjective easy to see or recognize
There has been a noticeable improvement in Tim's cooking.
slightly /ˈslaɪt.li/ adverb SMALL IN AMOUNT a little
I'm slightly worried that she'll get lost on the way.
claw /klɔː/ /klɑː/ noun [ C ]
one of the sharp curved nails at the end of each of the toes of some animals and birds
Our cat likes to sharpen her claws on the legs of the dining table.
gratitude /ˈgræt.ɪ.tjuːd/ /ˈgræt ̬.ə.tuːd/ noun [ U ] ( ALSO gratefulness ) the feeling or quality of being grateful
Take this as a token of my gratitude for all your help.
classify /ˈklæs.ɪ.faɪ/ verb [ T ] arrange ,to divide things into groups according to their type
The books in the library are classified by/according to subject.
accordance /əˈkɔː.d ə n t  s/ /-ˈkɔːr-/ noun FORMAL agree with
in accordance with a rule/law/wish/etc.
following or obeying a rule/law/wish/etc
 Try harder 149

instantaneous /ˌɪn.stənˈteɪ.ni.əs/ adjective immediately ,happening immediately, without any delay

an instantaneous action
corrode /kəˈrəʊd/ /-ˈroʊd/ verb [ I or T ]
If metal corrodes, or if something corrodes it, it is slowly damaged by something such as rain or water
Steel tends to corrode faster in a salty atmosphere, such as by the sea.
corrosion /kəˈrəʊ.ʒ ə n/ /-ˈroʊ-/ noun [ U ]
There was a lot of corrosion on the bottom of the car.
rust /rʌst/ noun [ U ] a reddish brown substance that forms on the surface of iron and steel as a result of decay caused by reacting with air and
water
rust /rʌst/ verb [ I or T ] to become or cause something to become covered with rust
Older cars will begin to rust.
dirt /dɜːt/ /dɝːt/ noun [ U ] NOT CLEAN
dust, soil or any substance that makes a surface not clean
His coat was covered with dirt.
The dirt cause the tools to rust. Or to corrode
interval /ˈɪn.tə.v ə l/ /-t ̬ɚ-/ noun [ C ] SPACE There is 50 min interval before departure.
a period between two events or times, or the space between two points
 Try harder 150

composition /ˌkɒm.pəˈzɪʃ. ə n/ /ˌkɑːm-/ noun FORMED FROM

the parts, substances, etc. that something is made of
the composition of the atmosphere
shatter /ˈʃæt.ə r / /ˈʃæt ̬.ɚ/ verb to (cause something to) break suddenly into very small pieces
The glass shattered into a thousand tiny pieces.
detonate /ˈdet. ə n.eɪt/ /ˈdet ̬-/ verb [ I or T ] to (cause something to) explode
The device detonated unexpectedly.
blast /blɑːst/ /blæst/ verb EXPLODE to explode or destroy something or someone with explosives, or to break through or hit something with a
similar, very strong force
A tunnel was to be blasted through the mountains.
combustible /kəmˈbʌs.tɪ.bl ̩/ adjective FORMAL able to burn easily
Wood and coal are both combustible substances.
contact /ˈkɒn.tækt/ /ˈkɑːn-/ noun ELECTRICITY
a part in a circuit which makes the circuit complete when it touches another part
blow (sb/sth) up phrasal verb [ M ] to destroy something or kill someone with a bomb, or to be destroyed or killed by a bomb
He drove over a landmine and his jeep blew up.
critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.k ə l/ /ˈkrɪt ̬-/ adjective IMPORTANT of the greatest importance to the way things might happen
a critical decision
 Try harder 151

critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.k ə l/ /ˈkrɪt ̬-/ adjective SERIOUS extremely serious or dangerous

Both drivers are critical/in a critical condition (= so badly hurt that they might die) after the 120mph crash.
call on sb phrasal verb [ + to infinitive ] to ask someone in a formal way to do something
They're calling on all men and boys over the age of 14 to join the army.
FORMAL I now call on everyone to raise a glass to the happy couple.
absolute /ˈæb.sə.luːt/ , /--ˈ-/ adjective VERY GREAT very great or to the largest degree possible
absolute /ˈæb.sə.luːt/ , /--ˈ-/ adjective NOT CHANGING not depending on anything else; true, right, or the same in all situations
retain /rɪˈteɪn/verb [ T ] SLIGHTLY FORMAL to keep or continue to have something
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.

composite /ˈkɒm.pə.zɪt/ /kɑːm-/ noun [ C ] something which is made of various different parts
Scientists have put together a composite picture of what the Earth's crust is like.
SPECIALIZED a structural material made up of more than one substance
The bodies of these racing cars are moulded from the same composite that is used for making aircraft fuselage.
fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.t ə l/ /-t ̬ ə l/ adjective Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language.
deviate /ˈdiː.vi.eɪt/ verb [ I ] BEHAVIOUR to do something which is different from the usual or common way of behaving
The recent pattern of weather deviates from the norm for this time of year.
wire up= to connect a piece of electrical equipment or tow things together.
 Try harder 152

compound /kəmˈpaʊnd/ verb COMBINE to mix two things together

Most tyres are made of rubber compounded with other chemicals and materials.
compound /ˈkɒm.paʊnd/ /ˈkɑːm-/ adjective consisting of two or more parts
consist of sth phrasal verb [ L not continuous ] to be made of or formed from something
The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
spill /spɪl/ verb [ I or T usually + adv/prep ] spilled or UK ALSO spilt , spilled or UK ALSO spilt
to (cause to) flow, move, fall or spread over the edge or outside the limits of something
altitude /ˈæl.tɪ.tjuːd/ /-t ̬ə.tuːd/ noun [ C ] height above sea level
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
velocity /vəˈlɒs.ɪ.ti/ /-ˈlɑː.sə.t ̬i/ noun [ C or U ] FORMAL speed
He always used high velocity lead bullets in his rifle.
electrode /ɪˈlek.trəʊd/ /-troʊd/ noun [ C ]
magnet /ˈmæg.nət/ noun [ C ] OBJECT
an object that is able both to attract iron and steel objects and also push them away
beam /biːm/ verb SEND OUT [ I or T ] to send
out a beam of light, or an electrical or radio signal, etc.
The midday sun beamed (= shone brightly) down on the boat as it drifted along.
volt /vɒlt/ noun [ C ] the standard unit used to measure how strongly an electrical current is sent around an electrical system
 Try harder 153

Electricity in Britain is 240 volts, AC.

