RODICA ŞTEFAN

English Language for Diplomacy

Applications. Intermediate Level
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României
ŞTEFAN, RODICA
English language for diplomacy: applications/Rodica Ştefan
– Bucureşti: Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine, 2006
144p.; 23,5 cm
ISBN (10) 973-725-609-3
(13) 978-973-725-609-6

811.111:341.7(075.8)

© Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine, 2006

Redactor: Lucia PLENICEANU

Tehnoredactor: Magdalena ILIE
Coperta: Marilena BĂLAN
Bun de tipar: 6.09.2006; Coli tipar: 9
Format: 16/61×86
Editura şi Tipografia Fundaţiei România de Mâine
Splaiul Independenţei nr.313, Bucureşti, Sector 6, O.P. 16
Tel./Fax: 316.97.90; www.spiruharet.ro e-mail:
contact@edituraromaniademaine.ro
 UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET
DEPARTAMENTUL DE LIMBAJE SPECIALIZATE

RODICA ŞTEFAN

English Language for Diplomacy

Applications. Intermediate Level

EDITURA FUNDAŢIEI ROMÂNIA DE MÂINE

Bucureşti, 2006
 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND STRUCTURES

CONTENTS

Introduction …………………………………………… 7
Unit 1 International Organizations ……………………….…. 10
Unit 2 The European Union Institutions…………………….. 18
Unit 3 NATO Structure ………………………………………. 28
Unit 4 NATO Functions ………………………………………. 39
Unit 5 In Service for Peace……………………………………. 49
Unit 6 United Nations Organization ………………………….. 61
Unit 7 World Trade Organization …………………………….. 74

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Unit 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS…………………… 87

NEGATION………………………………………... 90
PRESENT………………………………………….. 92
Unit 2 PAST……………………………………………….. 96
PAST AND PRESENT…………………………….. 99
Unit 3 FUTURE…………………………………………… 102
PASSIVES…………………………………………. 105
Unit 4 PHRASAL VERBS (1)……………………………. 109
PHRASAL VERBS (2)…………………………….. 112
Unit 5 GERUND OR INFINITIVE……………………….. 115
MODALS………………………………………….. 120

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Unit 6 CONDITIONAL…………………………………… 125
SUBJUNCTIVE…………………………………… 128
Unit 7 RELATIVE CLAUSES…………………………… 130
ADVERBS………………………………………… 132
REPORTED SPEECH…………………….……… 133
REVISION………………………………………………….. 135
GLOSSARY…………………………………………….…. 138

6
 INTRODUCTION

For the beginning try this QUIZ to test your knowledge on some
aspects, facts and figures related to International Organizations.

1. How many countries originally formed the United Nations?

a) 21 b) 31 c) 51

2. The 9th of May represents:

a) United Nations Day
b) Europe Day
c) International Labour Day

3. Who is the current United Nations Secretary-General?

a) Boutros Boutros-Ghali
b) Kofi Annan
c) Jaap de Hoop Scheffer

4. Which country was not eligible for the 2004 NATO enlargement?
a) Croatia
b) Latvia
c) Bulgaria

5. When did Switzerland join NATO?

a) 1957
b) 1973
c) never

7
6. Sustainability is:
a) the continuity of economic, social, institutional and environmental
aspects of human society
b) the financial support given to the Third World countries
c) the support of given principles in the United Nations Charter

7. Canada is:
a) a parliamentary republic
b) a constitutional monarchy
c) a federation

8. Which country does the following flag belong to?

a) Sweden
b) Denmark
c) Greece

9. Which country has the second largest area in the world?

a) Canada
b) Australia
c) United States

10. Which country has the second largest population in the world?
a) Russia
b) India
c) The United States

11. The international trade is valued approximately at:

a) $8,000 billion
b) $34,000 billion
c) $1,000 billion

8
12. The World Trade Organization is located in:
a) New York
b) Washington
c) Geneva

13. What does FAO stand for?

a) Federal Arbitration Organization
b) Food and Agriculture Organization
c) Financial Administration Organization

14. Which was the former name of Myanmar?

a) Mauritania
b) Malaysia
c) Burma

15. Which country uses the Internet code SI (e.g. www.website.si)?

a) Slovakia
b) Slovenia
c) Spain

See the key answers below . Check your answers and see how you rank:
11-15: well done
6-10: quite good
0-5: not so good.
Anyway, in the following units you are going to find the answers to
some of these questions and much more information and useful
elements about international relations and diplomacy.

NOTE: The tasks under the WRITING CORNER and PROJECT

sections of each unit are only to be done by the full-time students.

KEY ANSWERS:
1c 2b 3b 4a 5c 6a 7b 8c 9a 10b 11a 12c 13b 14c 15b

9
 UNIT 1

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

What is the difference between “union”, “alliance”, association” and

“international organization”? Can you give examples for each of them?

hTask 1 Complete the families of the words given:

Verb Noun(s) Adjective(s)

e.g. to organize organization organizational
organizer organized
allied

to associate

- union

10
hTask 2 Match the words in column A with their translations in
column B:

A B
1. to enable a. durabil
2. to handle b. a satisface, a îndeplini (condiţii)
3. sustainable c. a permite, a crea condiţii
4. to attain d. a întări
5. to meet e. a îmbunătăţi
6. to better f. a atinge
7. to strengthen g. a se ocupa de, a trata, a rezolva

h Task 3 Match the following international bodies with their goals:

1. United Nations a) to help producers of goods and services,

exporters, and importers conduct their
business
2. World Trade b) to raise levels of nutrition and standards
Organization (WTO) of living, to improve agricultural
productivity and to better the condition of
rural people
3. World Health c) to maintain international peace and
Organization (WHO) security; to develop friendly relations
among nations; to cooperate in solving
international economic, social, cultural and
humanitarian problems and in promoting
respect for human rights and fundamental
freedoms
4. The Food and d) to alleviate poverty, malnutrition and
Agriculture human misery in developing nations while
Organization of the encouraging and supporting a transition to
United Nations environmentally sustainable activities
(FAO)

11
 5. The United e) create the conditions for genuine
Nations Children’s dialogue based upon respect for shared
Fund (UNICEF) values and the dignity of each civilization
and culture
6. World Bank f) to help the young meet their basic needs
and to expand their opportunities to reach to
their full potential
7. European Free g) to enable all people to attain the highest
Trade Association possible level of health
(EFTA)
8. The United h) to promote free trade and strengthen
Nations Educational, economic relations between European
Scientific and states that could not or did not wish to join
Cultural the European Union and with a number of
Organization countries worldwide
(UNESCO)
to alleviate = a alina, a uşura; misery = suferinţă; genuine = adevărat,
real, veritabil

hTask 4a Use the negative prefixes in the box to get the opposites
of the words below:

dis- in- mal- un-

friendly ≠ unfriendly security ≠ agreement ≠

human ≠ nutrition ≠ encourage ≠
organized ≠ healthy ≠ productive ≠

hTask 4b Supply the opposites of the following:

highest ≠ lowest to dispute ≠ to strengthen ≠

to expand ≠ misery ≠ to better ≠
poverty ≠ to raise ≠ rural ≠

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 WORD BY WORD

hTask 1 Fill in the gaps with the words in the box:

related relation relationship relative relatively in relation to

1. The …………… between the leaders of the two countries has

never been so close.
2. Unemployment and …………… issues where debated in a
Government meeting.
3. Fitness is a …………… concept. You must always ask the
question: fit to do what?
4. Diplomatic …………… between the two countries were broken
off over this incident and their ambassadors were sent home.
5. The lecturer talked about the visual arts …………… history and
cultures.
6. They discussed the …………… merits of Manchester and
Birmingham as places to live.
7. In the social sciences, anthropology and ethnography are closely
…………… disciplines.
8. I invited my friends and close …………… to my twenty-first
birthday party.
9. I would like to work in the Public …………… Department of a
multinational.
10. Aren’t you two ……………? ~ No, we’re not. ~ Oh, I thought
Mike was your cousin.
11. Research has always been the “poor ……………” of the budget.
12. The WTO negotiators were …………… close to an agreement at
the end of the day.
13. They are studying international …………… with the aim of
working in diplomacy.

13
hTask 2 Read the following Fact File. Then draw similar Fact Files
for the other organizations.

FACT FILE Functions:

World Trade Organization
Location: Geneva, Switzerland • Forum for trade negotiations
Established: 1 January 1995
Created by: Uruguay Round
negotiations (1986-94)
Membership: 149 countries
(on 11 December 2005)
• Administering WTO trade
agreements
• Handling trade disputes
• Monitoring national trade
policies
• Technical assistance and
training for developing countries
• Cooperation with other
international organizations

hTask 3 Make sentences of your own using the following phrases:

a. to handle dispute
…………………………………………………………………………
b. developing countries
………………………………………………………………………….
c. to monitor policies
…………………………………………………………………………
d. to strengthen relations
…………………………………………………………………………
e. countries worldwide
………………………………………………
f. standard of living
…………………………………………………………………………
g. to conduct business
…………………………………………………………………………

hTask 4a Complete the sentences using the appropriate form of the

words given below:

to build climate collapse to complete crucial

dramatic to examine shift

14
The young people of Central and Eastern Europe and the
Commonwealth of Independent States have grown up during a period
of dramatic (0) change following the _____________(1) of
communism. In just over ten years, old structures, and even old ways
of thinking, have been swept aside in the ____________ (2) towards
democracy and market economies. “Young People in Changing
Societies”, a Report from the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre,
___________ (3) the ‘transition generation’ of 65 million young
people across the region - a generation that is putting the reforms of
the last years to the test. This is the first generation that ___________
(4) its education, looks for jobs and makes decisions about raising
families in a totally new ____________ (5). What happens to them is
of ___________ (6) importance, not only because they will be
running their countries in the future, but because they have a major
role to play in __________ (7) these nations today - in advancing the
progress towards market economy and democracy.

hTask 4b Now decide which title best expresses the idea of this
excerpt:

a) Young people lost in transition

b) Young voices in changing societies
c) The young generation to bring about dramatic changes

hTask 5 Read the following excerpt. Then find the words in it that
are used with the verbs and adjectives below. Translate the excerpt
into Romanian:

UNESCO is the only UN body with a

mandate to support national capacity-building in
higher education.
The organization plays a leading role in the
worldwide reflection on higher education reform.
It also provides a platform for dialogue on how
best to adapt education systems to the emergence of knowledge
societies and the new social, cultural and economic challenges of an
increasingly globalized world.
15
 UNESCO builds international and regional networks to assist
with a range of issues in higher education: academic mobility,
international exchanges of excellence, research on education systems
and knowledge production, curriculum innovation, leadership roles
for women educators, teacher development, and the defense of
quality in higher education

1. to play a leading role

2. to provide ______________
3. to assist ________________
4. to build ________________
5. leading ______________
6. regional ______________
7. academic ______________
8. international _______________

LINKING DEVICES

Giving examples e.g. / for instance / for example / such as / thus /

one example is / a good example to illustrate …is
Giving the most
important example especially / in particular / particularly /
above all / notably
Explaining ideas i.e. / namely / that means / that is / in other words

Match the two halves of sentences to form one.

1. Pollution is a serious problem, a) one example is access to the

e Internet.
2. We need more teachers where b) i.e. French, art history and
they’re most needed, computer studies.
3. Schools have now modern c) such as Erasmus, Tempus or
facilities; Socrates.

16
 4. A lot of people will find this
book very useful,
5. We have three courses running
at the moment,
6. We both shared the same
ambition,
7. There are many EU
programmes for students,
d) namely in high poverty
areas.
e) especially near industrial
zones.
f) in particular students who
prepare their final diploma.
g) that is to get a good post and
be promoted.

WRITING CORNER

hTask 1 Translate into English:

UNICEF a fost înfiinţată de Naţiunile Unite pentru a ajuta copiii

din Europa care au avut de suferit în urma celui de-al
doilea război mondial. În 1953, UNICEF a devenit
parte permanentă a sistemului Naţiunilor Unite, scopul
său fiind de a ajuta copiii care trăiesc în sărăcie în
ţările în curs de dezvoltare. Împreună cu guvernele
ţărilor în care activează, cu ONG-urile şi alte agenţii
ale Naţiunilor Unite şi parteneri din sectorul privat, UNICEF
protejează copiii şi drepturile lor prin oferirea de servicii şi ajutoare
materiale, prin susţinerea elaborării unor politici în beneficiul copiilor.
Misiunea UNICEF în România este de a se asigura că toţi copiii vor
creşte, în timpul acestei perioade de tranziţie, într-o familie sau într-un
mediu familial care să le asigure toate nevoile de dezvoltare şi că drepturile
lor la educaţie, sănătate şi protecţie sunt pe deplin respectate.
UNICEF este prezent în România din anul 1991, la solicitarea
guvernului român pentru asistenţă în domeniul protecţiei copilului. În timp,
UNICEF s-a implicat din ce în ce mai mult şi şi-a lărgit aria de activitate,
acordând sprijin autorităţilor române şi societăţii civile pentru crearea unui
mediu favorabil pentru copiii dezavantajaţi prin dezvoltarea unor programe
complexe de sănătate, nutriţie, educaţie şi protecţie.
Adaptate realităţilor locale, priorităţile UNICEF sunt bine
reflectate în programul de ţară al Reprezentanţei UNICEF în România.
Programul de ţară care se va derula între anii 2005-2009 este
implementat împreună cu guvernul, societatea civilă şi organizaţiile
internaţionale şi pune accentul pe Monitorizarea Drepturilor Copilului,
Protecţia Copilului, Sănătate şi Educaţie.

17
 UNIT 2

THE EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS

hTask 1 Before reading paragraph A, fill in the blanks with the

words in the box. Decide first which part of speech is missing: a noun,
a verb, or an adjective?
common co-operation delegate federation
to gain sovereign unique

A. The European Union is not a ....federation.... like the United

States. Nor is it simply an organisation for ........................ between
governments, like the United Nations. It is, in fact, ..................... .
The countries that make up the EU, its Member States, remain
independent ..................... nations but they pool their sovereignty in
order .................... a strength and world influence none of them
could have on their own. Pooling sovereignty means, in practice,
that the Member States ............... some of their decision-making
powers to shared institutions they have created, so that decisions on
specific matters of ................. interest can be made democratically
at European level.

18
hTask 2 Find in the text below (paragraph B) the nouns used with
the following verbs:
1. to involve ………………………..
2. to uphold …………………….…..
3. to act …………………….......…..
4. to produce ………………………..
5. to propose ………………………..
6. to play ………………......………..
7. to check ……………...…………..
8. to lay down ………….…………..

B. The EU’s decision-making process in general and the co-decision

procedure in particular involve three main institutions:

• the European Parliament (EP), which represents the EU’s

citizens and is democratically elected by them;
• the Council of the European Union, which represents the
individual Member States;

• the European Commission, which seeks to uphold the interests

of the Union as a whole and acts as guardian of the Treaties.
This ‘institutional triangle’ produces the policies and laws that apply
throughout the EU. In principle, it is the Commission that proposes new
laws, but it is the Parliament and Council that adopt them.
Two other institutions have a vital part to play: the Court of Justice
ensures that the Community law is observed, and the Court of Auditors
checks the financing of the Union’s activities (the budget).
The powers and responsibilities of these institutions are laid down in the
Treaties, which are the foundation of everything the EU does. In
addition, they lay down the rules and procedures that the EU institutions
must follow. The Treaties are agreed by the presidents and/or prime
ministers of all the EU countries, and ratified by their parliaments.
to seek, sought, sought = a căuta, a urmări
throughout = în întregul/întreaga; pe tot parcursul

19
hTask 3 In paragraph C, match the EU specialised bodies with their
main function:

C. 1. European a) is responsible for European

Economic and Social
Committee
2. Committee of the
Regions
3. European Investment
Bank
4. European Central
Bank
5. European Ombudsman
via = prin (intermediul)
monetary policy.
b) investigates complaints about
maladministration by EU institutions
and bodies
c) represents civil society, employers
and employees.
d) finances EU investment projects,
and helps small businesses via the
European Investment Fund.
e) represents regional and local
authorities.

hTask 4 Find in paragraphs (A-C) various phrases formed with the

preposition in:
in fact; ____________ ;____________; ____________;
____________; ___________;

WORD BY WORD

hTask 1 Match the words in column A with their translation in

column B:

1. to pool a) a apăra, a proteja

2. to observe b) a susţine
3. to share c) a reuni, a pune la un loc
4. to uphold d) a face o reclamaţie, o plângere
5. to lay down e) a realiza, a îndeplini, a efectua
6. to safeguard f) a împărţi, a împărtăşi
7. to make up g) a forma, a constitui
8. to complain h) a specifica, a stipula, a prevedea
9. to carry out i) a respecta ( condiţii, legi, tradiţii)
20
Task 2 Form new words using the following suffixes:

-cy, -ty, -sion, -tion

Adjective/Noun Noun Verb Noun

democrat democracy decide decision

sovereign solve

president specify

real conclude

candidate ratify

responsible expand

diplomat accede

private resolve

hTask 3 Use one of the words policy, politics, political, politician in

the sentences below.
1. Young people used to be more….political... in the ‘80s.
2. One of the party’s …………………. is to get more women into
……..………. .
3. He is planning to retire from ………………. next year.
4. It’s against government …………………. to sell weapons to that
country.
5. Benjamin Franklin was not only a journalist and an inventor, but
also a ……………….. .
6. They believe that the EU needs a common foreign and security
………………….. .
7. They are studying ……………… at Manchester University.
8. Education is back at the top of the ………………. agenda.
9. What is your company’s ……………….. on employing young
specialists?

21
hTask 4 Complete the text with one of the following prepositions:

at by in (4x) from of (6x) on (2x) to (2x) up

The European Union is a family ___ democratic European countries,

committed ___ working together ___ peace and prosperity. It is not a
State intended to replace existing states, but it is more than any other
international organisation. The EU is, ___ fact, unique. Its Member
States have set ___ common institutions ___ which they delegate
some ___ their sovereignty so that decisions ___ specific matters ___
joint interest can be made democratically ___ European level. The
historical roots ___ the European Union lie ___ the Second World
War. The idea ___ European integration was conceived to prevent
such killing and destruction ___ ever happening again. It was first
proposed ___ the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman ___ a
speech ___ 9 May 1950. This date, the “birthday” ___ what is now the
EU, is celebrated annually as Europe Day.

hTask 5 Read the following text. Then select one response for each
question:

Victor Hugo was one of the best known visionaries

of the humanist ideal of a closer union of the
European states. In his proposal at the 1851
International Peace Congress in Paris, he spoke
openly of a United States of Europe, probably the
first to use the phrase:
A day will come when there will be no battlefields, but
markets opening to commerce and minds opening to
ideas. A day will come when the bullets and bombs are replaced by votes,
by universal suffrage, by the venerable arbitration of a great supreme
senate which will be to Europe what Parliament is to England, the Diet to
Germany, and the Legislative Assembly to France.

A day will come when cannons will be museum-pieces, as instruments

of torture are today. And we will be amazed to think that these once
existed! A day will come when we shall see those two immense groups,
22
the United States of America and the United States of Europe,
stretching out their hands across the sea, exchanging their products,
their arts, their works of genius.
1. What is the main idea of the text?
(a) Democratic institutions of Europe. (b) The vision of the
united Europe. (c) The evolution of arms. (d) How the united Europe
was developing.

2. According to the text, which of the following is not true:

(a) Wars will no longer exist. (b) Democracy will replace armed
force. (c) Legislative Assembly will govern Europe. (d) The United
States of America and the United States of Europe will create
transatlantic links.

3. The underlined word “these” (in paragraph 3) refers to:

(a) markets; (b) United States of Europe; (c) arms; (d) minds.

LINKING DEVICES

Adding to ideas In addition, Moreover, Furthermore,

Besides, What is more, Next,
Giving your own ideas From my point of view, Personally, In my
opinion/view,
Changing the subject As regards… , In relation to…, As far as … is
concerned

Underline the correct answer:

1. From my point of view / In my point of view, that would be the only

solution to our problem.
2. As far as the general public is concerned / Concerning the general
public, security is a major issue of preoccupation.
3. The whole document is badly written. Anyway / Moreover, it’s
inaccurate.
4. As regards / Furthermore European social policy, our country has
made the necessary efforts.
23
5. I suggest we use the new software – it’s reliable and personally /
besides, it’s cheap.
6. In addition to / In relation to the committee’s proposal, I’d like to
raise a question.

WRITING CORNER

hTask 1 Read the text. Then answer the questions below:

For a man such as Jean Monnet (1888-1979), who

understood from his earliest political experiences that
“reflection cannot be separated from action”, the
most important facts of his life also represented an
important guide to his philosophy and his way of
conducting politics.

