Contents

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2
2. International Organization of Standardization ...................................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 History........................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering ............................................................................... 3
3. American National Standards Institute ................................................................................................. 4
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4
3.2 History........................................................................................................................................... 4
3.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering ............................................................................... 4
4. British Standards ................................................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5
4.2 History........................................................................................................................................... 5
4.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering ............................................................................... 5
5. German Institute for Standardization Standards ................................................................................... 5
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5
5.2 History........................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering ............................................................................... 6
6. Japanese Industrial Standards ............................................................................................................... 6
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2 History........................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering ............................................................................... 6
7. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority ............................................................................... 7
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 7
7.2 History........................................................................................................................................... 7
7.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering ............................................................................... 7
8. International Design Standards for Bearing .......................................................................................... 7
9. International Design Standards for Gears[29]....................................................................................... 8
10. Impact of Design Standards on Quality of Product .......................................................................... 8
11. Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 8
References ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
A Review of International Design Standards: History and Impact

Abstract
This report gives details about different standard organization working in the world collaborating with each
other in the development of the standards related to all major fields of life. Standardization is an important
task done by standard body of every major country. These countries have their own standard organizations
working in collaboration with each other to develop standards relating to every field including technology,
medical, transportation etc. In the past, products were made without any specified standards, which created
the problem of using them in other regions of the world or the same country, cause each region had its own
requirements which didn’t match the requirements of other regions. This limited the usage of the products
and their market. So, to overcome this problem, experts from different sectors sat together and developed
the organization responsible of creating standards for their own country or region. These organizations
developed standards according to their own needs and gives products specifications that had been used in
the region previously. But with the evolution of technology, the scope of these standards has been changed.
To meet these changed conditions these isolated organization decided to make a single organization that
will help to maintain common standards throughout the world. This organization was named as ISO
(International Organization of Standardization) working to promote standardization throughout the world.
Whenever a standard is to be made or already made standard is to be revised, it is done by following set of
rules devised by International Organization of Standardization (ISO). Now whenever anyone wants to make
a new product, or start a service, he only has to go through standards related to that product and the rest is
specified in the standard documents. If the product is made on the standard, it will be globally accepted. In
short, standards have made life easy and removed technical barriers.

1. Introduction
International standards are used either in the designing process of a product or for the purpose of modifying
an international standard to match local conditions. Almost same International standards are used
throughout the world for producing, excellence, productivity and enhancing efficiency in every region.
With evolution of technology and expansion of markets, technical barriers arise due difference in the
requirements of people living in different region of the world. They become more significant when
organizations with large user base come together to form standards that are mutually incompatible. This
problem can be overcome by establishing International standards.
International standards are made by the common efforts of standard organizations of different countries
contributing at a single platform known as International Organization of Standardization. International
Organization of Standardization (ISO) founded in 1926 is a self-regulating organization[1], primary
purpose of which is to develop, coordinate, promulgate, revise, amend, reissue, interpret, or otherwise
produce. technical standards[2]. ISO creates and provides documents that provide, guidelines,
specifications at public level that can be used constantly to ensure that products, services, materials and
processes are fit for their purpose. It has members from different organization such as ANSI (American
National Standards Institute), BSI (British Standards Institute), JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), German
Institute for Standardization, PSQCA (Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority) and many others.
Each organization represents a different country and made standards for its such as American National
Standards Institute founded in 1916 when major societies of the United States met is the national standard
body in the United States making voluntary consensus standards[2] for the product, services, processes and
systems. ANSI works in coordination with the International Organization of Standardization so that the
product or services produced in the United States can be used worldwide. Similarly, BSI group or
Engineering Standard Committee known in 1901 produces British Standards working under the authority
of Royal Charter which acts as the standard body in the United Kingdom.[3] British Standard Institution
was formed by the man who designed the London Tower’s Bridge. Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)
in English the German Institute for Standardization founded in 1931, is the standard body and ISO member
of Germany.[4] It is an independent platform[5]for carrying out standardization activities in Germany and
worldwide. The Japanese Industrial Standards are developed by Japan’s national standardization body
known as the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC). Japanese Industrial Standards Committee is
composed of many national standard committees and plays an important role in standardizing industrial
activities in Japan. The Japanese Industrial Standards Committee regulations were publicized in 1946,
Japanese standards (new JES) was formed. Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) was legalized after the
Industrial Standardization Law which was passed in 1949. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control
Authority is a standard regulating and enforcing authority working under the Ministry of Science and
Technology of the Government of Pakistan.[6] Pakistan standard label is issued to things (specifications,
designs etc.) that have been certified by the PSQCA. PSQCA was founded/formed through the approval of
Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act in 1996.[6] under the administrative control of
Ministry of Science & Technology. PSQCA started its operation in 1st December 2000 as a self-finance
organization.
International Standards have revolutionized the designing process. They have produced easiness in the life
of both producers and consumers by ensuring producers efficiency, productivity and consumers with their
basic rights.