Volt is a measurement term of electricity.
static /ˈstæt.ɪk/ /ˈstæt ̬-/ noun [ U ] noise on a radio or television caused by electricity in the air
There's so much static on this radio I can't hear what they're saying.
extinguish /ɪkˈstɪŋ.gwɪʃ/ verb [ T ] FIRE/LIGHT to stop a fire or a light burning
It took the firefighters several hours to extinguish the flames.
get along phrasal verb MAINLY US ( MAINLY UK get on ) BE FRIENDLY
If two or more people get along, they like each other and are friendly to each other
I don't really get along with my sister's husband.
provide /prəˈvaɪd/ verb SUPPLY [ T ] to give someone something that they need
This booklet provides useful information about local services.
generator /ˈdʒen.ə.reɪ.tə r / /-ɚ.eɪ.t ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ] a machine which produces something, especially electricity
voltage /ˈvɒl.tɪdʒ/ /ˈvoʊl.ɪdʒ/ noun [ C or U ] the force of an electric current, measured in volts and make Electron go through wire : high/low
voltages
repel /rɪˈpel/ verb [ T ] -ll- FORCE AWAY to force something or someone to move away or stop attacking you
This coat has a special surface that repels moisture.
SPECIALIZED to have a magnetic field which pushes away something with a similar magnetic field
Similar poles of magnets repel each other, and opposite poles attract.
 Try harder 154

surge /sɜːdʒ/ /sɝːdʒ/ verb [ I ] to increase suddenly and strongly

The company's profits have surged.
drift . to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction : The following leave was drifting in the wind : No
one noticed that the boat had begun to drift out to sea.
coil / verb [ I or T ] to arrange something in a coil
The snake coiled itself tightly around the deer.
primitive /ˈprɪm.ɪ.tɪv/ /-t ̬ɪv/ adjective relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people living in a simple way
without machines or a writing system
Primitive races colonized these islands 2000 years ago.
participate be in on, I want to be in on the planning. to take part in or become involved in an activity
She never participates in any of our discussions, does she?
Rod/rɑːd/ noun [ C ] a long thin pole made of wood or metal
He was given a fishing rod for his birthday. / The concrete is strengthened with steel rods.
Check up on = investigate
 Try harder 155

BOOK 28

junk /dʒʌŋk/ noun RUBBISH things that are considered to be of no use or value, or of low quality
I can't stand watching the junk that's on TV these days.
luxury /ˈlʌk.ʃ ə r.i/ /-ʃɚ-/ noun [ U ] great comfort, especially as provided by expensive and beautiful things
[ C ] something expensive which is pleasant to have but is not necessary
extend /ɪkˈstend/ verb REACH to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer
We're planning to extend our publishing of children's books (= increase it) .
I need to extend my visa (= make it last longer) .
limited /ˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/ /-t ̬ɪd/ adjective small in amount or number / kept within a particular size, range, time, etc
Places on the bus are limited to fifty - so book early!
go after sb phrasal verb to chase or follow someone in order to catch them
The police went after him but he got away.
go after sth phrasal verb INFORMAL to try to get something
Are you planning to go after Paul's job when he leaves?
go against sb phrasal verb If a decision or vote goes against someone, they do not get the result that they needed
go along with sth/sb phrasal verb to support an idea, or to agree with someone's opinion
Kate's already agreed, but it's going to be harder persuading Mike to go along with it.
 Try harder 156

go by phrasal verb to move past, in space or time

You can watch the trains going by from this window.
go down (sth) phrasal verb REACH to reach or go as far as
Its roots can go down three metres.
criticize , UK USUALLY criticise /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.saɪz/ /ˈkrɪt ̬-/ verb [ I T often passive ] to express disapproval of someone or something
We'll get nowhere if all you can do is criticize.
[ T ] to give an opinion or judgment about a book, film, etc.
We're a group of artists who meet to discuss things and criticize each other's work.
mention /ˈmen. t  ʃ ə n/ verb [ T ] to speak about something quickly, giving little detail or using few words
I'll mention your ideas to Jacinta.
sculpture /ˈskʌlp.tʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun [ C or U ] the art of forming solid objects that represent a thing, person, idea, etc. out of a material such as
wood, clay, metal or stone, or an object made in this way
Tom teaches sculpture at the local art school.
.
own /əʊn/ /oʊn/ verb HAVE LEGALLY [ T not continuous ] to have something that legally belongs to you
We own our house.
contest /ˈkɒn.test/ noun [ C ] COMPETITION a competition to do better than other people, usually in which prizes are given
a dance/sports contest / She's won a lot of beauty contests.
 Try harder 157

race /reɪs/ noun COMPETITION [ C ] a competition in which all the competitors try to be the fastest and to finish first
Do you know who won/lost the race?
conference /ˈkɒn.f ə r. ə n t  s/ /ˈkɑːn.fɚ-/ noun [ C ] an event, sometimes lasting a few days, at which there is a group of talks on a particular
subject, or a meeting in which especially business matters are discussed formally
a conference on women's rights
They frequently hold conferences at that hotel.
verify /ˈver.ɪ.faɪ/ verb [ T ] make sure that it is true to prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct : Are
you able to verify your account/allegation/report/theory?
see about sth phrasal verb INFORMAL to prepare for or deal with an action or event, or to arrange for something to be done
It's getting late - I'd better see about lunch.

comparable /ˈkɒm.p ə   r.ə.bl ̩/ /ˈkɑːm.pɚ-/ adjective similar in size, amount or quality to something else
The girls are of comparable ages.
criticism /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.sɪ.z ə m/ /ˈkrɪt ̬-/ noun [ C or U ] judgment when you say that something or someone is bad; disapproval
I have a few criticisms to make of/about your speech.
when you give your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone, especially books, films,
see about sth phrasal verb INFORMAL make a good arrangement. to prepare for or deal with an action or event, or to arrange for something to be
done
 Try harder 158

occupy /ˈɒk.jʊ.paɪ/ /ˈɑː.kjʊ-/ verb [ T ] FILL to fill, exist in, or use a place or period of time

The bathroom's occupied - I think John's in there.

occupy /ˈɒk.jʊ.paɪ/ /ˈɑː.kjʊ-/ verb [ T ] TAKE CONTROL being use
Troops quickly occupied the city.
come by (somewhere) phrasal verb visit to visit a place for a short time, often when you are going somewhere else
I'll come by (the office/your house) one day this week and we can have a chat.
hang around (somewhere ) ( UK ALSO hang about ) to wait or spend time somewhere, usually for no particular reason
I spent most of my youth hanging around the bars of Dublin.
starving /ˈstɑː.vɪŋ/ /ˈstɑːr-/ adjective NO FOOD dying because of not having enough food
The cats were neglected and starving.
INFORMAL very hungry : Isn't lunch ready yet? I'm starving.
denomination /dɪˌnɒm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃ ə n/ /-ˌnɑː.mə-/ noun VALUE of the bill or coin [ C ] a unit of value, especially of money
It always takes time to get used to the different denominations of coins when you go to a foreign country.
claim /kleɪm/ verb SAY [ T ] to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people might not believe it : [ + (
that ) ] The company claims (that) it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.
reserve /rɪˈzɜːv/ /-ˈzɝːv/ verb [ T ] set aside : to keep something for a particular purpose or time
I reserve Mondays for tidying my desk and answering letters.
 Try harder 159

