Hence, if the second law of thermodynamics is valid,

it follows from (3.100c) and (3.103) that

or
That is, the gas expands spontaneously. However, if
the gas contracted spontaneously, #2 ##1 and
#Suniverse # 0, which would violate the second law of
thermodynamics.
When a gas expands, the disorder of its molecules
increases and, as shown in this exercise, the
entropy of the gas increases. This illustrates what is,
in fact, a general result, namely that entropy is a
measure of the degree of disorder (or randomness)
of a system. #
Section 3.7.2 showed that there is no change
in entropy in a Carnot cycle. Because any reversible
cycle can be divided up into an infinite number of
adiabatic and isothermal transformations, and
therefore into an infinite number of Carnot cycles, it
follows that in any reversible cycle the total change
in entropy is zero. This result is yet another way of
stating the second law of thermodynamics.
In the real world (as opposed to the world of
reversible cycles), systems left to themselves tend
to become more disordered with time, and therefore
their entropy increases. Consequently, a parallel
way of stating the two laws of thermodynamics
is (1) �the energy of the universe is constant�
and (2) �the entropy of the universe tends to a
maximum.�
Exercise 3.17 One kilogram of ice at 0 �C is placed
in an isolated container with 1 kg of water at 10 �C
and 1 atm. (a) How much of the ice melts? (b) What
change is there in the entropy of the universe due to
the melting of the ice?
Solution: (a) The ice will melt until the ice-water
system reaches a temperature of 0 �C. Let mass m kg
of ice melt to bring the temperature of the ice-water
system to 0 �C. Then, the latent heat required to melt
m kg of ice is equal to the heat released when the
temperature of 1 kg of water decreases from 10 to
0 �C.Therefore,
#2 # #1
R ln
#2
#1
# 0
where LM is the latent heat of melting of ice (3.34 #
105 J kg#1), c is the specific heat of water (4218 J K#1
kg#1), and #T is 10 K. Hence, the mass of ice that
melts (m) is 0.126 kg. (Note: Because m # 1 kg, it
follows that when the system reaches thermal equilibrium
some ice remains in the water, and therefore
the final temperature of the ice-water system must
be 0 �C.)
(b) Because the container is isolated, there is no
change in the entropy of its surroundings. Therefore,
(3.100a) becomes
Because the ice-water system undergoes an irreversible
transformation, it follows from (3.100c) that
its entropy increases. (We could also have deduced
that the entropy of the ice-water system increases
when some of the ice melts, because melting
increases the disorder of the system.)
There are two contributions to #Ssystem: the melting
of 0.126 kg of ice (#Sice) and the cooling of 1 kg
of water from 10 to 0 �C (#Swater). The change in
entropy when 0.126 kg of ice is melted at 0 �C is
#Sice # #Q#T # mLM#T # (0.126)(3.34 # 105)#273
# 154 J K#1. The change in entropy associated with
cooling the 1 kg of water from 10 to 0 �C is
Because c # 4218 J K#1 kg#1
Hence
# 2 J K#1
# 154 # 152
#Suniverse##Ssystem # #Sice # #Swater
# #152 J K#1.
# 4218 (#0.036)
#Swater # 4218 ln
273
283
# c#273 K
283 K
dT
T
# c ln
273
283
#Swater # #273 K
283 K
dQ
T
# #273 K
283 K
cdT
T
#Suniverse # #Ssystem
mLM # c#T
P732951-Ch03.qxd 9/12/05 7:41 PM Page 101
102 Atmospheric Thermodynamics
Exercises
3.18 Answer or explain the following in light of the
principles discussed in this chapter.
(a) To carry a given payload, a hot air balloon
cruising at a high altitude needs to be bigger
or hotter than a balloon cruising at a lower
altitude.
(b) More fuel is required to lift a hot air balloon
through an inversion than to lift it through a
layer of the same depth that exhibits a steep
temperature lapse rate. Other conditions
being the same, more fuel is required to
operate a hot air balloon on a hot day than
on a cold day.
(c) Runways are longer at high altitude airports
such as Denver and stricter weight limits are
imposed on aircraft taking off on hot
summer days.
(d) The gas constant for moist air is greater
than that for dry air.
(e) Pressure in the atmosphere increases