17th International Middle East Power Systems Conference, Mansoura University, Egypt, December 15-17, 2015
Numerical Simulation of Electric Field and Potential
Distribution of Medium Voltage Cables using
OctaveFEMM
Mohamed EL-Adawy and Magdi El-Saadawi
Electrical Engineering Department
Mansoura University
Mansoura 35516, EGYPT
madawy@mans.edu.eg, m_saadawi@mans.edu.eg
Abstract - Underground cables play an essential role in delivering
electric power to the distribution system from the generation
system to serve customers. Electrical insulation is the backbone
of the power cable and its state is usually used to reflect the
healthy condition of this cable. The dielectric response of the
insulation system has always been a subject of interest due to
variety of stresses, which the cable insulation has to be
continuously exposed. It is well recognized that the electric field
distribution is the dominant factor in the initiation of cable
insulation failure process. The investigation of electric field and
potential distribution inside the cable allows the identification of
local field enhancement which may leads to local breakdown of
the insulation. In this paper, the finite element simulation
technique is used to evaluate the electric field inside both the
single and three phase power cables. The investigation is done
through modeling a medium voltage cable using open source
Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) software with octave
in order to investigate several areas of importance, not solvable
using analytical techniques such as void content and location in
the insulation material. The simulations are very controlled and
so allowed fine realistic details to be added to the model. Finally,
the simulations results are compared to that obtained with
commercial multiphysics software through literature review.
Index Terms – Finite element, Underground cables, Electric
field, Potential distribution, FEMM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today the world is facing a great challenge due to
deregulation and growing demand of electrical power.
Optimum power flow in proper environmental conditions and
on commercial terms has increased the responsibilities of the
power utilities. So its utilities work to provide most effective,
environment-friendly, reliable and optimal power to
consumer. Electric power can be transported from generating
stations to load areas by underground cables [1]. The growing
demand of electric power has led utilities to analyze
underground power distribution system considering their
reliability, liability, maintenance and installation cost.
Sufficiently accurate input parameters are, in general, more
difficult to obtain for cable systems than for overhead lines as
the small geometrical distances make the cable parameters
Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz
Department of Testing
North Delta Electricity Distribution Company
Mansoura 35516, EGYPT
mohamedelectrical@yahoo.com
highly sensitive to errors in the specified geometry. Accurate
assessment of cable insulation conditions can be achieved by
implementing advanced diagnostic and simulation techniques
that assist the measurement and monitoring the properties
related to the failure of the insulation system [2, 3].
Numerical modeling of the cables offers an elegant way to
study both the electric and magnetic fields inside them, to
identify critical spots, improve design, type of insulation
material and to reduce manufacturing costs [4-8]. However,
different voltage levels of cables are in use, most often with
capacitive/geometric, refractive or resistive control of the
electric field inside the cable [2]. The insulation is normally
made of a dielectric material, typically polymeric materials.
One of the major problems, which shorten the life of medium
high voltage cables, is the presence of artificially defected
sites within the insulation material of the cables. A repetition
of partial discharge (PD) may be also occurred when the
electric field exceeds the electrical insulation strength of these
sites [9-11]. The simulation of the electric field and potential
distribution within the cable core can provide a simple tool to
locate the electrical stress that could be harmful to the system
over the long term of operation.
Accordingly, the goal of this work is to reduce the
possibility of individual error by offering a computational
numerical simulation for the single phase and/also three phase
cables. A Finite Element simulation model using
octaveFEMM [12] has been constructed in order to investigate
the electric field distribution inside them. The model has been
used to investigate several areas of importance, not solvable
using analytical techniques. The finite element model, allowed
very repetitive models to be tested, with only minor changes
being made each time. The simulations are very controlled and
so allowed fine realistic detail, to be added to the model. The
combination of effects with regards to the cable breakdown is
a key area under consideration, which needs further detailed
investigation and experimentation.
Nevertheless, there are benefits to be derived from
computational models, particularly when they are calibrated
with empirical results. Although precision is unattainable,
much information about the trends and relative performances
 17th International Middle East Power Systems Conference, Mansoura University, Egypt, December 15-17, 2015
of various systems and operating condition may be obtained.
A computational model may provide such information without
the expense and effort required for the implementation of a
physical model. Furthermore, some parameters of the physical
model, such as the electrical field distribution, may not be
measurable to the desired resolution without significantly
disturbing the system.
II. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SIMULATION
A. System geometry and Electrostatic Equations
A finite element software octaveFEMM was used to
simulate the electric field in simplified two-dimensional single
phase XLPE cable model geometry as shown in Fig. 1. It
represents a half section of a single phase cable of length l,
based on the assumption that there is symmetry about the
spacers. The conductor surface has a radius r1, while the
radius of inner screen is denoted r2. The cable insulation has a
radius r3, while the outer screen and grounded metallic sheath
are defined by the radii r4 and r5, respectively. Furthermore,
air filled void is introduced inside the cable insulation in order
to investigate the effect of void presence on the electric field
distribution.
The model is solved for a non-degraded system
configuration as a base for further analysis. In this case, the
mesh of minimum size near the boundaries has of importance
that it has a high impact on the simulation results, where the
gradients are very high. A parametric study has been done on
the size of this mesh to minimize the error difference between
two consecutive calculated electric field intensities at the
boundary for each corresponding sizes of mesh. However, the
error difference in our case was in the order of 10-4 % (or less)
of the electric field intensity at boundary surface. Furthermore,
with this percentage of error, there are not any considerable
differences on the calculated electric field distributions in the
bulk of insulation material.
The electric field distribution E in a typical cable
construction is described by the negative gradient of scalar
potential as follows:
E  V . (1)
The equation of constitutive relationship between the
electric field E and electric field density for the insulation
material, in terms of relative permittivity of the insulation and
free space, are given by:
D   o r E . (2)
sheath
screen1
XLPE
xlpe
r3
screen
r4
copper
r2
r5 r1
Fig. 1 Half cross section through the single phase XLPE cable model, with
generated mesh (darker regions have high grid densities).
where o is the permittivity of free space, r is the relative
permittivity of insulation material, and D is the electric
displacement of the conductor which is proportional to the
applied voltage to the conductor. A general formulation for the
Poisson’s scalar equation can be derived by considering the
Gauss’s law which involves the free charge relation with the
electric displacement as:
v
2V   . (3)

