WALTER ALVA
Museo Alqucológ1co Nacional ¡¡iüring de Lanbaycquc
The Royal Tombsof Sipán:ArL and Power
in Moche Society
Irc d:scorery in r98- of rhe fusr SipJn(ornD
lcd ro a ncw Lndersrrndingof rhe splendor
rrd significanccof burixl for thc highesrcchr-
lon of Moche socicty.Tolrb r containedtl,e
richest burial, in terrns of both the variety
Jrrdquality of thc prccioüsrneril objects,ever
scicnrificdl) cxcavarcdill rhc wcsrernher¡i-
sphere.Conrinuirrgcxcavctronshavc dcrLron-
stratcd xhat Sipán was not just the site of ¿
siLr8Le Lrricsric royal roL¡b..bur.r moruruerr
l'hcrc nrany of thc royalLy o[ LLreMoch.
worl.l wcrc inrcrrcd o\cr rimc, To d¡rc, we
hnve cncoulrc¡cd rwch c ro lbs rhrr a rplify
our vision oI the Moche sociál ard poiitical
world. We now have ¡ broaderview of elitc
budal practices,which previouslycould only
bc conJccrurcd[roL¡ rhe prilrcd /epresenL¿-
tions on Moche architectuleand ceramics,
Ihe qireof Siprn w¡. n¡med ¡fter a ¡u¡¡l
rown i.1rhc l¿.11bryeque \¡ller ofnorLhwe.r-
crr tcru. The ¡rcSxeolog rrl .re con'i.rs of
two largc and croileil pyranridal structures of
adobc(mLr.lbrick), and a thi/d, loscL ¿rld
smaller, now known as the funerary pladorrn
{fig. r ).This rectangular platform was probably
constructedin sft phases;sometimebetween
A.D.r and3oolfig.2,MenesesandChero19941
facl "ucccs<ivc p\ásccncáp5ul,red Lhccá"1'e'
con5!rucrions ¿s rhe pl¿Lformw¿s cn]arged.
AIthoughd,rn¡gedb1 ero.ronand1oorq, rhe
Mochee.r orMDrenrlvnh In¡l sr.ucrurcre'en-bles r ong recrrngular
lisue oi a w.rrior, Toúb r
nl¿r¡o"rnw r\ ,r prñrrirerce loc¡redrow¡rd
Mus@ a¡qu@ló8ró N¿don¡l the cenrer,whcrc Tornb T wás found.Th.
principaltomb wasin the center-westarea,in
thc uppcrsectorof the plctform Thc findü)g
of th< romL \dasprecededby rhe dr<co\er) of
r rcposiror)of offcrrngsdrar irrcludcdr,r3-
cerarnicvessels,arnongother objccts.
I he Lwclvc(o'nbo lllx( wc Lravcqxc;rvlrcd
in the ftiirerary platform penain to vadous
e¡as and llllillg hiemrchies. The inventory
rnd cor)Lprrisonof rlLcscrombshJvc rllo\red
us to infer the role ¿ndftirction of eáchof the
buriedindividual5. Irve>rigrrionsro dilteindi-
catethat theseelite tombs c¿nbealividedinto
four broa<1caregories:rl¡ljnt lords, priesr,,
r)rilirrr) lc¿ders,arrdfin.rlly tJrcsccontl-rrLrl<
assrstrrrrs ro InilitJr) lcrdcrsandpflcsts.fhc
prescnccof drffcrerr onr¡mcnt.. qcnoons
,1d ri,uil ob,ec,.in e.,chof rhe funerarycor-
texts suggeststhe distinct soci¿l¡oles of the
buded hclividuals.
The iLrrreraryspacc irself rlso <eenrsro
havebeendelimitedby socialiole. The tombs
of individuals relatedto politic¿l or milit¿ry
powerxreprinrrrilvir I re norlhen..ecr'onof
the funclary platfoln1,usiug Tomb r as the
LcnLr¿lr(fcrcnr Mosr individu¿Lsbr¡¡rcJ i,
the.outhernp¿rt,rn conn¿st,h¿dorl¡crfuu.-
tions, princip¿lly dtual
Tombs of the First OrdeÍ: Lords and
The most complextombs at SipánareTotubs
r, 2, ánd 3. The indiyidu¿l interredin Tomb r
undoubtedlyheld consideráblepower in this
¡ o r L l c o ¡ s rr ¡ l ' c ' d u ' i r s r h ¡ M ñ ' l , c c r n
221
andhe was dubbedthe Lord of SipáÍIin r 987,
¡lludi¡g to both the nativc toponym and his
rrnk rc ¿u cLh.liclord of Lhc.rre¡.tLc iLrd'-
v'rlulrl.buricdin Tombs: :nd 3 ;re krou u.rs
thc Priest,and thc O1dLord of Sipán,respec-
rrrcly. l\e.c tombs'cpre.ent thc \ighe.r
r¿nk of Moche cultrúe, given the sizeand dis-
positíon of thc funeraryspaces,in ¿dditionto
the number of buried retainers,the quantity
arrl qualiL¡ut Ll'c turerar) good' and tlrt
matcrialsusedto producethe oñaments ¿nd
embleñs. Together,thcse feáturesset these
r o m L ra. p : r r f r o m d r c o . h c r ' ¡ r s r f ¿ r . l o r
example,Tomb r consistsol a very complex
funerrr; chanhcr u irh th< pri n¡ru lord su'
r o u r d c db y e r B h ¿ r ..nrrDrnring
'crrirers r. v( n re-
,hg. 1. Tl-e inclu{oa ñf
.Lricr(di ) rl.eMoch<s or ,1,¡rd rhrr rLrn'ber
emphasizesthe status of the upper hierarchy
of Moche society.
AnorherrmpojLárrindcx grvi.1sinform.r- r. vidv of tlc.rch¿colosiúl
site ot SipÁi,I¡mbayeqüe
tion oÍr soci¿l catcsories¿nd rolcs within vallet Pcm.The Iu¡cn¡y
Mochc culrure is provjdedby thc p'ilciprl rl¡tfou¡ is ¡¡ lowc¡lcft
rhordA¡ifr by nill ¡¡Uc¡bdi
ornrrnc[l5 pen¡ining Lo ránk Ihrt arc typi-
c.rlly locarcdwirh rhc rcrDrir. of thc indi
vidual. Finding inlormation of this order,in
itr origjrrl cortcxr provid(sa hcrrer'deiof
the lclationshipsbetweenthe perso[s \¡/ithin
rh. tombs ¡nd of tl)c brorder MocJrcsphere.
In this prelimináry study,I a1¡ conce¡trating
on rhe mo-r idcitfirble orn,rn'enr.,.pLcrfr
Lally anicler rur "d 'rexror on rhc princrprL
persoiagesin the tombs.Thus, wc can begin ,. Reconstruchon ot ihc
ro Lrrdcr.r¿nd rnorcLLea"ly Lhe.r< of "oci¡l ¡rchncdur¡l pháses oi thc
dtual, and nilitary symbols oI power. in
indi\iduilt our investigations, we havc [oted the impol- ¡ D¡inús by albdto Guriércz
rárceof certoin dcráilsin thL producr on L'l
rod rc'arron\hrpbcrween. ornsmcnr.. Sever¿l j. RecoNÍu¿iion oi Tomb r
pattenÉ háve also emerged regalding the
placement of ornaments in the tombs. For Phobs¿ph br cuilLe¡¡o Hrc
example, it appears to have heen important to
include three types of necklaces in the tombs.
A certain symholic duality was also mani-
fested by bimetallic articles or pairs of oma-
ments (one in gold and the other in silver). 1
Tber.e is even sorne ·evidence that there were
specific relationships hetween the number of
objects and their component parts and thenmk
or role of the individual with whom they were
founcl. We have documented a long-lasting
tradition of paired necklaces with ten beads
per necldace in tlie tomhs of .the lords, while
the number nine or othcr ocld nqmbers seem
to be a·ssociated with the Priest in Tomb ·2 .

Tomb 1

The funerary chambcr of Tomb r measures

approximately 5 m on each side and contains
a coffin conta.ining the primary lord; his

ALVA 225
retaincrs and othcr offerings surround it. The
body was enveloped in a rich and varied col-
lcction of cmblems, mctallic :vestmcnts, and
ornaments (fig. 3). The principal coffin was
madc of woodcn planks" bound with copper
ties. According to osteological studies by
John Verano (1997), the person in the ·coffin
was probably a relatively tall m aJe, betwéen
thirty-five ancl forty-five ycars of age. Three
adult males, three adolescent femalcs, one
child, and one adult femalc acéompanied
him.
2-26 A L VA
After excavating to the bottom of thc cof- 4· Gildcd copper banncr from
fin, we rcgistered 45 r objects buried abo ve Tornb 1, Sipán (height:
48.scm)
and beneath the skeletal remains of the lord. Musco 1\rqueológico Nncion:~l
IJriining de Lamhaycquc
1-Iere, 1 will bricfly discuss a few of thc most Phmograph by Cario< 11.ojns
important ornaments from this tomb. 2 The
first critica] elements were banners of gildcd
metal that may have been cult images (fig. 4).
Found along the uppcr torso, thesc banners
were madc of small square metal plaques
scwn onto a thick cotton cloth. Each of the
banners has a central figure with extended
arms, composed of metal plaques and largcr

