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In MV networks neutral points are NOT directly earthed. There are a few types of
earthing methods used in such networks. The classification of MV networks under this
angle is as follows :
Impedances of the zero sequence circuit are very big or near infinity (breaks) and then
shunt admittances (capacitors) of the circuits play a significant role, which could not
be neglected.
In order to generalise the analysis results the case in which the neutral point is earthed
via an any type of impedance is presented at first.
They results form the derivation of the symmetrical model of the circuit given in
Fig. a). 3ZN results from the derivation of symmetrical model of the feeding
transformer.
The symmetrical circuit is obtained the same way as it was performed for the
elementary circuits presented in previous lectures. There is on important point to be
emphasize here – if an earth-to-line short-circuit occurs at the MV side, a current
equal to the sum of currents in all three phases flows through the impedance ZN.
3I 0 = I L1 + I L2 + I L3
Positive and negative sequence components currents do not flow through the
impedance ZN.
This means that in order to consider the impedance connecting the earthing impedance
to the zero sequence circuit, an additional impedance should be connected to the
transformer zero sequence impedance.
The value of this additional impedance is related to the voltage losses of the
impedance ZN in the three phase system.
U N = −( I L1 + I L2 + I L3 ) Z N = −(3I 0 ) Z N = − I 0 (3Z N )
U N = −( I L1 + I L2 + I L3 ) Z N = −(3I 0 ) Z N = − I 0 (3Z N )
In practice short-circuit currents for the system presented before are performed in
a simpler way. The following assumptions can be made:
• The transformer, line series and the power system equivalent
impedances are much smaller than the shunt impedances (high
frequencies).
• The earthing impedance ZN of the neutral point is higher compared
with the transformer, line series and the power system impedances.
In practice short-circuit
currents for the system
presented before are
performed in a simpler way.
The following assumptions
can be made:
In practice short-circuit
currents for the system
presented before are
performed in a simpler way.
The following assumptions
can be made:
In practice short-circuit
currents for the system
presented before are
performed in a simpler way.
The following assumptions
can be made:
o o
U1 C1 I U1=U1o C 1 II U1 U1=U1o
I2 I2
C2 I U2=0 C 2 II 3Z F U2=0 3Z F
I0 I0
3ZN C0 I U0 C 0 II 3ZN C0 U0
Thanks to the simplifications for the zero sequence circuit presented before,
capacitors C0 = C0I + C0II and the impedance 3ZN are shunt connected.
Only the short-circuit impedance and the zero sequence impedance are present in
the simplified circuit.
1
3Z N
Z C 3Z N jωC0 3Z N
Z0 = = =
Z C + 3Z N 1 1 + jωC0 3Z N
+ 3Z N
jωC0
The voltage and current symmetrical components for the obtained circuit are given by the
following expressions :
U 1o
I1 = I 2 = I 0 =
Z 0 + 3Z F
U 1 = U 1o
U2 =0
Z0
U0 =− Z0I0 = − U 1o
Z 0 + 3Z F
The output circuit presented in the previous slide allows determine the repartition of
current components through the parallel capacitors (C1I, C2I, C0I and C1II, C2II, C0II ) and
the way how they will flow through the parts I and II of the system.
There are three interesting cases from the point of view of power system analysis:
Simplified circuits for the above-enumerated cases will be described in next slides
The short-circuit zero sequence current flows through the network’s capacitors, whereas
the positive and negative sequence components flow through the transformer and power
system impedances.
1
3Z N U 1 = U 1o
Z C 3Z N j ωC 0 3Z N
Z0 = = =
Z C + 3Z N 1 1 + jωC0 3Z N U2 =0
+ 3Z N
j ωC 0
Z0
U0 =− Z0I0 = − U 1o
U 1o Z 0 + 3Z F
I1 = I 2 = I 0 =
Z 0 + 3Z F
The following zero sequence components of voltage and current are derived
Z 0 = 1 / j ωC 0
jωC 0 U 1o
I1 = I 2 = I 0 =
1 + jωC 0 3Z F
1 1
U0 =− I0 = − U 1o
jω C 0 1 + j ωC 0 3 Z F
And then a new form of the zero sequence equivalent circuit is obtained
I2 U 1 = U 1o
U2 =0
U2=0 3Z F
U 0 = − U 1o
I0 and in phase components the voltage and currents
are expressed as follows:
C0 U0
I L1 = 3I 0 = jU 1o 3ωC 0
U L1 = U 0 + U 1 + U 2 = 0
( )
Equivalent circuit of the MV network
with isolated neutral point for the case U L2 = U 0 + a 2 U 1 + a U 2 = U 10 a 2 − 1
of earth to phase short-circuit [1] U L3 = U 0 + a U 1 + a 2 U 2 = U 10 (a − 1)
It is usually assumed that the L1 voltage phasor is in quadrature phase with the real axis
which means that :
U 1o = + jE
The short-circuit current phasor is then shifted forward by 90o compared with the voltage
and is negative (leading power factor) .
U L3 = U 0 + a U 1 + a 2 U 2 = U 10 (a − 1)
( )
U L2 = U 1o a 2 − 1 = E +
3 3
− j = 3 E e − j60
o
2 2
3
U L3 = U 1o (a − 1) = E −
3 − j120 o
− j = 3Ee
2 2
I L2
IL1 E o
L1 I L1 60
L2 IL2 I L3
N
L3 IL3
N UN
IL1
E UL3 UL2
The voltage and current phasors are represented graphically as below. The phase
currents (I2, I3), the phasors of which are represented on the Fig. are the healthy phase
currents of the short-circuited line and do not appear in the above-derived formulas.
I1 is the short-circuit current measured at the short-circuit point, at which the phase L2
and L3 are equal to zero (Earth-to-line short-circuit).
I L2
IL1 E o
L1 I L1 60
L2 IL2 I L3
N
L3 IL3
N UN
IL1
E UL3 UL2
Earth to phase short-circuit scheme in case of network with isolated neutral point [1]
One should keep in mind that in case of network with isolated neutral point the Earth-to-
line short-circuit current is capacitive (leading power factor). The value of current at the
short-circuit point depends on the shunt capacitor total value and then does not
depend on the short-circuit location. The healthy phase voltages values are equal to the
interphase voltage values ( 3 E ) and their phasors are shifted each other by 60o.
Earth to phase short-circuit scheme in case of network with isolated neutral point [1]
The short-circuit current flows in direction of the short-circuit point, then returns to the
transformer secondary windings through the shunt capacitors of the healthy phases and
then through the healthy phases themselves..
The shunt capacitors of a MV line are distributed all along the line and if one will decide
to „measure” the earthing current, it would be different at any point all along the line.
Earth to phase short-circuit scheme in case of network with isolated neutral point [1]
The highest value would be measured at the short-circuit point and the lowest near
the source (transformer winding).
In contrary, the short-circuit current in healthy phases would increase along the line
length and is the highest near the source.
Transient state during which frequencies are within the range of a few hundreds Hz
always occurs after the short-circuit.
Shunt capacitors stored energy are unloaded according to a given time constant, so
this phenomenon lasts a while.
The energy from the short-circuited phase is sent to the healthy phases with the same
time constant.
The additional energy loaded to healthy phases makes their voltages increase by
3 time and the energy CU 2 / 2 stored in capacitors must increase.
Voltage transient during a direct Earth-to-line short-circuit in case of network with isolated neutral point [1]
The solid line trajectories (right side) represent the voltage with transient component
resulting from capacitor loading. In one of the phases the voltage peak value
reaches 2,7 time the value of the phase voltage.