He spent his youth helping his father in the Cognac

business. At the outbreak of the World War I, they
sent Monnet to London where he set up an Anglo-French team that
co-ordinated the acquisition and transport of the Allies’ supplies.
When hostilities ended, Monnet became deputy to the secretary-
general of the League of Nations due to his brilliant achievements.
Monnet began his new mission with great enthusiasm. He felt that this
new international organization would be able to impose itself “by its
moral force, by appealing to public opinion”. But soon he had to
recognize that the League of Nations was simply unable to achieve the
goals of peace and harmony. In 1923, therefore, after he had resigned
his post, he took care of the family business again.

At the beginning of World War II, Monnet left for London to organize
the common administration of the Allies’ resources. Here, in June
1940, Monnet thought of a most daring initiative: he put forward a
project for immediate federal union between France and Great Britain
which Churchill and De Gaulle accepted. Monnet went then to the
United States to work on the Victory Program. In 1943, in Algiers, he
joined the National Liberation Committee to organize the French
resistance in exile.

24
Immediately after liberation, Monnet proposed a “global plan for
modernisation and economic development” to the French government.
Appointed Planning Commissioner, he carried out essential work for
the reconstruction of the French economy. From this position, in 1949
Monnet realised that the friction between Germany and France for
control of the Ruhr, the important coal and steel region, had reached
dangerous levels. For this reason Monnet, together with a few
collaborators, planned a revolutionary proposal: to bring Franco-
German coal and steel resources under the control of a European
government. Robert Schuman agreed to the proposal and, together
with Adenauer, made it public on 9th May 1950.

In 1955, Monnet established the Action Committee for the United

States of Europe through which, until his death, he tirelessly called on
the European political class not to abandon the path of European
unity.

1. What did the Anglo-French team in London deal with?

2. What was Monnet’s position within the League of Nations?
3. Why did he resign his post?
4. What initiative did he think of in 1940?
5. What was the purpose of the National Liberation Committee?
6. What kind of activity did he carry out as Planning Commissioner?
7. What happened on 9th May 1950? What is the importance of this day?
8. When did he establish the Action Committee for the United States
of Europe?

hTask 2 Find an example of each of the following grammar

structures in the reading text above:
1. Passive voice: …………….……….
2. The past perfect tense: …….…………….
3. Gerund: ……………..……….
4. Modal verb: ……….…………….
5. Comparative: ………….………….
6. Phrasal verb: ………….…………

25
hTask 3 Match the words in column A with their translation in
column B:

1. outbreak a) îndrăzneţ
2. to achieve b) neobosit
3. to appeal to c) a propune
4. to put forward d) a realiza, a reuşi
5. daring e) a apela la, a atrage
6. tirelessly f) izbucnire

h Task 4 Fill in the gaps with the words in the box:

chairman chancellor deputy head

leader president secretary-general

1. Helmut Kohl became the first chancellor of a united Germany in

1990.
2. I’m acting as …………………. while the boss is away.
3. My moral duty as …………………. of the United Nations is to do
everything possible to avoid war.
4. The …………….. of the G8 countries have met to discuss further
changes in the world economy.
5. The Vice-…………….. of the United States also leads the Senate.
6. He was elected as ………………… of the new organization.
7. The European Council is a meeting of the ………….. of state or
government of the European Union.

hTask 5 Translate the text above into Romanian.

hTask 6 Translate the following text into English:

Instituţiile Uniunii Europene au fost create pentru a da expresie unei
apropieri din ce în ce mai reale a naţiunilor europene în cadrul unei
cooperări mai strânse ca niciodată. Pe măsură ce responsabilităţile Uniunii
26
s-au lărgit, instituţiile Uniunii Europene s-au dezvoltat, devenind mai
numeroase. În primii douăzeci de ani de viaţă ai Uniunii Europene,
procesul decizional a fost mai simplu: Comisia Europeană propunea,
Parlamentul dădea avizul, Consiliul de Miniştri decidea, iar Curtea
Europeană de Justiţie dădea interpretarea legală necesară.
În ultimele decenii ale Uniunii, Parlamentul European a devenit
o instituţie ai cărei membri sunt aleşi prin vot direct şi care are puteri
lărgite, a fost creată Curtea de Audit, Banca Europeană de Investiţii a
devenit o sursă majoră de finanţare pentru dezvoltarea economică,
Comitetul Economic şi Social a dovedit în practică valoarea
dezbaterilor şi cooperării dintre partenerii economici şi sociali, iar mai
de curând, Comitetul Regiunilor a fost creat pentru a promova
interesele diverselor regiuni şi a păstra specificitatea şi diversitatea
acestora. Nu poate exista, aşadar, o Europă unită fără respectarea
părţilor componente ale întregului.

PROJECT

Choose one of the other Founding Fathers of the European Union:

Altiero Spinelli, Winston Churchill, Walter Hallstein, Alcide de
Gasperi, Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer, Paul-Henri Spaak.
Then write a similar short presentation including the following:

⋆ Date of birth and date of death

⋆ Country he represented

⋆ Life before he became famous (education, career, ecc.)

⋆ Major contributions

⋆ Problems and challenges he faced in his position of leadership.

27
 UNIT 3

NATO STRUCTURE
A small quiz for you. Match the figures on the right with the
questions in the left. There are more answers than questions.

1. When was the North Atlantic Treaty signed? 12

2. How many original signatories were then? 36
3. How many countries was NATO joined by later? 1995
4. How many years did NATO and the Warsaw 1949
Treaty Organisation divide Europe into two
mutually hostile blocs?
14
5. When did the USA and the USSR sign a treaty
which eliminated all their intermediate-range 1987
nuclear missiles? 10

Can you give your own definition of the word “treaty”? If not,
arrange the following words in the right order to get a definition.

A, a, two, is, and , by, more, treaty, their, signed, leaders,

written, or, between, approved, countries, formally, agreement

A treaty is …………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………
28
hTask 1 Read the text on NATO structure and transfer the
information onto the diagram below.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is an

organization composed of 26 sovereign and equal nations. It
encompasses the following full member states: Belgium, Canada, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
The Baltic States – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania –, Bulgaria,
Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia became full members in spring 2004.
France does not participate in the integrated military command
structure, while Iceland has no national defence force. Otherwise, all
member countries have the same status. All decisions in NATO
express the collective will of the governments of the member states.
Where matters of substance are being considered, therefore, the aim is
always to seek a general consensus.
Each member state has a permanent representative at NATO
headquarters in Brussels. NATO’s highest and decision-taking body is
the North Atlantic Council, in which all member states are
represented. The permanent Council members, the ambassadors,
usually meet at least once a week. At the Council’s ministerial
meetings, normally held twice a year, each member state is
represented by its Minister for Foreign Affairs. Since 1996, the
Council has also met with its Defence Ministers on a twice yearly
basis. The Defence Ministers meet annually for more informal
political discussions. On a more irregular basis, the Council also meets
at the level of Heads of State or Governments. Decisions are taken by
unanimity.
NATO Defence Planning Committee is composed of
representatives from member countries participating in the Alliance’s
military structure. The Committee handles fundamental issues in the
field of defence policy and matters relating to NATO’s defence
planning. Nuclear defence issues are discussed by the Nuclear
Planning Group. The Committee and the Group each meet twice a
year, member states being represented by their Defence Ministers at
all meetings.

29
 The NATO Secretary-General chairs meetings of the North
Atlantic Council, the Defence Planning Committee and the Nuclear
Planning Group.
The Partnership for Peace (PfP) and The Euro-Atlantic
Partnership Council (EAPC). The Partnership for Peace (PfP) came
into being as a result of a decision taken at the January 1994 NATO
Summit. This initiative was mainly aimed at creating a closer and
broader co-operation between the Alliance, the former Warsaw Pact
countries and other appropriate neutral or unallied states.
Representatives of NATO members meet at ministerial level. The
EAPC replaces the former North Atlantic Co-operation Council
(NACC).

h Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are True or

False according to the text:

1. France is not a full member of NATO.

2. Iceland does not take part in the integrated military command
structure.
3. The Council meetings with the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
take place twice a year.
4. The Heads of State or Governments meet twice yearly.
5. NATO defence policy and planning are discussed by the North
Atlantic Council.
6. Neutral or unallied states cannot be NATO members.

30
h Task 3 How many combinations with the word “defence” can you
find in the text above? ____

h Task 4 Match the words in column A with their definitions in

column B.

1. to encompass a) a centre of operation or administration

2. to consider b) a situation or object that is to be
discussed
3. to seek c) to include, to constitute
4. headquarters d) in the past, in an earlier time
5. informal e) to be in charge of a meeting or
organisation
6. matter f) to think carefully about
7. to chair g) not ceremonious; casual
8. former h) to search for, to try, to endeavour

h Task 5a Match the two halves of the table to make word

combinations based on the text above.

1. full a. representative
2. military b. member
3. collective c. meeting
4. permanent d. body
5. decision-taking e. will
6. ministerial f. committee
7. planning g. command structure

h Task 5b Add further examples of your own. You may also choose
the nouns for the second member of the combination from the box
below.

31
 action address committee conference country
doctrine employment leader member minister
process service spending structure talks training

Example: decision-taking committee

h Task 6 Now look at this version of the second paragraph of the

text. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate form of the verbs given in
the box below.

meet have take represent

Each member state ………… a permanent representative at NATO

headquarters in Brussels. NATO’s principle consultative and decision-
taking body is the North Atlantic Council, at which foreign ministers
………..…… at least twice a year. At occasional summit meetings,
member states …………………. by heads of State or Government.
Permanent representatives meet on a weekly basis at other meetings of
the Council. Decisions ……...……… on the basis of unanimity.

h Task 7 Fill in the gaps of the third paragraph of the text. This time
no box is given to help you.

NATO Defence Planning Committee ………………….. of

representatives from member countries participating in the Alliance’s
military structure. Nuclear defence issues ……………………. by the
Nuclear Planning Group. The Committee and the Group each
……………….. twice a year, member states …………………………
by their defence ministers at all meetings.
The NATO Secretary-General ………………. meetings of the North
Atlantic Council, the Defence Planning Committee and the Nuclear
Planning Group.

32
h Task 8 Match the expressions in column A with their translation in
column B. Then make sentences of your own with the expressions below.

A B
1. matter of substance a) a lua fiinţă
2. on a regular basis b) pe baza
3. on the basis of c) în domeniul
4. in the field of d) chestiune importantă
5. to come into being e) ca urmare a
6. as a result of f) în mod regulat

h Task 9 Refer back the diagram about the NATO structure. Present
it yourself. Use such phrases as: to consist of, to be made up of, to
include, to fall into (types /groups/ categories).

WORD BY WORD

h Task 1 Read the text. Choose the appropriate word from below to
best complete the text above:

Accession Ceremony for Seven New NATO Members

Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia

became members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in a
ceremony at the US Treasury on 29 March 2004, cementing the
largest ______________ (1) in the now 26-member group’s 55-year
history.

US Secretary of State Colin Powell presided ___________ (2) the

ceremony marking the first time NATO has embraced former Soviet
states - the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - and firmly
shifted its focus eastward. “To the seven heads of states here
assembled, I say to you and to your people: Welcome to the greatest
and most successful alliance in history. Welcome” he said. Powell
also said the expansion was a “______________ (3) step” in achieving
a vision to extend “Europe’s zone of freedom and security from the
33
Baltics to the Black Sea. “NATO is determined above all to prevent
aggression”, he said. “Now it is determined above all to promote
freedom, to extend the reach of liberty and to _____________ (4) the
peace. I am confident that with the new energy that these seven
nations bring to our alliance, it will be as successful in the future as it
has been in the past”.

The seven prime ministers - in

addition to the premiers from three
NATO aspirants: Albania, Croatia
and Macedonia - later joined US
President George W. Bush at a
White House event to mark the
occasion. The United States is the
depository nation for the
Washington Treaty that created the North Atlantic Alliance in 1949 at the
____________ (5) of the Cold War and the “instruments of accession”
are to be __________ (6) by the State Department. “As NATO acts to
face the new challenges of the 21st century, the membership of these
seven nations in NATO will advance the cause of freedom, and
strengthen the Atlantic Alliance, the central pillar of transatlantic
relations” the White House said in a statement. “These Central and East
European democracies have already acted as allies through their strong
solidarity and actions in the war on terrorism”, it said.

1. a) extension b) expansion c) expression

2. a) on b) - c) over
3. a) historic b) historical c) history
4. a) deepen b) deep c) increase
5. a) high b) hight c) height
6. a) held b) hold c) helded

34
h Task 2 Select one response for each question:

1. What is the main idea of the text?

(a) NATO members participate in a regular meeting
(b) Seven prime ministers deposit “instruments of accession” to
NATO’s founding treaty
(c) The United States invites Heads of state to a NATO reunion

2. The equivalent for the US State Department is:

(a) Ministry of Interior Affairs; (b) Minister of Foreign Affairs; (c)
Ministry for Foreign Affairs

3. The underlined word it (in the last paragraph) refers to:

(a) Atlantic Alliance; (b) Colin Powell; (c) statement

h Task 3 Match the following words in the text with their synonym:

1. treasury a) range of influence or effect

2. to cement b) premier
3. to shift c) tenacious, resolute
4. determined d) finance
5. reach e) to bind, to strengthen
6. prime minister f) to change

7. aspirant g) declaration
8. depository h) to confront
9. accession i) column
10. to face j) candidate
11. pillar k) keeper
12. statement l) admittance

h Task 4 Read the following examples. Then complete the sentences

below with one of the words related to the cardinal points given in
brackets:

35
1. The article discusses the impact of the EU enlargement and, in
particular, of extending the Schengen regime eastwards / east.
2. He made a trip to Pompei, then travelled northern / north to Rome.
3. Central and East / Eastern European countries have developed
over the past years.
4. Turkey is considered a gateway to the Middle East / Eastern.
5. The West / Western and the former communist bloc used to have
alternative views of history.
6. The campus is just 50 minutes in the south / to the south of
Philadelphia International Airport.
7. Japan, South Korea and other countries in the Far Eastwards / East
went through serious economic and financial problems a few years
ago.

h Task 5 Get the adjectives describing nationalities from the

following nouns and then group them according to the suffix they
take.

Belgium, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Great Britain, Vietnam

-(i)an -ch, -sh, -tch -k, -ss -ese -i

Belgian Danish Greek Chinese Iraqi

36
 WRITING CORNER

h Task 1 Pay attention to some prepositions and adverbs used with

places. Study them and complete the text about Maastricht:

about across among between by from (3 x)

in near of on to (3 x) under within

Maastricht lies ……. the Meuse river

(Maas in Dutch) in the south-eastern part
of the Netherlands, sandwiched in …....
Belgium and Germany. It is situated …….
the Belgian border, close ……. Liège and
Aachen. Maastricht can be reached …….
car ……. an hour ……. Brussels and in 2
…… 3 hours ……. Amsterdam.
The city is rich ……. history. The name of city itself is derived ……..
its Latin name Trajectum Ad Mosam (Meuse-crossing), referring …..
the bridge built by the Romans ….. the reign of Augustus Caesar. The
Cathedral of St. Servatius, founded in the 6th century (the oldest
church …... the Netherlands), the Romanesque Church of Our Lady
(11th century) and a 13th-century bridge ….. the Maas are …... the
many old structures that attract lots of international tourists who also
enjoy its beauty. ..…. the south of the city is the hill of St. Pietersberg
which has a network of caves …….. .

It has a population of ……. 122,000 inhabitants. Institutions located in

Maastricht include the Universiteit Maastricht (Maastricht University)
and the Administration of the Dutch province ……. Limburg. Other
large employers are Vodafone and Mercedes-Benz.

37
 PROJECT

Now it is your turn to write a brief presentation (about 500 words) of a

major city of your choice. Make sure to include the following:

Location (neighbours)
A brief history
Cultural or geographical landmarks
Population
Main institutions, economic life
Importance

38
 UNIT 4

NATO FUNCTIONS

h Task 1 Complete the derivation table. In some cases, there are more
than one noun or adjective. The first one has been done for you.

Verb Noun(s) Adjective(s) Opposites Notes

secure from;
e.g. insecurity
security secure in security
secure insecure
for
as a rule; by
……… rule, ……… ……… -
rule
ally ...….. ; …… …….… ………… the Allied
...…… ...….. ; …. founding -
grow …………… …………… -
……… ...………… capable …………
join ....… ; ……
……… ....… ; …… practical …………
……… …………… effective…. to this effect
support ...… ; …… …………

39
 Verb Noun(s) Adjective(s) Opposites Notes
maintain …………… …………
suffice (it) to
……… …………… sufficient
say
prevent …………… …………
provide for;
provide .....… ; .… ………… provide smb.
with
……… defence ………… US: defense
……… disarmament ………… …………
perform …………… …………
……… commitment …………
resolve …………… ………… …………
……… dispute ...… ; … …………
threaten …………… ………….
……… concern …………
……… …………… stable …………

hTask 2 Read the text and answer the questions below.

What is NATO?
The Fundamental Tasks of the Alliance

NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security

of all its members by political and military means in accordance
with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Based on
common values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law, the
Alliance has worked since its inception for the establishment of a
just and lasting peaceful order in Europe. This central Alliance
objective remains unchanged. NATO also embodies the
transatlantic link by which the security of North America is
permanently tied to the security of Europe. It is the practical
expression of effective collective effort among its members in
support of their common interests.

40
The means by which the Alliance carries out its security policies
include the maintenance of a sufficient military capability to
prevent war and to provide for effective defence; an overall
capability to manage crises affecting the security of its members;
and active promotion of dialogue with other nations and of a
cooperative approach to European security, including measures to
bring about further progress in the field of arms control and
disarmament.

To achieve this essential purpose, the Alliance performs the

following fundamental security tasks:
♦ It provides an indispensable foundation for a stable security
environment in Europe based on the growth of democratic
institutions and commitment to the peaceful resolution of
disputes. It seeks to create an environment in which no country
would be able to intimidate or coerce any European nation or to
impose hegemony through the threat or use of force.
♦ In accordance with Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty, it
serves as a transatlantic forum for Allied consultations on any
issues affecting the vital interests of its members, including
developments which might pose risk to their security. It
facilitates coordination of their efforts in fields of common
concern
♦ It provides deterrence and defence against any form of
aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.
♦ It preserves a strategic balance within Europe.

1. How many and what purposes does the Alliance serve?

2. What means are used to carry out these purposes?
3. What security tasks are performed?

41
hTask 3 Match the words and phrases in column A with their
translation in column B:

A B
1. rule of law a. a constrânge, a forţa
2. resolution b. descurajare
3. lasting c. stat de drept
4. to carry out d. general, total, global
5. overall e. a reprezenta, a întruchipa
6. commitment f. a executa, a duce la
îndeplinire, a realiza
7. to coerce g. a păstra
8. deterrence h. angajament, îndatorire,
obligaţie
9. to embody i. rezolvare; rezoluţie
10. to preserve j. durabil

hTask 4a Find the following words in the text. What are at the
closest neighbours of each word?

to safeguard freedom __________ means __________ Charter

____________ values __________ rights __________ order
_________ objective __________ link ________ expression
___________ effort __________ interests

hTask 4b Complete the following phrases taken from the text above.

1. political and military …… 6. safeguard …………………..

2. common ……………….. 7. transatlantic …………………..
3. central Alliance ………… 8. effective collective ……………
4. practical ……………….. 9. just and lasting peaceful ………
5. human …………………. 10.United Nations ………………

42
hTask 5 Look at this extract from the text. Fill in the gaps with a
word formed from the root of the given word. The first one has been
done for you.

The means by which the (ally)… Alliance … carries out its (secure)
…………… policies include the (maintain) ………..……… of a
sufficient military (capable) ……………… to prevent war and to
provide for effective (defend) …..…………; an overall capability to
manage crises affecting the security of its members; and active
(promote) ……….……… of dialogue with other nations and of a
(cooperate) ……….……… approach to European security,
including measures to bring about further progress in the field of
arms control and (disarm) ………………… .

hTask 6 Fill in the sentences from the second extract with the
appropriate form of the words below:

to create to provide (2x) to achieve to serve to pose

to impose to preserve to perform to facilitate

………………. (1) this essential purpose, the Alliance

………………. (2) the following fundamental security tasks:
It ……………… (3) an indispensable foundation for a stable
security environment in Europe based on the growth of democratic
institutions and commitment to the peaceful resolution of disputes.
It seeks …………… (4) an environment in which no country would
be able to intimidate or coerce any European nation or
……………… (5) hegemony through the threat or use of force.
In accordance with Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty, it
……………. (6) as a transatlantic forum for Allied consultations on
43
 any issues affecting the vital interests of its members, including
developments which might ……………… (7) risk to their security.
It ……………… (8) the coordination of their efforts in fields of
common concern
It ………………. (9) deterrence and defence against any form of
aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.
It …………………. (10) a strategic balance within Europe.

hTask 7 What are the prepositions or adverbs used with the

following words:

1. based _____ 5. to serve _____

2. commitment _____ 6. risk _______
3. in accordance ____ 7. tied _______
4. provide ______ 8. aggression ______

WORD BY WORD

hTask 1 Complete the sentences below with the words in the box.
Make the necessary changes:

appoint behalf dismiss enable enforce ensure

office uphold

1. On … behalf… of the entire team, I would like to thank you for all
your work.
2. The committee ........................ the motion to increase oil prices by 5%.
3. He has been ……………. from his position for incompetence.
4. The role of the supervisor is to ……………. that the deadlines are met.
5. As president of the association, Mark held ....................... for over
five years.
6. The airlines have to ………….. the new flight conventions.
7. Rebecca ....................... (as) director of the trading company.
8. Parliament passed a law which …….……… the newly-created
agencies to work efficiently.

