BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON
ANAEMIA

MADE BY: VISHAL JHA

CLASS : XII-B
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that VISHAL JHA of

Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1 Jalahalli
West,Bengaluru has satisfactorily
and successfully completed the
investigatory project in Biology.
This is a bonafied record of Biology
investigatory project which was
done by him in the academic year
2015-16.

……………….
Internal Examiner.
……………….
External Examiner.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr.Narayana Dhas, our principal
Mrs.Sudesh Singh who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
ANAEMIA, which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to
know about so many new things.

I would like to thank our biology lab

attender Mr.Manjunath for helping
me in this project. I also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in doing this project.
 CONTENTS

> Anaemia and its types

> Symptoms

> Causes

> Data Analysis

> Exams and Tests

> Treatment

> Bibliography
 Anaemia and it’s
Types
Anaemia is a condition in which the body
does not have enough healthy red blood
cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to
body tissues. When anemia comes on
slowly the symptoms are often vague and
may include: feeling tired, weakness,
shortness of breath or a poor ability to
exercise. Anemia that comes on quickly
often has greater symptoms which may
include: confusion, feeling like one is
going to pass out, and increased thirst.
Anaemia must be significant before a
person becomes noticeably pale.
Additional symptoms may occur
depending on the underlying cause.

There are three main types of anemia:

that due to blood loss, that due to
decreased red blood cell production, and
that due to increased red blood cell
breakdown. Causes of blood loss include
trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding,
among others. Causes of decreased
production include iron deficiency, a lack
of vitamin B12, thalassemia and a
number of neoplasms of the bone marrow
among others. Causes of increased
breakdown include a number of genetic
conditions such as sickle cell anemia,
infections like malaria and some
autoimmune diseases among others. It
can also be classified based on the size of
red blood cells and amount of hemoglobin
in each cell. If the cells are small it is
microcytic anemia, if they are large it is
macrocytic anemia and if they are normal
sized it is normocytic anemia. Diagnosis
in men is based on a hemoglobin of less
than 130 to 140 g/L (13 to 14 g/dL), while
in women it must be less than 120 to 130
g/L (12 to 13 g/dL). Further testing is then
required to determine the cause.
 Certain groups of individuals, such as
pregnant women, benefit from the use of
iron pills for prevention. Dietary
supplementation, without determining the
specific cause, is not recommended. The
use of blood transfusions is typically
based on a person's signs and symptoms.
In those without symptoms they are not
recommended unless hemoglobin levels
are less than 60 to 80 g/L (6 to 8
g/dL).These recommendations may also
apply to some people with acute
bleeding. Erythropoiesis-stimulating
medications are only recommended in
those with severe anemia.
Anemia is the most common disorder of
the blood with it affecting about a quarter
of people globally. Iron-deficiency anemia
affects nearly 1 billion. In 2013 anemia
due to iron deficiency resulted in about
183,000 deaths – down from 213,000
deaths in 1990. It is more common in
females than males, among children,
during pregnancy, and in the elderly.
Anemia increases costs of medical care
and lowers a person's productivity
through a decreased ability to work.
 Symptoms
Anemia goes undetected in many people,
and symptoms can be minor or vague.
The signs and symptoms can be related
to the underlying cause or the anemia
itself. Most commonly, people with
anemia report feelings of weakness, or
fatigue, general malaise, and sometimes
poor concentration. They may also report
dyspnea (shortness of breath) on
exertion. In very severe anemia, the body
may compensate for the lack of oxygen-
carrying capability of the blood by
increasing cardiac output. The patient
may have symptoms related to this, such
as palpitations, angina (if pre-existing
heart disease is present), intermittent
claudication of the legs, and symptoms of
heart failure. On examination, the signs
exhibited may include pallor (pale skin,
lining mucosa, conjunctiva and nail beds),
but this is not a reliable sign. There may
be signs of specific causes of anemia,
e.g., koilonychia (in iron deficiency),
jaundice (when anemia results from
abnormal break down of red blood cells In
hemolytic anemia), bone deformities
(found in thalassemia major) or leg ulcers
(seen in sickle-cell disease). In severe
anemia, there may be signs of a
hyperdynamic circulation: tachycardia (a
fast heart rate), bounding pulse, flow
murmurs, and cardiac ventricular
hypertrophy (enlargement). There may be
signs of heart failure. Pica, the
consumption of non-food items such as
ice, but also paper, wax, or grass, and
even hair or dirt, may be a symptom of
iron deficiency, although it occurs often in
those who have normal levels of
hemoglobin.
Chronic anemia may result in behavioral
disturbances in children as a direct result
of impaired neurological development in
infants, and reduced scholastic
performance in children of school age.