put/set sth aside If you put/set aside money, you save it for a particular purpose
Every week I put aside a few pounds for a new TV.
debt /det/ noun [ C or U ] something, especially money, which is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something
He managed to pay off his debts in two years.
compact /ˈkɒm.pækt/ /ˈkɑːm-/ noun [ C ] CAR need a litter space : a small car
go by phrasal verb to move past, in space or time
You can watch the trains going by from this window.
satellite /ˈsæt. ə l.aɪt/ /ˈsæt ̬-/ noun [ C ] IN SPACE a device sent up into space to travel round the Earth, used for collecting information or
communicating by radio, television, etc.
The World Cup was transmitted around the world by satellite.
luxury /ˈlʌk.ʃ ə r.i/ /-ʃɚ-/ noun great comfort, especially as provided by expensive and beautiful things
something expensive which is pleasant to have but is not necessary
I like to buy myself little luxuries from time to time.
desire /dɪˈzaɪə r / /-ˈzaɪr/ noun WANT [ C or U ] a strong feeling that you want something
I certainly have no desire to have children.
roll /rəʊl/ /roʊl/ verb TURN OVER [ T usually + adverb or preposition ] to (cause something to) turn over onto itself to form a cylinder or a
sphere
He rolled the clay into a ball in his hands.
 Try harder 160

slide /slaɪd/ verb slid , slid MOVE to (cause to) move easily and without interruption over a surface
When I was little I used to like sliding on the polished floor in my socks.
pull sth/sb apart phrasal verb [ M ] to separate two things or people
They went for each other with their fists and had to be pulled apart.
hinge /hɪndʒ/ noun [ C ] a piece of metal that fastens the edge of a door, window, lid, etc. to something else and allows it to swing open or closed
We had to take the front door off its hinges to get our new sofa into the house.
mount /maʊnt/ verb FIX to fix something on a wall, in a frame etc., so that it can be viewed or used
The children's work has been mounted on cards and put up on the walls of the classroom.
ˌ worn ˈ out adjective USED describes something which can no longer be used because it is so old or because it has been damaged by continued
use
I've got old 'Fawlty Towers' videos which are almost worn out, I've played them so many times.
ˌ worn ˈ out adjective TIRED : extremely tired
I've been working all night and I'm worn out.
junkyard /ˈdʒʌŋk.jɑːd/ /-jɑːrd/ noun [ C ] MAINLY US a place to which people take large things such as old furniture or machines that they no
longer want
arrange /əˈreɪndʒ/ verb PUT IN POSITION [ T ] to put something in a particular order
stack /stæk/ noun [ C ] PILE a pile of things arranged one on top of another
He chose a cartoon from the stack of videos on the shelf.
 Try harder 161

stack /stæk/ verb [ T ] to arrange things in an ordered pile

Once the last few people had left the hall, the caretaker began stacking (up) the chairs.
pile /paɪl/ noun AMOUNT [ C ] objects positioned one on top of another
a pile of books
a pile of dirty clothes
portable /ˈpɔː.tə.bl ̩/ /ˈpɔːr.t ̬ə-/ adjective (designed to be) light and small enough to be easily carried or moved
a portable radio/telephone/computer
trace /treɪs/ verb [ T ] FIND to find someone or something that was lost
The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital.
groove /gruːv/ noun [ C ] a long narrow hollow space cut into a surface
The window slides along a deep metal groove to open and close.
coat /kəʊt/ /koʊt/ verb [ T ] to cover something with a layer of a particular substance
When the biscuits are cool, you coat them in/with melted chocolate.
bubble /ˈbʌb.l ̩/ noun AIR BALL [ C ] a ball of air in a liquid, or a delicate hollow sphere floating on top of a liquid or in the air
As water begins to boil, bubbles rise ever faster to the surface.
exhale /eksˈheɪl/ /ˈ--/ verb [ I or T ] FORMAL to send air out of your lungs
Take a deep breath in then exhale into the mouthpiece.
Compare inhale
 Try harder 162

alternate /ˈɒl.tə.neɪt/ /ˈɑːl.t ̬ɚ-/ verb [ I usually + adverb or preposition ] to happen or exist one after the other repeatedly
She alternated between cheerfulness and deep despair.
alternate /ɒlˈtɜː.nət/ /ɑːlˈtɝː-/ adjective [ before noun ] with first one thing, then another thing, and then the first thing again
a dessert with alternate layers of chocolate and cream
antistatic /ˌæn.tiˈstæt.ɪk/ /-t ̬iˈstæt ̬-/ adjective relating to devices or methods for preventing damage when electricity collects on the surface of
objects
individual /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪd.ju.əl/ noun [ C ] SINGLE a single person or thing, especially when compared to the group or set to which they belong
individualized MAINLY US , UK USUALLY individualised /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪd.ju.ə.laɪzd/ adjective
prepared or suitable for individual people
scope /skəʊp/ /skoʊp/ noun [ U ] RANGE the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc.
I'm afraid that problem is beyond/outside the scope of my lecture.
radiate /ˈreɪ.di.eɪt/ verb PRODUCE HEAT/LIGHT [ I or T ] to produce heat and/or light, or (of heat or light) to be produced
The planet Jupiter radiates twice as much heat from inside as it receives from the Sun.
radiate /ˈreɪ.di.eɪt/ verb SPREAD [ I + adverb or preposition ] to spread out in all directions from a central point
Flows of lava radiated out from the volcano's crater.
scatter /ˈskæt.ə r / /ˈskæt ̬.ɚ/ verb MOVE [ I or T ] to (cause to) move far apart in different directions
The protesters scattered at the sound of gunshots.
remote /rɪˈməʊt/ /-ˈmoʊt/ adjective DISTANT far away in distance, time or relation
 Try harder 163

a remote mountain village

amplify /ˈæm.plɪ.faɪ/ verb [ T ] to make something louder
echo /ˈek.əʊ/ /-oʊ/ noun [ C ] plural echoes SOUND a sound that is heard after it has been reflected off a surface such as a wall or a cliff : The
echoes of his scream sounded in the cave for several seconds.
bearing /ˈbeə.rɪŋ/ /ˈber.ɪŋ/ noun POSITION direction