v is the free volume charge density in C/m3. The charge
density in the insulation can be neglected due to its small
amount as well as in the void due to its small size in
comparison to the size of cable insulation. Therefore, the
scalar potential is expressed by Laplace’s equation as:
 2V  2V
2V   0. (4)
x 2 y 2
Equation (4) will be used to calculate the electric field
inside the cable insulation and the air-filled void-defect by
using the finite element octaveFEMM software in terms of
boundary conditions [5, 12].
B. Boundary Conditions
In addition to the electrostatic equations describing the
distribution of the electric field in the bulk of the cable, the
boundary conditions are critically important. For the model
described here, spatial boundary conditions were needed for
the conductor surface, insulation medium interfaces and the
outer sheath. The boundary condition of the relationship of
interfaces between two different mediums for the electrostatic
model can be mathematically expressed as:
n  D1  D2    s .
(5)
s is the surface charge density in C/m2, nD1 and nD2 are the
normal components of the electric field density of any two
different mediums in the model. Due to the cable applications,
Dirichlet conditions [5] have been imposed on both the
conductor surface and outer sheath which enables to fix the
value of the potential at the border as follow:
V r1   Vc & V r5   0 . (6)
On the discontinuous surfaces of the metallic sheath boundary,
the normal component of the electric displacement D is
applied as follow:
n  D1  D2   0 . (7)
III. COMPARISON OF MODEL SIMULATION WITH
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
The basic constructive and electrical parameters of a 15
kV single phase XLPE cable [4] are summarized in Table 1.
Semiconductive layers can be taken into account by replacing
the semiconductors with the insulating material of the main
insulation, and increasing the permittivity of the total
 17th International Middle East Power Systems Conference, Mansoura University, Egypt, December 15-17, 2015