j. lnr orftDcnÚvit¡ jigu¡e
Muso Anreoleico Nrcion¡l
Phorisrpl by sftr Ei'*.in br,r
.\hr .nd Donn.¡ r9e3bI¡.371
ó. col.l á¡d silverscepte!
rendered;.l rhc cháracrcris(ic mámrer ul
Moche leaders:weariüga b$ddress, holding
wc¿pons. rnJ fbnked by t*o per.onige.in
profrle.Also nerr rhe bodyrr' a necl.a, c
"f
s o l dr n d . r l v e rb c r , l .i r r h c f o r n ro f p e a r r u r r .
thc lárgestof \yhich measurésapproximately
nine cemrmererr in lengrhlAl\ ¡ Jnd Donn¿n
r993b: Iis. 96). The complete necklace has
twenty peanut representationson the two
.rrand.,andextended from.houldcrro .houl
dcr.On r h. prnp.r righrh¿lfof rbc oecLlác(
r h . o . i n u r . u c r c r r r r J cu f g o l J .u h i l e t h o r e
on rhe left ,i,le ¡er. ot,rher Ove¡thc
rjbc:ge ncre .ixteen thicir, ,hghtl) con\cx,
gold disk. rnresrarcd rnro nnorhcrncckl¡cc
lAIv; ¡n.l Dñnn¿nroolb: fig. o.). trch disl(
hastwo pcrforationsfor fasteningthat erhibit
embosse¿l pieces,which dominatesthe com-
position. These b¿nre¡s have á border of
plaqueswith clDbossed paislcy-shápcd Drotils
rhorrghr ro rcprcscnr a plant fornr.¡n,l known
in MochcsLu(lics rs r¡lhlchu.I árcL,in i srrr-
prisins discovcryoI c sjmi]Jr b.rn¡cLin Tornb
¡, wc found rhc rcm¡rn<of rn ¡ctuJl fruit
c$cáscdwithir thc enbossc¿lrendedrus.3
Undcr thcsc l¡¿nncrs was a metal orn¿-
ment, composedof cut sheet8old, depictilr8
an anthropomorphic silhouctte, headless,
wirh Jrrrls cx¿sscrrtcdl)oursrrcrchcd:rnd
hands thanatically opcn lAlva and Donnan
rgoJb:figs.6¿-6-'.h llnrromicrldi.cordlln-
cy, probably syrnbolic,cl'Mr¡ctedsticsof the
f¡onL.rnrlh.rcko[ rhc h¡n(ls rrc shown in rh.
samcvicw {that is, nails and palms togethcr).
At the ce tcr of this silhouctte is a pe¡sonage
rcrrL-r.,1rr ¡clitf ¡rrd rinul¿r !o tl,c dcpic-
tions seenon the b¿nners.
We.,1.oioundvJriou.pcctor.rl.cornposcrl
of hundredsof shell beads.One particularly
firc exa1l1ple is composcrlof rcd ánd \,,'lite
rhcll bc¿Js(somcb(¿Jsnow .rppcdL ¿rccnJuc
to the oxidation ol copperobjectsaroundthe
pectoral),orgrnizedrn r "¡dix|ns pírerr
(Alva and Don¡an r993b:fiss. 70 74).
Some spectaclrld omanents 1{¡crenext to
rltcbodyoftlrc¡"Lmarylord. A¡ hjs be¿dwcre
rl,reeparr. ol el¡bor¿tecr¡cul¿rear orn,-
ment. m¿deof sold ¿nd rurquoise. One prir
d e p ' r, . r d u c t , w h i l er 1 o , r e r . h o w s¡ d e c r
with ántlers (Alva á11d Donnan r993bl
f i g s -. o 8 s . T h c n r o " rc \ q L r i r. c t ¡ i . ( f i g .r ) .
c¿urerdre rm¿8eof a smal] lrum:n frgure
notáble wear, suggestingthat it ¡{'as ¡vorn
frcquently.
Among the omamcnts we excavatcdwas
rhe tirsr Mochegold and -rlver -ceptetun-
coveredin an archceologrcal conrexrlfig r,'
j<
The scepr€i corrposed r silvcr hándle
ol
sunnounted by an inverted pyramidal box
made of sheet gold. Thc sceptercoüld have
álso fuDctionedas a sacrificiál knife, as the
handle telnúnates in a chisellike edge.The
upper sectio¡ of the scepteris omamented
wirh frve p¿ncl.ól .hcer m<t¿l "culpredin
lo\a' relief. The top of the chamber depicts a
warr.nr,.plendldl¡drc-.cd.¡rndin t}c acr of
-ubjJS,crinS i conqLcrcdprironer.The wáF
rior thru<rsr wir club towarJ lhc prrsoner.
whn is nr¡deand sclredcross-lcggcd. rnd i<
apparclldyrestrainedby á sm¿ller i dividual
behindhi111. The four sidesof the chamberof
rlre<ceprcr arc rcndcrcd r á similáÍfrsbion.
These scenesshcd light on xhe functional
associatíonof the object.The implicátion of
rhc irnngcryis thar rhc submtssionof pnson_
crs is pjrrrof the milirrry nndpoliticálcorn_
mand of the in¿lívidlal who cArriedit.
A¡other element knowD fuom Mochc
rcorroSiaphy and fou[d ur the rombs.r Sipán
is a crcscenthe¡rldrcssorrrmcnt. Loc^rcdlic-
neath the sl<eleton,it w¿süáde from a sinSle
goldsbeetlAIvá r994:fjss.r04,toúrAlv¿rnd
DonÍIan r993b: fig. rr7l. He¡ddresseswith
rhis sort of ornamcnt árc usualiy 3s<ociated
wrrh i dividu¿lsof rhc lighcst r¡nk in MocL(
iconography,Neyt to thc orlr¿üienrwerc thc
remarnsof fcáthcrbundle.rrtachcdto coppcr
shafts, which may also h¿ve been used ¡s
hcaddressornaments.
TWoother key royal ornaments,kñown as
b¿cl{láps, one in silver ánd one in gold, \vere
lound bclow rhe sl<eleton rAlv¡ rnd Donndn
r993b:figs. r2o, r22, rr3). Backflaps¿rethin
shc¿tsof metal, often decor¿tedat thc top in
ba. rcl .f ¡nd rnla), wl'ich rermrndtci'] ,
curvededge,generallyreplicatingthe form of
¡ ¡umi la knife with ¿ curved-edgedblade,
typic¿lly usedin ceremoniesl.Backflapsm¿y
have servedas a type of body armor (seealso
L\c looredroml,.bclow. lr Mocheiconogrr_
phy, waÍiors are showÍI wearing bácl<flaps
behIj¡d ,\¡m, .Lr.pend.Jf,om rhei- I'clrs.
l\e.e ol'lccr.,Ie un que tu rhc \4oche¿nd
.rpp:renrly used onlt by w,uriorsol
"crc
rank. Backflapsof thc size and quality found
in Tor'1bI h¿venu pa'¡l .l ourcideot \ipár.
lhe gold bacLrlnpi. xinongthc mnsr .pec-
taculár objectsin Tomb r. The image on the
rop of r}le bacltlap d.picrs ¿.uperndrur¿
anthropomolphicbeing,in ftontálview, hold-
ing á trophy head in one hand and a ¡ürni in
the other. This figure is also known as the
Decapitatot ¿nd is formd on v¿rious rattlcs
also found in the tomb.
Beueár\ the l-r.r.l<{laps. atnong othet
rhin8<.se foundtso morc bánncrs.ln con_
trast to the ba lers in the upper half of the
coffin, theseba rers were found face down.
Ar Lhcborromof rhc coffin$ere threeminiá-
rLrrewár club\ cnd sh,cldsot.heet coppcr.
rnd variou>coppcrpoints. probábly for nor'
mlll-sizedspcrrs.Finrlly,in ttc ¡ichcq ovcÍ
bcnchesrlong Lhc wálls were )r) simple.
sculpte¿lceramicvessels.
'IOmi¡ ,
Thc sccond romb cxcaváred¿t Silán wrs
located in the southern párt of the fulnerary
plarformand rn.rsclsoconsrructcd dtLirrgirs
last architecturAl pháse (fig. 2), Tombs r and 2
*re probably fuolll the sameera, The flrlleraly
charnbcr,slighrly srnallcr than rhar of TomD
r/ measüÍesapproxim^tcly4 m x 4m. As with
Tomb r, it contained a coffir of woodeil
pl.rllks wjrh bindrng<oi coppcr .trJps fhc
buried íldividual was a maÍI betweenthúty-
five ánd forty"five years of age,shorter than
the individual in Tomb r lveráno in Alv¿ ¿nd
Donr¡n i9)lb: r(1, Ver¡no r99l1.Around
the rem¿ins of the pdncip¿l occupantwere
fivc retainers,v¿riousanim¡ls, and offerings.
IIl ¿JJirion,x your€ ¡ran wrrh both fccr
¿mpúatcd was located ovel the rool of the
ch¿mbet suggestingthat he se ed as a
guardian.
This tomb corrcspondsto an individuál
\\ l,om. hv vin ue or thc cl'á",r.rensric\ of \is
garrnentsand orn¿meDtswithin the coffin/
we h¿veüáDledthe Pdest,alludingto the Bird
Pdcst represeütedin sceneskr¡own as the
cácriticeCeremon\lAlv¡ ¡nd DonnrnToalh
fig. r43r Introduction to this volume. fig. 5).
Thc mosr irrponJnt.li¡fcrcrcebetweenth s
b u r i a al ^ d - l o ¡ : ¡ I ' t h a r r h c o f r e r i n g . s r e o t
lesserquality.
The Priest's tomb included a hcáddress
ofnámentmadeof gildedcopper,represcoting
a n o w w i r h q i n g c c x r c n r l e d l -f il gT l e b n d v
of the owl is in high relief, and the eyes were
¡eadú essIrom Tonb 2
rnlxidwirh shclland nrql|oi¡c.Th( f(orhLr\
irc rnr.lc of d3nglins Incril p'.rqtcs dr.rr
would havc moved and shimmered iD the
Iight when worn. This eláborAtehexddress
constj$.rtcd rhc oDIyl,c.rdscnr irr rhc hurial.
Thc toúb álso conr¿ircda backflap,dre only
dcfcn'ivcirnr¡rncnr ir rhc tornb,if rn [rcr
rhcsc brcl<fLcps wcrc ., sorr of ]'ody arrror
lAhJ 1994:iig. r)1, Alv, :¡nJDoarl.rl rjlr.JL.
fig. 166).Madc from two vcrticál h: ves/ ore
of sol.l nrJ rlc oLhcrof.ilvcr. rhc bxckfl,rp
h¿s two perforatior'$h its üpper half allow
ncckl¡c4 in Ton$ L Bods ing it to be suspcÍrdedftom a bclt. Thc hcad,
¿rcDr¿dcofgildcd coppc¡
with shetltul¡y l¡vc!¡sc d r * : . r n r lr h r b r c L f l a p a r c r u ys n l i l d L r o r h .
owl headdrcssand bacl<flápsworn frcqucndy
MuscoArqu¡olGi.o
Nrcionrl by thc Bircl Pricst in Mochc art. Even more
l,hoioBrDlls
Lylrviú ¡¿r¡ñr con8rJsnrwirh rhir l|nrge,'he indjviduálin
Tomb 2 w.s buriedwitha coppelgoblctin his
dght haüd.This gobletís sirnilar ro thc rpper
porflo of rlc r,rllcllp. lrl.o¡ccn in rhc S.rcri
ficc Cerclllony.
ThcpersoninTomb 2 wore two neckláces,
each with nine gilded coppcr bcaclsiD thc
sh.rpcof lrurnflrhc.Ld'lAlv¿ roo¿:fi6s.r¿'
r¿¿, r¿6-r48:Alv.r rnd Donn.rnr991h:fjg.
16:). The facesol the he¿dson onc necklacc
¿rc smililrg/ showillg thcir whitc tccdr of
carvedshcil The othcr üccklacc is nadc of
I'caJ-<h.r¡cJ I'c¡J. uf dru.rnc mcr,rl ¡nn
mc.,\r,rcrncrrrs Lrurrhc frcc. .,ro frow,rint
{fis.8l.
Tomb 3
lonrh I h r.locrrcJ rn rhqcLnLer-eJsr secrion
or drc l,latforrn ¿nd pe"rJin\ ro rhc or,lc\l
corLrucrion phr.e of rhr furcraryplat¡o"nr
lfig. ,). Dne ro irs c.rjic'chrouological posi-
tion pcrhapssome four or live generations
h c f o r ct l - t L o r Jo f s i l . r n r nI o m b r - r h e i r d i -
r rdu¡l inLered here¡ ofien reteled Lo¡s rh.
O I d L o r do f S i p r n .I L i s r o n h w ¿ s a l , . l ' r i a l
o l e "¿ n ds m a l l e rr.. o m n l e ' t s r l ' , f dT . - , r i ,
width) ánd withort a wooden coffin. The
body ivas envelopedin reedmáts and textiles
aid dcpo,r(J wirh t$enr)-.rx cerJmic\es
.r'r and cop¡erob¡ecrr,rmong or5ernrrte'-
¡ l r T h r - i n d r r d u ¡ l d i e db e . s e e rl o . . y f i \ c
a n d ' r f t v - f i vvnc r n n f , g r l \ c ' ¿ r o i r A l , ¿ ¡ r ' . 1