deflect /dɪˈflekt/ verb [ I or T ] plastic is not deflect radio wave. (deflect = turn aside) to (cause to) change direction
The ball deflected off my hockey stick, straight into the goal.
distorted /dɪˈstɔː.tɪd/ /-ˈstɔːr.t ̬ɪd/ adjective twice out of shape. changed from the usual, original, natural or intended form
The music just gets distorted when you play it so loud.
minute /ˈmɪn.ɪt/ noun MESSAGE [ C ] MAINLY UK FORMAL an official message from one person to another in an organization
I've just received a minute from Jeremy authorizing the purchase of six more computers.
the minutes [ plural ] the written record of what was said at a meeting
The minutes of the last meeting were approved unanimously (= everyone agreed that they were correct) .
minute /maɪˈnjuːt/ /-ˈnuːt/ adjective extremely small
I've never seen a man with such tiny hands - they're minute!
blurred /blɜːd/ /blɝːd/ adjective ( ALSO blurry /ˈblɜː.ri/ /ˈblɝː.i/ ) difficult to see
The photograph was very blurred.
 Try harder 164

terminate /ˈtɜː.mɪ.neɪt/ /ˈtɝː-/ verb [ I or T ] FORMAL to (cause something to) end or stop
They terminated my contract in October.
obsolete /ˌɒb.s ə lˈiːt/ /ˌɑːb-/ adjective not in use any more, having been replaced by something newer and better or more fashionable : Gas
lamps became obsolete when electric lighting was invented.
up-to-date /ˌʌp.təˈdeɪt/ adjective modern, recent, or containing the latest information
Great trouble is taken to keep our database up-to-date.
horizon /həˈraɪ.z ə n/ noun [ S ] the line at the farthest place which you can see, where the sky seems to touch the land or sea
The moon rose slowly above the horizon.
moderate /ˈmɒd. ə r.ət/ /ˈmɑː.dɚ-/ adjective MEDIUM-SIZED neither small nor large but between the two; clearly within the limits of a
range of possibilities : The cabin is of moderate size - just right for a small family.
plot /plɒt/ /plɑːt/ verb -tt- MARK to mark or draw something on a piece of paper or a map
variable /ˈveə.ri.ə.bl ̩/ /ˈver.i-/ adjective likely to change often
British weather is perhaps at its most variable in the spring.
cliff /klɪf/ noun a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast
Keep away from the edge of the cliff - you might fall.
cable /ˈkeɪ.bl ̩/ noun WIRE [ C or U ] a set of wires, covered by plastic, that carries electricity, telephone signals, etc.
a length of cable
lifelike /ˈlaɪf.laɪk/ adjective
 Try harder 165

describes something that appears real or very similar to reality

a lifelike portrait of the queen
The mask was so lifelike it was quite frightening.
Life (N)+like= adj
 Try harder 166

BOOK 29

repeatedly /rɪˈpiː.tɪd.li/ /-t ̬ɪd-/ adverb many times

He telephoned repeatedly, begging her to return.
contaminate /kənˈtæm.ɪ.neɪt/ verb [ T ] to make something less pure or make it poisonous
The food which had been contaminated was destroyed.
contribute /kənˈtrɪb.juːt/ , /ˈkɒn.trɪ.bjuːt/ /ˈkɑːn-/ verb [ I or T ] to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve
something together with other people
Her family have contributed £50,000 to the fund.
to write articles for a newspaper, magazine or book
She contributes to several magazines.
curious /ˈkjʊə.ri.əs/ /ˈkjʊr.i-/ adjective INTERESTED interested in learning about people or things around you
I was curious to know what would happen next.
generous /ˈdʒen. ə r.əs/ /-ɚ-/ adjective CHARACTER willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or expected
a very generous man
floss /flɒs/ /flɑːs/ verb [ I or T ] something not good or defect
 Try harder 167

merchandise /ˈmɜː.tʃ ə n.daɪs/ /ˈmɝː-/ noun [ U ] FORMAL goods that are bought and sold
Japan exported $117 billion in merchandise to the US in 1999.
good /gʊd/ noun THINGS goods
things for sale, or the things that you own
There is a 25% discount on all electrical goods until the end of the week.
stock /stɒk/ /stɑːk/ noun SUPPLY [ C or U ] a supply of something for use or sale
It is now halfway through winter and food stocks are already low.
salary /ˈsæl. ə r.i/ /-ɚ-/ noun [ C or U ] a fixed amount of money agreed every year as pay for an employee, usually paid directly into his
or her bank account every month Compare wage
an annual salary of £20 000
bundle /ˈbʌn.dl ̩/ noun [ C ] a number of things that have been fastened or are held together
a bundle of clothes/newspapers/books
bundle /ˈbʌn.dl ̩/ verb SELL TOGETHER [ T ] to include an extra computer program or other product with something that you sell
The system came bundled with a word processor, spreadsheet and graphics program.
floss /flɒs/ /flɑːs/ noun [ U ] THREAD a mass of soft smooth threads especially produced by particular insects and plants
See also candyfloss
thread /θred/ noun CONNECTION [ C ] The thread of a book, discussion, speech, etc. is its story or the way that it develops, one part
connecting with another
 Try harder 168

modernize , UK USUALLY modernise /ˈmɒd. ə n.aɪz/ /ˈmɑː.dɚ.naɪz/ verb [ I or T ] to make something more modern
Much of the house has been modernized.
apologize , UK USUALLY apologise /əˈpɒl.ə.dʒaɪz/ /-ˈpɑː.lə-/ verb [ I ] to tell someone that you are sorry for having done something that has
caused them problems or unhappiness
She apologized profusely for hav ing to leave at 3.30 p.m.
publicize , UK USUALLY publicise /ˈpʌb.lɪ.saɪz/ verb [ T ] to make information about something generally available
Attitudes seem to be changing as a result of recent highly publicized cases of sexual harassment.
equalize , UK USUALLY equalise /ˈiː.kwə.laɪz/ verb [ T ] to make things or people equal
They are putting pressure on the government to equalize state pension ages between men and women.
standardize , UK USUALLY standardise /ˈstæn.də.daɪz/ /-dɚ-/ verb [ T ] to make things of the same type all have the same basic features
We standardize parts such as rear-view mirrors, so that one type will fit any model of car we make.
straighten /ˈstreɪ.t ə n/ /- ə n/ verb NOT CURVING [ I or T ] to become straight or to make something become straight
Her hair is naturally curly but she always straightens it.
brighten /ˈbraɪ.t ə n/ /-t ̬ ə n/ verb [ I or T ] LIGHTER to (cause to) become lighter
The room was small and dark, without so much as a ray of light to brighten the gloom.
awaken /əˈweɪ.k ə n/ verb [ I or T ] LITERARY to stop sleeping or to make someone stop sleeping
They were awakened by the sound of gunfire.
deviate /ˈdiː.vi.eɪt/ verb [ I ] BEHAVIOUR to do something which is different from the usual or common way of behaving
 Try harder 169