2. International Organization of Standardization

2.1 Introduction
The term, "ISO" is not an acronym but was derived from the Greek word "isos" that means "equal". (The
standard principle is that if two objects satisfy the same standard, they should be equal.)[7]. International
Organization of Standardization (ISO) is a self-regulating organization[1], primary purpose of which is to
develop, coordinate, promulgate, revise, amend, reissue, interpret, or otherwise produce. technical
standards[2]. It has members from 161 [1] standard organizations of different countries. ISO brings experts
from these countries at a common platform to transfer their knowledge and gain from others to develop
international standards covering nearly every industry ranging from technology, to food, to transportation,
to agriculture. ISO standards are helpful in designing a machine component, due to standardization different
manufacturers producing a particular part of any machine can be used interchangeably.

2.2 History
The organization which today is known as ISO was founded in 1926 as the International Federation of the
National Standardizing Associations (ISA). [7] The primary focus of the organization at that time was to
develop standards for mechanical engineering. It was suspended in 1942[4] during the second World War.
After the war, newly formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) approached ISA
with a proposal to form a new global standards body. In October 1946, Delegates of ISA and UNSCC from
25 countries met in London and approved the proposal to create the new International Organization (to
facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards) [1] for Standardization; the
new organization named as ISO officially started functioning in February 1947. [8]

2.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

ISO 15:2017 Rolling bearings -- Radial bearings -- Boundary dimensions, general plan.[9]
ISO 76:2006 Rolling bearings -- Static load ratings[10]
ISO 104:2015 Rolling bearings -- Thrust bearings -- Boundary dimensions, general plan.[11]
ISO 281:2007 Rolling bearings -- Dynamic load ratings and rating life.[12]
ISO 6336-1:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 1: Basic principles,
introduction and general influence factors.[13]
ISO 6336-2:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 2: Calculation of surface
durability (pitting).[14]
ISO 6336-3:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 3: Calculation of tooth
bending strength.[15]
ISO 496:1973 Driving and driven machines -- Shaft heights.[16]

3. American National Standards Institute

3.1 Introduction
American National Standards Institute is the national standard body in the United States making voluntary
consensus standards[2] for the product, services, processes and systems. ANSI also coordinate with
international standard organization so that the product or services produced in the United States can be used
worldwide. Standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations are accredited
through ANSI. This procedure makes sure that the performance and characteristics of products are same
and uniform, that people use the same procedure in design a part or carry out a service and test it by the
same international standard adopted by the whole world.[17]

3.2 History
The idea of a national body for coordination standards development, approving consensus standards, and
end user confusion on product/service acceptability came into mind when American Institute of Electrical
Engineers (now IEEE) invited the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (AIME)
and the American Society for Testing Materials (now ASTM International) in 1916. These societies are the
core members of the United Engineering Society (UES). In 1918, ANSI started its operation as American
Engineering Standards Committee.[18] In 1931, ANSI affiliated with the U.S. National Committee of
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which had been founded in 1904 to develop electrical
and electronics standards.[19]

3.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

ANSI/ABMA std 20 - radial bearings of ball, cylindrical roller and spherical roller types - metric
design[20]
ANSI/ABMA std 11 - load ratings and fatigue life for roller bearings[20]
ANSI/ABMA std 8.1 - ball and roller bearing mounting accessories metric design[20]
ANSI/AGMA 2003-C10 Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight
Bevel, Zerol Bevel and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth[21]
AGMA ISO 22849-A-12 Design Recommendations for Bevel Gears[21]
4. British Standards
4.1 Introduction
BSI group produced British Standards working under the authority of Royal Charter which acts as the
standard body in the United Kingdom.[3] For more than a century, BSI is working for removing non-
uniformity in the standard of the products and services produced by industries in United Kingdom and in
the world. BSI helps the businesses how to improve performance, reduce risk and achieve sustainable
growth. As a standard body of globally leading country, the clients of BSI range from high profile brands
to small, local companies in 182 countries worldwide.[22] BSI is also working in collaboration with other
international standard organizations to promote excellence in all parts of the world.