Donnan r993br:r3). He was accornpaniedin
the buri¿l by a femaleatlendant¿nd a llam,
One of the first ornartcnts we found was
.r go.l necklacc,whoser(n bc.rdsreprc<cnt
spiderswith human faceson their backslfi6
q). thc sprd.r-ffe dclrLrrel)frxcdLoA seI)
of gold wires, $'hich forms the ftont of the
bcads.One of tLc most admilable piecesof
crpjr work n r\hip. c,rch.prdcr wa. tnad.
rorn\iI \.cr'ons $rt\ rrore thaD¡ hundre.r
points of solde¡ing.The back of eachl¡cadis¿
convex disk of sheet gold with ¿n exquisite
d < r r g ro f . w r r l " ¡ n d z o o r n o ? h i h . eJJs,(1
deredin 1owrelief.
¡ , " ¡ " ¡ o r h e rr o r ¿ l ' . ci r e m \ ' n r h e r o r n b
u eretr o gild'd cop¡er"rramentt wirh .he,-
iniays,perh¡psoriginally attáchedto banners
or he¡ddre.rcror" repr(rcnr.Jn ¿a'l"opo-
rno?h zed ¡elirc will_ r bLLcphrlrc'e/pcrr
'g ro4r
headdrc-s 1{JvarnJ Dnnnrn .44]h:
I. Gold slidcr bc¡d ncold¡cc
di¡mcte! ol bc¡d6r8 3cnr]
Msm A¡qusló*i.oN{ioMl
.,nd rhe orhcr ¡n ¡nrhropomorplrrzcd crxb
wrrh ¡ cre\ccntLrcxddrcsr ltig. ro'. Borh scrr
rcckjace! wrt[ I'c¡d' in thc :hape of owl
heads. Tomb 3 álso containcd t{qo súáll
sccprers .Alvr iürdDonnrn r90¡b:fiss raJ-
r95). One of silver, mcasuring 243 cm in
hcight, h¿s a finial depicting ¡ m¿]e figure
$irh á crescen!hc,rddress. [¡terdjng rbo\.
thehc¿ddre5. i- , rrck exren.ionfrorr whicL
rep*esentatjons of Iwo L'um¡nhecJ\ ¡re sus_
pended.The secondsceptcrof gold measures
22.6cm.Its finial is ¿ sphericalláttle.
To1l1b3 also cont¿ined banrcrs similar to
rho<efoundin Tomb r. fhLccbárner"scrc
found¿boverhe body. Asáinsrd báckdropol
gilded copperplaques,eachhas an anthropo-
morchrctig,Ie wrrh Ldi-coárm. Border'ol
< nbo.'ed pa:.lcv^haoed,rlrr.hu fofins e'1-
closcdthe figures.The figule on one bánncr
wa. IaLg.'rhan!h< orl-errwo. andunderth(
 ,o. Androl)o l1t)hiccr.l)
.¡n¡mcnt ol sillcd copDcr
rvith shrl nrhy lroDrToúb l

r1. Coptci¡!¡i¡l n!$l wil!

sldLn ¡ythcisht1 : 3c n r l
d¡l rcckl.cc ot ovl hc.ds

fcotoL,l 1{nlrh: 9o cm l, rlL

( r r L u \ \ r J J ¡ l L , " 7 rfl, r , . ñ r r \ i . . \ . , n . p 1 ,
¿ctu¡rl ¿rl¿rc¡u Inrit wcro cncascclbctvcclr
the rnctal foflrs arcl thcir toxtilo backing.
l w o r ) , o r L , . , r rr.' u f - r r rr J . rJr r . r ¡ , w c .
f ñ , , n ,|1, r d c ', h ¡ b o d y r, l . o f , , ,i r . El r s r ¡ q , r , 1 ,
as thcy wcrc in Tonb r.
Closcr ro drc body wcrc ]nr tiplc groupsof
personalorlarnents, such as peclotals,nccL-
laces,¿ndear ¡ndnose orn¿ments.Five nccl-
laccswcrc foünd, cach with ten be¿dsin the
shapc of artluopolrorphic ¿tndzoomoryhic
heads.Two werc of golcl and thrcc wcrc of
. i \ e r . L v r d e n r l r) h ( s l r J ( , , ( . l J L ( c o n
pletes ¿ set oI three birnetallic pairs. Tbc
mo.r spe,r,rcuhr pecrorrl r- cu rr'u.(J uf
g i J ñ l , o o o . r\ o l L r e sr e . e m L , l i nr lCr er c n L . , -
c l c r n f ¿ r ¡ c , n p u "{ Í i s .| | l . o \ e " , \ e ¿ c eo l
r l - . J e ( e 1 . <hJ¿ . á l i f . - 7 . ] ' u ' á l m A - , ,c o - r -
p l e r es r r l - . r . , . , ( ( , , r . 1 ' ¿ rd.
¡ r d ¡ n . c < l ¡ c eo l o ¡ l - h c r Jb . r J . T L . ¡ r o ¡ , r