The recent pattern of weather deviates from the norm for this time of year.
geography /dʒiˈɒg.rə.fi/ /dʒiˈɑː.grə-/ noun [ U ] the study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas,
lakes, etc. and of the ways in which countries and people organize life within an area
rotate /rə ʊ  ˈteɪt/ /ˈroʊ.teɪt/ verb [ I or T ] to (cause to) turn in a circle, especially around a fixed point
Rotate the handle by 180° to open the door.
commerce /ˈkɒm.ɜːs/ /ˈkɑː.mɝːs/ noun [ U ] the activities involved in buying and selling things
the world of commerce and industry
terminate /ˈtɜː.mɪ.neɪt/ /ˈtɝː-/ verb [ I or T ] FORMAL to (cause something to) end or stop
They terminated my contract in October.
This train will terminate at the next stop - passengers who wish to continue should change trains.
identify /aɪˈden.tɪ.faɪ/ /-t ̬ə-/ verb [ T ] to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what they are
You need to identify your priorities.
humidity /hjuːˈmɪd.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t ̬i/ noun [ U ] the quality of being humid
I don't like the humidity of this climate.
insulate /ˈɪn.sjʊ.leɪt/ verb [ T ] COVER to cover and surround something with a material or substance in order to stop heat, sound or electricity
from escaping or entering ; You can insulate a house against heat loss by having the windows double-glazed.
indicate /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/ verb SHOW [ T ] to show, point or make clear in another way
Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.
 Try harder 170

indicate /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/ verb SIGNAL [ I or T ] UK to show other road users that you intend to turn left or right when you are driving a vehicle
hen a device indicates a value or change, it signals it
inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/ verb BREATHE [ I or T ] to breathe air, smoke, or gas into your lungs
She flung open the window and inhaled deeply. / She became ill shortly after inhaling the fumes.
stay up phrasal verb to go to bed later than usual
We stayed up (late) to watch a film.
pass away/on phrasal verb POLITE EXPRESSION FOR die (STOP LIVING)
She's terribly upset because her father passed away last week.
glow /gləʊ/ /gloʊ/ verb [ I ] to produce a continuous light and sometimes heat
to look attractive because you are happy or healthy, especially with eyes that are shining
The children's faces were glowing with excitement.
wreck /rek/ verb [ T ] to destroy or badly damage something
The explosion shattered nearby windows and wrecked two cars.
garbage /ˈgɑː.bɪdʒ/ /ˈgɑːr-/ noun [ U ] 1. US ( UK rubbish ) waste material or unwanted things that you throw away
waste /weɪst/ noun UNWANTED MATTER [ C or U ] unwanted matter or material of any type, often that which is left after useful substances or
parts have been removed ; He opposes any kind of nuclear waste being dumped at sea.
direct verb ORDER [ T + object + to infinitive ] FORMAL to order someone, especially officially
The judge directed the defendant to remain silent.
 Try harder 171

rare /reə r / /rer/ adjective NOT COMMON not common; very unusual a rare disease/species
rare /reə r / /rer/ adjective COOKED (of meat) not cooked for very long; still red
I'd like my steak rare, please.
tunnel /ˈtʌn. ə l/ noun [ C ] a long passage under or through the ground, especially one made by people
The train went into the tunnel.
preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/ /-ˈzɝːv/ verb [ T ] to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed;
to conserve ; to preserve the environment
segment /ˈseg.mənt/ noun [ C ] any of the parts into which something (especially a circle or sphere) can be divided or into which it is naturally
divided ; The salad was decorated with segments of orange.
preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/ /-ˈzɝːv/ noun SEPARATE PLACE
[ C ] US FOR reserve (= an area of land kept in its natural state, especially for wild animals to live in to be protected)
vivid /ˈvɪv.ɪd/ adjective Vivid descriptions, memories, etc. produce very clear, powerful and detailed images in the mind
He gave a very vivid and often shocking account/description of his time in prison.
transparency /trænˈspær. ə n t  .si/ /-ˈsper-/ noun [ U ] the characteristic of being easy to see through
The old-fashioned type of plastic lacked transparency.
torch /tɔːtʃ/ /tɔːrtʃ/ noun a small light which is held in the hand and usually gets its power from batteries
She flashed/shone the torch into the dark room.
vital /ˈvaɪ.t ə l/ /-t ̬ ə l/ adjective IMPORTANT necessary for the success or continued existence of something; extremely important
 Try harder 172

A strong opposition is vital to a healthy democracy.

wild /waɪld/ adjective NATURAL describes plants or animals that live or grow independently of people, in natural conditions and with natural
characteristics wild flowers/grasses
submerge /səbˈmɜːdʒ/ /-ˈmɝːdʒ/ verb [ I or T ] to go below the surface of the sea or a river or lake
The submarine submerged when enemy planes were sighted.
scenery /ˈsiː.n ə r.i/ /-nɚ-/ noun [ U ] COUNTRYSIDE the general appearance of the natural environment, especially when it is beautiful
They stopped at the top of the hill to admire the scenery.
wilderness /ˈwɪl.də.nəs/ /-dɚ-/ noun [ C usually singular ] an area of land that has not been used to grow crops or had towns and roads built on
it, especially because it is difficult to live in as a result of its extremely cold or hot weather or bad earth a beautiful mountain wilderness
Alaska is the last great wilderness.
upset /ʌpˈset/ verb [ T ] upsetting , upset , upset WORRY to make someone worried, unhappy or angry
It still upsets him when he thinks about the accident.
upset /ʌpˈset/ verb [ T ] upsetting , upset , upset CHANGE to change the usual or expected state or order of something, especially in a way
which stops it from happening or working ; Any mechanical problems would upset our plans of driving across the desert.
upset /ʌpˈset/ verb [ T ] upsetting , upset , upset ILLNESS to make someone feel slightly ill
He can't eat grapes - they upset him/his stomach.
environment /ɪnˈvaɪ ə  .rə n  .mənt/ /-ˈvaɪr.ə n  -/ noun NATURE the air, water and land in or on which people, animals and plants live
Certain chemicals have been banned because of their damaging effect on the environment.
 Try harder 173

We're not doing enough to protect the environment from pollution.

welding /ˈwel.dɪŋ/ noun [ U ] the activity of joining metal parts together
weld /weld/ verb [ T ] JOIN METAL to join two pieces of metal together permanently by melting the parts that touch
Iron spikes have been welded (on) to the railings around the embassy.
resident /ˈrez.ɪ.d ə nt/ noun [ C ] HOME a person who lives or has their home in a place
The local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces.
neighbourhood UK , US neighborhood /ˈneɪ.bə.hʊd/ /-bɚ-/ noun [ C ] the area of a town that surrounds someone's home, or the people who
live in this area
resign /rɪˈzaɪn/ verb [ I or T ] to give up a job or position by telling your employer that you are leaving
He resigned from the company in order to take a more challenging job.
brave /breɪv/ adjective showing no fear of dangerous or difficult things
a brave soldier
flavour UK , US flavor /ˈfleɪ.və r / /-vɚ/ noun [ C or U ] how food or drink tastes, or a particular taste itself
Add a little salt to bring out the flavour of the herbs.
courage /ˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/ /ˈkɝː-/ noun [ U ] the ability to control your fear in a dangerous or difficult situation
They showed great courage when they found out about their baby's disability.
statue /ˈstætʃ.uː/ noun [ C ] an object made from a hard material, especially stone or metal, to look like a person or animal
They planned to put up/erect a statue to the President.
 Try harder 174