44
hTask 2 Study the following suffixes and how they change the word
category.

A. B.
Noun → noun -ship, -dom Noun → adjective -less
Noun → adjective -ful, -ous Adjective → verb -ize
Adjective → noun -ness Adjective → noun -(i)ty, -dom
Verb → noun -tion Verb → noun -ment

Now form new words from the Now form new words from the
following using the suffixes following using the suffixes
above: above:

busy → business agree

danger care
explain democratic
fame develop
great diverse
king enlarge
legislate federal
liberate free
member govern
open hope
partner hostile
peace power
power private
ready stable
use wise → wisdom

hTask 3 Use some of the suffixes in columns A and B above to fill

in the gaps with the correct form of the word in brackets.

1. There were (HOPE) hopeful signs for successful peace talks.

2. The government has prepared an (AMBITION) ___________
programme to reduce inflation.

45
3. The (UNIFY) _________________ of Korea will be welcomed in
the Far East.
4. He holds joint (CITIZEN) _________________ in Romania and
Great Britain.
5. Responsible (COMPETITIVE) _________________ is essential
in today’s globalized world.
6. Talks are being held about the (SOVEREIGN)
_________________ over the island.
7. The government launched a structural program to (LIBERAL)
_________________ prices.
8. This job is open to all, (REGARD) _________________ of
previous experience.
9. They are known for their (COMMIT) _________________ to
nuclear disarmament.
10. Being able to vote as you want to is an important democratic
(FREE) _________________ .

LINKING DEVICES

CONTRAST: but, yet, still

although, though, even though
despite / in spite of

Complete the sentences with one of these words or phrase. Use each
word or phrase once only.

1. I haven’t got all the figures but it’s worth discussing the new plan
……………. .
2. …………………. the traffic was bad, we arrived in time for the
conference.
3. ………………. the heavy rain, all of the guests attended the
ceremony.
4. ……………. what they said yesterday, I ……………. want to
discuss the matter with them.
5. They couldn’t sleep ………………. being very tired after the long
journey to the headquarters.
46
6. She got the post at the mission ………………. she didn’t have too
much experience.
7. He didn’t get the appointment …………………. having all the
necessary qualifications.
8. The meeting agenda isn’t very clear. It is interesting
…………………. .

WRITING CORNER

NATO Summits

At the 1999 Washington Summit, NATO

launched an Initiative on Weapons of Mass
Destruction to address the risks posed by
their proliferation. The Initiative was
designed to promote understanding of
weapons of mass destruction issues, develop ways of responding to
them, improve intelligence and information sharing, and enhance
existing Allied programmes that increase military readiness to counter
threats posed by these weapons.

At the 2002 Prague Summit, NATO leaders expressed their

determination to deter, defend and protect their populations, territory
and forces from any armed attack from abroad, including by terrorists.
They decided to create the NATO Response Force - a multinational
unit made up of land, air, maritime and special forces components.

After the terrorist attacks against the United States on 11 September

2001, NATO invoked for the first time Article 5 of the Washington
Treaty - its collective defence clause - declaring the attacks to be an
attack against all NATO members. Since then, and following other
tragic attacks, NATO has been engaged actively in the campaign
against terrorism on both the political and military fronts.

At the 2004 Istanbul Summit, NATO leaders approved an enhanced

set of measures to strengthen the Alliance’s contribution to the fight
against terrorism. They agreed to improve intelligence sharing through
a review of current intelligence structures at NATO to study general
terrorist threats, as well as those more specifically aimed at NATO.

47
hTask 1 Find in the text synonyms for the following words. Then
translate the text into Romanian:

a) arms ………………………… d) to respond to ……………...

b) secret information ………….. e) out of the country …………
c) to improve, to develop …….. f) analysis …………………..

hTask 2 Translate into English:

Extinzându-se cu o mare parte a fostei Europe comuniste,
NATO anunţă pentru prima dată o ideologie nouă, o strategie nouă şi
mijloace noi pentru a interveni oriunde în lume în sprijinul valorilor pe
care se fundamentează, ca şi pentru combaterea terorismului şi
armelor de distrugere în masă.
Valorile comune ale lumii occidentale unesc naţiunile dincolo de
limitele geografice, etnice, rasiale sau religioase. Este o comunitate ce
se bazează pe valori fundamentale privind natura societăţii moderne.
În prezent, America de Nord este legată de Europa de o punte
transatlantică de valori şi idealuri. Asistenţa şi sprijinul oferite de
Alianţă trebuie însoţite de contribuţia fiecărui membru la misiunile
acesteia, pentru apărarea şi promovarea valorilor euro-atlantice:

• Libertate: echilibru între libertatea individuală si bunăstarea societăţii.

• Democraţie: sistemul de guvernare „de către popor, al poporului şi
pentru popor”.
• Statul de drept: respectarea legilor de către societate si sistemul politic.
• Stabilitate internă: procesul continuu de menţinere a păcii,
democraţiei şi prosperităţii economice, şi respectarea drepturilor
omului.
• Apărare colectivă: abordarea problemelor ce periclitează în prezent
securitatea, prin intermediul unei strategii comune şi coordonate a
„securităţii colective”.
• Drepturile omului: respectul pentru drepturile fundamentale şi
demnitatea omului.
• Economie de piaţă: un mediu corect şi prosper pentru dezvoltarea
economiei de piaţă şi a comerţului.
Pentru România, cât şi pentru ceilalţi nou veniţi în Alianţă, calitatea de
membru înseamnă garantarea clară a securităţii şi stabilităţii, dar
simbolizează şi acceptarea lor de către Vest, fiind văzută ca un pas
înainte pe calea aderării la Uniunea Europeană. România a obţinut un
nou statut, noi drepturi, dar şi noi obligaţii.
48
 UNIT 5

IN SERVICE FOR PEACE

h Task 1 Fill in the blanks with one of the verbs in the box. Make
any necessary changes:

to define to establish to invite

to issue to offer to underline

DECLARATION ON PEACE AND COOPERATION

At the Rome Summit Meeting in November 1991, Allied leaders

…issued... (1) a Declaration on Peace and Cooperation, which
………………… (2) the future tasks and policies of NATO in relation to
the overall institutional framework for Europe’s future security and in
relation to the evolving partnership and co-operation with the countries of
Central and Eastern Europe. It …………….. (3) the Alliance’s support
for the steps being taken in these countries towards reform;
……………… (4) practical assistance to help them to succeed in this
difficult transition; ……..…… (5) them to participate in appropriate
Alliance forums; and extended to them the Alliance’s experience and
expertise in political, military, economic and scientific spheres. To this
end, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) …..………….(6) in
May 1997 to oversee the future development of this partnership.

49
Following the publication of the Rome declaration, additional measures
were taken at ministerial meetings of Foreign and Defence Ministers and
by North Atlantic Council in permanent session to further the process of
adaptation and transformation of the alliance. Three areas of activity
merit particular mention, namely: the institutional, political framework
created to develop the relationship between NATO and its co-operation
partners in Central and Eastern Europe; the development of co-operation
in the defence and military spheres; and NATO’s role in the field of crisis
management and peacekeeping.

h Task 2 Match the words in column A with their translation in

column B.

A B
1. task a) a acorda, a oferi
2. framework b) corespunzător
3. appropriate c) a contribui la, a ajuta
4. to extend d) cadru
5. to oversee e) misiune, sarcină
6. to further f) a urmări, a supraveghea

h Task 3 Which are the words related to the following?

Verb Noun Noun Verb

1. expand expansion 6. priority prioritize
2. fulfil 7. expenditure
3. provide 8. accession
4. recognise 9. extension
5. require 10. operation

h Task 4 Rephrase the following sentences so that they have a

similar meaning to the first sentence. Begin with the words given:

1. It underlined the Alliance’s support for the steps taken towards

reform.
The Alliance supports the steps taken towards reform.
50
2. The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council was established to oversee
the future developments.
The future developments ……………………………………..
3. NATO offered practical assistance to the countries to help them
succeed in this transition.
The countries ............................................................................

h Task 5 Write any combinations with the word peace you can think of:

peace

h Task 6 Read the following definition of (PSO). Then match the

words in column A with the words in column B to get combinations
that are used in the text:

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

“Peace Support Operations” (PSO) are multifunctional

operations conducted impartially in support of a
UN / OSCE mandate involving military forces and
diplomatic and humanitarian agencies and are designed
to achieve a long-term political settlement or other
conditions specified in the mandate. They include
peacekeeping and peace enforcement as well as conflict
prevention, peacemaking, peace building and
humanitarian operations.”

51
 A B A B
verbs nouns adjectives nouns

conduct peacekeeping multifunctional settlements

support forces military operations
involve settlement diplomatic forces
achieve operations humanitarian agencies
include UN mandate long-term operations

h Task 7 Now use the words in the two columns A to complete the
sentences below. Make any necessary changes.

1. In order to support peace in different regions, political decisions

have to be made.
2. It is not always easy ……….………………… peaceful settlements
of conflicts.
3. Peacekeeping forces ………..………………… in ethnic conflicts.
4. Multinational forces …….…………………….. most of the PSO.
5. PSO …………………………….. peacekeeping and peacemaking
operations.
6. After the earthquake in Pakistan, NATO conducted many
……………………………….. operations.
7. …………………………. efforts were made to bring the two
parties to peace talks.
8. The government planned the ……………………………
development of the economic structures.

h Task 8 The following sentences or parts of sentences have been

taken out of the text below. Where do you think they should go?

i. Peace enforcement iv. Humanitarian operations

ii. Conflict prevention v. Peacemaking
iii. Peacekeeping vi.Peace building

52
A. …………………….. operations are generally undertaken
under Chapter VI of the UN Charter and are conducted with the
consent of all Parties to a conflict to monitor and facilitate
implementation of a peace agreement.

B. ………………….. covers the diplomatic activities conducted

after the commencement of a conflict aimed at establishing a cease-
fire or a rapid peaceful settlement. They can include the provision of
good offices, mediation, conciliation and such actions as diplomatic
pressure, isolation or sanctions.

C. …………………….. operations are undertaken under Chapter

VII of the UN Charter. They are coercive in nature and are conducted
when the consent of all Parties to a conflict has not been achieved or
might be uncertain. They are designed to maintain or re-establish
peace or enforce the terms specified in the mandate.

D. ……………………… activities are normally conducted under

Chapter VI of the UN Charter. They range from diplomatic initiatives
to the preventive deployment of forces intended to prevent disputes
from escalating into armed conflicts or from spreading. It can also
include fact-finding missions, consultation, warning, inspections and
monitoring.

E. ………………………. covers actions which support political,

economic, social and military measures and structures aiming at
strengthening and solidifying political settlements in order to address
the causes of conflict. This includes mechanisms to identify and
support structures which will tend to consolidate peace, advance a
sense of confidence and well-being and support economic
reconstruction.

F. ………………………… are conducted to alleviate human

suffering during or after civil wars, famine and natural disasters
(floods, draught, hurricanes or earthquakes). They may precede or
accompany other similar activities provided by specialized civilian
organizations.

53
 peace enforcement = impunerea cease-fire = (acord de)
păcii încetare a focului
peacekeeping = menţinerea păcii deployment = desfăşurare
peacemaking = restabilirea păcii (de forţe)
peace building = construirea păcii fact-finding mission = misiune
humanitarian operations = misiuni de informare
umanitare draught = secetă
famine = foamete

WORD BY WORD

h Task 1 Do you know other words that have the prefix multi-?
What about poly-, and pluri- ? Combine these prefixes with the words
below:

multi- poly- pluri-

e.g. multifunctional polyvalent pluringualism

……………………. ……………………. …………………….

……………………. ……………………. …………………….
……………………. …………………….
……………………. …………………….
……………………. …………………….
……………………. …………………….
…………………….

chromatic; coloured; clinic; cultural; ethnic; -glot; graphic; media;

millionaire; national; partite; sectoral; syllabic; -technic; theist

54
 WEU

h Task 1 What does WEU stand for? Read this introductory part:

Part I Western European Union (WEU)

plays a pivotal role between the European
Union and NATO in the development of a
European Security and Defence Identity. Its
function is to conduct European military
operations in the humanitarian peacekeeping
and crisis management fields. The bases for WEU’s current
activities and development are the Maastricht Declarations (in
political terms) and the Petersberg Declaration (in operational
terms).

h Task 2 Read Part II quickly and decide which of the three titles
below best describes the excerpt. Write the title at the top of Part II
1. The common concept of European security
2. The Maastricht Declaration
3. The development of WEU’s operational capabilities

…..……………………………………………

Part II The first WEU (1) ...declaration... on “the Role of the

Western European Union” and its relations with the European Union
and the Atlantic Alliance” (2) ..................... that “WEU (3)
................... be developed as the defence component of the European
Union and as the means to strengthen the European pillar of the
Atlantic Alliance. To this end, it will formulate (4) ...................
European defence policy and carry forward its concrete
implementation through the further development of its operational
role.”
55
 The Declaration then proposed ways of strengthening WEU’s (5)
...................... with the European Union and NATO, as well as
measures to develop WEU’s operational role. A number of practical
decisions (6) .......... taken, including the transfer of the seat of the
WEU Council and Secretariat General from London to Brussels,
which was completed in January 1993.

The (7) ................... WEU Declaration drew the consequences of

the first Declaration for WEU’s membership: “States (8) ............ are
members of the European Union are invited to accede to WEU on
conditions to (9) ............... agreed in accordance with Article XI of
the modified Brussels Treaty, or to become observers if they so
wish. Simultaneously, other European Member States of NATO are
invited to become associate members of WEU in a way which will
give (10) ................. the possibility to fully participate in activities
of WEU.

h Task 3 Read Part II again and fill in the gaps. Use the questions
and clues below to help you.

1. It is a type of official document.

2. Synonym to “say, declare”.
3. This word helps to form a verb in a future tense.
4. Synonym to “shared”.
5. Synonym to “connections”
6. Which part of the verb is missing?
7. Think about how many documents are presented.
8. “Which” or “Who”?
9. Part of the verb is missing. Look at the word that follows.
10. To whom?

56
h Task 4 Several phrases have been removed in the third part. Put
them back in the right order.

(a) acting under the authority of WEU;

(b) took a major step forward;
(c) military tasks were defined;
(d) declared their preparedness;
(e) their conventional armed forces

Petersberg Declaration

Part III At Petersberg, near Bonn, on 19 June 1992, WEU

Foreign and Defence Ministers, reviewing the implementation of
the Maastricht Declaration, …..(b)….. (1) in defining WEU’s
operational role. WEU Member States ………..….… (2) “to make
available military units from the whole spectrum of ……….. ….
(3) for military tasks conducted under the authority of WEU.”

The following types of WEU ………..…… (4) : “Apart from

contributing to the common defence in accordance with Article 5 of
the Washington Treaty and Article V of the modified Brussels
Treaty respectively, military units of WEU Member States,
………..…...… (5), could be employed for:
humanitarian and rescue tasks;
peacekeeping tasks;
tasks of combat forces in crisis management,
including peacemaking”
Humanitarian operations, peacekeeping and crisis management
have thus become known as the “Petersberg tasks”.

h Task 5 Find words in completed Part III which mean the same as:

1. close to = …near… not nuclear = ………….

2. going over, re-examining = …….. in addition to = ………

57
 3. important, great = ………… 6. helping to, adding to = ….
4. readiness = ………….. 7. shared by = …………..
5. range, series = ………. 8. according to = ………….

WRITING CORNER

h Task 1 Match the following questions on ISAF with their answer.

1. What will its role be?

2. Who will be in ISAF?
3. When will it go in?
4. What is ISAF?
5. What will its powers be?

_4__ A. The multinational peacekeeping force to be deployed in

Afghanistan is called the International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF). It will be under a UN mandate but the soldiers will not wear
blue berets. It will be under British command for three months, after
which Britain will hand over to someone else.

___B. Twenty-one nations in all have attended a contributors’

conference in London, indicating the wide range of countries
interested in taking part. It will be between 3500 and 5000 strong.
Britain will send up to 1500 troops; Germany has offered the same
number; France has offered 800; Spain 700.

___C. The formal role is to assist the new interim government. It will
operate in Kabul and surrounding area. Its main function will be to
provide confidence that new political institutions can be set up and an
end put to the rule of the warlords. It will guard buildings and roads
and patrol streets, but in agreement with the new government. A
further role will be to help train new Afghan security forces.

58
___ D. It will not be an intervention force but it will be allowed to
defend itself and will be empowered to do that under what is known as
Chapter V11 of the UN Charter, which permits force to be used. The
rules of engagement will be robust. That means they can fire back.

___ E. The idea is to get some units by the end of the year when the
new interim government takes office.

h Task 2 Translate into English:

Forţele armate ale României ar putea juca un rol esenţial atât în cadrul
Alianţei Nord-Atlantice, cât şi în interiorul Uniunii Europene. Ţara
noastră are, în acest moment, peste 2.000 de militari în teatrele de
operaţiuni din afara graniţelor. În aceste condiţii, se prevede o
transformare majoră a forţelor militare române, care, în urmă cu 15
ani, au făcut parte din Pactul de la Varşovia.

România va continua să participe la operaţiunile de menţinere a păcii

sub comanda NATO şi a Uniunii Europene, sub mandatul Organizaţiei
Naţiunilor Unite. “Nimic nu poate fi mai valoros pentru antrenarea
trupelor noastre decât să ia parte la aceste acţiuni militare”, a declarat
generalul Eugen Bădălan. România are 228 de militari în Balcani,
Irak, Afganistan şi în alte zone de conflict unde îndeplinesc o gamă
largă de misiuni, de la cele de menţinere a păcii până la operaţiuni de
desfăşurare a forţelor sub comanda Uniunii Europene, a NATO, a
Organizaţiei pentru Securitate şi Cooperare în Europa, a Naţiunilor
Unite sau a altor coaliţii multinaţionale care luptă împotriva
terorismului. De asemenea, România are 806 soldaţi în misiuni ale
NATO. Pentru prima dată, România ia parte la o misiune NATO în
Marea Mediterană. România a trimis şi susţinut o unitate militară
pentru sprijinirea procesului de desfăşurare a alegerilor libere din
Afganistan. Aducem o contribuţie importantă la operaţiunile de pace
din Balcani. În cadrul luptei împotriva terorismului, suntem parte a
coaliţiei din Irak şi Afganistan cu 1.309 soldaţi. În plus, România are
observatori, sub mandat ONU, în Africa, Asia, Europa şi Kosovo.

Securizarea zonei Mării Negre este o misiune strategică pentru

România şi NATO. Pentru România şi celelalte state din jurul Mării
59
Negre, acest lucru presupune unica ieşire spre ocean. În al doilea rând,
Marea Neagră este punctul-cheie pentru două coridoare strategice
majore: unul între furnizorii de energie (Orientul Mijlociu, Asia
Centrală şi Marea Caspică) şi consumatorii de energie (spaţiul euro-
atlantic). Celălalt – între furnizorii de securitate (spaţiul euro-atlantic)
şi consumatorii de securitate (Orientul Mijlociu şi Asia Centrală). Nu
toate aceste state sunt membre ale aceloraşi alianţe militare, fapt care a
făcut ca regiunea să sufere de un deficit de securitate. România
sprijină NATO şi UE în implicarea lor activă în zona Mării Negre, iar
drept urmare regiunea ar putea să se deschidă spre o dezvoltare
democratică, previzibilă şi stabilă.

Pentru forţele armate române, unul dintre cele mai importante proiecte
schiţate pentru anii ce urmează este crearea unei unităţi de forţe
operaţionale şi informaţii militare care ar reprezenta un atu important
pentru România şi o nişă în viitoarele operaţiuni NATO. Aceste forţe
speciale vor include elemente din toate serviciile antrenate şi echipate
pentru misiuni speciale de recunoaştere. De asemenea, ele vor lua
parte direct la acţiuni sau vor oferi asistenţă atât pe teritoriul
României, cât şi în alte teatre de operaţiuni unde iau parte forţele
coaliţiei sau ale NATO.
(adapted from Jurnalul naţional, 15.11.2005)

60
 UNIT 6

UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION

h Task 1 The following sentences or parts of sentences have been

taken out of the text below. Where do you think they should go?