right eyc w¿s irláid lvith sheil; thc inlxy for
thc lcft cyc wAsábscnt.
lcr)rn¡<thc rrosr inrcrcstrnt.1oscorrr'r_
meDt is a silvcr pl¿quc $'ith A maryelous
mini^türc cffigy of a wanior sculptcclin Sokl
and rurquoisc {fig. r2l. The lvarrior wcars a
largc heaclclrcss iD thc shapcof ¡n owl with
cxtendcdwings, Andhis owÍI nosc orD¡lrlen!/
f l r J L . , , , i c¿r r d ¡ ' , l u b .I L ( t , S L , ,i c' - l l n i l r rr u
r h ( r i t r ( s c n r ¡ r i o no f s á r r r o r só n e i r ru r n r -
' r , r r r sl r o u rT o m b I b r r ri r r r l rs c ¡ s c , . h e o w l
l'cadd"css i. Jrrtjnc,,.rrrdr".crrÜc. t\c tu l-
sizc hcaddressIourld h Tomb 2.
cr sirh lorlb r, To'nh r h¡d g"uup-o'
b . l r ' ¡ r r n ' i r a l | l e . . . o r nw c i,} rep"e'entr-
.on' ot ,he Dq.¡pitaror.In cunrrrrrtó TomD
r, dlis romb h¡d ten /attlcs of gold aDdtcn of
silvcr, ás\a'cllástelbackflaps in silver,ten ir
gilded crrypcr,lrnd one in sold. The bacldlap
o f s o l J l c . ' r . r r-. ' l ' s h t l vI . . . L \ 1 r r h eb x c l-
f l . r ¡ o r , r r n , . ' ñ , n - 1l .i r u l l t a - i " f o m b r .
forrb r h¡J ¡ i,^,rD ol \"cJlur - rnLl.pe¡rc
although many of thc wcaponsseeDrto have
h m n r n r e n r r o n " lJl yL r r n r ¡ d ¿ t t h e ¡ t t u n ¡ n ,
u r | , r c ' n r c r r . l .Jl d d r u , ' ,- ^ m c ' m L , l e r ¡\ -¡ d
lil..$,.( lr.n a.¡n,r.ledl.r.r buriJl fL,l
example,the hcad of a gilded coppcr Ieline
tr. Nosc ornd¡rcn!{ith
IiSurcoJ¿$rtio!n1 silvcr,
go1d,¡nd lrüruolsc Ureishti
Mnro ^lq|q, ósi(' N¡lioDll
onumcnt was forüld in thc tipper h^1fof thc
L'rrri:rl, nlrlc orhcrbu'Lyl,irr. scrc founJ :n
variouslcvcls of rhe tomb.
Thc backflaps, thc nccklace sets, thc
wcdDo¡s, ¿l}drh( (crxluc ofrcring)highliaLt
á closcrclationshipbct cc¡ Tomb r ánd 3. hr
somc cascsthc scalc is slightly diffcrcÍIt, as
for examplethc goldbackflaps.Thcnccklaccs
ó c c u ' n s c r qo r t h r ( c :r h r e e o f S u l J . , ri dl r c f
- l v e ' r h , r ' g c n .r l y h . r v er e n I r i r . u r h c : r d '
A dlorrShrhc fofl[ rni Lh.rr¡crcri-ric- uf
this buriál show fundar¡e¡tal differerces
from Tomb r no coffin ard fewer áccompá-
n y i r s " e r J i " r ( r *r \ ( r c ' r i ' l e x r . t . J - c L ñ f
urnr¡r( r| -, Fmblem.,¡nJ 8ññ.lqrh,llrre.rrr,-
lrr. Tl,c Jirpñri, on o¡ '¡'a 1¡.¡¿'y good.of
r h e O l d L u r . l¡ ' c r . m i n r . c e nur l r l ( l o ' d o l
S i p ir i r l o m b r i r á . m u c hJ \ r \ . J \ . 1 ¡ \ . ' l
' ( ' ¡ y o .r . r l - ec < n ¡ , ¿rl r i s o l r \ e b u r i ? T h '
r q o r o r r b . d e m u ' r r r ' ¡ r cr h e r r n c ¡ . r u a
ordcrof ircr'l.. wrdr tl c rrnrr pcr.on.l u'r¿
rnerri c o\.\. ro LheL,uLl¡Br'' rrore i.lrere\t-
ing is the idca thát this ordcr occursnot only
over the bod, but also beDcath it. This
-cauerceol ul,rrr.nr- irrd oth<rgooJ. ¡nC
rhc r .pa. ,rl onent-r on \.' m ro hrv< becn

rl. cold ¡ácklla! recove¡ed
by üe ¡cdcral¡utnu of
¡uvest8.tioú i¡ Plil¿ddllia
i¡ ¡998, belielcd to IJcf¡oDr
the lootedtoüb ¡t SiDár
dgidly prescribe4 and may allude to Moche
be ief. 1nd wo,lJ \ (w.. lor e\rrnplc.pláce
ment of the banners(thoseon top of the body
are face up, while those bereath the body are
face down) may suggesta division of concep:
tual space,a division oI the world aboveand
thc world below, split on the axis of the royal
hody. c p<rvr,r\e .en.e of dul|isn i. rlro
inherent in the pl¿cementof orr,amentsand
their m¿teri¿ls lgold with the proper úglt
side o¡ the bodt silve( with the leftl. Most
interestinglt it is clear th¿t these symbols
of powet rank, and identity endured for
generatiolls.
The Looted Tomb
One of the most inportant tombs at Sipán
was p.tially loote¿lpdor to the beginningot
our sciertific cxcavations.We can, howevcr,
deducethat thc sanretype of ornarnentsard
elllblcmsfound in Tombs r and 3 would have
also lrccn found in rhe loorcd romb.oTI"s
tomb would corespond to ánotheriord of thc
s¿me rank as the lords in Tombs r ¡¡d 3.
From the isolated pieces recoveredby the
police, and from kno$.ledgcof certain pieces
that have endedup in p vate collections,it
appearsthat the looted tomb of Sipán con,
t¿ined matcdals very simil¿ir to thosc o a,
ments and cnblems of Tomb r . For cxan'rpie,
the tonb probally contáiied á sccpterof gold
and silver with a representation of á w¿irior
in low reliel lAlva 1994:fig. r4o) and a neck-
laseof goldbeádsin thc form of pea4utslAlva
r994:1i8.24s).
Ncvcrrhclc:s. excJ!Jrionol wltárremli'red
of rhc roLnb<üggesr. Éh¡rrhc rnreflncnrofthc
individu¿l in this tonb was ín a fotmat inter-
mediAtebetweenthe bundle of the Old Lord
In ronrD1 Jrtd 1eIuner¡rych¿rnD(rut flre
Lod of Sipán in Tomb r. Ir cffect, the bliri¿l
was not properlya coffin,but a set oI \yooden
planks that encloseda space..As o¡e Inigilr
rn_¡ginc.drc ronrbwás iorgclydesrrolcdin
the looting, we couldonly s¡Iv¡geeviderccof
sorne of thc ácconrpaÍryingtet¡iners of the
principal occupant.To a Iimited dcgree,we
havc been able to identify :r few items from
this tomb that h¿vccntcrcd the interÍIational
3ft r)rárkcr.Anrong rhFpiecc6wc hr\ c idcnri-
ficd ¿s coDlirg from this tomb is ¿ b¿rcldl;Lp
recoveredby the FedcralBureauof Investiga-
tion in Philadelphiaill 1998 lfig. r3). Fligl y
sínilarto thosc fuomTombs r an¿I3,dlc goid
backflap has the charactedsticDecápit¿tor
on top/ holding ^ fl¡r¡í knifc and a severed
he¿d.
Butials o[ SecondRank: Assistants of
WardoÍs and Pricsts
Wc haveloc¿tedninemorctonbs in theyears
sjnc( rhedi.coveryñf To,rl\ i, r, ¡nd l. Th(
rnrenrorvof subscqucrrr romb. ,. le.s :uml..
tuousthan thefirst three,suggestingthatthey
n ( r t ¿ I | r rion d i v i d u ¿ r \ ao l c r s crr¿ n hb, u rs ri l l
connectedwith theclitc. Thesetoml¡sdateto
various chronologicalphases,as defined by
the ¿rchitecturalsequence1fi8.21.
Tombs
Tomb 5 contained ¡n individual who may have
ü r c r ¿ w ¿ n r o ro f s e c o n d. ¿ , , <, r r s . .r a , r ¡ ) .
The bunrl consi>tcd of a furer¿rypl of ap
proxi¡ately 4 m2,loc¿tedin the south ccnüal
 .,1:l!,
: ,i'{irr
\.,:r-il
,, '1
tu., -tl
' .'
;r:ii:'il