for good forever ; She's gone and this time it's for good.
childhood /ˈtʃaɪld.hʊd/ noun [ C or U ] the time when someone is a child ; She had an unhappy childhood.
contain /kənˈteɪn/ verb HOLD [ T not continuous ] to have something inside or include something as a part
How much liquid do you think this bottle contains?
bored /bɔːd/ /bɔːrd/ adjective borded with feeling tired and unhappy because something is not interesting or because you have nothing to do
It was a cold, wet day and the children were bored.
full /fʊl/ adjective CONTAINING A LOT full of (of a container or a space) holding or containing as much as possible or a lot; filled
qualify /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪ/ /ˈkwɑː.lɪ-/ verb HAVE RIGHT qualify for
[ I or T ] to have the legal right to have or do something because of the situation you are in, or to cause someone to have such a right
exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/ /-ˈzɑːst/ verb [ T ] TIRE EXHAUST FROM to make someone extremely tired
The long journey exhausted the children.
Upset about, Proud of ,Mad at ,Glad about

devote sth to sth/sb phrasal verb to give all of something, especially your time, effort or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a
person He left government to devote more time to his family.
diminish /dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/ verb [ I or T ] to reduce or be reduced in size or importance
I don't want to diminish her achievements, but she did have a lot of help.
from time to time sometimes but not often ; From time to time I still think of her.
 Try harder 175

time after time again and again ; Time after time she gets involved in relationships with unsuitable men.
intend /ɪnˈtend/ verb [ T ] to have as a plan or purpose
Somehow I offended him, which wasn't what I'd intended.
equatorial /ˌek.wəˈtɔː.ri. ə l/ /-ˈt ̬ɔːr.i-/ adjective near the equator, or typical of places near the equator
The equatorial climate of the Amazonian rain forests is hot and wet.
parental /pəˈren.t ə l/ /-t ̬ ə l/ adjective connected with parents or with being a parent
The government repeatedly stressed its support for parental choice in the selection of a child's school.
original /əˈrɪdʒ.ɪ.nəl/ adjective FIRST MADE

itchy /ˈɪtʃ.i/ adjective having or causing an itch

The sweater was itchy (= made me itch) .
itch /ɪtʃ/ verb [ I ] to have or cause an uncomfortable feeling on the skin which makes you want to rub it with your nails
I can't wear wool - it makes me itch.
irritating /ˈɪr.ɪ.teɪ.tɪŋ/ /-t ̬ɪŋ/ adjective making you feel annoyed ; an irritating habit
distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.gwɪʃ/ verb [ I or T not continuous ] to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or
thing seem different from another
He's colour-blind and can't distinguish (the difference) between red and green easily.
define /dɪˈfaɪn/ verb [ T ] EXPLAIN to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is
 Try harder 176

In this dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be'.
potential /pə ʊ  ˈten. t  ʃ ə l/ /poʊ-/ adjective [ before noun ] possible when the necessary conditions exist
A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company.
encourage /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/ /-ˈkɝː-/ verb [ T ] to make someone more likely to do something, or to make something more likely to happen
The council is encouraging the development of the property for both employment and recreation.
exhibit /ɪgˈzɪb.ɪt/ verb [ I or T ] to show something publicly
He frequently exhibits at the art gallery.
trace /treɪs/ verb [ T ] FIND to find someone or something that was lost
The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital.
competent /ˈkɒm.pɪ.t ə nt/ /ˈkɑːm.pə.t ̬ ə nt/ adjective well qualify able to do something well
I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent at his job.
integrity /ɪnˈteg.rə.ti/ /-t ̬i/ HONESTY APPROVING the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change
No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.
evaluate /ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/ verb [ T ] value a worth of something to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount or value of something
It's impossible to evaluate these results without knowing more about the research methods employed.
accomplish /əˈkʌm.plɪʃ/ /-ˈkɑːm-/ verb [ T ] to finish something successfully or to achieve something
The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes.
foundation /faʊnˈdeɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun BEGIN [ U ] when an organization, state, etc. is established
 Try harder 177

the foundation of a new state

Distinguish characteristic is trace
trustworthy /ˈtrʌstˌwɜː.ði/ /-ˌwɝː-/ adjective able to be trusted
incorporate /ɪnˈkɔː.p ə r.eɪt/ /-ˈkɔːr.pɚ-/ verb [ T ] to include something as part of something larger
Suggestions from the survey have been incorporated into/in the final design.
prime /praɪm/ adjective [ before noun ] main or most important ; This is a prime example of 1930s architecture.
supervision /ˌsuː.pəˈvɪʒ. ə n/ /-pɚ-/ noun [ U ]
when someone watches a person or activity and makes certain that everything is done correctly, safely, etc.
Students are not allowed to handle these chemicals unless they are under the supervision of a teacher.
relate /rɪˈleɪt/ verb [ T ] CONNECT to find or show the connection between two or more things
Researchers are trying to relate low exam results and/to/with large class sizes.
implement /ˈɪm.plɪ.ment/ verb [ T ] carry out the plan to put a plan or system into operation
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.
procedure /prəˈsiː.dʒə r / /-dʒɚ/ noun WAY TO DO [ C or U ] a set of actions which is the official or accepted way of doing something
The company has new procedures for deal ing with complaints.
penetrate /ˈpen.ɪ.treɪt/ verb MOVE INTO [ I or T ] to move into or through something
Amazingly, the bullet did not penetrate his brain.
nervous /ˈnɜː.vəs/ /ˈnɝː-/ adjective WORRIED worried and anxious
 Try harder 178

Do you feel/get nervous during exams?