1. The United Nations is not a world government

2. The United Nations Organization
3. All UN Member States are represented in the General Assembly
4. The UN Charter gives the Security Council
5. The United Nations has six main bodies.
6. The International Monetary Fund
7. When States become Members of the United Nations,

A. __2__was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries

committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and
collective security. Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to
the UN; membership totals 192 countries.
61
B. _____ they agree to accept the obligations of the UN Charter, an
international treaty that sets out basic principles of international
relations. According to the Charter, the UN has four purposes: to
maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations
among nations; to cooperate in solving international problems and in
promoting respect for human rights; and to be a centre for
harmonizing the actions of nations.

C. ____ and it does not make laws. It does, however, provide the
means to help resolve international conflicts and formulate policies on
matters affecting all of us. At the UN, all the Member States – large
and small, rich and poor, with differing political views and social
systems – have a voice and a vote in this process.

D. ____ Five of them – the General Assembly, the Security Council,

the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the
Secretariat – are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth,
the International Court of Justice, is located at The Hague in the
Netherlands.

E. ____ – a “parliament of nations” which meets to consider the

world’s most pressing problems. Each Member State has one vote.
Decisions on such key issues as international peace and security,
admitting new members and the UN budget are decided by two-thirds
majority. Other matters are decided by simple majority. In recent
years, a special effort has been made to reach decisions through
consensus, rather than by taking a formal vote.

F. ____ primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and

security. The Council may convene at any time, whenever peace is
threatened. Under the Charter, all Member States have to carry out the
Council’s decisions. There are 15 Council members. Five of these
(China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the
United States) are permanent members. The other 10 are elected by
the General Assembly for two-year terms. Member States are
discussing making changes in Council membership and working to
reflect today’s political and economic realities.
62
G. ____ , the World Bank and 12 other independent organizations
known as “specialized agencies” are linked to the UN through
cooperative agreements. These agencies, among them the World
Health Organization and the International Civil Aviation
Organization, are autonomous bodies created by intergovernmental
agreement. They have wide-ranging international responsibilities in
the economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related fields.
Some of them, like the International Labour Organization and the
Universal Postal Union, are older than the UN itself.

The Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland,

was constructed as the League’s headquarters.
Today, it serves as the United Nations’ European
headquarters and flies the UN flag.

h Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are True or False

according to the text:
1. All of the nations in the world are UN members.
2. The UN has legislative powers.
3. The UN assists in settling international disputes.
4. The General Assembly makes decisions by consensus.
5. It is obligatory for all UN members to achieve the Council’s
decisions.
6. The Council members are elected every two years.
7. The World Bank is one of the UN bodies.

63
h Task 3 Supply opposites for the words below:
1. collective ≠ individual 6. decision ≠ indecision
2. accept ≠ 7. majority ≠
3. respect ≠ 8. permanent ≠
4. differing ≠ 9. reality ≠
5. located ≠ 10. cooperative ≠

h Task 4 Complete the UN Timeline chart with information from the

text below:

The name “United Nations”, coined by United States President

Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the “Declaration by United
Nations” of 1 January 1942 in Washington, during the Second World
War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to
continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.

States first established international organizations to cooperate on

specific matters. In 1899, the International Peace Conference was held
in The Hague to elaborate instruments for settling crises peacefully,
preventing wars and codifying rules of warfare. It established the
Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began work in 1902 in the
same city.

The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an

organization conceived in similar circumstances during the First
World War, and established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles “to
promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security.”
After failing to prevent the Second World War, the League of Nations
ceased its activities one year after the United Nations was officially
established and its services, mandates, and property were transferred
to the UN.
64
In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United
Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United
Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals
worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United
Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States, in
August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the
representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at
the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member
States. The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October
1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other
signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.

to coin = a inventa un cuvânt to pledge = a (se) angaja

warfare = război, conflict to work out = a redacta, a lucra la
to convene = a se întruni to conceive = a crea, a concepe

hTask 5 Put the in each space or leave the space blank (zero article):
1. ___ Hague, ___ administrative capital of ___ Netherlands is host
to several institutions of ___ United Nations, e.g. ___
International Court of Justice.
2. The motto of ___ European Union is “United in ___ diversity”.
3. ___ United Kingdom has not adopted ___ euro yet.
4. ___ Danube, ___ second-longest river in ___ Europe, flows
through four capitals.
5. Among ___ largest islands in ___ Mediterranean are ___ Cyprus
in ___ east and ___ Baleares in ___ west.
6. ___ Queen Mary 2 is ___ largest cruise ship in ___ world.

Romania at the United Nations

h Task 1 Read quickly Part I of the text below and choose a subtitle:
1. What kind of a country is Romania today?
2. Why does Romania seek the European Union membership?
3. Why Romania for the fourth term of office as one of the 10 elected
Security Council members?
65
h Task 2 Read again Part I of the text and fill in the blanks with the
right tense of the following verbs:

develop have help participate present prove

Part I The answer is closely linked to another question: “Who is

now Romania?”, namely the profile of the country, how it has
evolved, in strategic and political terms. As a matter of fact,
immediately after its Revolution in December 1989, Romania
….had... (1) the chance to enter the Security Council as an emerging
democracy, a country at the beginning of a manifold transition
process, having as major pillars the rule of law, free market economy,
respect for human rights.

Its own internal reconstruction endeavours……………..(2) Romania better

understand and approach the European and worldwide challenges and
radical changes and developments of 20th century’s last decade, many of
them taking a priority on the Security Council agenda. Over the last decade,
Romania …………..…. (3) as a stable democracy and a pole of stability
and regional cooperation. Romania ……………….. (4) to be a credible
partner in Europe and the world, in dealing with major issues and coping
with the new challenges to international peace and security.

Deeply committed to the United Nations goals and principles,

Romania actively ………...….. (5), alongside the other United
Nations Member States, in building a global security likely to bring
peace, stability and prosperity to all the peoples of the world. Wishing
to further enhance its contribution to the promotion of international
peace and security, Romania …………….. (6) its candidature for an
elected seat on the United Nations Security Council.

66
h Task 3 Find the answers to the following questions:
• What happened after December 1989?
• What is the transition process based on?
• Why can Romania better understand the recent evolutions?
• What are the effects of global security?
• Why did Romania stand for the United Nations Security Council?

h Task 4 Read the second part of the text and find the missing
prepositions:

for from in (x2) of on (x2) to (x3)

Part II The status of elected member of the Security Council

equates for (1) Romania with a deeper involvement …. (2) the United
Nations efforts to address the new challenges …. (3) international
peace and security, wherever they occur in the world.
Romania will act in favour of using preventive diplomacy and
peaceful settlement of disputes as principal tools for peace throughout
world, with full respect …. (4) international legal norms and practice.
Romania is committed …. (5) participating in international
cooperation initiatives taken in major fields, such as fighting
terrorism, combating proliferation of weapons of mass destruction,
and trafficking …. (6) drugs and human beings.
Romania will be able to count …. (7) previous experience
acquired during the numerous UN peacekeeping operations ….
(8) which it contributed to. It will also benefit …. (9) its experience and
prestige of a regional and sub-regional promoter of security and
stability, including its successful Chairmanship-in-Office of the
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, in 2001.
Romania will support further enhancement of the United
Nations peace operation capabilities, with particular emphasis
………..…. (10) the reconstruction and rehabilitation processes.

67
h Task 5 Find in the text above (Part II) the verbs that are used with
the following nouns:

Verb Noun
to address challenges
initiatives (2 possibilities!)
experience (3 possibilities!)
enhancement

h Task 6 Choose a subtitle for the second part of the text above:
1. Main aspects of the new Romania’s mandate
2. Priorities set by Romania as Chairmanship-in-Office
3. Romania’ s contributions to UN peacekeeping operations

WORD BY WORD

h Task 1 Match the words or phrases in column A with their

translation in column B. See Parts I and II:

A B

1. as a matter of fact a) evoluţii

2. manifold b) a spori, a creşte

3. endeavour c) de fapt

4. developments d) multiplu
5. to cope with e) efort, strădanie

6. to enhance f) a face faţă la

68
 A B

7. full respect of g) preşedinte în exerciţiu

8. settlement h) diferend
9. dispute i) respectarea deplină a

10. worldwide j) accent, subliniere

11. emphasis k) rezolvare, soluţionare

12. Chairman-in-Office l) mondial

hTask 2 What is the correct form of the verb to elect in the

sentences below?

1. In the United Kingdom, the Government …………… for a five-

year term of office.
2. We …………… him as our representative before we found out
about his previous failures in negotiating.
3. She …………… Chair of the Board of Governors last Thursday.
4. The group …………… one of its members to be their
spokesperson at the next meeting.

hTask 3 Complete the sentences below with one of the words in the
box:

elect electable election elector electoral electorate

1. The Government is expected to call an ……………… very soon.

2. His qualifications made him an extremely ………………
candidate.
3. The President-……………… has been preparing to take office in
January.
4. At the last general ………………, the Labour Party suffered a
crushing defeat.
69
5. The eighteen-year old young people are going to be ………………
for the first time.
6. Parliament passed the bill on the new ……………… system.
7. The present voting system does not take into account the wishes of
the ……………….

WRITING CORNER

h Task 1 Read the text. Choose the word from the list below that
best complete the sentences. Then translate the text into Romanian.

Annan calls on rich and poor countries to

agree on UN reform Kofi Annan called on rich
and ……….. (1) countries to reach agreement on
a UN reform plan so as not to paralyse the
international body.
In an article in The Financial Times, he said: “It
is time for those who really care about reform to
come together and form a new coalition - one
that bridges the artificial, destructive divide
between North and South and brings together all those who are willing
to work together because they share the vision of a UN that really
works, for the …………(2) of all the world’s peoples.”

“Surely governments can agree on how to make these reforms happen

without bringing the whole organization to a halt”, Annan wrote.

“The reform blueprint that I put ………. (3) last year reminded us all
that the UN is founded on three legs - development, collective security
and human rights. And like any good chair they need a fourth:
management reform.”

70
He went on: “Last December, member states adopted a budget for the
current biennium (2006-2007), but gave us authority to spend only
enough to carry us through the first six months”.

“The main contributors insisted that this spending cap should be lifted
only when there is ………… (4) progress on UN reform. We are now
perilously near the deadline and it is far from clear that enough reform
to satisfy them has been achieved. ……… (5) side has found a way of
engaging with the other to agree on further reforms.”

The secretary general concluded: “It is in all member states’ interest to

keep the UN running and adapt it to the specific work they want it to
do. That means both sides need engage in serious negotiations to work
out a ……….. (6) compromise now as a basis for more fundamental
change later.” (adapted from AFP, 12.06. 2006)

blueprint = schiţă, proiect, biennium = perioadă de 2 ani

propunere cap = limită superioară, plafon
halt = oprire, blocaj

1. a) developed b) developing c) development

2. a) loss b) advantage c) benefit
3. a) for b) forward c) from
4. a) significant b) special c) sustained
5. a) no b) none c) neither
6. a) sensitive b) sensible c) sensing

h Task 2 Translate into English:

„În mai mare libertate: către dezvoltare, securitate şi drepturi ale

omului pentru toţi”
(“In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human
Rights for All”)
Acesta este titlul raportului de 63 de pagini prezentat pe 21 martie
2005 de secretarul general al ONU, Kofi Annan. Pentru cotidianul

71
New York Times, documentul este în special un proiect „de lărgire a
Consiliului de Securitate pentru a ţine cont în primul rând de relaţiile
globale de putere, de restructurare a Comisiei Drepturilor Omului, de
a redefini terorismul pentru a împiedica folosirea lui pe viitor sub
justificarea rezistenţei naţionaliste”. Pentru cotidianul britanic The
Guardian, acest raport este „o tentativă de a găsi un teren comun între
Nord şi Sud”. Raportul este rezultatul eforturilor unei comisii
independente, finalizat în noiembrie 2004.

Textul indică direcţiile principale ale unei reforme a organizaţiei

internaţionale ce răspunde numeroaselor critici care îi sunt aduse.
Astfel, Kofi Annan propune înlocuirea Comisiei Drepturilor Omului,
care numără 53 de membri, cu un comitet mai restrâns ai cărui
participanţi să nu mai fie aleşi pe criterii regionale, ci prin votul a
două treimi din sufragiile Adunării Generale a ONU.

În problema terorismului, secretarul general sugerează următoarea

definiţie: „Terorismul este un act ce are ca obiectiv să provoace
moartea sau rănirea gravă a unor civili sau non-combatanţi, cu
scopul de a intimida guvernele, populaţia sau organizaţiile
internaţionale.” Kofi Annan a insistat asupra necesitaţii de a-i
,,convinge pe toţi cei care ar fi tentaţi să susţină terorismul că nu este
nici un mijloc acceptabil, nici unul eficace de a-şi susţine cauza.”

The Guardian menţionează că Annan a insistat asupra unui lucru: „Nu

vom ajunge la dezvoltare fără securitate, nici la securitate fără
dezvoltare, nu vom ajunge nici la una nici la cealaltă fără respectarea
drepturilor omului. Dacă luptele pentru toate aceste cauze nu sunt puse
pe acelaşi plan, nici una nu va avea succes.”
(adapted from Altermedia.info, 31.3.2005)

72
 PROJECT Group work

In each group, imagine that you live in a fictitious country and give
your country a name. Your country is located on a continent with
several other states, each of which has its own national music, food,
language, and other cultural traditions. The other countries have just
voted to join together as a union that will permit tariff-free trade, have
the same currency throughout the continent, and allow citizens to live
and work in any of the countries.

Your country is the smallest on the continent and many citizens are
concerned that their cultural traditions will be lost, overwhelmed by
the other countries’ cultures, not to mention their large businesses.

Discuss this scenario and determine what you think would be the pros
and cons of their country joining the new union. Draw up a list and
present it to the other groups. Each group writes a report that explains
these pros and cons and whether it thinks their country should join.
Use the following expressions (linking devices) to express your pros
and cons:

To First(ly), …; Second(ly), …; One

introduce a advantage/disadvantage is that…; On the
point: plus/minus side is …; Another point is that …;
Finally, …; Last of all, …

To express a However, …; Yet, …; Nevertheless, …; On the

contrast: other hand …;

To draw a To sum up, …; In conclusion, …; In short, …; In brief;

conclusion: All in all, …

73
 UNIT 7

WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION

h Task 1 Read the following text. The subtitles of the paragraphs

have been removed. Decide where they should go.

1. Above all ... governments 5. Liberalising trade

2. The ITO: a first attempt 6. The Ministerial Conferences
3. Setting the ground rules 7. Born in 1995, but not so
4. The need for economic young
security 8. Why multilateral?

World Trade Organization

The WTO is certainly one of the most important institutions dealing

with international economic relations. In broad terms, its role is
twofold. First, to establish and enforce the rules for international trade
in both goods and services. And second, to progressively liberalize
that trade, presently valued at close to eight thousand billion dollars
every year.

A ...............Born in 1995, but not so young ................

While the WTO began its life on 1 January 1995, its origins are more
than half a century old. They lie in the economic and social disaster of
the Great Depression of the 1930’s. At this time in history, countries
turned inwards, and provoked a descending spiral of declining output
and trade. The reaction in terms of trade policy was to resort to
extreme protectionism. This meant raising tariffs and other trade
barriers to such a level that imports were drastically diminished.
74
B. ……………………………….
The Second World War followed and many important lessons were
learned. One of the most important was that a secure political future
could not be built without greater economic security. The search for
better international cooperation instruments bore fruit at a conference
held in Bretton Woods in the United States in 1944. At this
conference, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank
were created to deal with matters such as currency instability and the
financing of post-war reconstruction.

C ……………………………….
Attempts to create a counterpart International Trade Organization to
deal with problems of international trade took much longer. An
interim agreement took the form of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade - the GATT - and came into being in 1948. The fully-
developed answer to the question of what would be the institution to
deal with international trade came half a century later. It came with the
birth of the World Trade Organization.

D. ……………………………….
Thus it is the WTO which now provides the legal ground-rules for
international commerce. It has extended the reach of multilateral trade
rules far beyond merchandise trade to trade in services and trade
related aspects of intellectual property rights. The rules also deal with
numerous other areas such as dumping, customs procedures, technical
barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. The existing
rules are contained in multilateral trade agreements which are
essentially contracts that bind governments to operate their trade
policies in accordance with what was agreed in the multilateral
negotiations.

E ……………………………….
Why do we describe these agreements as multilateral agreements as
opposed to global or international agreements? The answer lies in the
fact that while almost 150 countries of the world are members of the
75
WTO, some are not. For this reason, we refer to the agreements that
fall under the umbrella of the WTO as multilateral trade agreements
rather than international or global agreements. These of course are
very different from regional trade agreements - such as the European
Union, NAFTA, or the ASEAN Free Trade Area. The WTO system is
commonly referred to as the open and liberal rules-based multilateral
trading system. It is open and liberal because of the process of
progressive removal of trade restrictions. It is rules-based as
international trade is conducted according to agreed rules.

F ……………………………….
But most importantly, the WTO comprises almost 150 sovereign
states, the vast majority of which are democratically elected. They
have collectively agreed to conduct their trade according to
multilaterally agreed rules that have been agreed to on a consensus
basis. After agreement is struck between trade negotiators, the
agreements are then ratified by the domestic parliaments of all WTO
member countries. To criticize the “WTO” is - in practical terms - to
criticize the collective action of about 150 sovereign states acting on
the basis of consensus and according to rules accepted by their
national parliaments.

G. ……………………………….
The institutional structure of the WTO is such that it is headed by a
Ministerial Conference. This is composed of all members of the WTO
and meets at least once every two years. The most recent meeting was
in Cancun in Mexico in September 2003. Prior to that, ministers met
in Doha, Qatar in 2001, and in Seattle in 1999. Between the sessions
of the Ministerial Conference, the General Council, also made up of
the full membership of the WTO, exercises the functions of the
Ministerial Conference. The General Council also meets as the
Dispute Settlement Body and as the Trade Policy Review Body.

H. ……………………………….
Perhaps a good place to start with is trade liberalization. WTO
negotiations produce general rules that apply to all members, and
76
specific commitments made by individual member governments. The
specific commitments are listed in “schedules of concessions”. For
trade in goods, in general, these consist of maximum tariff levels that
a country can apply to a specific product. For agriculture, they also
include tariff quotas, limits on export subsidies, and some kinds of
domestic support. There are also special provisions for developing
countries in the Agreement on Agriculture. They do not have to cut
their subsidies or lower their tariffs as much as developed countries.
They are also given extra time to fulfill their obligations. Special
provisions are designed to protect the interests of those countries that
rely on imports for their food supplies. There are also special
provisions for least developed countries.

h Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are True or False

according to the text above.

1. The role of WTO is to set and implement the rule for international
trade.
2. The origins of WTO go back to 1995.
3. Economic security is not always necessary for a secure political
future.
4. The institution fully developed to deal with international commerce
is GATT.
5. WTO provides rules for both goods trade and trade areas of
services and intellectual property.
6. WTO is an international trading system.
7. The WTO trade rules have been agreed by majority voting.
8. Ministerial conferences are periodic meetings of ministers in
charge of WTO matters.

77
h Task 3 Find words in the text above that have the same meaning as:

1. downward = descending 6. goods =

2. increasing = 7. obligating =
3. diminished = 8. in contrast to =
4. had successful results = 9. carried out =
5. money = 10. reduce =

WORD BY WORD

h Task 4 Write the combinations with the word trade you have met
in the text. Then make sentences of your own with them.

e.g. international rules

…………..……… ……………………..
…………………….. trade
trade ………………………
……………………. ……………………...
…………………….. ……………………..

h Task 4a Read the following dictionary entries and the examples of

words related to economy.

economic (adj.) relating to trade, industry and wealth: The country has
been in a very poor economic state ever since the decline of its two
major industries.

economical (adj.) not using a lot of fuel, money, etc.: What’s the most
economical way of illuminating this building?

economically (adv.) 1. relating to economy: Economically, the

country has been improving steadily over years. 2. using little money,
time, etc: As a student she lived very economically, rarely going out
and buying very few clothes.

