APPLIED HYDRAULICS

Dr KC Yadav, Director,
Jindal Institute of Power Technology
Training & Development
Objective

To familiarize power personnel with basic concepts of

hydraulics, applicable for Power Plant Equipments

Contents

Continuity Equation
Energy Equation (Bernoulli/Euler’s Eqs)
Momentum Equation
Water flow through control volume
Pressure wave propagation and surging
Functioning of Hydraulic Machines
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 Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
• Hydraulics can be defined as a branch of engineering
science based on experimental observations of water
flow.
• Fluid Mechanics can be defined as a branch of
engineering science, which deals with the behaviour of
the fluid under the conditions of rest and in motion. The
basic laws of mechanics of conservation of matter /
energy / momentum are applied to flow of fluids. Laws of
thermodynamics are also applied in case of compressible
fluids.
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 Basic Laws of Mechanics
• Conservation of matter (Continuity eqn)
• Conservation of energy (Euler/Bernoulli’s eqn)
• Conservation of momentum (Newton’s Law)

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 Conservation of energy

Euler/Bernoulli’s Equation

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 Bernoulli’s Theorem

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 Energy Equation

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Conservation of Momentum - Newton’s Law

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Conservation of Momentum - Newton’s Law

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 Water Flow
• Uncontrolled Flow
• Rain water flow through mountains and rivers
• Sea water wave travel
• Molten ice water
• Controlled Flow
• Water flow through canals/dams/barrages
• Water flow through control devices such as;
• Measuring devices
• Cylinders/Pipes/Headers/Tubes
• Heat exchangers (Heaters/coolers/evaporators/condensers)
• Nozzles/Diffusers
• Pumps
• Turbines

• Power Cylinders (Hydra motors)

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 Flow Through
• Barometer
• Manometer
• Venturi Meter
• Flow Nozzles
• Orifice Meter
• Orifices
• Mouthpieces
• Weirs
• Notches
• Pipes
• Open channels
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 Pascal’s Law

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 p =p +p
abs a g

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 Manometer

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Manometers

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 Flow Measurement

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 Cd – Coefficient of Discharge

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 Pitot Tube

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 Pitot Tube

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 Small Orifice

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 Small Orifice

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 Large Rectangular Orifice

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 Large Rectangular Orifice

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 Cd for Different Flow Measuring Devices

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 Rectangular Notch

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 Rectangular Notch (Cont.)

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 Triangular or V - Notch

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 Ogee Spillway

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 Ogee Spillway

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 Pressure Wave

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 Flow Through Turbo machines

A turbomachine is power or pressure (head)

generating machine, which employs dynamic action
of a rotating element (the rotor) to change the
energy level of the continuously flowing fluid
• Pumps
• Turbine

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Rotodynamic Machine

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Rotodynamic Machine

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 Specific Work of a Turbomachine

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 Specific Work of a Turbomachine

Dynamic Head Static Head Flow Head

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 Partial Submergence

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 Partial Submergence

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 Flow Through

• Heaters
• Coolers
• Condensers
• Evaporators

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Thank you