TABLE I
CONSTRUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF A SINGLE PHASE XLPE CABLE [4].
Relative
Element Radius
permittivity
Copper conductor radius 5 mm 1.0
Radius of inner screen of conductor 6 mm 3.3
Cable insulation radius 11 mm 2.3
Screen of insulation 12 mm 3.3
Cable sheath 12.5 mm 1.0

insulation so that the electric capacitance between the core and

sheath remains unchanged. The validity of this approach has
been verified by measurements up to at least 1 MHZ [13, 14].
The actual conversion of the permittivity is done as follows:

ln r4 / r1 
 rsemi   r . (8) Fig. 3 Comparison of results for FEMM simulation and analytical generated
ln r3 / r2  electric field distribution.

Fig. 2 shows the electric field and equipotential conductors and prevent corona discharge at the surface of the
distribution within the cable using octaveFEMM simulation in stranded conductors and the insulation by maintaining close
accordance with the generated mesh in Fig. 1 and the contact between the inner and outer surface of the insulation
summarized parameters in Table I. As expected, the maximum [3]. They also provide protection during short circuit against
electric field value is around the inner surface of insulation damages caused by the heating of the conductor. In power
and reduces towards its outer surface where the electric field is cables, conducting carbon black-filled ethylene copolymers,
null inside the conductor cross section. However, the electric such as ethylene vinyl acetate and ethylene ethyl acrylate, are
filed at any distance x within the insulation of the cable can be commonly used as a semiconducting layer [1, 3].
determined analytically by the expression: IV. EFFECT OF VOID IN THE INSULATION MATERIAL
V It is well recognized [8] that the combined effect of the
Ex  . (9)
x ln r3 / r2  different stresses which exist in operating distribution cables,
such as mechanical, thermal and electrical stress, will
where V is the potential at the inner surface of the insulation influence the cable insulation life. The combination of the
which differs from the applied voltage due to the effect of stresses can lead to formation of gas filled voids in the
inner screen. However, the electric field in any other zone of insulation, with temperature being the parameter most likely to
the cable cross section can be determined by (9) with taking affect aging of the underground cable insulation. A gas-filled
into consideration the corresponding potential and radii of the void has lower permittivity and breakdown strength than those
considered zone. Fig. 3 shows a comparison between both of the original insulation material. PD is initiated when the
analytical and simulation results which ensures a close electric field across the cavity exceeds the gas breakdown
agreement between them. Semiconducting materials in power strength and an initiating electron is present [15, 16].
cables have been applied in order to prevent PD at the To highlight the effect of void content, an artificial void
interfaces between the insulation and conductor and between of unit permittivity and 0.5 mm in diameter has been
the insulation and external shielding layer, as well as to introduced in the insulation zone of the cable under test which
moderate the electrical stress in the insulation layer. They has been considered in Fig. 1 with the same parameters in
provide a uniform electric field around the cable insulation by Table I. Fig. 4 shows the simulation of the electric field
reducing the potential gradient over the surface of the stranded distribution inside the cable, which contains a void that has
been developed in middle point of the insulation material. Fig.
5 shows a comparison of the electric field distribution in the
2.993e+006 : >3.151e+006
2.835e+006 : 2.993e+006
2.678e+006 : 2.835e+006
insulation material in two cases; with and without void
2.520e+006 : 2.678e+006
2.363e+006 : 2.520e+006
2.205e+006 : 2.363e+006
2.048e+006 : 2.205e+006
1.890e+006 : 2.048e+006
existence. As shown from Figs. 4 and 5, the void leads to the
1.733e+006 : 1.890e+006
1.575e+006 : 1.733e+006
1.418e+006 : 1.575e+006
1.260e+006 : 1.418e+006
1.103e+006 : 1.260e+006
9.452e+005 : 1.103e+006
7.876e+005 : 9.452e+005
6.301e+005 : 7.876e+005
4.726e+005 : 6.301e+005
3.151e+005 : 4.726e+005
1.575e+005 : 3.151e+005
<0.000e+000 : 1.575e+005
Density Plot: |E|, V/m