78
economics (noun) {U} the principles by which trade, industry or
wealth is organise d, or the study of those: Their ideas sound fine but
they haven’t worked out the economics behind the policies.

economise / economize (verb) {I} to try to save money by reducing

the amount that you are spending: A lot of companies are trying to
economise by not taking on new staff.

economist (noun) {C} a person who studies, teaches or has a special

knowledge of economics: Our company is looking for a young and
well-qualified economist.

economy1 (noun) {C} the system of supply, trade and industry by

which the wealth of a country is made and used: Tourism contributes
millions of euros to the country’s economy.

economy2 (noun) {C or U } the intentional saving of money or the

saving of time, energy, words: They’ve made economies for the next
holiday.

h Task 4b Group the words above according to whether they relate

to the meanings of economy 1 or economy 2

economy 1 economy 2
……………….. economical
……………….. ………………..
……………….. ………………..
……………….. ………………..
……………….. ………………..

h Task 4c Now use one of the words above to fill in the gaps:

1. The government’s ……………….. policies have led to the worst

recession for years.
2. There’s increasing demand for heating systems which are more
……………….. on fuel.
79
3. She’s in her third year of ……………….. at York University.
4. Use our new car when you need speed and ……………….. .
5. The global ……………….. has brought about many changes in
people’s lives.
6. You could ……………….. on food by not eating in restaurants all
the time.
7. The finance minister has many ……………….. that advise him.
8. The ……………….. developed countries are competing against
each other.
9. They have spent all of their …………….. on redecorating their house.
10. The government discussed the political, ……………….. and social
situation of the country.

h Task 5 Fill in the blanks with the following expressions:

attaché, carte blanche, chargé d’affaires, coup d’état,

envoy, fait accompli, inter alia, interim, tête-à-tête

1. An ……….. government was set up for the period before the

country’s first free election.
2. They gave the contractor …………… to use whatever materials
he thought necessary.
3. The military ………….. took part in the celebration of the
national day.
4. He was appointed ………….. in the absence of the ambassador.
5. The UN special …………. has engaged the Burmese regime in
negotiation toward dialogue.
6. The policy change was presented to us as a …………, without
consultation or discussion.
7. The committee recommended, ………….., that he be promoted as
Chief Executive Officer.
8. The two leaders had a …………. meeting on delicate matters of
politics.
9. The army attempted to stage a ……………… against the elected
government.
80
h Task 6 Decide which prepositions from the list below goes with
each verb:

about (2x) against for (2x) from in into of (2x) on (3x)

to (2x) with (2x)

1. The committee’s work will focus ….... the implementation of the

economic reform.
2. The company belongs ….... one of the major investors.
3. He’s looking ….... job opportunities in his area.
4. We completely agree ….... you ….... this measures.
5. Marseille reminds me somehow ….... Barcelona.
6. I congratulated her ….... getting promoted.
7. We know quite a little ….... the political situation in Madagascar.
8. Our team specialised ….... financial consultancy.
9. The commission deals ….... signing a new trade agreement.
10. The new laws will prevent employers ….... using cheap labour.
11. I’ve divided my presentation ….... four parts.
12. The commission consists ….... members from each pre-accession state.
13. The results we are expecting depend ….... the new tax regulations.
14. The police have to arm themselves ….... terrorist attacks.
15. I must apologise ….... keeping you wait for so long.
16. I’d just like to add a few words ….... what my colleague just said.

WRITING CORNER

h Task 1 Read the text and answer the questions below. Underline
the comparatives in the text. Then translate it into Romanian.

The true cost of cheap clothing

“We do the same work as they do in other
factories. They just pay us less,’ said Nut
Chenda. A complaint familiar to workers
around the world, perhaps.

81
But Chenda may have a point. The Cambodian woman works as a
machinist for the Fortune Garment Factory, about 20 miles from the
Cambodian capital, Phnom Penh. The Taiwanese-owned business
sells garments to some of Britain’s biggest retailers.
Chenda and all the workers in the Fortune factory earn between $50
and $60 a month. Even in Cambodia - one of the world’s poorest
countries - that is low. Although Fortune managers maintain they pay
a ‘fair wage above the legal requirement’.
That may be true but it is only part of what appears to be a story of
harsh conditions. Most people work in rooms of 600 people, they
maintained. ‘There are not enough fans and only two doors, which are
kept closed,’ said Chenda.
‘There are lots of chemicals and the ceiling is not high, so it gets very
hot and stuffy,’ said another woman, who asked not to be named. ‘We
are given masks but they are not good enough, and we often suffer the
effects of chemical inhalation.’
‘When the buyers come to inspect the factory the managers bring out the
best equipment, like good gloves. They also open the doors and increase
the ventilation. But no one is allowed to talk to visitors and after the buyers
leave they close the doors and take away the [new] safety equipment.’
Though workers admitted old and dangerous washing machines, which
frequently caused accidents, were replaced last year.
Since 2004, trade union leaders say 200 people out of a workforce of
2,500 have been dismissed for union activity. Next month the workers
plan to strike, seeking reinstatement for a colleague dismissed recently
and demanding better pay.
The International Labour Organisation, a UN body aimed at
improving working conditions, particularly in developing countries,
has inspected it three times. In 2004 it had one of the worst records for
implementing ILO recommendations, and received the greatest
number of new recommendations. But Fortune is just one case, as
there are many sweatshops in faraway places that produce footballs
for Nike or T-shirts for Gap.
(adapted from The Observer, April 23, 2006)
82
garments = confecţii harsh = aspru
retailer = detailist trade union = sindicat
wage = salariu to strike = a intra în grevă

1. Whose company is the Fortune factory?

2. What do they produce?
3. Are the workers’ wages high?
4. What are the working conditions in the factory?
5. What do the managers provide the workers with?
6. How does the trade union react?
7. What is ILO?
8. What is a sweatshop?

h Task 2 Read the text carefully. Study the way trends are expressed.

8.1 per cent GDP growth projected

The Central Statistical

Organization (CSO) has 14
12
projected a growth rate 10
of 8.1 per cent for the 8 2004-5
%

current fiscal year 6 2006

4
(2006), much beyond 2
the expectations of the 0

Finance Ministry and

re

es
P

g
y

ns
in

in
ct
D

tu

ic
io

nk
in

tri
G

ul

rv

the Reserve Bank of

ct
m

ec
ric

ba
se
tru
el
ag

ns
co

India. The gross

domestic product (GDP) grew from 6.9 to 7.5 per cent in 2004-05.

According to the estimates, the manufacturing sector with a robust

increase of 9.4 per cent and the booming services sector that jumped
by eight per cent would accelerate the GDP growth.

Also pushing the GDP growth would be the good monsoon, which is
expected to enhance agricultural production by 2.3 per cent as
compared to 0.7 per cent in the previous fiscal year.

83
In keeping with the higher development, the per capita income or the
average income of an Indian is estimated to go up by 5.9 per cent
compared to a year ago.

The CSO data revealed that the overall economic growth could have
been higher but for the mining sector, which is likely to see a flat
growth of 0.6 per cent compared to the 5.1 per cent recorded a year
ago.

Likewise, electricity is estimated to achieve a lower growth of 4.9 per

cent as against 6.6 per cent last year.

Thanks to the real estate boom, construction activity is expected to

sustain a growth of 12.1 per cent, marginally lower than the 12.5 per
cent in 2004-05.

The services sector will make up for the deficit. Trade, hotel, transport
and communication are thought to expand from 10.6 per cent last
year to 11.1 per cent.

In the banking sector, financing and insurance are expected to witness

a growth of 9.5 per cent compared to 9.2 per cent a year ago as bank
deposits are seen growing by 18.9 per cent.

to project = a estima
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) = PIB (Produsul Intern Brut)
per capita = pe cap de locuitor
real estate = proprietăţi imobiliare

hTask 3 Give the opposites of the words in italics:

1. Productivity grew in the first 6 months. declined

2. Exchange rates did not increase last month. _______
3. Oil prices have risen significantly this year. _______
4. They raised the tariffs for the imported goods. ________
5. The GDP went up by 7.8 per cent last year. _______
6. The inflation has jumped to 9.6% in summer. ____

84
hTask 4 Change the sentences below according to the model:

1. The number of students grew sharply.

There was a sharp growth in the number of students.
2. Unemployment has declined slowly over the last months.
…………………………………………………………
3. Foreign investments have increased steadily.
…………………………………………………………
4. The employment in services will rise dramatically.
…………………………………………………………
5. Exports of goods dropped rapidly in 2005.
…………………………………………………………
6. The price of gold may fall slightly next year.
…………………………………………………………

hTask 5 Now use the prepositions, verbs and expressions in Tasks

2, 3 and 4 to give a similar presentation of the data in the chart below.

Estimated development of Ruritania’s economy

30
25,4
25 23,1

20 17,9 17,4
15,2 2005
%

15 12,9
2006
10 5,9
5,6 6,1 7,1
4,5 4,5 4,3 5,2
5 3
1,7
0
g

ty

g
g

re

ns
P

es
in
ri n

in
D

ci
tu

io

ic
in

nk
G

tri
ul
tu

rv
ct
m

ba
ec
ric
ac

tru

se
el
uf

ag

ns
an

co
m

85
h Task 6 Translate the following text into English:

Ce se va întâmpla după 2005?

Unii analişti prevăd că, după 2005-2006, cei mai importanţi
cumpărători din zona textile-confecţii îşi vor reduce la jumătate
numărul ţărilor furnizoare. În aceste condiţii, pentru ţările şi
companiile implicate este vital să rămână o sursă importantă pentru
aceşti cumpărători.

La 31 decembrie 2004 va înceta Acordul cu privire la Textile si

Confecţii (ATC) şi, odată cu acesta, sistemul cotelor pentru comerţul
internaţional cu textile şi confecţii. Prin urmare, comerţul din aceste
sectoare va trece printr-o schimbare majoră.
Până în anul 2005, sectorul va fi integrat complet în Acordul General
de Tarife si Comerţ (GATT) al Organizaţiei Mondiale a Comerţului şi
toate cotele vor dispărea. Doar taxele vor rămâne ca mecanism de
intrare pe piaţă. În plus, membrii OMC vor discuta reducerea taxelor
şi modalităţile de reducere a cotelor maxime ale taxelor, a taxelor mari
şi a creşterii acestora conform Agendei Doha de Dezvoltare.
Schimbarea elementelor fundamentale ale pieţei va influenţa
considerabil exporturile din multe ţări în curs de dezvoltare şi
economii în tranziţie, unde veniturile naţionale depind în mare măsură
de exportul de îmbrăcăminte. State precum Cambodgia, Bangladesh şi
Nepal, cu o participare a exportului de îmbrăcăminte de 85%, 75% şi
respectiv 40% din exportul total de mărfuri, trebuie să încerce să îşi
păstreze cel puţin o parte din pieţele actuale pentru a nu se confrunta
cu rate mai mari ale şomajului şi creşterea sărăciei.
De fapt, ţările în curs de dezvoltare riscă să piardă foarte mult din
liberalizarea finală a comerţului cu textile şi confecţii dacă nu sunt
bine pregătite pentru schimbările preconizate în afaceri şi piaţă. În loc
să câştige noi pieţe pentru export, după cum se aşteptaseră în urma
negocierilor Rundei Uruguay, multe ţări riscă să piardă pieţele
cucerite deja.

86
 GRAMMAR FOCUS

UNIT 1

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

hTask 1 Put the words in the correct order to make questions:

1. exactly what do you by that mean? …What exactly do you mean by

that?…
2. the next what time train is to Strasbourg? …………………………
3. do what do you? ………………………….………………………
4. you where do from come? ………………………..………………
5. to who this suitcase belong does? …………………….……………
6. I could from here a phone call make? ……………….………….…
7. here anyone is sitting excuse me? ………………………….………
8. work for who do you? ……………………………………………

hTask 2 Give short answers for each question, beginning as shown.

Use contractions (for example, can’t instead of cannot):

1. Are you twenty? Yes, …I am… No, …I’m not…

2. Do you think he’s Yes, ………… No, ……………
right?
3. Is she studying Yes, ………… No, ……………
literature?
4. Can you use a Yes, ………… No, ……………
computer?
5. Did you meet Yes, ………… No, ……………
Richard in France?
6. Have you ever Yes, No,
painted? ……………… ………………

87
 7. Will you be there on Yes, No,
Monday? ……………… ………………
8. Does he call you Yes, No,
often? ……………… ………………

hTask 3 Complete each sentence with the appropriate question tag

from the box below:

aren’t you can’t you didn’t you do you

don’t you shall we will you (2x)

1. A: “You live in Bucharest, ….don’t you….?” (do you

B: “Yes, I do.”
2. A: “You don’t happen to know the time, …………….?”
B: “Sorry, I don’t.”
3. A: “You won’t be late for the meeting, ………….?”
B: “No, of course not.”
4. A: “You’re coming to the seminar, ………….?”
B: “Yes, of course.”
5. A: “You had a good time at the weekend, ………….?”
B: “Yes, indeed.”
6. A: “Let’s wait for Mike, …………….?”
B: “OK.”
7. A: “You can speak English, ………….?”
B: “Yes, of course.”
8. A: “She’ll arrive at 6 pm, ………….?”
B: “Yes, I think so.”
9: A; “Be nice to them, ……………..?”
B: “Yes, sure.”

88
hTask 4 Write a question for each answer:

a) What was your holiday 1. My holiday? It was absolutely

like? fantastic.
b) 2. She’s fine, thank you.
c) 3. It takes me half an hour to get
to work.
d) 4. I’d have some coffee, please.
e) 5. John is very bright and
enthusiastic.
f) 6. It’s half past ten sharp.
g) 7. How do you do?
h) 8. I’m a consultant.
i) 9. 5 euros and 50 cents.
j) 10. Two, English and French.
k) 11. The 21st of October.
l) 12. J-o-n-a-t-h-a-n

hTask 5 Match the beginning of the phrases with their endings:

1. Do you mind if I … a) opening the window?

2. Would you mind if I … b) opened the window?
3. Would you mind … c) open the window?

hTask 6 If somebody asks you “Would you mind if I opened the

window?” and you want the window opened, what would you say?
Tick ( ) the answers you could give:

a) Yes, I would. ___

b) No, of course not. ___
c) Please do. ___
d) Go ahead. ___

89
hTask 7 Rewrite each question, beginning as shown:

1. Where is the European Parliament?

Do you know … where the European Parliament is? ………..

2. Is this the way to Tower Bridge?

Could you tell me if …………………………………………….. ?

3. What does this sign mean?

Do you happen to know …………………………………………. ?

4. What time does the opening meeting start?

Could you tell me
………………………………………………………. ?
5. Who is the speaker at the next session?
Do you know
………………………………………………………………. ?
6. When will the train leave?
Who knows
…………………………………………………………………. ?

NEGATION

hTask 1 Choose the correct negative form of the verb in italics:

1. The price of gold fell by 10% last month.

a) didn’t fell b) didn’t fall c) didn’t felled

2. The company sold millions of copies of the new CD.

a) didn’t sell b) didn’t sold c) sold not

3. The guest speaker left immediately after the lecture.

a) didn’t leaft b) didn’t leave c) didn’t leaved

4. The visitors felt very well during their whole staying.

a) didn’t feel b) didn’t felt c) didn’t fell
90
5. The tourists found a good spot to camp.
a) didn’t found b) didn’t founded c) didn’t find

6. The accountant drew up the firm’s budget.

a) didn’t drew b) didn’t drawn c) didn’t draw

7. The president’s staff began the election campaign by a meeting.

a) didn’t begin b) didn’t began c) didn’t begun

8. The students understood all the questions in the test.

a) didn’t understood b) didn’t understand
c) didn’t understooded

9. The designer chose a different colour for the background.

a) didn’t choose b) didn’t chose c) didn’t chosed

10. The instructor taught them how to use the computer.

a) didn’t teached b) didn’t teach c) didn’t taught

hTask 2 Fill in the gaps with the correct negations below:

neither (2x) never no one none

nor (2x) nothing nowhere

1. _______ of the experts found the cause of that serious malfunction.

2. The problem was so difficult that _________ could think of a
solution.
3. The commission proposed two projects but ___________ (of them)
was good.
4. ___________ in his life had he met such difficult conditions.
5. They are not attending the congress; _______ are they going to the
reception afterwards.
6. You’ll arrive ___________ with this way of behaving.
7. He did ____________ to prevent this unfortunate situation.

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8. We __________ accept _________ refuse your proposal − we need
more data before we decide.

PRESENT

hTask 1a Decide if uses a-h are usually associated with the present
simple (PS) or present continuous (PC).

a) habits, repeated PS e) facts, permanent −

actions situations
b) arrangements for the -- f) actions and events in −
future progress now
c) temporary situations -- g) verbs of thinking and −
feeling
d) current trends and -- h) fixed timetables −
changes

hTask 1b Now match sentences 1-8 below with uses a-h.

1. We’re studying geography this term. c

2. Many scientists believe global warming is caused by the …
greenhouse effect.
3. The climate is getting warmer throughout the world. …
4. The explorer is travelling to the Amazon at the moment. …
5. The rainforests have an important influence on the earth’s …
climate.
6. The explorer is arriving in Sao Paolo at 9.45. …
7. The plane arrives in Sao Paolo at 9.45. …
8. In tropical rain forests, the number of species is reduced by …
1% every year.

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hTask 2 Put the time expressions from the list below under the two
headings, present simple and present continuous, according to their
use:

always, as soon as, at present, at the moment, currently, every

day, for the time being, generally, in our day, most of the
time, never, normally, now, nowadays, occasionally, often,
rarely, seldom, sometimes, these days, today, twice a year,
usually, when

Present simple Present continuous

always at the moment

hTask 3 Rearrange the words into the correct order:

1. He usually He is usually present at conferences.

present is at
conferences.
2. He a ………………………………………………
presentation gives
sometimes.

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 3. He attentively ………………………………………………
listens always.
4. He writes ………………………………………………
articles
occasionally
5. He is late for ………………………………………………
meetings never.
6. He ever hardly ………………………………………………
a speech gives.

hTask 4 Choose words from the box and make sentences as shown.
Use a verb in the present simple or present continuous and any other
words you need.

We Several of my colleagues I Our university

My family Our teachers My schedule Young people

1. We ...are attending the English seminar... right now.

2. …………………………………………………….……… (often)
3. ………………………………………………………… (this year)
4. ……………………………………………………… (every year)
5. ……………………………………….……………… (at present)
6. ………………………………………………………… (this term)
7. ……………………………………………………….… (usually)
8. …………………………………………………….… (these days)

hTask 5 Complete the sentences by putting each verb into the

present simple or present continuous:

1. When …is she arriving... in London? (she / arrive)

2. When … does she usually arrive… at home in the evening? (she /
usually / arrive )
3. Alison ………….………….. with her grandparent in Dover. (stay)

94
4. Alison ………………….. with her sister in London for a couple of
days. (stay)
5. I …………………..….. better results at golf as times goes by. (get)
6. I’ll give you an answer as soon as I …………….. the results. (get)
7. He ……………….……….. what I am explaining. (not understand)
8. He ……………....………….. attentively while I am explaining the
grammar rules. (listen)
9. “What ……………………..?” “I’m a researcher.” (do)
10. “What ……………………..?” “I’m doing some tests.” (do)

hTask 6 Complete the sentences by the correct form (present simple

or present continuous) of the verb in brackets:

1. I ………………………. (go back) to Montreal tomorrow.

2. Yvonne …………………………(go) to Montreal every summer.
3. Dan ………………………….. (work) in a consulting agency.
4. He …………………… (work) for a big company at the moment.
5. He ………………… (look) glad to see me when we
……………….. (meet) now and then.
6. Gabriel ……………………… (meet) his broker in the afternoon.
7. Excuse me, ……………………… (you/speak) English? I
……….………….. (look for) a hotel.
8. ……………………………. (they/speak) Spanish or Portuguese? I
can’t tell the difference.
9. Excuse me, ………………..……………. (this bus/stop) outside
Victoria Station?
10. Carol doesn’t have much experience in this area. I only
………………… (hope) she …………………. (know) what she
………………………. (do).

95
 UNIT 2

PAST

hTask 1 Write the past simple form of the following irregular verbs:

begin …began … fight ………….. send …………..

bring ………….. grow ………….. shut …………..
choose ………….. hold ………….. sit …………..
draw ………….. keep ………….. speak …………..
drive …………. mean ………….. stand …………..
fall ………….. lead ………….. teach …………..
feel ………….. pay ………….. think …………..

hTask 2 Rewrite each sentence according to the instructions given:

1. They made plans for reconstruction. (negative) They didn’t make

plans for reconstruction.
2. She went to the conference in May. (question)
…………………………………………..…..
3. Did Sue spend a year abroad? (affirmative)
…………………………………….…………..
4. Mike wrote an essay on globalisation. (question)
……………………………………..……..
5. They lost their way in the old town. (negative)
……………………………………………..
6. Kate didn’t speak at the meeting. (affirmative)
……………………………………………..
7. They caught the last bus. (negative)
…………………………………………….…………..
8. Ben chose a new specialisation. (question)
…………………………………………………..