\.. ' ñ l h , l l . ' t Í u' r, . { ' r , r n b u r ' I i . ¡ ¡ i . Tonlb 7

" - . 1 , $ ¡ , ( r o , r' n d( l r - l ( , ' . . 1n . l ' . t r i l u \ ( l
t , c r . r r r i o , c c dc " f l r r .T l , c ' ñ f I : 1 . u n - T r i . r - . . . r 1 1c L . ' r n l ' c "p . . r : rn r r g t o ' h ' rj. Reconst,u.ri.nof Tonb 5
¡ i r l L L r rL ¡ t nf ,¡n .l,lt thjrdphasc of ¡rchitcctural ooüstmction,was
cxtcndcd position, and orlcnted $'ith thc .l L l ' cr o r . l r ' ' r . 1 ." ' r r . p l ir f o n l
".,r. "r'
1r.. , ', o u r h .l l , c - J , t ' ) , , . ,r r d v . ¡ 1 , . ar areasubjectcdto lootirg ¿nd crosior. The
oft. '¡. ' l' .,. ., co¡\'r rJrl. nñ.' orr. - cl'nrnber me¿surcd3.5 m by r.7 ln {fis. 16l.
ments, shca¡hsof comb¡t we¡pons, a cres- \ r i \ ' . n r e r $ e r . r l . h r . ' . r l -o f n v , '¿ ' . r
ccnt hca(LlLrcss, ccrrrmicp¡n pipcs,thirtytwo : , - . . , o n . f ' n . , 1 .J , o , ' c n , l e u ' . , , , 1
v *cl . ' . , ,r ...1., -1rrrrhrnwe- l¡rJ o.rr n recd.off ¡r ovr' r rernq rr( rl'(l
"oodcn
ith shell ¡nd lur.trúisc inl¿ys. This btüi,rl rs- r l1nJI'c-d.JnJso,.1rh¡ocd'e.'.1..
f , " l r f . v p r r . , re i L " , ¡ , ¡ r . l i r r d u ¡ r " ¡h c l h e m , l , s ñ , c ¡ r n L , ¡ r . r .u f - l ' . 1 b ' . d - , '
military clitc, who perhapsalso served¿s a . o p p e cr r ' k . . , d : h . r d d r e * f $ . - c c r i or . o l
musicinn, acconpanying thc lord ánd his ¡ ' , ¡ , ¡ l , l r . k r e , l . . c d , r ' b o n e rL , f , \ . f .' . .
cntourageand ¡rlayingthc pan pipes. . , 1 , r ' , r¿ , r - ¡ l r u f ¿ , i , , , , ¡ 4 l n I U t , r u ,.
Other metá1 pieces werc folrnd urdcr the
body.
The Ienale's burial contained a copper
' r e , d d r e *u i h ¡ n e m b o - . c d l ¡ c e ar5.llhcrd
necl l"cc. ¡ rccrnrgula'pl:1Lrc.:rJ L rr.r
ccra¡icvessels.The heaclclress
those $¡orn by the principal wonen who
accor4raried the lord in Tomb r and the
| ( . r i r T o n , L1 ( A l r r . 9 7 a :f i s . r J , A l \ .
¿ n dD o n n ¡ nr g r J b :f r s . . r J ¡ - r j l l . f h c f o d i , ,
o f d c c r p i r a r c rl il a ¡ ¡ ' - n d , r r , c , . , ¡ r n .
b o w l . w c r c J : n . c r \ . , 1h . r s , . n r l , ( r ( . . 1
coffins.
Tomb 3
Tomb 8 consistedoI a fairly l¿rge funerAr-)'
Lh,,nb< I ,r r , . a a m r nr h e u o pr h , r l f )i.n o r
L ,tlrg rh.rrro-nL, .izc ¿ndlay^uri. ror J fJirh
was simil¿r to f u l " c fe c r i o n , l - c, ¿ n l o, ¡ i n l r i d u ¡ 1 . ,, . t h r r
chámbc¡lfis. r7)is ]¡rser dranth¿t of Tomb r.
In a scÍrcral wa, the forDr oI the chamL¡er
i ' ' i n r l ¿ r r o T u r n Lr , b r r tr r d c t e - . o r n c w rrr
sarlierin the architecturalsequence,to PlTasc
t. Tl,eÍuneln cl .rmLcrl,¡d fivc w¿ | n., n.r
l o L r L , u n ¡, $ e r e f o u n di r h c . h . r n b , , . l
which two, located h thc ccntq ir1 ca¡c
coffins,wcrc clcarly thc pinsipal occLrp.nts.
They were surrountledby r14 ccrarnicvcsscls.
T l , c r n o n . l ¡ l , o r ¡ , .o f r h ¡ , w u , o n r h c w . r ,
'wasan ádult m¡lc skeleton coveredby Iour
L r ¡ 'r . u f o r r r r l r e r r t.., , , Cc , , . L , l c r , A . m",;
thcsc were a hc¿ddrcssm¡dc of shcct nTct¿1,
sl,Lcl .,,¡ ccrrr.rlcrrri,o*"d.,nrhron'orl'hic
f¡cc.q irlr r lrrqr crr'. .rrt xtrn,l.n¡.rtruver
f l . u . l . r dr r w o , n y r h o l o q r e . r l . r n i n gr r 'r{rf' .
ll,r' in.liv,r1,r.,l\rr¡v. r,v..l- ,nLI.,.l(.1J
scricsof wcapons,snggcstingth¡t hc lulfille.l
r ) i l i r . r r vt r r r c r i u n \5. h i . l . l, \ ( c r ' o r \ . J t . ( ( -
torals ¡üd $rai clnbs/ rlosc orD¡r¡cnts, spcar
points/ .Dd two rcm¡rkál)lc mctrllic banncrs
or cr.lr rrr..;rs w, rr ¡,rr. ol hi: frrncrrr¡.r<.
scrlllagc. Olc of thcsccoppcrorlamcnts {lig.
r9), rcprcscnts¡n .nthropomorphic crcaturc
with frns clominátiDg^ Dr¡r.
T l . . s l , r ' lr u r o f , 1 , ¡ . c c n n dn f r h c r * u
t , r i r !r l , i l i r , , l i v i ,,l ., 1 ' .l o c . , , ¡ ' o
l r Lhc.., r,
w . t r o u r d , 1 i . r ' ., , l i , . , l f \ . L , , r l )i i . i , J , -
viduálh¿d dic.l c.rrlicrthArlhis cor¡p¡nion or1
. l ' e w . ' . i h , i . . l s , ( , ' . , ,( . 1' , , , , , $ 1 , 1 , -
e \ c ' h ¡ r , , . 1 ^ . ! iJ , l r . r I r . * 1 , r r r . r 1 , i r c . J
n p¡\irñ¡ i' (l r' t, ¡l'. Crr( s.rs r,rk,'r
1,.\('(r ,u ¡l.c, i h¡.¡mc
"nr.rrrr.rr.
order. His grAvegoodsnrcludcd a hc¡ddrcss
\ \ i , h \ o l u ' , ^ p ¡ , r - ó ' o r \ . , l e ¡ L l , l r . . - r .. ,
coppcl mask/ a scepter,¿ w¿r club, milit¡ry
c n t l u n . , r n d ' o L " c e r i r r i . v c - . 1 - . t . r 1 (ñ f
r l " . ) I n b o l ,o f ' . , n r n , r r dw i r h ' h r h u ¡ , c . 1
índividual is a sccptcrtoppcdby a pyr¿midal
l . o x lL . . l ' ¿ n h r i , r i l ¡ , , , , f o r r nr o ' 1 . . , r
fñ,,nd n To,,,l , lf,s ol A, -r sse,redrto\ e
, h . \ c , c r r e. f f ( . . . r u L , ( r,,k e d q i h m i i -
tary coñm.nd. This scepter,however,is of
. " ¡ ¡ e r , n d r r r d r : l 'o f l e * e r . r a r u ' , , r . l ,
hc, e ornrmerr' ol copp" ,1,i .ild. d , ñpp.l
r . r h e r h " r ! , od o ' . i l , . , . I q , , , , ¡ , , h , , l - ,
p r o b a b l v , ( rn¿c , - ,w r ¡ ql . : ¡ L c Ju r l r r , v . . , -
em side of the chámber.
 '11
i
, i,l .
'. i1.l

tr;
ti,(

{'0
 Tamb9

T u n h o i \ ¿ . \ u Li a . < Jú i r l -r \ . r ( L Ur Jp h ¡ - < . r
con.rrJLnon/rhJr r\, J reflod -lrg rtll ).'ter
, h , , nl o . ' r b J l.r . b u r i " c o f . . t c d o ¡ f u r , r
¡ r ) h , , r r " .f l A . f J I n ¡ f i r , , 'J r , r i r ' b' . o . n
L ' )o . 8 , m T , ( * l < ( l . L u r ' . ' ¿ rr J . r l rr r ¡ 1 .
"¿r
r u r c r . . lb ¡ ' r r r u u . l ¡ i q , r o Í o r Í t r n ¿ . ¡ r J
oln¿mentslrtg.2rl.
This hdívidual $.¡s alsoprob¿bly1inLedto
military activities, judging by the inventory
of his funer.ry soods. AmoÍrs these were
rh'cc coppcrc'csftn, hc.,J,ln*c.,,,s,,r cl¡l'
a mask inldd with shcll, r ccranic vcsscl,a
ret r rg.rh 1., r rtr ur gi JeJ net rl 1'hre..
f n r r rl , c r . l . l r * c . . , r x r l , : , r L l, w ñ c ñ p t ' c.r. r r
u r , , n r f , r \ . C l ' : ' , . 'r h l ' ! J v , - l f s , r . f i \
s ¡ , . . , b - . ¡ r tJu o ' l , L l l lt c t u. r ) -T u u . . l r ,
r r . l q n l dr c c t , n S . r l .nr ñ \ c ^ r r . , r n . r ( w . (
lo,,n,rov"r l,, f¡cc. c u.,n(l
r l , u t l r ^ $ . r r x c u f r i ' , rl. r r . n r , j | | r ' rl . . , i -

18 CorNrhc{(U¡lss frxn
To¡b 8l¡lirhi:'to I c¡1r

r9. coppcr orn¿DenrfroDr

Tomb 3lheight: 5r.4 c¡r,
naxn¡um {mth: j6.7 cñ)
MufoAqusrógi0N4iDn
 r e l i e fl.s e n U - r t u e eL e r á . n i\ce . - c l \ w \ ' . n ro. Scepte¡i¡om Tor¡b 3
L1,,¡¡¡J :r ,hebu. al,rrd the .rrn Lp^po.r v(.- Ucryih: 32.i c¡r, mtrxnnum
selsamoDgthem corrcspondto the Moche III
phr.e.soerrpornt..rrrJolh(r fic.c. v.l rñb'
idcn,ilicd,were.rlso JrrJng<drrorrJ thr ndi
r i,lLr¡1. T\c- n.rc n" hu.r,r' retJrner'rcLom-
p a n ¡ i n gr h r rl . u r r r lo, n c l l , r n ' ás ¡ . i f c l J o e L .
A. rn ot\(r rumb. n¡ny wc¡por- uere re-
covered,especiallywoodcnwar clubscovered
u r h . h c e rm e r . r T l l ( , l L ¿ n r i ro ) f w c r p n n isr
r h i sr o | l r bc o u l dr n d r L J (r h ¡ L, l , c ) w . r c r r . -
¡ r i c . . i p , u r e dr n n r J , l c u m l , r LT l , , r b L n , r l
highlights the qu.ntity of goodsneededfor a