Restless legs syndrome is more common

in those with iron-deficiency anemia.

Causes
Although many parts of the body help
make red blood cells, most of the work is
done in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is
the soft tissue in the center of bones that
helps form all blood cells.

Healthy red blood cells last between 90

and 120 days. Parts of your body then
remove old blood cells. A hormone called
erythropoietin (epo) made in your kidneys
signals your bone marrow to make more
red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying
protein inside red blood cells. It gives red
blood
cells their color. People with anemia do
not have enough hemoglobin.

The body needs certain vitamins,

minerals, and nutrients to make enough
red blood cells. Iron, vitamin B12, and
folic acid are three of the most important
ones. The body may not have enough of
these nutrients due to:
 Changes in the lining of the stomach
or intestines affect how well
nutrients are absorbed (for example,
celiac disease)
  Poor diet
 Slow blood loss (for example, from
heavy menstrual periods or
stomach ulcers)
 Surgery that removes part of
the stomach or intestines

Possible causes of anemia include:

 Certain medicines
 Destruction of red blood cells
earlier than normal (which may be
caused by immune system
problems)
 Long-term (chronic) diseases such as
chronic kidney disease, cancer,
ulcerative colitis, or rheumatoid
arthritis.
 Some forms of anemia, such as
thalassemia or sickle cell anemia,
which can be inherited
 Pregnancy
 Problems with bone marrow such as
lymphoma, leukemia, myelodysplasia,
multiple myeloma, or aplastic anemia.
Comparison or anemic hand(left) with
normal hand.

Data Analysis
WHO's Hemoglobin thresholds used to
define anemia. (1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L)

Age or gender Hb threshold Hb

threshold
group (g/dl) (mmol/l)
Children (0.5–5.0 11.0 6.8
yrs)
Children (5–12 yrs) 11.5 7.1
Teens (12–15 yrs) 12.0 7.4
Women, non- 12.0 7.4
pregnant (>15yrs)
Women, pregnant 11.0 6.8
Men (>15yrs) 13.0 8.1
Data of Saint Jones Medical College
, Bangalore

Median and interquartile range of

haemoglobin concentration stratified by
gender and calendar month.
 Median and
interquartile range of haemoglobin
concentration stratified by gender and
age.
Prevalence of mild, moderate, and
severe anaemia by age in males and
females.
Median and interquartile range of the
mean corpuscular volume in patients with
anaemia stratified by gender and age.
Prevalence of macrocytic, normocytic,
and microcytic anemia by age in
males and females.

Exams and Tests

The doctor will perform a

physical examination, and may
find:
· A heart murmur
 · Low blood pressure, especially
when you stand up

· Pale skin

· Rapid heart rate

Some types of anemia may cause

other findings on a physical exam.

Blood tests used to diagnose some

common types of anemia may include:

· Blood levels of iron, vitamin B12,

folic acid, and other vitamins and
minerals

· Red blood count and hemoglobin level

· Reticulocyte count

Other tests may be done to find

medical problems that can cause
anemia.
 Treatment

Treatment should be directed at the

cause of the anemia, and may include:

· Blood transfusions

· Corticosteroids or other medicines

that suppress the immune system

· Erythropoietin, a medicine that

helps your bone marrow make
more blood cells

· Supplements of iron, vitamin B12,

folic acid, or other vitamins and
minerals
 Bibliography

www.wikipedia.org
www.medilineplus.co
m

St.Jones medical
college Britannica
Encyclopedia

http://www.mediafire.com/downloa
d/e59st37n2mb663f/PES6+Next+Seas
on +Patch+2016.rar