96
9. Did he read all the books for his exam? (affirmative)
………………………………………

hTask 3 Underline the correct spelling from each pair of words:

studyed / studied writing / writting

takeing / taking paid / payed
sayed / said planed/ planned
stayed / staid lying / lieing
admited/ admitted taught / tought
plaied / played stoping / stopping

hTask 4 Complete the sentences with a suitable time expressions

from the box:

ago at in on when while

1. The power failed ..while .. I was downloading a new programme.

2. ………… Christmas, they decided to stay with their family.
3. The Central and Eastern European countries went through dramatic
changes ….….. the nineties.
4. ………… he was driving he was listening to the news.
5. He received the confirmation of his order …….. the end of the
month.
6. ….. the end, everything turned out to be a success.
7. Jack left his hometown a long time ………… .
8. …. the beginning, everything went smoothly in their company and
they were quite pleased.
9. They sent us the reference materials ….. the third. Haven’t you
received them yet?
10. ….. did you first find out about that problem?
11. The consular office was closed to the public …. Wednesday.
12. The art exhibition opened ………… the weekend.

97
hTask 5 Underline the correct word:

1. While the seminar participants had/were having a coffee break the

technicians tried/were trying to fix the microphone.
2. We wanted/were wanting a safe journey so we chose/were
choosing to avoid risky areas of conflict.
3. When she arrived/was arriving at the station a lot of people
waited/were waiting for the trains delayed by floods.
4. They all watched/were watching the news when the editor
called/was calling them to his office.
5. When I got/was getting to my office I found/was finding an
invitation on my desk.
6. When I worked for BNN I used to go/was going on business trips
quite often – that’s what I miss most at present.

hTask 6 Complete the sentences by putting one verb in the past

simple and one in the past perfect.

1. After he …had made… some notes, he …started… speaking.

2. When the symposium was about to begin I ………….……..
(realise) I ………….…………….. (forget) to take my invitation with
me.
3. How …………………… (you/find out) that you
…………………….. (get) the post?
4. Before I ……………………. (join) the diplomatic corps I
…………..………… (work) as a political analyst.
5. I ……………….. (always/believe) that that …………….. (be) not
the right way of doing things.
6. By the time I …………….. (arrive) at the town-hall the press
conference ………………….. (finish).
7. When I talked to the visiting professor I …………. (have) no idea
that my secretary …………………. (already/make) the arrangements
with the hotel.
8. He ……………… (study) a little Nepali before he
……………….. (go) to Kathmandu.

98
PAST AND PRESENT

hTask 1 Put the time expressions in the box under the appropriate
heading. Add three more time expressions of your own under each
heading.

over the years recently a few years ago just last week
today never yesterday in 2001 this week when I was
a student

PAST PRESENT
PERFECT
‘Finished’ time Time ‘up to now’

……………………….. over the years

……………………….. …………………………
……………………….. ………………………..
……………………….. ………………………..
……………………….. ………………………..
……………………….. ……………………….

hTask 2 Underline the best time expressions:

1. I bought a very good travel guide in my life / over the years / yesterday.
2. I didn’t go to the beach last summer / over the years / recently.
3. Have you gone skiing a few weeks ago / last week / lately?
4. So far, we’ve been to the mountains twice last Saturday / never /
this year.
5. We spent a lot of time in museums recently / when we travelled to
Italy / today.
6. Christine has never / just / recently left but she’ll be back in half an
hour.

99
hTask 3 Complete the sentences below with a time expression from
the exercise above, or one of your own. Underline the appropriate
tense.

1. I saw / I’ve seen a lot of interesting places when I was in Greece.

2. The tourist has visited / visited Berlin ………………………..
3. The customer has bought / bought ………………………….
4. The stadium was built / has been built ………………………
5. The exhibition opened / has opened ………………………….
6. Weather changed / has changed ……………………..……

hTask 4 Underline the correct or most appropriate answers:

1. The financial markets have had / had a dramatic fall last week.
2. The financial markets have had / had a dramatic fall this week.
3. Just a moment, I’ve left / left the report in the other office.
4. I’ve left / left the report on the desk when I went to lunch.
5. She cannot post the message because they have not sent / did not
send all the details.
6. She could not post the message because they have not sent / did not
send all the details.
7. I’m waiting for Professor Smith. When have you last seen / did you
last see him?
8. I’m waiting for Professor Smith. Have you seen / Did you see him?

hTask 5 Correct the mistake in each sentence; write the correction at

the end:

1. We have started our studies three weeks ago. started

2. Miriam has been organised a press conference.
3. I live in this city since I was born.
4. When have you arrived at destination?
5. Dan is sending emails all week but hasn’t
received a reply yet.
6. Prices have been rising since two months.

100
hTask 6 Rewrite each of the following sentences so that their
meaning is the same. Begin as shown:

1. We haven’t been to an art gallery for over a year.

The last time …we went to the art gallery was over a year ago….
2. When did you last listen to a concert?
How long is it ……………………………………………………..
3. It’s nearly two months since I saw a comedy.
I ………………………………………………………………..
4. The last time Ann spoke to me was three weeks ago.
Ann ………………………………………………………………..
5. Gerry went to Switzerland last Monday and is still there.
Gerry has …………………………………………………………..

hTask 4 Choose the figure that corresponds to the error in each

sentence. It is possible that there is no error. Then correct the mistake.

A. Before anyone makes a decision, he weighs all of the

1 2
alternatives and chose the best. (correct: chooses)
3 4

B. Although I cannot see you, I can hear you good.

1 2 3 4

C. People who work long hours probably like their job a lot.
1 2 3 4

D. As food prices are rising, more and more people turn to

1 2
farming and most of them enjoy it.
3 4

E. Don’t rise your hand unless you speak in favour of the proposal.
1 2 3 4

F. The news on TV is not always interesting, on the contrary,

1 2 3
I sometimes get boring.
4
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 UNIT 3

FUTURE

hTask 1 Underline the correct answers:

1. You look very busy. Will I / Shall I help you?

2. You don’t have to sit up late until I come / will come home.
3. A: ‘Do you want me to buy something for you?’
B: ‘No, thanks, I’ll go / I’m going shopping later.’
4. Linda won’t be here next Monday. She’ll attend / She’ll be
attending a seminar.
5. Liz is going to / will study law at university.
6. I think our national team is going to / will qualify eventually.
7. A: ‘Have you heard the weather forecast?’
8. B: ‘Yes, it’s going to be / it’s rainy tomorrow.’
9. The lecture starts / will be starting at nine.
10. If you don’t / won’t find this book any more, I can borrow you
mine.

hTask 2 Find the correct sentence in each pair:

1. a) How old are you in 2010?

b
b) How old will you be in 2010?
2. a) I can’t leave at the weekend. I’m working.
…
b) I can’t leave at the weekend. I’ll work.
3. a) You look pale. I’ll bring you a glass of water.
…
b) You look pale. I’m bringing you a glass of water.
4. a) I can hardly wait. Summer holiday starts on July 1.
b) I can hardly wait. Summer holiday is going to start …
on July 1.
5. a) I’m sure she’ll recover very soon.
…
b) I’m sure she’s recovering very soon.

102
hTask 3a Decide if uses a-i are usually associated with will, going to,
the present simple (I do), the present continuous (I’m doing), the
future continuous (I’ll be doing) or the future perfect (I’ll have done):

a) instant decisions ….. will…..

b) general opinions about the future …………………………
c) future plans and intentions ………………..…………
d) timetables and schedules ……………………………..
e) activities in progress in the future …………………..
f) fixed future arrangements ……………………………
g) looking back from the future …………….……………
h) future facts ……….……..……….…..
i) predictions with present evidence …………………………….

hTask 3b Now match the following sentences 1-9 with uses a-i above:

1. I think she’ll probably move to Calgary to find a new job. _b_

2. Judging by the latest events, the conference agenda is ___

going to be very full.
3. Next year will be the fifteenth anniversary of our ___
university.
4. The experts are working hard. They’ll have finished by ___
the end of the week.
5. We are meeting the trade delegation on Monday; then ___
we’re having lunch together.
6. They’re going to develop a new project for the Education ___
Exhibition next year.
7. This time next year I’ll be studying economics at the ___
London University.
8. Oh, I’m sorry. I’ve told you a wrong number. I’ll check it ___
in a few moments.
9. The academic year starts on October 1st. ___

103
hTask 4 Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to
the first sentence. Use will, won’t, shall, present simple, present
continuous and future continuous:

1. Are you free tomorrow morning?

…….… Are you doing … anything tomorrow morning?
2. I’ll wait for Maria until she comes back.
When Maria comes back …………..……….. leave.
3. The hotel is full. How about going to a camping site instead?
…………..…… we go to a camping site instead?
4. Would you like me to take your letter to the post office?
………….…… I take your letter to the post office?
5. Jim refuses to leave his position on the committee.
Jim ……………… leave his position on the committee.
6. After the seminar we can go to the library together.
When the …………………. we can go to the library together.
7. What will you do in ten years’ time?
What …………………….. doing in ten years’ time?

hTask 5 Read the situations below and write what you would say in
each case. Use will, shall, going to, the present simple or the
present continuous:

1. A friend asks about your holiday plans. Tell him that you’ve
decided not to go abroad this year.
..................... I’m not going abroad this year ......................................
…………………………………………………………………………

2. Your colleague has a technical problem with the printer. She asks
you for help. You offer her a solution.
…………………………………………………………………………

104
3. You are with a group of visitors. You suggest them to go together to
the new media centre.
…………………………………………………………………………

4. You want to unpack a box. You ask a friend to hold it for you for a
moment.
…………………………………………………………………………

5. Your friend is telling you about her scholarship plans. Ask her
when she plans to apply for it.
…………………………………………………………………………

6. You ask your colleague to accompany you to the library but he

refuses. Ask why he refuses.
…………………………………………………………………………

7. You do not know when the exam session starts. Ask your teacher.
…………………………………………………………………………

8. Your colleague asks you to look up some data for him. You refuse
him. Tell him you have an appointment with the manager in half an
hour.
…………………………………………………………………………

PASSIVES

hTask 1 Cross out the mistake in each sentence and write the
correction at the end.

1. The introductory speech was giving ……was given………

by the Secretary General.
2. The agreement will being signed …………………………
during the Convention next month.

105
3. All the food at the reception was ate. …………………………
4. A lot of time is wasting by trying to …………………………
do things quickly.
5. A new environmental project is …………………………
being developing at the moment.
6. Carla has been promote and will …………………………
leave our company soon.

hTask 2 Rewrite each sentence with a passive verb, without

mentioning who did the action.

1. The authorities inaugurated a new Cultural Centre in the

neighbouring country.
… A new Cultural Centre was inaugurated in the neighbouring
country.…

2. The city council will ban all traffic from the Historical Centre.
………………………………………………………………………

3. They speak 18 languages in India.

………………………………………………………………………

4. The organisers are postponing the festival due to bad weather.

………………………………………………………………………

5. People look for information on the Internet.

………………………………………………………………….….

6. Bucharest is my place of birth.

………………………………………………………………………

7. When exactly is your date of birth?

………………………………………………………………………

106
8. They’ve put up the oil price again.
………………………………………………………………………

9. They’ll bring a lot of material and data from the polar expedition.
……………………………………………………………………….

10. The commission should draw up the annual report by the end of
the year.
……………………………………………………………………….

hTask 3 Put the following jumbled words in the right order:

1. a me He night call last gave. He gave me a call last night.

2. me a moment Allow for here……………………..
3. The is the guide city’s tourists sights showing………………...
4. to a from us They postcard Belize wrote…………………….
5. I’ll July on greetings to send birthday her…………………..
6. “What a nice scarf !” “I’ll you it offer to”…………………..

hTask 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar

meaning to the first sentence:

1. The guide showed the visitors the European Parliament in

Strasbourg.
The visitors …… were shown …… the European Parliament in
Strasbourg.

2. The president of the company has offered Rob a good job as

Personal Assistant.
Rob ……………………………………………………………

3. The organizers will send us the programme of the meeting as soon

as possible.
We …………………………………………………………………..

107
4. The jury awarded Rebecca the first prize of the essay competition.
Rebecca ……………………………………………………….…..

5. They think Gerald is the best secretary in the embassy.

Gerald ……………………………………………………………..

6. The police believes he has disclosed inside information.

He …………………………………………………………………

7. They expect the price of cereals to grow.

The price ………………………………………………………….

8. It is reported that several incidents have occurred at the border.

Several incidents …………………………………………………

hTask 5 Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to

the first sentence and contains the word in brackets.

1. They have just refused his request for visa. (had)

He ………… has just had his request for visa refused. ………………..

2. They printed the invitations for the gala event. (had)

We …………………………………………………………………….

3. Tomorrow they are sending my correspondence by diplomatic bag.

(having)
Tomorrow I ……………………………………………………………

4. By contract, they will service all our printers. (have)

By contract, we ………………………………………………………

108
 UNIT 4

PHRASAL VERBS (1)

hTask 1 Work in pairs. Read the following extracts from the

dictionary and study the meaning of the phrasal verbs in bold. How
does the dictionary indicate that a phrasal verb is transitive?

bring sth about to make something happen: Computers have

brought about many changes in the workplace.
bring sth back to start to use something such as a law, method, or
process that was used in the past: They should bring back the death
penalty, that’s what I think!
bring down the government/president etc to force the
government etc to stop ruling
bring forward legislation/plans/policies etc to officially
introduce plans etc for people to discuss: The government has brought
forward a plan to tackle urban crime.
bring smth out to produce a book, record etc to be sold to the
public: The Food Association has brought out a handy guide.
bring smb up [usually passive] to educate and care for a child
until it is grown up: In my day, children were brought up to respect
the law.
bring smth up to mention a subject or start to talk about it: I shall
bring up this issue at the next meeting.

hTask 1a Complete the sentences below with the appropriate phrasal

verbs above. Make all the necessary changes.

1. He ………………….……… by his aunt after his parents had left

for Alaska.
2. I can hardly wait until the next volume of “Harry Potter”
………….…………………. …..
109
3. The President …………………..………………… after the
Watergate scandal.
4. The Government …………………….………………. a new tax
system recently.
5. The fall in oil prices ……………………. an increase in business
activity last decade.
6. The MPs of the opposition intend …………………………… the
question of inflation during the plenary session of Parliament.
7. Even if the Republicans abolished the tax, the Democrats would be
sure ……………....……… it ………………………….

hTask 2 Match the phrasal verbs in A with a suitable object in B.

A B
1. to fill in ……. a. a problem
2. to bring about ……. b. the application form
3. to sort out ……. c. a meeting
4. to turn down ……. d. a word in a dictionary
5. to put off ……. e. changes
6. to look up ……. f. a proposal

hTask 3 Note that these phrasal verbs are of type 1 (with an object
with two possible positions). Did you fill in the application form? /
Did you fill the application form in? But did you fill it in?

Working in pairs, ask questions using the phrasal verbs and objects above.

hTask 4 Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs below. Check
the meaning in a dictionary.

a) look at / for / forward to / into / out

110
1. Can I __________ ______ your paper for a moment to see your
answer to this exercise?
2. ________ ______! There’s a car coming!
3. I couldn’t find the book I needed for the English class. I
_________ _______ it everywhere.
4. The commission are _____________ _______ this case of
corruption.
5. I’m really _____________ ______ ______ my Christmas
holiday.

b) get across / into / over / round to / through to

1. I’ve been meaning to reply to that letter for ages but I haven’
________ ______ ______ it yet.
2. They’ll have to _________ _____ the problem of poor
computer security.
3. I couldn’t __________ ______ _____ them because their phone
was engaged all day.
4. The party failed to __________ its election message ______ to the
voters.
5. How did you first ___________ ______ the construction
business?

hTask 5 You can often work out the meaning of an idiomatic phrasal
verb from its context. Match the phrasal verbs in italics in sentences
1.-7 with the meanings in a-g below.

1. Since becoming a pensioner, he has taken to gardening.

2. Have you noticed that Joan takes after her grandmother?
3. All right, I take it all back. It wasn’t your fault.
4. She took down my phone number and said he’d call me back.
5. I’d like to take you up on the results of the project.
6. She took over as manager two weeks ago.

111
a. to discuss something or deal with something
b. to write down something that another person has just said
c. to start doing something habitually
d. to admit that something you said was wrong
e. to start doing something that another person did before
f. to be similar to an older member of the family in appearance or
character

PHRASAL VERBS (2)

hTask 1 Read the sentences below. Match the phrasal verbs with the
meaning in the box.

a. to be officially accepted
b. to take care of
c. to reduce
d. to meet by chance
e. to control a piece of work
f. to have a good relationship with

1. She’s always got on well with the people in her office.

2. Yesterday I came across my former colleague.
3. My doctor told me to cut down on cigarettes.
4. He is looking after his old parents.
5. This month I’m dealing with security issues.
6. The Bill went through Parliament without a vote.

Note that in these phrasal verbs of Type 2 the object has one position
only.
e.g. I came across a friend. I came across him.
I came a friend across.

112
hTask 2 Fill in the blanks with one of the following verbs in the box.

1. They ……...…… up in the suburbs of London. take

2. The prices …….……… off last month due to get
inflation.
3. A lot of people ……....….. up at he cocktail who set
hadn’t been invited.
4. We …………. out on our trip as planned. grow
5. Andrew likes his new college and is turn
………………. on fine.

NOTE: The phrasal verbs above, of Type 3, are intransitive. Note that
some verbs can belong to different types with a different meaning for
each type.
e.g. The plane took off.
He took his coat off.

hTask 3 Fill in the blanks with one of the following particles:

down for forward to in off on out over to up

1. If you don’t know the area code, look it …… in the phone book.
2. Next winter I think I’ll take …… skiing.
3. I have to let people know that their meeting tomorrow has been put
….. ………..
4. You have to fill ……. the visa form with your personal details.
5. How’s your granddaughter getting …… at university?
6. You should cut … on coffee. You drink too many cups a day.
7. I have to find … who sent this e-mail.
8. Where’s the file? I’ve been looking … it for an hour!
9. You may leave now, the meeting is … .
10. We are looking … … our first trip abroad.

113
hTask 4 Reword the following sentences replacing the underlined
verb or phrase with a suitable phrasal verb.

1. The meeting has been postponed until further notice.

The meeting has been put off until further notice.

2. Why did you refuse that job in New Zealand?

…………………………………………………………………………
3. Does he have a good relationship with his boss?
…………………………………………………………………………
4. Could you connect me to the PR department, please?
…………………………………………………………………………
5. The negotiations aimed at ending the conflict have failed
unexpectedly.
…………………………………………………………………………
6. The committee is investigating the matter.
…………………………………………………………………………
7. Daisy and her brother are very similar.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. Clara is very good at handling people’s problems.
…………………………………………………………………………
9. Mike arrived half-way through the lesson.
…………………………………………………………………………
10. Bridget’s nephew spent his childhood in Glasgow.
…………………………………………………………………………

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 UNIT 5

GERUND OR INFINITIVE

hTask 1 Complete each sentence with one of the words in the box:

has agreed afford asked decided demanded

expect failed managed offered promised refused
seems wants

1. We cannot afford to lose this contract.

2. Everybody ………………….. to be present, so we may get started.
3. Adam ………………….. to reach the final again and was forced to
withdraw.
4. The manager ………………….. his assistant to find the latest
report.
5. Nobody ………………….. to get a no for an answer.
6. I ………………….. to return the book in a week.
7. Jill ………………….. to help the volunteers collect for charity.
8. Who ………………….. to have this photocopier moved in this
office?
9. The bank …………………………. to lend us the money to start
up a business.
10. They didn’t ………………….. to see me at their reunion.
11. The protesters ………………….. to leave Trafalgar Square.
12. The scientists …………………………….. to finish their
experiment on time.
13. The team definitely …………………….. to win the competition –
they were the best.
14. The customer was not pleased about the service – he
………………… to get his money back.
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hTask 2 Complete each sentences so that it has a similar meaning to
the first on. Use one of the following verbs:

admit deny enjoy finish keep mind

practise risk can’t stand suggest

1. Why don’t you change the title? It’s too long.

I suggest changing the title.
2. He repeats the same phrases again and again.
He ………………….. saying the same phrases.
3. Is it all right if you call back later?
Do ………………….. calling back later?
4. Tom doesn’t admit he has made a mistake.
Tom ………………….. making a mistake.
5. Everyone likes a nice holiday.
Everyone ………………….. having a nice holiday.
6. Every day, Kim makes exercises to speak English well.
Kim ………………….. speaking English daily.
7. In the end, Marion accepted that she was wrong.
Finally, Marion ………………….. being wrong.
8. She doesn’t like at all when she has to waste her time.
She ………………….. wasting her time.
9. If they do not pay all the money, they could lose their house.
They ……………….. losing their house unless they pay it all.
10. Lucy still has a lot to write on her book.
Lucy ……………………….. writing the book yet.

hTask 3 Choose the correct preposition in italics in each sentence:

1. I must apologize for / on being late.

2. The negotiators succeeded in / to reaching some bilateral agreements.

116
3. I congratulated Marion for / on her winning the first prize for
excellence.
4. Mike was accused about / of lying about his sources of information.
5. Our future results will depend at / on our being able to build a strong
team.
6. Researchers are looking forward at / to starting their experiment.
7. I know I can rely at / on John’s being present when I need him.
8. The students were interested about / in finding out about future careers.
9. You shouldn’t insist so much about / on asking him a favour.
10. He was used to / with travelling a lot when he worked for the agency.
11. Susan is proud about / of her daughter attending a good college.
12. He started his speech by / with thanking the organisers for their good
work.

hTask 4 Complete the sentences using gerunds:

1. There are many difficulties involved in … .

2. The public were warned of the dangers of … .
3. You should take more interest in … .
4. We ought to think about …, instead of … .
5. The negotiator objected to … .
6. This new plan goes a long way towards … .
7. I have to insist more on … .
8. The Prime Minister declared he was looking forward to … .
9. The members of the panel decided against … .
10. The guard prevented people from … .

hTask 5 Choose the correct word or phrase in italics in each

sentence:

1. Lucy didn’t really remember to shut /shutting down the computer.

2. Please remember to send / sending the emails by the end of the
day.
3. They stopped to talk / talking to listen to the news.
117
4. Could you please stop on your way back home to buy / buying a
few CDs?
5. Ben will never forget to win / winning his first medal in the
Olympics.
6. Paul realized he had forgotten to bring / bringing his essay to the
English class.
7. Dan tried hard to get / getting a scholarship but his academic
achievements were not too good.
8. Why don’t you try to change / changing the colours of the site to
make it more attractive?
9. He didn’t mean to upset / upsetting his colleagues but he just had
to speak his mind.
10. Being a distance learner means to work / working harder than a
full-time one.

hTask 6 Use the gerund or the infinitive form of the verb in brackets
to fill in the blanks.
1. The spokesperson admitted ………using……… (use) wrong
figures regarding the amount of money allocated for defence in the
previous year.
2. The representative of the commission refused …………..………
(indicate) how the details of those business dealings leaked to the
press.
3. The committee avoided …………..……… (take) a decision on
that sensitive issue.
4. They were reminded …………..……… (attend) the press
conference following the summit.
5. The negotiations failed …………..……… (reach) an agreement
on the ban on weapons of mass destruction.
6. It might be better to try …………..……… (discuss) this matter
with other people at the next meeting, as this one has not reached any
settlement.
7. The president decided …………..……… (take) advantage of that
favourable trend and invest more in developing countries.