One of these nose om:uncrts llig. lx)

dcplcts two profilc figurcsra wárrior with a
c(csccnthc¿rddrcss on the left, facnrga fcllalc
riSrrc witl, hr¿r,lrTl'( hnrrl. r$rrci. r,robr-
bly a rcprcsclrtatioDolthe Priestess,¿person-
¡s( .c(, ii Mñ.hc icoror"Jphyind link(J
i,$n*r
rvith burials at san Iosó dc Moro lcastillo,
r n i . v o l u r n cD o n n r r ¡ l r L l C . rl r' oL I o o ) .I o o 4 . la:iix.l
I t, otl'." r'o.c.,dornmrnt(ng..,tl rlrn rptc
\c¡r. rwn ?r nnn.rqe\.rg.rrnfuce-ro-f:ce.
this tir¡c thcy arc hoizontál, as if flo¿ting.A
I'ut
Ilrr¡
,,;,;t
tree wirir d¿nglingfruits appcarsto cmerge
f , n r i h . c < . , " r d r h e r o o-ry s r u n ( x t c r u \
l . q , , q r ' r i l " J r ¡ r . A n o n g r h e o r h e ro r n r - i.$i,:
ments wc¡e ¡ecklaccs¡orc of silver be¿dsin
the shapeof anthropomoryhichcáds,¿nother
of L¡eadsin the shapc of pcánüts/ and two
t.r1'Lr-rr ¡rr c, - ').' nrxrc(li'r
¡elief. The shaft of one ol thesctubular olna'
Iner,.l s. )tl . render.d$ rtl-r J(rid,,LJ¡rcd
nn ar ah.rr¡c.edzoo¡o-ph c torm r.pcrtedin
d r g o r r l h r d . ¿ d r \ . c n , ]o r r F o r n J n e n t
is an anthropomorphicface,sculptcdin higher

!18 ArlA
 pLoperLnrerrnenr. xrd underscore\rhe in-
t e n r e . c r i v , r yo f ¡ 1 i . ¿ n - n e e d e d' o m c f l
theserequi¡ements.

Tombs to, t t, tz
Loc¡rcdin rhc suurhern¿rea rhc funcr¿r'
"f
platforn, Tombs ro and r2l pertáiningto the
mo.r r.ccnr ¿rchrrecrur¡lpha.e, conrrin.J
omaments and emblems clearly related to
the religiouscult. Tomb ro is one of the few
rty,picrlbLn¡1.xr sip¿n.lr helJan ¡dolesccnL
mrle or Jpproximarcly rs (lv, ro nlreenyc;rs
ol agc.oricnr.din á nosrtionoppo.Íe ro rh,rl
of rhc orhcrburiJl,,rh i., wirh h.áJ Lortre
north ¿nd dle feet to the south. funong the
few ornamcntsrecoveredwere smallmetallic
ornánrclrtr or]gin¡llr scwnonro¿ rcxlilc 8Jr-
meút and Spo¡dylusvalves.To rhenorth ryas
J llrrnc slclcron.whilc Io rhc sorrhwcrc LoJ
simple globular vesscls.Wall _nichesfu thé
small funeráry chamb9r codtained other
vessels,cAmelidbores,and ten sr¡rallcer¡r¡ic
mJ<KS. C,rchipproxLm¿(cly ( ctn tn llcrgrhl.

,, Sjlvd n¡d eold ñs

onr¡nDtrt jlo¡¡ To¡rb 9
{hekhu g cn, wldtL rr.2cúl

2t. Silve!¡nd gold ¡ose

o¡Nmcnr from Tbm¡ 9
 14. Silvero¡¡¡neDt 6on
Toúb t ilcrurh:22.!r,
údxünu¡ di¡n.tcr: r.6 c'nl

Tonb r2 consisledof ¡ büriál whosc goods

, o.,lJ b reL.(" rñ d,( rc isrou"ul! {r'8 ) 'l
Togetberwith thc skeletonwerc rattles an.l
. r 'r i f i c , . ,kl r ) r ! ( \ ,, y p i c J l l yi n d i c ¡ r i n sr i r L á l
rUrcrion<A n. nh.r cf !(\\ l\ wJr. locll(
, r r n c , r d c \o f t h ( b o . l y $, h i l . l r . r r r h . c r . l
ri.rrrr wcr( rwo rLbulrr <ilvcr I'i(cf' rlr.rl
cou,(lbc (:rr,,rrlrn(nr.. Il,c indf iJu:ll $.rs
covcrcd by coppcr pl¡telcts, which nlrly
-ri'
nIgi rill] rlrv,lonncJ i p(cLor'rlAt \iJL
was rhr 5kclcLonof.r t' rxlrrcrwrrl rl'c fLct

Tomb rr was loc^tcd oü thc noith sidc of ii.

thc pladorm, ncxt to Tomb 8, ¿rrdit w.rs ás_
socixtcdrvittr thc third xrchitcctur¿rlphasc.It
i),r funcrrrycl,¿'nbcrw tlr rwul Lrilc lrr Lc''l
c o l f i r . , L i b). o l . f t s e p r i n c r p rrl r r L l r v i d uJrnl
adult malc, had a numbel ol orn¡¡lcÍrts: two
coDocrlrcxldrcs,Ls, 1 p rjr uLcorrcr t rndil', I
hcx¿rgonal pl¿rqüc, fourshcots of coppcrin thc
-l'.rpc r I Il '.. coDlcr 'cLfrt r'' ts"
"f
tl¡c.s o- cóDDerrr rhe .ur¡n ot p,tllntl ut
bcans,twclvc coppcr pl¿telcts sewn onto :l
thick tcxtilc, and much cvi¿leDccof disirte-
gr¡rtiDgtextiles. The ¿ccol'np¡nyiryretartcr
again laclccdfeet and ¿s covercd by four

Givcr, rhis cvirlcnce,it is possibleto sug_

\ r t i ¡ f o l l o w ( .c1e n r r l
; r ' r r l . . r r r r rr r r r i -l r . r r
¡ ¡ r e dw i r h . o q -
I r r .r n \ . r L n d r r ' , , . ¡ - t o '
¡
ciiic roles il1 lile a,rd perhaps dearh were
ir-r( . a rn.lr'ri- f u r e r a r p¡ ] : L -
" t.;''w
o Jf trlr-ico ^ w e r ( s . l e F
forr- \4rlrrrr1¡hrel
r l ¡ n u r i e Jr ' | . , r d C , . n o n h ' ' 1 .o f t r , cp l ¡ r -
r ¡ , r . r- o f r l ( D i e ' r ' r r d
theÍ ássist¡rntswere located .ow d dle
. o u r hr i d " ,d e m o - - . ' ar n sI r . d r r r .' n r i r l L r "
o f t u n e r . " ¡r p r ,e ' . . " r d r n 1. o l - " ' o c , r l r . l (
of the indivíduals.
 i;ü