Fig. 2 Electric field and equipotential distribution within the cable Fig. 4 Electric field distribution in case of cable has a void.
 17th International Middle East Power Systems Conference, Mansoura University, Egypt, December 15-17, 2015
Fig. 5 Comparison of the electric field distribution in the insulation
material with and without void.
disturbance of the electric field distribution and the electric
field magnitude inside the cavity is higher than the
surrounding insulation due to the lower permittivity in the
void which leads to higher electric field in the insulation
material and hence more stresses at the location of the void
which decreases the breakdown strength of the insulation
material. However, the electric field is lowest on the cavity
surface areas closest to the electrodes; the charge is
concentrated there because the applied field is almost
perpendicular to the cavity surface. When the maximum stress
at the void exceeds certain level, the electron avalanche during
a discharge event occurs which can be considered as the main
component of the PD event which can lead to insulation
breakdown [11, 15]. Hence, the analysis of stress values inside
the cable insulation with and without void in necessary from
both PD study and life of the cable points of view.
The maximum stress inside the void can be changed
according to the size, shape and location of the void inside the
insulation material [16]. However, our tool provides an
efficient way to study all of those parameters without either
the expense of multiphysics codes or the effort required for the
complicated analytical solution.
Fig. 6 shows the electric field distribution starting from
the inner conductor towards the rest of cable cross section, as
a function of distance from the central axis, for variable
Fig. 6 Electric field distribution for different diameters of cavities
located at the center of insulation.
Fig. 7 The electric field magnitude at the cavity center versus cavity
diameter.
spherical cavity diameter dv located at the center of insulation
material. Fig. 7 shows the electric field magnitude at the
cavity center as a function of spherical cavity diameter located
at the center of insulation material. It is clear that, increasing
the cavity diameter reduces slightly the electric field
magnitude due to the increasing influence of the conductor,
which reduces the field at cavity surface. There is a
corresponding reduction in the electric field near the cavity-
dielectric boundary, because the charge density is reduced due
to the proximity of the conductor. Additionally, we can
observe from Fig. 7 that the higher the field intensity in the
dielectric the smaller the size of the void may be for a
discharge free operation of the cable [16].
Fig. 8 shows the electric field distribution of a 0.5 mm
diameter spherical cavity, as a function of cavity center
location rv within the insulation material. The closer the cavity
to the conductor the higher the electric field magnitude in the
cavity, which emphasizes the imporatnce of the cavity position
inside the cable insulation. If the embedded gas in the cavities
is mailny air at atmospheric pressure (which obiously could be
affceted by a temperature gradient), the critical field necessary
to the apparition of the PD in the cavity is supposed to be
about 3 kV/mm (dielectric stregnth of air) [2]. The graphical
representaions from Figs. 7 and 8 show that the electric field
sharply increase inside the cavity and may exceed this critical
value of breakdown field for both cavity positions and
diameters. However, similar results with our tool can be
Fig. 8 Electric field distribution versus different void location within the
insulation material. Void diameter =0.5 mm.
 17th International Middle East Power Systems Conference, Mansoura University, Egypt, December 15-17, 2015