118
8. The secretary asked if I would mind …………..……… (call)
back in half an hour.
9. When you have finished …………..……… (get) into this report,
you can tell me if it’s worth …………..………(read).
10. They risked …………………… (start) up a new business in IT
but finally they managed ………………. (become) a major company.
11. The lecturer did not mean …………..……… (offend) the public
by making those remarks.
12. I do not remember …………..……… (read) that material in the
magazine you mentioned.
13. We have to keep …………..……… (try) …………..………
(bring) all the interested people to negotiations in order to reach a
compromise.
14. I forgot ………....……… (advise) you of the changes in the schedule.
15. I’d like …………..……… (thank) everybody present for their
contribution to this successful event

hTask 7 Choose the correct verb in italics in each sentence:

1. The government decided / admitted to cut taxes by 7%.

2. The manager admitted / agreed giving wrong figures on
company’s finance.
3. The vice-president meant / suggested expanding their activity
abroad.
4. The HR manager denied / refused to hire some candidates for lying
about their CV.
5. The employees did not mind / want working overtime to finish the
order.
6. The secretary can’t stand / afford to travel by plane.
7. The engineer managed / practised to develop a new electrical system.
8. The customer kept / liked calling to complain about poor services.

119
hTask 8 Fill in the gaps. Use a preposition + ing or the infinitive.
The verbs are given in the box.

become get join modernize prepare transform

Bucharest considers NATO membership and its quest for accession to the
European Union as two parts of the same top priority project towards full
reintegration into the Euro-Atlantic democratic family, the most important
guarantors of which are NATO and the EU. This also defines Romania’s
top priorities on the domestic front since ……………….. for NATO and
EU membership means ……………………. and ……………………. our
society. The invitation ……………… NATO will help and stimulate our
efforts ……………….. into the EU, all the more so as the basic
requirements for ……………………. a member of NATO or the EU are
to a significant extent similar, as it is the case with democracy and market
economy. The two objectives are clearly complementary and mutually
reinforcing.

MODALS

hTask 1 Decide if sentences in each pair are similar in meaning or

not. Write Y for ‘yes’ and N for ‘no’.

1. We have to work more. We must work more. Y

2. You’d better leave. You should leave. …
3. You must be tired. You should be tired. …
4. You mustn’t write that. You don’t have to write …
that.
5. You shouldn’t stay so long. You ought not to stay so …
long.
6. I’d better go now. I must go now. …
7. I ought to visit her. I have to visit her. …

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hTask 2 Complete each sentence with a word or phrase in the box
below:

could don’t have to didn’t have to have to had to

must mustn’t must have might have should

1. Before we agree, we’ll …have to…. study the draft in more detail.
2. You ………………….. to type the letter yourself – the secretary
will do it for you.
3. Sorry I can’t join you now. I …………….. finish my report by the
end of the day.
4. Luckily, the meeting was postponed, so I …………………… to
stay long at work.
5. You ……………………. smoke here. The university has a non-
smoking policy.
6. I’m not sure, but I think we ……………………. made a mistake.
7. Tom ……………. leave early, so he missed the conference.
8. In my opinion, they …………………… accept out proposal. It’s
the best they’ll get.
9. If they send us all the information, we ………..……. give them the
answer in due time.
10. Liam looked so tired – he ……….………… had a very busy day.

hTask 3 Match the uses of would a-g with the sentences 1-7 below.

a) invitations b) polite request c) d) offering help e) past refusal

f) reporting what someone said g) imaginary future with ‘if’

1. Would you like me to print these documents? …d…

2. What would you do if they offered you a post in ……
Iceland?
3. Would you mind calling back later? ……
4. He said he would call back in an hour. ……

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 5. Would you like come to the reception at our embassy? ……
6. The manager wouldn’t accept a pay rise for employees. ……

hTask 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning as

the first sentence. Use a word or phrase from the list below:

can’t can’t be have to don’t have to might might be

must be ought to should

1. It’s not necessary for us to wear formal clothes tonight – it’s a

casual meeting.
We …don’t have... to wear formal clothes tonight – it’s a
casual meeting.
2. It’s possible that he’ll be back soon.
He ……………. back soon.
3. Visitors are not allowed to take pictures in the museum.
Visitors ……………. take pictures in the museum.
4. Perhaps I’ll see you again at the next conference.
I ………… see you again at the next conference.
5. You’d better make sure this is the right map – we could get lost.
You ………….. make sure this is the right map – we could
get lost.
6. I’m sure that isn’t right – I saw the results with my own yes.
That ……………. right – I saw the results with my own yes.
7. It would be a good thing to invite all our staff to the company’s
anniversary.
We ………………. invite all our staff to the company’s
anniversary.
8. It’s the rule here that we wear badges all the time.
We …………………. wear badges all the time.
9. Alice is not in her office – she certainly is at the canteen. It’s lunch
brake.
Alice is not in her office – she ……………… at the canteen.
It’s lunch brake.
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hTask 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning as the first sentence. Use a phrase from the list below:

shouldn’t have should have (x2) must have

might not have might have could have can’t have

1. Perhaps the programme we used was virused.

The programme we used …might have… been virused.
2. It was a bad idea for you not to go to that interview.
You ………..…….….… gone to that interview.
3. It was possible for us to do a better project.
We ……………...….… done a better project.
4. It was wrong that they declared all those things.
They ……………...….… declared all those things.
5. I know Sheila worked very hard on her paper.
Sheila …………..….….… worked very hard on her paper.
6. I’m sure the team hasn’t reached too far in the desert.
The team ……..……….….… reached too far in the desert.
7. I was expecting my partner to arrive by now.
My partner ……..……….….… arrived by now.
8. Maybe I didn’t express myself very clearly on that issue.
I ……………...….… expressed myself very clearly on that
issue.

hTask 6 Match the sentences in column A with their “more

diplomatic” rephrasing in B.

A B
1. Can we meet again a. There might be a small delay.
tomorrow?
2. That’ll be very b. Perhaps we could meet again
expensive. tomorrow?
3. We have a problem. c. Could I just interrupt for a moment?
4. Can I interrupt for a d. Could I just go back to the point
moment? about terms?
123
 5. Can I go back to the e. It seems we have a slight problem.
point about terms?
6. There’ll be a delay. f. Won’t that be quite expensive?

hTask 7 Rewrite these phrases to make them more diplomatic:

1. That will be difficult. ..……………………….……….

2. I want to make a change in …………………………………
the plan. ……………………………...….
3. Can I finish what I was …………………………………
saying? …………………………….…...
4. We won’t meet the deadline. ………………………………….
………………………………….
5. Your proposal is not good. ……………………………….…
6. I need more time for that. ……………………………….…

hTask 8 Correct the mistakes in the following dialogue:

A: Where may Peter be?

B: I don’t know. He must to be in the lecture hall.
A: Let’s call him. Do I have your mobile?
B: I’m afraid my battery is flat. But he should leaves in a few minutes.
A: OK, then. We shall wait for him. He can be on his way.

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 UNIT 6

CONDITIONAL

hTask 1 Underline the correct words:

1. If we had been / were more careful, we wouldn’t have made such a

big mistake.
2. If I were you, I’d / I’ll insist more to get the required information.
3. If you see / will see Roger, tell him I have a message for him.
4. I wish it is / were holiday - I feel like I need a break now.
5. If people in cities used more bikes instead of cars, there weren’t /
wouldn’t be so much pollution.
6. She would be healthier if she took / had taken more exercise.
7. If you had saved your files on a CD, you wouldn’t lose / wouldn’t
have lost your data.
8. If you are / were ready in ten minutes, we’ll still have time to
arrive before the film starts.
9. You can use my mobile if yours doesn’t work / didn’t work.
10. If only I have / had more time! I could finish my book and have it
published.

hTask 2 Complete each sentence using the following:

if, unless, in case, providing / provided that, as long as,

suppose / supposing, on condition that

1. We will agree to your terms of contract … provided that… you

accept our prices.
2. Don’t forget to store the information on a CD …………… you
need it later.
3. ……………… he gets here soon, we will have to start the meeting
without him.
4. …………….. you have all the data required, when will the report
be ready?
125
5. .……..…… you have any questions, please feel free to ask me.
6. There will be no consequences …………………. you take the
necessary steps.
7. Our action will be successful ………………. we all stay together.

hTask 3 Complete each sentence, using the verb in brackets:

1. If my plane isn’t late, I …will be… (be) in Berlin at six.

2. If my plane hadn’t been late, I …………………. (be) in Berlin at
six.
3. If you …………………. (practice) more, your English would
improve.
4. If you were in my position, what …………………. (you/do)?
5. If I …………………. (work) abroad, I’ll invite you to join me.
6. If the streets had been marked clearly, we ………………… (find)
their house sooner.
7. You …………………….... (look) so tired if you hadn’t sat up late.
8. If I knew his address, I ……………….. (can) send him the
invitation to our class reunion.

hTask 4 Choose the correct continuation for each sentence:

1. He is in a difficult situation.
a) He wishes he had known what to do. b) He wishes he b
knew what to do.
2. I’m disappointed in this camera.
…
a) I wish I didn’t buy it. b) I wish I hadn’t bought it.
3. It’s a pity you live so far away.
…
a) If only you lived here! b) If only you had lived here!
4. Amy didn’t get a job because she could not speak
German.
…
a) Amy wishes she learnt German. b) Amy wishes she
had learnt German.

126
 5. They complain it’s really cold here in winter.
a) They wish they lived in a warmer place. b) They wish …
they had lived in a warmer place.
6. Mark is sorry he gave up his hobby – he’s busy all day
long.
…
a) Mark wishes he had more time. b) Mark wishes he had
had more time.
7. I regret telling her all those secrets!
a) I wish I didn’t tell her anything. b) I wish I hadn’t told …
her anything.
8. I’m worried about the competition.
…
a) I wish we succeed. b) I wish we had succeeded.

hTask 5 Complete the sentence for each situation.

1. I didn’t know you were having guests when I dropped by.

If I …had known… you were having guests, I wouldn’t have
dropped by.
2. I haven’t much time to cook so I eat a lot of fast food.
If I ……………….. more time, I ……………………………
fast food.
3. I live near my college, so it doesn’t take me long to get there.
If I ……………………… , it ……………………………….
there.
4. People avoid Jane because she asks too many questions.
People ………………………….. if she ……………………
less questions.
5. He doesn’t have a driving licence so we cannot rent a car.
If he ……………….… , we …………………………. a car.

127
6. The weather seems fine this weekend, so it’s a good idea to go to
the seaside.
If the weather …………………………………… , we
………………… to the seaside.
7. Why don’t people help one another more often to make this world a
better place?
If people ………………………………, this world
…………...….. a better place.
8. I forgot about your birthday, so I didn’t bring you any flowers.
If I ……………………… , I ………………...... some
flowers.
9. George wants to work in the garden when he has some spare time.
George ……………….. provided that he…………………….
spare time.
10. It’s late and the bus isn’t coming. There’s a taxi over there but I
don’t have enough money.
We ……………………. if I ……………………….. money.

SUBJUNCTIVE

hTask 1 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning

to the first sentence using the word in capital letters.

1. It’s a pity the car is so expensive.

WISH
I ……wish the car were not…… so expensive.

2. She was very tired over the last month.

SHOULD
The doctor recommended ………… take a holiday.

128
3. He behaves like the president of the company.
IF
He acts ………… the president of the company.

4. He must call back home immediately after arriving.

IMPERATIVE
………… that he phone home as soon as he arrives.

5. What a pity I couldn’t go to the party last night!

HAD
I ………… to the party last night.

6. It is essential for her to be present here.

THAT
It is essential ...……… here.

7. I think taxes should be decreased.

TIME
It’s ….……… decreased.

8. I regret I didn’t learn Spanish at school.

WISH
I………… Spanish at school.

9. You are wasting your time on trifles when you have so

much work to do on your project.
HAD BETTER
You …………. and not waste your time on trifles.

10. I don’t enjoy watching TV. I prefer reading SF books.

WOULD RATHER
I …………….. than watch TV.

129
 UNIT 7

RELATIVE CLAUSES

hTask 1 Underline the correct words in each pair.

1. The newspaper who/which you read is quite interesting.

2. The journalist who/which works for this newspaper writes about
foreign affairs.
3. The owner of which/whose newspaper has just appeared has a
magazine too.
4. The editor who/whom is responsible for this issue is very
experienced.
5. He thanked everyone which/that was present at the inauguration.
6. The government announced six new tax laws, that/which is quite
unusual.
7. The party leader, who’s/whose interviewed right after the congress,
announces his candidacy for the presidency of the state.
8. The party leader, who’s/whose candidacy had been announced last
week, was interviewed in the yesterday’s newspaper.

hTask 2 Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence, and include

the word given in bold. Begin as shown and make any necessary
changes.

1. The applicants for traineeships in the EU Institutions must complete

the application form and mail it by 31 October. Applicants must hold
a degree in law or in political sciences.
who

130
The applicants for traineeships in the EU Institutions, who hold a
degree in law or in political sciences, must complete the application
form and mail it by 31 October.

2. They fill in a form. The form must be posted together with detailed
CV and copies of diplomas and/or certificates.
that
The form …………………………………….…………… certificates.

3. The PR assistant has drawn up a newsletter. The newsletter is quite

useful for journalists.
which
The newsletter …………………………………..……….. journalists.

4. Some visitors request to see the head office of the European

Commission in Brussels. They must apply in advance.
that
The visitors ………………………………………………..in advance.

5. Sue has borrowed a colleague’s printer. The colleague needs the

printer right now.
whose
The colleague ……………………………………………… right now.

6. Some candidates have very good references. They will be

interviewed next week.
who
The candidates ……………………………….…………. next week.

hTask 3 Decide if the relative pronoun (who, which, that) can be

omitted. If so, put it in bracket; if not, underline it.

1. The essay (that) Kate wrote for the journal was well received.
2. The essays, that should not exceed 1000 words, must be sent by
September 1.
131
3. The book that you request is on loan.
4. The book, which is a very rare copy, cannot be lent.
5. The problem that you told me about can be solved immediately.
6. The problem, which is not very serious, can be solved immediately
7. The last thing that they want is to have their names disclosed in
this scandal.
8. The artist who he talked about opened an exhibition.

ADVERBS

hTask 1 Complete the second sentences so that is has a similar

meaning to the first sentence and contains the word in brackets.

1. I think the meeting was very good (go)

I think the meeting went very well.
2. The prime minister’s speech was impressive. (spoke)
The prime minister ………………………….. .
3. The project has been hard work for Irene. (has worked)
Irene …………………..………….…….. .
4. The presidential elections were democratic. (elected)
The president …………………………… .
5. The secretary wrote formal invitations.(written)
The invitations …………………………….. .
6. My grandparents had a happy life (lived)
My grandparents ………..………………………. .
7. The vase I bought had a nice packing. (packed)
The shop assistant ……………………………… .

132
REPORTED SPEECH

hTask 1 Find the incorrect sentences and rewrite them.

1. The kids said they like the game. The kids said they liked the game.
2. Could you tell me where the station is?
3. Sam said he can’t hear me well on the phone.
4. Tom asked where do I live.
5. Peter said me that he must leave early.
6. They asked whether we’d be at home in the evening.
7. ‘What’s the matter? Ellen told.
8. Joe said he doesn’t feel well yesterday.
9. Tom said he was coming to the concert.
10. ‘I had bought a new bike Pam said us.

hTask 2 Rewrite the following as reported speech (start with: He

told me / He asked me…)
1. I’ll be at the office next week.
…He told me he would be at the office the next week…
2. Has Jeremy sent the letter?
…He asked me if/whether Jeremy had sent the letter. …….
3. Are you coming with us or not?
……………………………….
4. Where’s the nearest bus stop?
……………………………….
5. We went to John’s house yesterday.
……………………………….
6. When did you get back?
……………………………….
7. Don’t be late for the meeting!
……………………………….
8. I have never seen a thing like this!
……………………………….

133
h Task 3 Rewrite the following as direct speech (start with: “Teddy
/Chris, etc. said:”)

1. Teddy advised Kate not to stay too long on the Internet.

.... Teddy said: “Kate, you shouldn’t stay too long on the Internet” ....
2. Chris invited Marion to give a speech.
……………………………….
3. Gerald suggested changing the title of the paper.
……………………………….
4. Bill offered to bring the books for the seminar.
……………………………….
5. Carol apologised for being late.
……………………………….
6. Angela refused to leave as she was waiting for Sue.
……………………………….

h Task 4 Fill in the blanks with a reporting verb in the box:

admit announce declare deny deplore insist reaffirm

1. The Prime Minister ……….. that she was about to resign.

2. The leaders ………….. that they entirely support the new peace
proposal.
3. The High Commissioner for Human Rights …………. all
violence against children.
4. The government today …………….. that it is committed to the
current peace process.
5. The Justice Minister ………………. that the new law was
difficult to enforce.
6. The trade union ………………. that employees needed better
working conditions.
7. The Finance Minister …………….. that public spending would be
increased the next year.

134
 REVISION

hTask 1 Read this application letter. There are 7 grammar mistakes.

Find and correct them.

October 21, 2005

Dear Mr. Johnson,

I would like to apply for the job of tourist guide

which I saw advertised in the local paper.
I am twenty one years old. I was born in Germany but
my family moved to Scotland when I was ten and I am
living there ever since. I have left school and since then
I am having several jobs in tourist offices. For the past
five months I am working in the travel information
centre in Edinburgh. The manager has been saying that
she is willing to give me a reference.
I speak German and English fluently and I have
learnt Spanish since I left school, so I speak some
Spanish as well.
I hope you will consider my application.

Yours sincerely,
Gertrude Schmidt

hTask 2 Write a similar application letter for the job below.

Dynamic, energetic person required to help for three

months in a travel agency this summer. Must speak
some Spanish in addition to at least one another
language. Experience not essential, but desirable.
Motivating pay and conditions. Write giving details,
CV, + one reference, to: Ms K. Turner, ‘Travel
Tour’ Agency, Braid Avenue, Edinburgh.

135
hTask 3 Fill in the gaps with the correct form (active and passive
voice) of the verbs in brackets.