isolate /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/ verb [ T ] to separate something or someone from other things or people with which they are joined or mixed, or to keep them
separate ; He was isolated from all the other prisoners.
rigid /ˈrɪdʒ.ɪd/ adjective stiff or fixed; not able to be bent, moved, changed or persuaded
a rigid steel and concrete structure
stiff /stɪf/ adjective FIRM firm or hard
intense /ɪnˈten t  s/ adjective extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong
intense cold/heat/hatred
perspire /pəˈspaɪə r / /pɚˈspaɪɚ/ verb [ I ] FORMAL OR POLITE WORD FOR sweat (= to pass liquid through the skin)
He was perspiring in his thick woollen suit.
persuade /pəˈsweɪd/ /pɚ-/ verb [ T ] to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to them and
making them believe it
severe /sɪˈvɪə r / /-ˈvɪr/ adjective VERY SERIOUS causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc; very serious
a severe chest infection/leg injury/toothache
spine /spaɪn/ noun [ C ] BONE the line of bones down the centre of the back that provides support for the body and protects the spinal cord
She injured her spine in a riding accident.
cautious /ˈkɔː.ʃəs/ /ˈkɑː-/ adjective describes someone who avoids risks
He's a cautious driver.
 Try harder 179

punch /pʌntʃ/ verb [ T ] HIT punch a hole

Content =subject
slam /slæm/ verb -mm-o (cause to) move against a hard surface with force and usually a loud noise
The wind made the door/window slam (shut).
shovel /ˈʃʌv. ə l/ noun [ C ] . a tool consisting of a wide square metal or plastic blade, usually with slightly raised sides, fixed to a handle, for
moving loose material such as sand, coal or snow
wrench /ren t  ʃ/ noun TOOL US a spanner , usually one which can be made larger or smaller for holding and turning objects of different sizes
an adjustable wrench
dormitory /ˈdɔː.mɪ.t ə r.i/ /ˈdɔːr.mə.tɔːr-/ noun [ C ] ( INFORMAL dorm ) BUILDING
US a large building at a college or university where students live
ˌ wear and ˈ tear noun [ U ] the damage which happens to an object in ordinary use during a period
Seat covers on trains take a lot of wear and tear.
 Try harder 180

BOOK 30
invite sb over phrasal verb ( UK ALSO invite sb round ) to invite someone to come to your house
Let's invite some people over.
furnace /ˈfɜː.nɪs/ /ˈfɝː-/ noun [ C ] a container which is heated to a very high temperature, so that substances that are put inside it, such as
metal, will melt or burn
People who work with furnaces in a steel factory need to wear protective clothing.
compliment /ˈkɒm.plɪ.mənt/ /ˈkɑːm-/ verb [ T ] to praise or express admiration for someone
I was just complimenting Robert on his wonderful food.
to express admiration or approval about the achievements or characteristics of a person or thing
He should be praised for his honesty.
graceful /ˈgreɪs.f ə l/ adjective MOVEMENT moving in a smooth, relaxed, attractive way, or having a smooth, attractive shape
graceful movements
speak out/up phrasal verb to give your opinion about something in public, especially on a subject which you have strong feelings about
If no one has the courage to speak out against the system, things will never improve.
fraction /ˈfræk.ʃ ə n/ noun [ C ] a number that results from dividing one whole number by another, or a small part of something
¼ and 0.25 are different ways of representing the same fraction.
 Try harder 181

remainder /rɪˈmeɪn.də r / /-dɚ/ noun MATHEMATICS SPECIALIZED in mathematics, the amount that is left when one number cannot be exactly
divided by another
9 divided by 4 is 2, remainder 1.
at once at the same time ;They all started talking at once.
(every) once in a while sometimes but not often ; We meet for lunch once in a while.
relative /ˈrel.ə.tɪv/ /-t ̬ɪv/ noun [ C ] ( AUSTRALIAN INFORMAL rellie ) a member of your family
I haven't got many blood relatives (= people related to me by birth rather than by marriage) .
band /bænd/ noun STRIP [ C ] a thin flat piece of cloth, elastic , metal or other material put around something to fasten or strengthen it, or a long
narrow piece of colour, light, etc. that is different from what surrounds it
decorate /ˈdek.ə.reɪt/ verb MAKE ATTRACTIVE [ T ] to add something to an object or place, especially in order to make it more attractive
They decorated the wedding car with ribbons and flowers.
figure /ˈfɪg.ə r / /-jʊr/ noun [ C ] NUMBER the symbol for a number or an amount expressed in numbers
Can you read this figure? Is it a three or an eight?
figure /ˈfɪg.ə r / /-jʊr/ noun [ C ] SHAPE the shape of the human body, or a person
I could see two tall figures in the distance.
figure /ˈfɪg.ə r / /-jʊr/ noun [ C ] PICTURE ( WRITTEN ABBREVIATION fig. ) a picture or drawing, often with a number, in a book or other
document Please see figures 8 and 9.
figure /ˈfɪg.ə r / /-jʊr/ verb EXPECT [ I ] MAINLY US to expect or think that something will happen
 Try harder 182

[ + ( that ) ] We figured (that) you'd want to rest after your journey.

figure /ˈfɪg.ə r / /-jʊr/ verb NUMBER
figure sth/sb out phrasal verb INFORMAL
to finally understand something or someone, or find the solution to a problem after a lot of thought
last /lɑːst/ /læst/ verb [ I L only + noun ] to continue to exist
The meeting lasted two hours.
simultaneous /ˌsɪm. ə lˈteɪ.ni.əs/ /ˌsaɪ.m ə l-/ adjective happening or being done at exactly the same time
There were several simultaneous explosions in different cities.
typical /ˈtɪp.ɪ.k ə l/ adjective . showing all the characteristics that you would usually expect from a particular group of things
I must look like the typical tourist with my shorts and my camera.
nozzle /ˈnɒz.l ̩/ /ˈnɑː.zl ̩/ noun [ C ] a narrow piece fixed to the end of a tube so that the liquid or air that comes out can be directed in a
particular way ; Attach the nozzle to the garden hose before turning on the water.
crumble /ˈkrʌm.bl ̩/ verb [ I or T ] to break, or cause something to break, into small pieces
She nervously crumbled the bread between her fingers.
invert /ɪnˈvɜːt/ /-ˈvɝːt/ verb [ T ] FORMAL to turn something upside down or change the order of two things
In some languages, the word order in questions is inverted (= the verb comes before the subject of the sentence) .
patio /ˈpæt.i.əʊ/ /ˈpæt ̬.i.oʊ/ noun [ C ] plural patios an area outside a house with a solid floor but no roof which is used, especially for eating,
in good weather In the summer we have breakfast out on the patio. ; See picture house
 Try harder 183

formulate /ˈfɔː.mjʊ.leɪt/ /ˈfɔːr-/ verb [ T ] to develop all the details of a plan for doing something
to formulate a new plan
derive /dɪˈraɪv/ verb derive sth from sth to get something from something else
The institute derives all its money from foreign investments.
adopt /əˈdɒpt/ verb TAKE CHILD to take another person's child into your own family and legally look after him or her as your own child
They've adopted a baby girl.
adopt /əˈdɒpt/ /-ˈdɑːpt/ verb START [ T ] to accept or start to use something new
I think it's time to adopt a different strategy in my dealings with him.
adopt /əˈdɒpt/ /-ˈdɑːpt/ verb CHOOSE to choose or take as your own
Dr Kennedy has been adopted as the party's candidate for South Cambridge.
conflict /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/ /ˈkɑːn-/ noun [ C or U ] an active disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles
opponent /əˈpəʊ.nənt/ /-ˈpoʊ-/ noun [ C ] a person who disagrees with something and speaks against it or tries to change it
a political opponent
ambiguous /æmˈbɪg.ju.əs/ adjective having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally
His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous.
contingency /kənˈtɪn.dʒ ə n t  .si/ noun [ C ] FORMAL something that might possibly happen in the future, usually causing problems or making
further arrangements necessary
Have you made any contingency plans ?
 Try harder 184

