Features/ Philosophies Pavlov
Study/Research Classical conditioning is a
reflexive or automatic type of
learning in which a stimulus
acquires the capacity to
evoke a response that was
originally evoked by another
stimulus.
Findings  dogs began to drool
whenever they saw lab
coats
 ringing a bell made the
dogs salivate.
 mammals produce saliva
to help them break down
food
Keywords
Specimen
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Piaget Thorndike Erikson
first psychologist to make a Edward Thorndike (1898) is Erikson expanded
systematic study of cognitive famous in psychology for his psychoanalytic theory by
development. His work on learning theory that exploring development
contributions include a stage lead to the development of throughout the life, including
theory of child cognitive operant conditioning within events of childhood,
development, detailed behaviorism. adulthood, and old age
observational studies of
cognition in children, and a
series of simple but ingenious
tests to reveal different
cognitive abilities
 For the first ten years,  (law of effect) responses  Concept of identity crisis
children are in the pre- that produce a satisfying  social influences
moral judgment and effect in a particular contribute to our
heteronomous morality situation become more personalities throughout
stages likely to occur again in our entire lifespans.
 After about ten years of that situation, and
age, however, children responses that produce a
mature in their views of discomforting effect
morality, reaching the become less likely to
autonomous morality occur again in that
stage. situation
Features/ Philosophies Freud Kohlberg Vygotsky Skinner
Study/Research Sigmund Freud emphasized He used Piaget’s storytelling Vygotsky's theories stress the developed the theory of
the importance of the technique to tell people fundamental role of social operant conditioning -- the
unconscious mind, and a stories involving moral interaction in the idea that behavior is
primary assumption of dilemmas. development of cognition determined by its
Freudian theory is that the (Vygotsky, 1978), as he consequences, be they
unconscious mind governs believed strongly that reinforcements or
behavior to a greater degree community plays a central punishments, which make it
than people suspect role in the process of "making more or less likely that the
meaning behavior will occur again
Findings  conception of the  Moral development is  adults are an  study of observable
unconscious invariant, individuals important source of behavior is much
 we are not entirely go through the stages cognitive simpler than trying to
aware of what we one at a time and they development. study internal mental
even think, and often are in a fixed order,  infants are born with events
act for reasons that but some Individuals the basic  any operant
have nothing to do may not reach the materials/abilities for conditioning learning
with our conscious final stage intellectual is to recognize the
thoughts  order of stages is development operant behavior and
 humans were driven universal across all  cognitive functions, the consequence
by two instinctive cultures even those carried out resulted in that
drives, libidinal  middle-class children alone, as affected by particular
energy/Eros and the move more quickly the beliefs, values, environment
death and further through and tools of
instinct/thanatos the stages compared intellectual adaptation
to working-class of the culture in which
children a person develops and
 development through therefore socio-
stages of moral culturally determined
 development is not
significantly
influenced by social,
cultural or religious
differences, although
the speed at which
individuals progress
through the stages is
affected by these
conditions
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Degree finished
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Features/ Philosophies Bandura Bruner Gagne Ausubel

Study/Research Bandura (1961) conducted a
study to investigate if social
behaviors (i.e., aggression)
can be acquired by
observation and imitation.
Findings  children learn social
behavior such as
American psychologist who
made significant
contributions to human
cognitive psychology and
cognitive learning theory in
educational psychology
 learning is an active
process in which
Gagné's work is sometimes
summarized as "the Gagné
assumption". The assumption
is that different types of
learning exist, and that
different instructional
conditions are most likely to
bring about these different
types of learning
 Gagné's theory
stipulates that there
educational psychology,
cognitive science, and science
education learning was on the
development and research on
advance organizers
 meaning is created
through some forms
 aggression through learners construct
the process of new ideas or concepts
observation learning - based upon their
through watching the current/past
behavior of another knowledge
person  development does not
 children are able to consist of discrete
learn through the stages but is a
observation of adult continuous process
behaviour  when children start to
learn new concepts,
they need help from
teachers and other
adults in the form of
active support
Keywords  Bobo Doll Experiment  Cognitive learning
 Stimuli and response  Sensation and
 Social learning perception
 scaffolding
Specimen Boys and girls People with playing cards
School/University Stanford University New York University School of
Law
Degree finished Social Science in Psychology Psychology
are several types and of representational
levels of learning, and equivalence between
each of these types language and mental
and levels requires context
instruction that is  an individual's existing
tailored to meet the cognitive structure
needs of the pupil. (organization, stability
 the higher order of and clarity of
learning in the knowledge in a
hierarchy is built upon particular subject) is
the lower levels, the principal and basic
requiring a greater factor influencing the
amount of previous learning and retention
knowledge for of meaningful new
progressing mats the importance
successfully of relating new ideas
to a student’s existing
knowledge base
before the new
material is presented
 order of learning  Organizers
 evaluation  Meaningful learning
 Gagne assumption  Deductive reasoning
Students Students with advanced
organizers
Brown University University of Pennsylvania
Psychology Psychology
Nationality Canadian-American American American American