His Excellency, interested in the United Nations com-

Mr. Wolf Rüdiger possibilities of mittees in New York.
Georg Lemp, is international work. Interspersed with the
Ambassador Extra- He ………….. (pass) UN assignments,
ordinary and Plenipo- the diplomatic service Rudi ……………
tentiary, otherwise tests with little effort (serve) as Deputy
known as Rudi. This and so he ………. Chief of Mission in
down-to-earth diplo- (plunge) into his new Amman, Jordan in the
mat ........... (grant) life. 1980s and in Ottawa,
his request to be His first posting Canada in the 1990s.
posted to Nepal in was in Dublin, He ……… (feel)
November 2000. He Ireland in 1971, a particularly enriched
........................ (visit) training position to by his time in Jordan.
Nepal before and develop language The former Deputy
immediately............... skills and understand Chief also
. (fall) in love with European Embassy …….………
the place. Yet his systems. After (appreciate) the
career journey completing his opportunity to travel
....................... (take) training in Germany, both in Jordan and
many interesting he …………… (post) throughout the ‘Holy
twists and turns in Saigon, South Land’, and naturally
before he …………. Vietnam in 1972, just …………. (learn) a
(reach) the particular before the ceasefire great deal about the
peak of Ambassador established in the Middle East conflicts.
to Nepal. Paris Agreement. It It was sad to leave
Rudi Lemp …… was a fascinating time Jordan, but in his next
(come) from a family to be in Vietnam, at job Rudi …………..
of doctors, but the end of one of the (play) a role in
………. (shift) his defining wars of the resolving long-stan-
own studies from century. He ………. ding tensions in his
medicine to earning a (leave) two months own part of the world.
Master’s degree in before the fall of He was Deputy
economics, not Saigon. Director of the
knowing what path he In 1975, Rudi International
would take. Later, ………… (appoint) I Environment Policy
Rudi …… (become) delegate to several
136
group of the Foreign so they ………… was a lot of work, but
Office in Bonn. (see) this one area really satisfying,”
He relates, “The wasn’t so good [and] reports Ambassador
environmental issues were interested in Lemp. The initial
were less political Western technology, cooperation on envi-
than humanitarian and co-operation.” ronmental issues
and human rights Among other pro- ………….. (pave) the
issues. The Eastern jects, the group way for East and
…………..…… ………… (work) out West Germans to
(convince) by their a multi-national con- work successfully on
own propaganda that vention on protection many other issues.‚
they were better, and of the Danube. “It

hTask 4 Complete each sentence with a word/phrase from the box.

actually after all besides this except for

in fact instead personally such as

1. People think the manager is cold and distant, but ………………

she is easy-going and friendly.
2. …………………… , I think this is the right faculty for you.
3. They were going to visit Egypt, but after the terrorist attacks they
went to Greece …………. .
4. Ken has a lot of technical skills, ………………… installing and
repairing IT equipment.
5. Everyone ………….....… my brother decided to travel by plane.
6. I studied modern languages; …………………… , I attended an
interpreting course.
7. Rob likes surfing the Internet. ………..…………. , he spends
3 - 4 hours a day searching information.
8. He’s your partner …………..……….. , so you can’t ignore him.

137
 GLOSSARY

accede vb. a adera, a accede

accession n. aderare
achieve vb. a realiza, a îndeplini
additional adj. suplimentar
address vb. a rezolva,
advance vb. a avansa, a propune
affairs n. afaceri (externe)
agreement n. acord, înţelegere
aid n. ajutor financiar, asistenţă
aim (at) vb. a ţinti, a urmări să
ally vb. a se alia cu, a intra în alianţă
apparent adj. evident
appoint vb. a numi (în funcţie), a desemna
approach n. abordare
appropriate adj. adecvat, corespunzător
area n. zonă ; domeniu
assembly n. adunare
assignment n. misiune, sarcină
assist (with) vb. a ajuta (cu), a acorda asistenţă
attain vb. a atinge
attempt n. încercare
attend vb. a participa, a urma
average adj. mediu, de mijloc
back vb. a susţine, a ajuta
balance n. echilibru
benefit (from) vb. a beneficia de
better vb. a îmbunătăţi
binding adj. obligatoriu
blueprint n. proiect, schiţă
broad adj. larg, amplu; de ansamblu
business (pl. businesses) n. afacere, întreprindere
capability n. capacitate
carry out vb. a îndeplini, a efectua, a realiza
carte blanche cec în alb
cease vb. a înceta, a (se) opri
cease-fire n. încetare a focului
cement vb. a cimenta, a întări
chair vb. a prezida (o şedinţă, un comitet)
chair/chairman/ chairperson n. preşedinte
chancellor n. cancelar
138
chargé d’affaires n. însărcinatul cu afaceri
charter n. cartă
citizenship n. cetăţenie
close adj. strâns
coerce vb. a constrânge
coercive adj. coercitiv, impus
coin vb. a crea un cuvânt nou
combat vb. a combate, a lupta
commencement n. început
commit (oneself) vb. a (se) angaja să, a-şi lua
angajamentul, a (se) dedica
commissioner n. comisar (al Comisiei Europene)
competence n. competenţă, atribuţie
complaint n. plângere, reclamaţie
complete vb. a completa, a termina
comprise vb. a conţine, a cuprinde
compulsory adj. obligatoriu
conceive vb. a concepe, a crea, a gândi
concern n. preocupare, îngrijorare
conclude vb. a încheia (tratate, înţelegeri)
conduct vb. a efectua, a desfăşura, a purta, a
conduce
consist of vb. a consta din /în
constraint n. constrângere, limitare
convene vb. a se întruni ; a convoca
cope (with) vb. a face faţă (la)
coup d’état n. lovitură de stat
counterpart n. contrapondere; omolog
currency n. monedă naţională
current adj. actual, prezent
curriculum n. programă
customs adj. vamal
customs n. vamă
deadline n. termen-limită
deal with vb. a se ocupa de
deepen vb. a adânci, a aprofunda
defence n. apărare
defend vb. a apăra
deployment n. desfăşurare de forţe
depository păstrător
deputy n. adjunct
determined adj. hotărât
139
 deterrence n. descurajare
diminish vb. a diminua
dispute n. diferend, dispută, conflict
divide n. diviziune, demarcaţie
domestic adj. intern, naţional, din ţară
draft vb. a redacta, a elabora
duty n. taxă (vamală)
earn vb. a câştiga, a dobândi
elect vb. a alege
embody vb. a reprezenta, a întruchipa
embrace vb. a cuprinde
emergence n. apariţie
emerging adj. emergent
emphasis n. accent, subliniere
enable vb. a permite, a crea condiţii
enact vb a vota o lege, a legifera
encompass vb. a cuprinde, a acoperi
endeavour n. efort, străduinţă, încercare
enforce vb. a aplica (legea), a impune
enhance vb. a mări, a creşte , a spori
enlargement n. extindere
ensure vb. a se asigura; a lua măsuri
environment n. mediu înconjurător
envoy n. trimis
equate (with) vb. a fi echivalent (cu)
excellency n. excelenţă (titlu folosit pentru
ambasador)
exercise vb. a exercita
expand vb. a (se) extinde
expenditure n. cheltuieli
expenses n. cheltuieli
extend vb. a extinde, a prelungi; a oferi
extra adj. în plus, suplimentar
face vb. a se confrunta cu
fail vb. a eşua, a rata
fait accompli fapt împlinit
focus n. centru de interes
follow vb. a urma, a respecta
foreign adj. extern
forerunner n. predecesor, înaintaş
former adj. fost
foundation n. fundament
140
framework n. cadru
further vb. a contribui la, a promova
genuine adj. real, veritabil
goal n. scop
goods n. bunuri
grant vb. a acorda; a îndeplini (o cerere)
growth n. creştere
halt n. oprire, încetare, blocaj
handle vb. a trata, a se ocupa de
head n. şef
hold vb. a ţine (o conferinţă)
human rights drepturile omului
impose (oneself) vb. a (se) impune
inception n. început
income n. venit
inter alia printre altele
interim adj. interimar, provizoriu
involve vb. a (se) implica; a presupune
issue n. chestiune
issue vb. a emite, a edita, a face public
joint adj. comun
just adj. just
lasting adj. durabil
leading adj. principal, de frunte, de vârf
likewise adv. în mod similar
link n. legătură
maintain vb. a menţine
maintenance n. întreţinere
maladministration n. proastă administrare, nereguli
manifold adj. multiplu
means (pl. means) n. mijloc
meet vb. a îndeplini, a satisface (condiţii, etc.)
membership n. calitate de membru; componenţă
merchandise n. mărfuri
monitoring n. monitorizare
mutual adj. reciproc
notably adv. (în mod) deosebit/ special
observe vb. a respecta (legi, tradiţii)
occur vb. a avea loc, a se produce
(in) office n. funcţie, exerciţiu
otherwise adv. altfel, în alte privinţe
outbreak n. izbucnire
141
 output n. rezultat, producţie
overall adj. general, global
oversee vb. a supraveghea, a monitoriza
peace building n. construirea păcii
peace enforcement n. impunerea păcii
peaceful adj. paşnic
peacekeeping n. menţinerea păcii
peacemaking n. restabilirea păcii
perform vb. a efectua, a îndeplini
perilously adv. periculos
pillar n. pilon
pledge vb. a angaja, a promite
policy (pl. policies) n. politică (politici)
pose vb. a pune, a expune
post vb. a numi într-un post
power n. competenţă, putere
preserve vb. a păstra, a menţine
preside vb. a prezida, a conduce
primary adj. principal
project vb. a estima
provide vb. a asigura, a se îngriji de
provision n. prevedere (într-o lege)
pursue vb. a urmări, a căuta (să realizeze)
quota n. cotă
reach n. sferă de influenţă, domeniu
reach vb. a atinge, a ajunge la
regulation n. regulament, reglementare
related adj. legat (de), asociat, conex
rely on adj. a se baza pe
removal n. îndepărtare, eliminare
request n. cerere, solicitare
requirement n. cerinţă
rescue n. salvare
resign vb. a demisiona
resolution n. rezolvare; rezoluţie
resolve vb. a rezolva
resort to vb. a recurge la
revenue n. venit
review vb. a trece în revistă, a analiza
root n. rădăcină
rule vb. a conduce; a da o decizie
ruling adj. conducător, predominant
142
ruling n. decizie (judecătorească)
safeguard vb. a apăra, a salvgarda
schedule n. orar, program, grafic
seat n. sediu; loc (într-o organizaţie)
secure vb. a asigura, a garanta, a consolida
seek, sought, sought vb. a căuta, a urmări
sensible adj. raţional, conştient
settlement n. soluţionare
share vb. a împărtăşi, a avea în comun
shift vb. a schimba
single adj. unic
sovereign adj. suveran
spectrum (of) n. gamă (de)
statement n. declaraţie
strengthen vb. a întări
strike vb. a intra în grevă
submit vb. a înainta/a supune spre aprobare
subsequent adj. ulterior
subsidy n. subvenţie
summit n. întâlnire la vârf
supplies n. provizii
sustainable adj. durabil
task n. operaţie (militară), misiune
tête-à-tête n. intâlnire (între patru ochi)
throughout prep. pe tot cuprinsul; pe toată durata
tie vb. a lega
tirelessly adv. neobosit
trade n. comerţ, schimb de mărfuri
treaty n. tratat
trusteeship tutelă
twofold adj. dublu
uphold vb. a susţine
valid adj. valabil, legal, în vigoare
value vb. a aprecia, a estima
via prep. prin
visionary n. vizionar
wage n. salariu
warfare n. conducerea războiului
warn vb. a avertiza
world(wide) adj. mondial
worldwide adv. la nivel mondial, în întreaga
lume
143
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.unicef.org/
http://portal.unesco.org/en/
http://www.interedu.com/include.php3?file=mbda0000
http://www.jef-europe.net/index.php?id=1622
http://www.nato.int/docu/
www.cdep.ro/
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpho/dpko/index.asp
http://www.weu.int/
http:/www.un.org/aboutun/
http://www.wto.org/

Bondrea Emilia, Ştefan Rodica, Dicţionar explicativ poliglot de termeni

comunitari, Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine, Bucureşti, 2006.
Louise Hashemi, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press,
1995.
Paul Emerson, Grammar Builder, Macmillan ELT, 2002.
Lilja Vilkanciene, Integration into International Organisations, Alma Littera,
1998.
Michael Vince, Intermediate Language Practice, Macmillan ELT, 2003.

144
Pg. 9

See the key answers at page … . Check your answers and

see how you rank:
Õ 11-15: well done
Õ6-10: quite good
Õ0-5: not so good.
Anyway, in the following units you are going to find the
answers to some of these questions and much more information and
useful elements about international relations.

NOTE: The tasks under the WRITING CORNER and PROJECT

sections of each unit are only to be done by the full-time students.

KEY ANSWERS:
1c 2b 3b 4a 5c 6a 7b 8c 9a 10b 11a 12c 13b 14c 15b

p. 26

hTask 4 Fill in the gaps with the words in the box:

chairman chancellor deputy head

leader president secretary-general

1. Helmut Kohl became the first chancellor of a united

Germany in 1990.
2. I’m acting as …………………. while the boss is away.
3. My moral duty as …………………. of the United Nations is
to do everything possible to avoid war.
4. The …………….. of the G8 countries have met to discuss
further changes in the world economy.
5. The Vice-…………….. of the United States also leads the
Senate.
6. He was elected as ………………… of the new organization.
7. The European Council is a meeting of the ………….. of state
or government of the European Union.

P. 33 Task 9 …..Use such phrases as: to consist of, to be made

up of, to include, to fall into (types /groups/ categories).

Pg. 65

hTask 5 Put the in each space or leave the space blank (zero
article):
1. ___ Hague, ___ administrative capital of ___ Netherlands is
host to several institutions of ___ United Nations, e.g. ___
International Court of Justice.
2. The motto of ___ European Union is “United in ___
diversity”.
3. ___ United Kingdom has not adopted ___ euro yet.
4. ___ Danube, ___ second-longest river in ___ Europe, flows
through four capitals.
5. Among ___ largest islands in ___ Mediterranean are ___
Cyprus in ___ east and ___ Baleares in ___ west.
6. ___ Queen Mary 2 is ___ largest cruise ship in ___ world.

Pg. 80
hTask 5 Fill in the blanks with the following Latin and French
expressions:

attaché, carte blanche, chargé d’affaires, coup d’état,

envoy, fait accompli, inter alia, interim, tête-à-tête

1. An ……….. government was set up for the period before the

country’s first free election.
2. They gave the contractor …………… to use whatever
materials he thought necessary.
3. The military ………….. took part in the celebration of the
national day.
4. He was appointed ………….. in the absence of the
ambassador.
5. The UN special …………. has engaged the Burmese regime
in negotiation toward dialogue.
6. The policy change was presented to us as a …………,
without consultation or discussion.
7. The committee recommended, ………….., that he be
promoted as Chief Executive Officer.
8. The two leaders had a …………. meeting on delicate matters
of politics.
9. The army attempted to stage a ……………… against the
elected government.

Pg. 84

hTask 3 Give the opposites of the words in italics:

1. Productivity grew in the first 6 months. fell

2. Exchange rates did not increase last month. _______
3. Oil prices have risen significantly this year. _______
4. They raised the tariffs for the imported goods. ________
5. The GDP went up by 7.8 per cent last year. _______
6. The inflation has jumped to 9.6% in summer. ____
hTask 4 Change the sentences below according to the model:

1. The number of students grew sharply.

There was a sharp growth in the number of students.
2. Unemployment has declined slowly over the last months.
…………………………………………………………
3. Foreign investments have increased steadily.
…………………………………………………………
4. The employment in services will rise dramatically.
…………………………………………………………
5. Exports of goods dropped rapidly in 2005.
…………………………………………………………
6. The price of gold may fall slightly next year.
…………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR
Unit 1
p. 94-95
hTask 5 Underline the correct form of the verb in each pair in
italics:

1. Alison is staying / stays with her parents in Dover.

2. Alison is staying / stays with her sister in London for a
week.
3. When is she arriving/ does she arrive in Dublin?
4. When is she usually arriving /does she usually arrive at
home in the evening?
5. I am getting / get better results at golf as times goes by.
6. I’ll give you an answer as soon as I am getting / get the
results.
7. He is not understanding / does not understand what I am
saying.
8. He is listening / listens attentively while I am explaining.
9. What are doing / do you do? ~ I’m a diplomat.
10. What are doing / do you do? ~ I’m doing some tests.

Modals
Pg. 125-6

hTask 5a Match the sentences in column A with their “more

diplomatic” rephrasing in B.
A B
1. Can we meet again a. There might be a small delay.
tomorrow?
2. That’ll be very b. Perhaps we could meet again
expensive. tomorrow?
3. We have a problem. c. Could I just interrupt for a moment?
4. Can I interrupt for a d. Could I just go back to the point
moment? about terms?
5. Can I go back to the e. It seems we have a slight problem.
point about terms?
6. There’ll be a delay. f. Won’t that be quite expensive?

hTask 5b Rewrite these phrases to make them more diplomatic:

1. That will be difficult. ..……………………….……….

2. I want to make a change in …………………………………
the plan. ……………………………...….
3. Can I finish what I was …………………………………
saying? …………………………….…...
4. We won’t meet the ………………………………….
deadline. ………………………………….
5. Your proposal is not good. ……………………………….…
6. I need more time for that. ……………………………….…

UNIT 7
p. 135
hTask 5 Fill in the blanks with a reporting verb in the box:

admit announce declare deny deplore insist reaffirm

1. The Prime Minister ……….. that she was about to resign.

2. The leaders ………….. that they entirely support the new
peace proposal.
3. The High Commissioner for Human Rights …………. all
violence against children.
4. The government today …………….. that it is committed
to the current peace process.
5. The Justice Minister ………………. that the new law was
difficult to enforce.
6. The trade union ………………. that employees needed
better working conditions.
7. The Finance Minister …………….. that public spending
would be increased the next year.
Comparison
hTask 1 Correct the spelling of the following adjectives where
necessary:

biger ..bigger...
tallest …3….
fater …….
smalest …….
newer …….
heavyer …….
slimer …….
longest …….
widder …….
wetter …….
happiest …….
shyier …….
hTask 2 Fill in each space with one suitable word:

1. The report you sent is as good as the previous one.

2. I’ve just visited one of ____ ____ famous museums in Paris.
3. Nobody knows ____ about consulting ____ this expert ____.
4. It’s very good, you results are ____ ____ correct ____ your
colleagues’.
5. What a boring conference! It’s one of ____ ____ interesting
I’ve ever attended.
6. You bought ____ material ____ I need. Now I have to go and
buy some ____.

hTask 3 Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning

and contains the word given in bold.

1. The proposal they made last time was more relevant that this.
as
…This proposal is not as relevant as the last one. ..
1. The bank is nearer to the hotel than the post office.
farther
………………………………………………………….
3. The reply to my letter arrived later than I expected.
as
…………………………………………………………
4. The debate over the budget was much longer than over
regulations.
less
…………………………………………………………..
5. The committee is not as much concerned with plans as the
commission is.
more
……………………………………………………………..
 REVISION
hTask 3 Complete each sentence with a word/phrase from the box.

actually after all besides this except for

in fact instead personally such as

1. People think the manager is cold and distant, but

……………… she is easy-going and friendly.
2. …………………… , I think this is the right faculty for you.
3. They were going to visit Egypt, but after the terrorist attacks
they went to Greece …………. .
4. Ken has a lot of technical skills, ………………… installing
and repairing IT equipment.
5. Everyone ………….....… my brother decided to travel by
plane.
6. I studied modern languages; …………………… , I attended an
interpreting course.
7. Rob likes surfing the Internet. ………..…………. , he spends
3 - 4 hours a day searching information.
8. He’s your partner …………..……….. , so you can’t ignore
him.

hTask 4 Choose the figure that corresponds to the error in each

sentence. It is possible that there is no error. Then correct the
mistake.

A. Before anyone makes a decision, he weighs all of the

1 2
alternatives and chose the best. (correct: chooses)
3 4

B. Although I cannot see you, I can hear you good.

1 2 3 4

C. People who work long hours probably like their job a lot.
1 2 3 4

D. As food prices are rising, more and more people turn to

1 2
farming and most of them enjoy it.
3 4

E. Don’t rise your hand unless you plan to speak in favour of the
1 2 3 4
proposal.
F. The news on TV is not always interesting, on the contrary,
1 2 3
I sometimes get boring.
4
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.unicef.org/
http://portal.unesco.org/en/
http://www.interedu.com/include.php3?file=mbda0000
http://www.jef-europe.net/index.php?id=1622
http://www.nato.int/docu/
www.cdep.ro/
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpho/dpko/index.asp
http://www.weu.int/
http:/www.un.org/aboutun/
http://www.wto.org/

Bondrea Emilia, Ştefan Rodica, Dicţionar explicativ poliglot de termeni comunitari, Editura
Fundaţiei România de Mâine, Bucureşti, 2006.
Louise Hashemi, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Paul Emerson, Grammar Builder, Macmillan ELT, 2002.
*** Integration into International Organisations, Alma Littera, 1998.
Michael Vince, Intermediate Language Practice, Macmillan ELT, 2003.