principle /ˈprɪn t  .sɪ.pl ̩/ noun BASIC IDEA a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works
the principles of the criminal justice system
The country is run on socialist principles.
attempt /əˈtem p  t/ verb [ T ] to try to do something, especially something difficult
He attempted to escape through a window.
tactic /ˈtæk.tɪk/ noun
feasible /ˈfiː.zə.bl ̩/ adjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL able to be made, done or achieved
With the extra resources, the scheme now seems feasible.
contrary /ˈkɒn.trə.ri/ /ˈkɑːn.tre-/ noun [ S ] the contrary the opposite
timeless /ˈtaɪm.ləs/ adjective NOT CHANGING describes something that does not change as the years go past
The city has a timeless quality as if it had existed forever.
circumstance /ˈsɜː.kəm.stɑːn t  s/ /ˈsɝː.kəm.stæn t  s/ noun [ C usually plural ] a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is
I think she coped very well under the circumstances.
condolence /kənˈdəʊ.lən t  s/ /-ˈdoʊ-/ noun [ C usually plural U ] sympathy and sadness for the family or close friends of a person who has
recently died, or an expression of this, especially in written form
a letter of condolence
sympathy /ˈsɪm.pə.θi/ noun UNDERSTANDING [ U ] (an expression of) understanding and care for someone else's suffering
The president has sent a message of sympathy to the relatives of the dead soldiers.
 Try harder 185

tragic /ˈtrædʒ.ɪk/ adjective very sad, often involving death and suffering
His friends were deeply shocked and saddened by the tragic news of his death.
burn (sth) down phrasal verb [ M ] to destroy something, especially a building, by fire, or to be destroyed by fire
He tried to burn down the school by setting fire to papers on a noticeboard.
deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/ /-ˈzɝːv/ verb [ T not continuous ] to be worthy ofto have earned or to be given something because of the way you have
behaved or the qualities you have
After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.
send for sb phrasal verb to send someone a message asking them to come to see you
Do you think we should send for a doctor?
astonishing /əˈstɒn.ɪ.ʃɪŋ/ /-ˈstɑː.nɪ-/ adjective shockvery surprising
Her first novel enjoyed an astonishing success.
worthy /ˈwɜː.ði/ /ˈwɝː-/ adjective DESERVING RESPECT FORMAL deserving respect, admiration or support
He is unlikely to succeed in getting his bill through Congress, however worthy it is.
hesitate /ˈhez.ɪ.teɪt/ verb [ I ] to pause before you do or say something, often because you are uncertain or nervous about it
She hesitated slightly before answering the inspector's question.
lack /læk/ noun lack of sth when something is not available or when there is not enough of it
 Try harder 186

Her only problem is lack of confidence.

amendment /əˈmen d  .mənt/ noun [ C or U ] a change made to the words of a text

He insisted that the book did not need amendment.
constitution /ˌkɒn t  .stɪˈtjuː.ʃ ə n/ /ˌkɑːn t  .stɪˈtuː-/ noun [ C ] LAWS (a written document which forms) the set of political principles by
which a state or organization is governed, especially in relation to the rights of the people it governs
Britain has no written constitution.
ˈ given ˌ name noun [ C ] US ( UK first name ) the name which is chosen for you at birth and which is not your family name
Her family name is Smith and her given names are Mary Elizabeth.
alteration /ˌɒl.təˈreɪ.ʃ ə n/ /ˌɑːl.t ̬ə-/ noun [ C ] a change, usually a slight change, in the appearance, character or structure of something
Several police officers are being questioned about the alteration of the documents.
align /əˈlaɪn/ verb [ T ] to put two or more things into a straight line
Align the ruler and the middle of the paper and then cut it straight.
worn out adjective USED describes something which can no longer be used because it is so old or because it has been damaged by continued use
I've got old 'Fawlty Towers' videos which are almost worn out, I've played them so many times. ; worn-out clothes/carpet/equipment
ˌ worn ˈ out adjective TIRED extremely tired
I've been working all night and I'm worn out.
tread /tred/ noun PATTERN ON TYRE [ C or U ] the pattern of raised lines on a tyre which prevents a vehicle from sliding on the road
 Try harder 187

The tread on your tyres is very worn.

pedal /ˈped. ə l/ noun [ C ] a small part of a machine or object which is pushed down with the foot to operate or move the machine or object
the brake/accelerator pedal
accelerate /əkˈsel.ə.reɪt/ /-ɚ.eɪt/ verb [ I ] When a vehicle or its driver accelerates, the speed of the vehicle increases
I accelerated to overtake the bus.
transmission /trænzˈmɪʃ. ə n/ /træns-/ noun VEHICLE [ C or U ] the machinery that brings the power produced by the engine to the wheels of a
vehicle ; automatic transmission
ignite /ɪgˈnaɪt/ verb [ I or T ] FORMAL to (cause to) start burning or explode
The fuel spontaneously ignites because of the high temperature and pressure.
circulate /ˈsɜː.kjʊ.leɪt/ /ˈsɝː-/ verb [ I or T ] to move around or through something, or to make something move around or through something
Hot water circulates through the heating system.
filter /ˈfɪl.tə r / /-t ̬ɚ/ noun [ C ] EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING STH any of several types of equipment or devices for removing solids from
liquids or gases, or for removing particular types of light
a water filter
tear sth down phrasal verb [ M ] to intentionally destroy a building or other structure because it is not being used or it is not wanted any more
They're going to tear down the old hospital and build a new one.
coolant /ˈkuː.lənt/ noun specially prepared liquid which is used to stop a machine from getting too hot while it is operating
 Try harder 188

cylinder /ˈsɪl.ɪn.də r / /-dɚ/ noun [ C ] ENGINE PART the tube-shaped device, found especially in an engine, inside which the part of the
engine which causes the fuel to produce power moves up and down
piston /ˈpɪs.t ə n/ noun [ C ] a short solid piece of metal which moves up and down inside a cylinder in an engine to press the fuel into a small
space and to send the power produced by it to the wheels
speedometer /spiːˈdɒm.ɪ.tə r / noun [ C ] ( UK INFORMAL speedo ) a device in a vehicle which shows how fast the vehicle is moving
rub /rʌb/ verb [ I or T ] -bb- to press or be pressed against something with a circular or up and down repeated movement
She yawned and rubbed her eyes sleepily.
friction /ˈfrɪk.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ] FORCE the force which makes it difficult for one object to slide along the surface of another or to move through
a liquid or gas ; you rub your hands together the friction produces heat.
combustible /kəmˈbʌs.tɪ.bl ̩/ adjective FORMAL able to burn easily
Wood and coal are both combustible substances.
Try harder 189