obtained when changing the location and size of an elliptic This valid assumption since in the case of stranded
void inside the insulation material. conductors, a conductor shield (consisting of carbon or
metallized paper tapes) is employed to eliminate any stress
V. THREE PHASE THREE CORE BELTED CABLES
concentrations that may arise due to the small radii of
Three phase cables essentially consist of three single core individual strand wires [20]. The metallic sheath in such
cables which are contained in a common shell. The insulation cables consists of a lead sheath with or without an additional
system of each single core cable can be extruded insulation or insulation shield formed by applications of a non-magnetic
on paper-oil. Most cable designs can be differentiated into two metallic tape, a metallized paper tape or a semiconducting
designs according to the existence of metallic sheath tape. In this work, this sheath is treated as a perfect conductor
surrounding each single core cable or not. The space between for the purpose of field computations. The cable dimensions
the single core cables and the enclosing pipe is filled by a and characteristics are taken from data sheets of older
composition of insulating materials [14] to provide sufficient generations of three phase 150 mm2-11 kV cable. The general
insulation to withstand the phase voltage between each form of the cable construction can be shown in Fig. 9 with the
conductor and the metallic sheath. generated meshes in different zones with the same principle
A serious difficulty that occurs with belted cables is due discussed above. The potential of the cores has the following:
to the electric field distribution throughout the insulation. The
electric field is no longer radial to the conductor as in the case v(t )  Vo sin t  2n / 3, n  0,1,2 . (10)
of single core cable as shown before. The insulation is weaker
under a tangential electric field than under a radial field. where  is the angular frequency in rad/s , n is the phase
Therefore, in belted cables there is a tendency for leakage sequence value and t is considered to be /2 which can be
currents to flow along the layers under the tangential changed according to the required instant. Fig. 10 (a) shows
component of the field. Subsequently, heat is generated which the potential distribution and the equipotential lines within the
may eventually lead to breakdown. However, due to the
difficulty in calculation of electric field in such three core
belted cable boundary conditions, it can be calculated either
experimentally or analytically by using empirical formulas or
suitable mathematical approximations [17-19].
OctaveFEMM offers a simple and accurate platform to
simulate accurately such distribution without those
complications. The model system considered in this section is
a three-core XLPE covered cable of belted construction
without metallic sheath surrounding each single core cable as
shown in Fig. 9. In belted cables, the insulation consists of
three main parts; conductor insulation, belt insulation and the
filling material in the interstice between the cores. The filler is
normally impregnated jute fiber or paper which is expected to
have a similar permittivity. Therefore, for the purpose of
calculations, it is assumed that the insulating material
(a) Potential distribution and equipotential lines of three phase cable.
surrounding the cable conductors in Fig. 9 are uniform. It is
further assumed that the conductors are smooth and circular.
Belt Insulation Filler Insulation

Core Insulation
(b) Electric Field distribution in three phase cable.
Fig. 9 Three phase XLPE cable, with generated mesh. Fig. 10 Three phase 11 kV three cores belted underground cable.
 17th International Middle East Power Systems Conference, Mansoura University, Egypt, December 15-17, 2015
cable cross section, while Fig 10 (b) shows the electric field
distribution with the peak value energized at the lower
conductor. As shown, the stress distribution becomes more
and more nonuniform as the conductors are brought nearer to
each other in the three core belted cable. The stresses around
the insulation of each core and on the inside of belt insulation
vary with t. The location of maximum occurs at a point in
the core insulation (interface of core insulation with fillers and
belt insulation) along the line joining the cable center and core
center for that core which is at its peak potential. The
intersecting observation is that the cable center will not
experience the maximum stress and as expected will be of
constant magnitude [18]. Therefore, the calculation of electric
field in a three core cable is very important for the proper
design and the safe operation of power cables. With this
interactive determination of the magnitude of the electric field
and its spatial distribution within the cable, it is possible to set
a limit on the voltage rating for a given insulation thickness, or
alternatively, for a given voltage rating the optimum insulation
thickness to be used in the construction of cables may be
determined. However, the simulated electric field and
potential distributions within the cable by the present tool
agree very well with the reported simulated results [8, 17-19].
Hence, the octaveFEMM provides an elegant way to
determine the stress distribution inside the cable cross section
at any point and at any instant of three phase waveform.
V. CONCLUSIONS
One of the most important parameters which control the
healthy condition of medium voltage cables is the electric field
distribution within its core. To date, this process is still under
investigation. In an attempt at contributing this investigation,
an octaveFEMM numerical simulation is proposed in order to
provide a simple tool for locating the electrical stress that
could be harmful to the cable insulation over the long term of
operation. The electrostatic simulation showed a map of the
electric field strength within medium voltage XLPE insulation
either for a single or three phase cables. The simulated results
were strongly agreed with that obtained with commercial
multiphysics software through literature review.
However, the insights obtained from the simulation reveal
the cause for the evolution of parameters in a way that no
existing instrumentation could. Furthermore, the simulation
also allows one to examine a wide range of parameters in
underground cables; material characteristics, manufacturing
defects and field distribution that would require much more
time and expense to investigate experimentally.
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