'\
Itctrcsert tiors Jrd Alrh:'cologic l tlr . . r ' r ' r .t \ ' , , , 1 " ¡ r r . , , r1r I
' l , r . r I l , r ' . , ' , . , ^ .,
Corrclnliürs ! " ¡ r ' . r " , , 1 ,r v
l, r ¡ r . r l 1 ¡ ' . ' , ' r . , ¡ lr . ' ,
Thc lLurcraÍypt:ttforn oi Sip:nrnclLrtlcrlir ",1 . , , r l ( ' l l ) r ' r " r . , r r , r ' l l ' , , 1 . f -.
rcllrcnts ot iD.liv u¡ls who wcro clc¡rly thc scntarionol i nrilit¡ry 1)rrccssion knowlr
su¡rcnc ¡oliticrl endrcligiousruthoriticsof l , , , r '1 . , , i M , , r l , r L L r . , i c \ c s s J l
"
Ll,t , ru-t . ll,t.. - ..lrvLlu.,l ,,r rluL tr.,l'- l , l " , , , , l ' . , ' . , , l i , , , , . 1 i , . , 1 ., , , r , ,
thro rh thc oír¿mcnts,crrHcDS ol r¿rk, ¿r1rL thc hdivrlu.tlsbtrricd,rrSifrnr{fiij.27).
sylnl)olsoi conn¡I1d d1¿rt ¿ccolllprnicclthc¡r 1 r . , . - . , , l . , , , J, r ' l ., l l , . r , ,' r "u v , ,
in !hcir Sr¡vcs.Tbc itcms, ¡nd thcir contcxts, the processior,the third figurc fton thc lcft
providc us Í.lth r rr[prccedentccloppor . 1 , ¡ . , Jl r . ¡ i ,r,. ,1,( r.
t . rr i ¡ t . . l . . s c . r r ¡ . r r i l ' r q ' r : ' 1 , ' I , , ,.,t,, , t . , , , i . rI " , , .t . t , I , , t ' I , . 'r l
' , 1 , ' j , , j i ,. r - r ' , , 1 | , . 1 1 , , , r t I r r ; . r . . J . 1, * . I r l . c , . ¡ h " c r c - ,' r
"¡',:r ,t ,,
¡.1 r r . ' , - , r r . , , q , , , , , f ' L l¡ n q J , ' , r . n , n , | , , ) \ x \ , . . r ' . , rh, . , . o l o , . . r.lñ r r .
"r "rr
knorvn from the Moche \forld. By usins both lrLe tL ü,e nd ridL¡1 bL,rJd *i h h ' shiLl..
sourccsof c1¿t¡,rve ¿re ¡ble to forur ¿ rnore , I C w . r . l , r b , l o . . I , . l o f r h , . , r - f , r E l , ,^
conrllelcficturc oi Mochc soci¿lhicr.rc¡y the pritrury ]ord ir Tomb r Thc mdiv u¿l
ánd ritual pr¿rctice. ' o l o " r g \ i n ¡ . r r i c , . r l ' . , r r 'r , r . , , , i ( ( l
r. p' r,ip.. . r nl - , r ' ¡ ¡ ' . . . r ¡ n , . I n u r d . , \ ñ , . f ñ u n Ji , - , , . * r . , J r A 1 , u ¡ r . . r r r L
'r
s i h r ' . l ¡ r J ó s i t ¿ r 1 " 1 1 ,I r ¡ ) , \ ' i, ,l,c r(*i ¡ c r u u ¡u r l . r . l r r , l r , l
¡s ¡ point oi dcparturcfor this discussion{fig. ' r . ' , 1 ) r n a .. r . d o . , , r r ) I g . . e l I
51. The individu¡l portrayed on these ear . r d , \ ! o . . ' . ) I n - h 1 . ¡ , r .* . l ' ' r r r r : y
ráttles danglingoff tho sides,surmou¡ted by
profilc hcr.lq.The sceptcris sinril¿rto thrt
lourid iD the looted tomb {Alva r994: fig.24o;
Alv¡ and Donüan rqq:br fig. rs3l, while the
l)c¡J5could referto certáinmctallicmasl(\
fouDdin someof the tor¡bs. The másl<shave
pe orationsallowing fo¡ suspension,perhaps
from a woodenstalf or other support.Finall,
pon pipc pleycrs arc vi.iblc cr borh ends ol
the scene,recaliiDgthc individual in Tomlr 5,
who wasintcrrcdw¡h a suchan instLtLncnt.
The ico[ogr¿phylorLndon ccrnmicvcsscls
rei[forccs or¡¡ identification of the types of
ornamentsconsidere¿l crucial to rulershipby
the Moche. TÍme ¿nd agáfu, types ol iteins
fourd ¡r the tolDbsat Sipánarerepreseúted in
the fine-lüe p¿intings on Mochc vesseis.
omarneÍlts import¿r'rt to the luling Iord are
sccr)ilr nurnerousrhemesin Mochc art, su.h
,s rhc bcaddrcsses worn by irrdividrrrls Jrr.,
sccncof rirurl running(l(rlrscherr98l:AbD.
r35). Hcrc frgurcswcrr zoomorphichcad-
dresseswith chcvron designs.In Tomb r, a
coLroI ttxtile wirh rtet¡l orn¿ment. was
found Lhct rc.crnblcs this he.tddre.s.TLc
ovcr¿ll sh^pe is zoomorphic, anrl the body
containsa simil¿r chewon motif (Alva 1994:
z¿,dib.rzl.
One ofthe shellpectoralsftom Tomb r h¿s
a triangle design, linking the hdividual
bun.J wrr'r ¡ p"ron.rgeknowr ¡s the R¿di-
ánt Being, seen in thc S¡cdfice Ceremony.
Fineline paintings on Moche cer¿micsgive
u' ¡ berrerrde¡ of *rr¡r ,h¡ co-runre.rnC
'egrliJ would h¡r. '"ukcd I k. when com-
p l e r e ,r n d i n ¡ h a r o r o f
ncnr. wouldbe worn.¡or (xd,rplc.gxrrrent-
embclllshedwith metál platelets,such as the
-oib
onc roLrndir r, , ¡n be rel 'tqJ ro rnd
vidu¿lsseenin a nunbcr of scenes,incluüng
the Ribbon D¿nce (Hocquenghen1987:fig.
9 5 ,l ( u r s c h er r9 8 ] f i g .r s ) 1 .I n r h i - d c p i c r i o r . . 27, Roll out dr¿wi¡g oi ¡
úilit!ry procesion p¡nrhd
only rlc Inosrimporr¡ntlfldr\iduálwcársa o¡ ! cenmic vesel rcw nr
cornple¡e metrlhcrunic. Inrcrc.tinsl). hc also dre Stlrtlichee Mnscun liir
wcarsa necklaceol disl<ssimilar to orc found
antdIttrt¿hüa33:^bb rs3^rB
Onc o[ rheornarncnt.rc fo.rndrn TomL:
ucs ¡ fox hc¿dmrdc oi gildcdcopper.Tl'r<
smrll ornamcurlr.z.5cm in lcngth)wrsprob:t-
bly part of a headdress, such as thosc seenin
rhcpxinredscenes oi conrh¡ranrl¡rrualhurrrs
, A l v n á r l d D o r m nr 9 9 t b .T 8 ¿ l' i g . r 9 9 1 . T I u s
typc of heáddresswas also foruld iD Tomb I
and at otherMoche sites,such as at I{raca de
h Cruz in rhe Vini Vallcy whcrc Stroru ,nd
Evánsfound oÍre il1 thc tomb ol the wátior
Pdest (Strongand Evans r952r r54, pl. XVII,
XXI, XXVI e-k'. Whrr is apparcrltfronr botb
rhc arch.rcology ¿0d rhc piintcd inlxgcryrs
rh¿r rhcrL arc rrcms rhsr ¡re reservedfor
mcmbersof rlc higLrcst echelonof rheMochc
elite, or govening rulers, and then therc ¿re
¡cn's rhxrm¡y bc usedby thc lowcrlcvelsot
the Moche elite. Whcrcas objccts such ¿s
scepters¡nd goldbackflapsa1ccxclusivelyfor
LL'crulers, fox hc¡ddrcs.crnra¡ hcve bcen
more widely used.
Art and Power in Moche society
Tngener¿ltenrrst\c párrerns andconrent'uf
rheSipárromü. LsrJbljsh á rigidhier,rrch)of
social roles And functions arnoÍrgthe Moche
elitc of the centr¿l L¿mbayequeValley. The
persistenceof specificitems of royal rcgalia
o \ c r | | r n c ¡ n d r h e p e r s i . r e n coef f r e p r o r "
rolc cv 'l.nr ir rherrplrcemertwrthir lo nb'
indrcrre.rh. ábidrncchrr¿crer ol thescurr¿
ments of ritual and rulership, ¿nd their as-
.ociJredL,eli.rr corncd f¡crenre., ho¡eve ,
¡re evidef i-r rhc rrvcruoricsof rhe lord.
funerary goodsover time- There is an early
 preferencefor no.e adornments,for erample,
á¡d á h,cr preference for err orrcment' ¿nd
headgear, Som. lcnc. sLrch¡) vcsrrrc'1ls
adornedwith metal platelets, seem to be a
gcncrrl charxcteri.ricfor ¡il sipán elire
burials, re¿ardlessof relative ra¡i< or role.
Weapons,Iound in quantities a1ld conditions
suggestingthey werc combat tlophics, wcre
alooextLerncJ¡ comflon ámongrhc)cburi,rls.
Yet within this dgid hieiarch, it is cleal
that importantpolitical changesweredevelop'
ing over rime. The errdence\J88e¡¡sthJt
rhercwa. prosre.sionfrom ¿ du¡1.b¡l¡nced
religious$ilita:ry áuthodty representedby
the singlc figure of thc Old Lord 1o¿ sirLr¿rion
whcre therc is a sep¡rátionof roles and func-
tions, evident in thc tombs of tl,c Lord of
sipin ¡nd rhefriesr The burlrlsof Lhcpriesrs
and their ¿ssistantswould indicáte that they
exercised lárgely religious functions/ in con-
rrrst ro rhc suprcmc polrricrl rnd rnilir:rD
functioDsof the Lord of sipán.
Thc Sipán toDbs provide a relr1árkáble
array of cvidence suggcsting thát much of thc
bcháviorrlepjcrcdirr rhc linclinc iconogr."
phy on Moche ceramic vesselsmay irdeed
havc occurerl. The high deglee ol cofle-
spon.lcnccbcrwccn thc costurlrcsand grrvc
goodsof rheseinrlivjduns áud rhe ehbor¡re
rlaÍátive scenesdepictedo11vessc]sknowÍr
from mllseun collections arcrind the Í/orld
implies rhrt rhere wns n vi.ual ¡rlLlacrucl
reireririonof key prxcrice"in Mochcculrur(
at the platform mound. Sipáncontainsgraves
of individuáls who probablyfulfilled the role
of lord or pdest, and \qere buried with the
irccourcrrrenr3 of rhe)e office5. lhe Siprn
buriaLplatfornr conrciLledrbe remtun5of ¡r
least two individuals lTonb r, 3, al1dproba-
bly the lootedtomb) who appeartohaveworn
the regalia of a specific office, ¡n office we
J<nor prrtrulJy r\roug\ d(ticrioa- of rh(
\xcrijiceCeremony oll cErJlnrc v!q.elc.Tlr<\e
lords may have presided over such cere-
nonics during úeir 1ives,aided perhapsby
others such as thc hdividual it1 Tomb 2, á
In¿nL'rr(rcJ $ irlr r(gá iá rcT ri-ccnrof rl'c
Bird Priest of d1eSacrificcCcrclnony.
w¡erhcr wL'ár wc sce ár Sipán ,¡-rerhc
remains of a limited or specific scdcs of
¿cuon,,or uherherthe rnh¿brranrr of srp¿'
$'ere ritu¿1ly reenacting commonly under-
rrooo pr,¡Lri.c5,now¡ from mvrhologic".
or rheologrcal rerching<ic a quesrionLhár
rcmains to be answered.The San José de
Moro Priestessbudáls, which d¿te hund¡eds
of yearslater, howcvel, suggcstthafthis wás
a rilL¿l prrctic<Jperjo.lLrall¡in Mochehi*
tory, by numbers of individuals ¡vho donned
the attire of their specificoffices o¡ roles to
pedorm this cerernony and probábly many
othersoverthe courseof their lives lAlva and
Do t r r993b:223-2261.
The Sipiín findings provide a¡'r unprece'
dentedopportu ty for the stüdy of the high
est levelsof Moche societt áüdfor the analy-
sesof the mainten¿nceof political ¿uthority.
The overÍ¡helmhg emphásison donhátion
in Sipán imagery through such de¡ictions as
the submission of prisonerson the scepter
from TonTbr, to tl,e depiction ol the deeron
rhc \ár ornámctr( jrr r}c 5árncromb.os g
geststhat the displayof süchpoten ial power
was ftrndaÍnentáI in the maintenánce of
political authority. We still do not know the
extent of the reálm of the lords of Sipán, and
whether or not they dominated ány regions
beyond the LaDbáyequeValley. Nor ¿lo\ve
know precisely whxt their relatioDshipwás
with the lords of other north co¡stál valleys/
or to a centralizedMoche state or stateg,For
now/ we pfopose an orgadzatio[ básed o11
individu^l "lords" in eachvrlllcy, whose eco-
rlol¡ic maÍIagementwas basedon irrigation
And conditioncdby the political ulits urdcr
a cultural pattenr shared throughout the
Mocheworld. The sipár tombshavcprovídcd
an unprecedentedvicw of somc of the spec-
tacul¿rtools ¡r'rdmethodsusedby the Moche
lords, as úey presidedover someof the dost
import¿rnteventsof their times.
NQTDS BIBLTOGRAPHY