4.2 History
British Standard Institution or at that time known as Engineering Standards Committee[23] was formed in
1901, by the man who designed the London Tower’s Bridge. The name was then changed to British
Standard Institution b a Royal charter in 1931. Being the World’s first standard body BSI held its first
committee meeting on 22 January 1901. The British Standard Mark or BSI Kitemark was first registered
by BSI on 12 June 1903. Which is still accepted as British’s most important and recognized quality standard.
Today BSI is working strongly to improve quality standards throughout the world and making its position
strong in all regions of the world.[23] To make its positions strong in Asia Pacific, it has acquired Neville
Clark (a business specializing in organizational training and capacity building).[24]

4.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

BS 4480 Part 1: 1992 Plain Bearing, Lubrication Holes, Grooves and Pockets Dimension, Types and
Designation.[25]
BS ISO 15:1998 Rolling Bearing. Radial Bearing, Boundary Dimensions, General Plan.[25]
BS ISO/TS16799:1999 Rolling Bearing, Dynamic Load Ratings.[25]
BS ISO 6336-1:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears. Basic principles, introduction
and general influence factors.[26]
BS 1726-1:1987 Coil springs. Guide for the design of helical compression springs.[27]

5. German Institute for Standardization

5.1 Introduction
Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) in English the German Institute for Standardization is the standard
body and ISO member of Germany.[4] It is an independent platform[5]for carrying out standardization
activities in Germany and worldwide. DIN have introduced standards covering almost every field of
technology. DIN is working to promote innovations to be on standards so that they can reach markets easily.
DIN encourage experts from different industries ranging from services, production etc. to bring their
standardization work to DIN, then these standards are check by DIN keeping in view of the international
standardization rules. After successful review, they are then published under DIN.
5.2 History
The German Institute for Standardization (DIN) was Founded in 1917 Standardization Committee of
German Industry (NADI), the NADI was renamed German Standardization Committee (DNA) in 1926 to
show that the organization now started working to solve the standardization issues in many fields not just
for industrial products. DNA was renamed again to Deutsches Institut für Normung, or 'DIN' IN 1975 and
is recognized by the German government as the official national-standards body, representing German
interests at the international and European levels.[4]
5.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering
DIN 620 This standard specifies all types of Bearing dimensioning and specification[28]
DIN 625-1 Rolling bearings; single row radial contact ball bearings[29]
DIN 625-3 Rolling bearings; double row radial contact ball bearing[29]
DIN 37 Conventional and simplified representation of gears and gear pairs[30]
DIN 780 Pt1 Series of modules for gears – Modules for spur gears[30]
DIN 780 Pt2 Series of modules for gears – Modules for cylindrical worm gear transmissions[30]
DIN 867 Basic rack tooth profiles for involute teeth of cylindrical gears for general and heavy
engineering[30]

6. Japanese Industrial Standards

6.1 Introduction
Japanese Industrial Standards are developed by Japan’s national standardization body known as the
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC). Japanese Industrial Standards Committee is comprised of
many nationwide committees and plays an important role in standardizing activities in Japan. JISC develops
standards covering a wide range of products and technologies related to different industries. Japan as a
center for science and technology, is doing its best in promoting standardization and contributing to the
development of fields related to service, engineering and food sectors. For this purpose, JISC actively
participates in initiatives to deal with new challenges, especially in three areas: interoperability, care of the
elderly and electric power infrastructure.[31]

6.2 History
Private industries were responsible for making standards in the Meiji period, although the Japanese
government did have all standards and specification documents for procurement purposes for certain
articles, such as munitions. These were summarized to form an official standard (old Japanese Engineering
Standards (JES)) in 1921. During World War II, simplified standards were established to increase military
grade output. The present Japanese Standards Association was founded after World War II in 1945. The
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee regulations were publicized in 1946, Japanese standards (new
JES) was formed. Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) was legalized after the Industrial Standardization Law
which was passed in 1949.After the revision of the Industrial Standardization Law in 2004 new product
certification system is used or JIS mark was changed. Three-year period was given to acquire new
certification.[32]

6.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

JIS B 1512 This standard specifies rolling bearing boundary dimensions.[33]
JIS B 1514 This standard specifies all types of Bearing dimensioning and specification.[28]

7. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority

7.1 Introduction
Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority is a standard regulating and enforcing authority working
under the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of Pakistan.[6] Pakistan standard label
is issued to things (specifications, designs etc.) that have been certified by the PSQCA. PSQCA is working
in collaboration with other standard organizations such as ISO, International Electrotechnical Commission,
International Organization of Legal Metrology, World Trade Organization and IEC System of Conformity
Assessment Schemes for Electrotechnical Equipment and Components. Pakistan is ‘P’ member of ISO and
‘P’ member of Technical Committees of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The function of
the Authority is not only providing standards but also to advice the Government of Pakistan on
standardization policies, activities and programs to encourage industrial productivity and development, as
well as for consumers protection. PSQCA sets criteria, rules and parameters against which products,
services and process are measured or compared.[34]

7.2 History
PSQCA was founded/formed through the approval of Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority
Act in 1996.[6] under the administrative control of Ministry of Science & Technology. PSQCA started its
operation in 1st December 2000 as a self-finance organization. The Pakistan Standards and Quality Control
Authority and Government of Pakistan have implemented 22070 ISO Standards and developed 8857
Pakistan Standards. Food Standards are affiliated with Codex Alimentarius Commission and traceable with
WHO. These standards are on Food items and related products. 109 products are declared as mandatory by
the Government of Pakistan out of which 38 are food products.[34] Pakistan Standards & Quality Control
Authority (PSQCA) aids the development and use of recognized international and national standards and
conformity assessment services to enhance Pakistan’s competitive stand in the international world.

7.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

232.PS: 1512-1981 Ball bearing deep groove.[35]
This standard specifies requirements for the deep groove ball bearings.
255.PS: 1590-1983 Bearing – Rolling bearing - Thrust ball bearings tolerances.[35]
This standard covers the tolerances on outside diameter of housing, bore diameter of shaft washer, and
running accuracy of metric series thrust ball bearing.
941.PS: 3918-1997 Rectangular or square parallel keys and their corresponding key ways (dimension in
mm).[35]
This standard specifies the dimensional characteristics of rectangular or square paralleled keys and of their
corresponding key ways in shaft and hub.
800.PS: 3333-1-1992 Steel wire for mechanical spring. Part 1: General requirements.[35]
801.PS: 3333-2-1992 Steel wire for mechanical spring. Part 2: Cold drawn carbon steel wire.[35]

8. International Design Standards for Bearing

ISO 15:2017 Rolling bearings -- Radial bearings -- Boundary dimensions, general plan[9]
ISO 76:2006 Rolling bearings -- Static load ratings[10]
ISO 104:2015 Rolling bearings -- Thrust bearings -- Boundary dimensions, general plan[11]
ISO 281:2007 Rolling bearings -- Dynamic load ratings and rating life[12]

9. International Design Standards for Gears[30]

ISO 53:1974 Cylindrical gears for general end heavy engineering -Basic: rack
ISO 54:1977 Cylindrical gears for general end heavy engineering -Modules and diametral pitches
ISO 677:1978 Straight bevel gears for general end heavy engineering -Basic: rack
ISO 678:1978 Straight bevel gears for general end heavy engineering -Modules end diametral pitches
ISO 701:1976 International gear notation -symbols for geometrical data

10. Impact of Design Standards on Quality of Product

Standards have been made so that the best way of doing a process, giving a service or making a product
can be applied to achieve maximum results and satisfaction by saving time. Let’s discuss a case of designing
a simple bearing for general purpose. First, if we have to design a bearing without standards, we have to
multiple experiments to find which material is suitable under given load conditions, then we have to find
the bearing bore diameter, outer diameter and other factors by iterations. This is very time consuming and
not every time gives suitable results. Now if design a bearing using standards, first we choose a standard
related to our given conditions and bearing type like ISO 15:2017 [9], ISO 76:2006 [10] etc. Now we have
to find static load rating by using mentioned formulae and given load conditions. Once load rating is
calculated, we have to look into the bearing table provided in the standard documents and choose a suitable
bearing corresponding to our load rating. Everything related to bearing such as bore diameter, outer
diameter etc. is mentioned in the table. This shows that designing by using standard is more easy,
convenient, reliable and time saving method.

11. Discussion
Design standards have provided facilities to both producers and consumers, which have changed the quality
of life. By using design standards, producers are now being able to attract global audience at their doorstep
by making products meeting international standards. Design standards also help supports basic right of
consumers such as right to be informed, right to safety etc. Consumer now been able to buy a product or
service that meet their standards of safety, reliability, and efficiency. In this way quality of life have been
improved a lot by the standards.

References
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surface durability (pitting), DOI (2006).
[15] ISO, ISO 6336-3:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 3: Calculation of
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