r. Cold objectswere often Io Dd o¡ the lroper rjsht

.rdco,rlcbú') .rd.r.\e"oJ'c". .hepioperl.t r9s8 Discovernrsüe New world's Richett
Accordi.€ ro edlr colo¡ia1 e¡a docume¡ts, native t n l o o r . dT o r '¡ . A ¿ u o " 4 l 6 " 0 8 r ¿ ! .¡ r
p e o r ' co , . , \ e l o i , l c o . . r L , ci . " d , ' r l p L r L \ d d l a ) :j r o j 4 e .
c o m p lm c , ,a n , / o f ' 5 e h ) \ c 3 , ' , l n f . 1 ,f .\ e . . C o l d r99o Ncw Toúb of RoyalS¡lcndol.N¿¡iordl
was añoci¡ted $ith m.sculi¡ill ¿nd üe right side, Cea+rapuct7lól: r-t t.
silvo with feni¡inity and thc lcftside lAlva a¡d
r99, !l sciro¡dc Sipán,llevhtadel Mns¿ó¿e
.A¡qn¿ólósl¿ 3: 51 64.lTruji]lol.
- a d c ' 1 i l . l . 1. . I p u o . o r l , . . o , a ! d - . o ¡ l b I n \ c 1 -
tort/ ¡s $cll ¡s úventories ol ToDlh t atrd l, cán be t994 ¿ . p a nc o c " . i o nC r l t u r . vr A J t e .d l ¡ " ' ú .
found nr Al'¡ 1i994)and A1!¿ ¿nd Donún lr993a/ bl.
Seeálso Alv¿ r938, rt9o, r992, and r998. 1998 Sip¿t, .l5.ubtjmietto e inv¿st1-gdaiú1.
I This g¡eenfruit, f¡cqtrc¡tly lepresentcdin Moche
iconos¡¿ph, pe¡t¡ins to thc Meli.ceae lamiLt. Cor- Alvr, wálter,.nd Ch.istophdB.DoDn.n
rdr to nh¡tHenrrW¡se¿ú haswittenlr987l, thú
' o - , ' , ' , 1 ) h . v ¡ l o r h i r L s t o d o s i rph. r o J q b . n o r $ ' r l r 9r)1 nr.b 6 t..1" d. t:i'|¡rl¡x1 c,t lowllr
Müscnn of Cult!úáLHistory UniveFity
theusc of ántico.gul¡nts. Thcsc f¡üits hád difle¡e¡t Ios A¡8elcs.
óf cá1iforüi.1.
¡ r o ¡ " a r , l . , l ' p - r i e Jr o r o , , ' 1 N i . u . ' 1. \ . ( r . l \ .
ústb tloyolTb¡hbsof sip¿, lexl. c¡1.,¡owlc!
(,p n Museumof Cúltúr¿lHisto!, UDivcrtity
4. .n Fcb,L.rD ,8 - ¡ioup of loor.s fo,', ,h. los Angeles.
of CaLiloúiial.
.rc¡ b'oke nrto onc of the ¡ichest undistur¡cd
funer¡ry chánbcn.t d1c 6ite.AftefrchoviDS.¡d Do¡náü,Christopber D.
djsfibüti¡g álálgep.rt oftbe ftdtcri¡ls, onc of the r . q 2 L , L . ' z' d ( l v c n l J ni n - l r r r c N o c l ' L ( ¡1. '
pnrticipáüts ¡lcrtcd the policc, who solicitcd the áid vistadal Mdaa NadüML4ó: 45-t5\
ol thc Mrsco ArqueoLósicoNacion¿] Brünnrs dc lLnn¡l
l . . m b i y - q u c .w c i T , a c . l i , , " 1 vo r s ¿ D r z (r, ,1' J r ( 1 ,' c o .
l o Ec . r ls á l v . r El Cloi(c! wi"l ,hc 60rlof r.Loirrru.r'ñ5 r9r- DccLH',¡ungJnJCohb.!:l'..'J-lc-A-rivi
. . l lt o r i h l c h l . r n M t r o ! o , , h c c o n L * t N . l ( o , ' r c , , , ( ties ir1dlc Mochc World. ID T¡¿ Std¿ o/
o, rhc .o4-cd ruDrb.w! L.!c . t,cidLJ rln tr(rr-ri. AncierLPe : n¿aitas'fran lhe Müsca
excrvations to othc! sectorsof úc tlrdD , where At(FtealósicoRalaaLLarco H¿!rcta Icx\.
üc othcr rcm¿],ringtwclvc to¡rbs wcrc discolcrcd cát.,¡iDc ArtsMuscul¡sol Sánlr¡Dciscol,
c¿.IOtl cc¡ !cÍin, t1-59. Ncw Yod<.
5.111¿dditio¡to tl¡c toDüs disdscditr this ariiclc,
therc ¡rc two toDrbs,4 ¡¡¡d 6, wlich .rc still i¡¡ üc DonD¡n,Cl¡rislophúll., ¡rd luis l¡in¡c C¡stillo
p¡occssof bcirs stldied aüdwilL not bc dcsc¡i!€d ¡9r¿ ¡inding thc Tomb(fá MoohcP¡estcss.
hcrc. Tohb 4 rclresents á cot¡¡lcx soricaofhtc!- Atch¿eology 4: \6lt \8-42.
m . n t r n c l . ' r s . , i - ó ! q r , t E o l t l n 8 n \ ( J ' f i 1 cr h - 1994 Excav¡cioúcs dc t!¡n¡ás dc slccrlotis¡s
l¿st árchitcctruál pLáscof úc tl¿tfonn Tóú! 6 has M n c \ f , 1 , , n J o . cJ cM o r oJ, c q . ( ,p ¡ I ¡ .
bccn loc¡ted b¡t h.s not bco cxcaváted I¡ Móch¿ lrotüestasy peltpecfiv¿s
ó. Thc dcc¡ üla8ery ¡ppeás to ¡c rcl¡tcd to-theúes tunb¿rc [^ct¡s del t¡nncrcoloqniosobrel¿clntuta
\r.r.,' \1'{l(!ii',edvc+cl.. Fit'u .I- Moche,Trujillo, 12¡l 16de¡brll de 19911,
¡D.bsous !o üe cápturc of w¿lriors in batde lALv¿ éd.S¡nti¿roUccd. ¡¡d Elí.s Mujica,
¡ n d D o n ¡ a n r 9 9 l b : r l 9 , D o ¡ ¡ . D ¡ 9 8 2 ¡¡ 9 9 7 1 . 415-4!4.Tr.v¿lx dc l/Institüt¡ranqais
¿'Etudes Andnrcs?r. Tturillo ¡nd Ln¡á.
Hocquenshem,Annc-M¡rie
rya¡ lcota$d[ía Ma.hi.a. Lina.

1983 Nordpent.h^cheGel¿ssnaleteier.les
Moc¡¿-S¡rls. Mátedalienzur ¿llscmcnren
tucheolosicr 3.Mxrnch.
und vc¡sleichenden
Mereses,Susán¡,and Luis Chelo
r994 -r r"qu ' . 1 1 \D d b \ r a l ¡ - A l \ "
248-257. " Colección
'rr Cultur¿I Ar¡csdel
tc¡ír. Lú1¿.
súon& willi.m Du¡cán, atrdclilford rv¿ns
r95a CafuuralSttatigaphy it the Vnú Vdlley,
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