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Class XI P REPARED BY :
E R . V INEET L OOMBA
(B.T ECH . IIT R OORKEE ) MATHEMATICS
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1. Basic Trigonometric Identities:
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(A) sin² + cos² = 1; 1 sin 1; 1 cos 1 R
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(B) sec² tan² = 1 ; sec 1 R – 2n 1 , n
2
sin =
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cos =
OP
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sin
tan = cos , cos 0
cos
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1 1
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If is any angle, then 90 ± , 180 ± , 270 ± , 360 ± etc. are called ALLIED ANGLES.
(A) sin ( ) = sin ; cos ( ) = cos
(B) sin (90° ) = cos ;cos (90° ) = sin
(C) sin (90° + ) = cos ;cos (90° + ) = sin
(D) sin (180° ) = sin ;cos (180° ) = cos
(e) sin (180° + ) = sin ;cos (180° + ) = cos
Class (XI) 2
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(B) y = cos x x R; y [ – 1, 1]
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(C) y = tan x x R – (2n + 1)/2, n ; y R
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Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 3
(f) y = sec x x R – (2n + 1)/2, n ; y (, 1] [1, )
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tan A tan B
(e) tan (A ± B) = 1 tan A tan B
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cot A cot B 1
(f) cot (A ± B) = cot B cot A
(g) tan (A + B + C)
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tan A tan B tanCtan A tan B tan C
= 1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A .
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6. Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines:
CD CD
(A) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos
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2 2
CD CD
(B) sinC sinD = 2 cos sin
2 2
CD CD
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CD CD
(D) cosC cosD = 2 sin sin
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2 2
7. Transformation of Products into Sum or Difference of Sines & Cosines:
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Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 4
2 cos² = 1 + cos , 2 sin² = 1 cos .
2 2
2 tan A 2 tan 2
(C) tan 2A = ; tan =
1 tan 2 A 1 tan 2 2
2 tan A 1tan 2 A
(D) sin 2A = , cos 2A =
1 tan 2 A 1 tan2 A
3 tan A tan3 A
(g) tan 3A =
1 3 tan 2 A
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(A) sin n = 0 ; cos n = (1)n ; tan n = 0, where n
3 1 5
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(B) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
12 2 2 12
5 1 5 1
(C) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
10 4 5 4
10. Conditional Identities:
If A + B + C = then :
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2 2 2
A B C
(iv) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B B C C A
(vi) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(vii) cot + cot + cot = cot . cot . cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(viii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
(ix) A+ B + C = then tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
2
Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 5
11. Range of Trigonometric Expression:
E = a sin + b cos
b
E = a 2 b 2 sin ( + ), where tan =
a
a
= a 2 b 2 cos ( ), where tan =
b
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n
sin 2 n 1
cos + cos (+ ) + cos ( + 2 ) +...... + cos n 1 =
sin
cos 2
2
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Trigonometrical Equations
1. DEFINITION
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The equations involving trigonometric function of unknown angles are known as Trigonometric equations
e.g. cos = 0 , cos2 – 4cos =1 , sin2 + sin = 2 , cos2 – 4sin =1
A solution of a trigonometric equation is the value of the unknown angle that satisfies the equation.
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1 3 9 11
e.g., sin or , , , .........
2 4 4 4 4 4
2. PERIODIC FUNCTION
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A function f(x) is said to be periodic if there exists T > 0 such that f(x + T) = f(x) for all x in the domain of
definitions of f(x). If T is the smallest positive real numbers such that f(x + T) = f(x) , then it is called the period of
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f(x)
Since sin (2n + x ) = sinx , cos (2n + x) = cos x ; tan (n + x) = tan x for all n Z
Therefore sinx , cosx and tanx are perodic function, the period of sinx and cos x is 2 and that of tanx is .
Function Period
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sin (ax + b) , cos (ax +b), sec (ax + b) , cosec (ax +b ) 2/a
tan (ax + b), cot (ax +b) /a
| sin (ax + b)| , | cos (ax +b) | , | sec (ax +b) | , | cosec (ax +b ) | /a
| tan (ax + b ) | , | cot (ax +b ) | /2a
Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 6
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If tan2 = tan2 then =n
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sin sin
If cos cos * then =2n+
sin sin
If tan tan *
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then = 2n +
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tan tan
If cos cos * then = 2n +
* If be the least positive value of which statisfy two given trigonometrical equations , then the general value of
will be 2n +
Since, trigonometric functions are periodic, The solution consisting of all possible solutions of a trigonometric
equation is called its general solution.
We use of following results for solving the trigonometric equations ;
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Result 1 : sin = 0 = n , n I .
We know that sin = 0 for all integral multiples of . (by graphical approach)
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=n,n I.
Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 7
Result 2 : cos = 0 = (2n +1) ,n I.
2
We know that cos = 0 for all odd multiples of (by graphical approch)
2
3 5
cos = 0 = , , .......
2 2 2
= (2n +1) ,n I.
2
cos = 0
= (2n+1) ,n I.
2
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Result 3 : tan = 0 = n , n I .
We know that tan = 0 for all integral multiple of .
tan = 0 = 0 , , 2 , 3 , .......
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=n,n I.
tan = 0
= n , n I .
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Result 4 : sin = sin = n + (–1)n , where n I and , .
2 2
We have ,
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sin = sin , where ,
2 2
sin – sin = 0
2 cos sin 2 = 0
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2
cos = 0 or sin 2 = 0
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2
2 = (2m +1) , m I or =m, m I.
2
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2
( + ) = (2m + 1) , m I or ( – ) = 2m , m I
= (2m + 1) – , m I or = (2m ) + , m I
= ( any odd multiple of ) –
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= n + (–1)n , where n I and ,
2 2
Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 8
Result 5 : cos = cos = 2n , n I and [ 0 , ]
We have,
cos = cos , where 0 ,
cos – cos = 0
–2 sin . sin 2 = 0
2
sin = 0 or sin 2 = 0
2
= n or =n,n I.
2 2
+ = 2n or – = 2n , n I
= 2n – or = 2n + , n I
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= 2n , n I
cos = cos
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= 2n , n I , where [ 0 , ]
we have .c
Result 6 : tan = tan = n + , n I where ,
2 2
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tan = tan , where ,
2 2
sin sin
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cos cos
sin cos – cos sin = 0
sin ( – ) = 0
–=n,n I
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=n+,n I
tan = tan
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=n+ where ,
2 2
5. GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATION
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1 cos2 1 cos2
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2 2
cos 2 = cos 2
2 = 2n 2 , n I
=n ,n I
Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 9
2 2
(ii) cos = cos
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
2 2
cos 2 = cos 2
2 = 2n 2 , n I
=n ,n I
(iii) tan2 = tan2
1 tan2 1 tan2
1 tan2 1 tan2
(applying componendo and dividendo)
cos 2 = cos 2
2 = 2n \2 , n I
=n ,n I
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To solve the equation a cos + b sin = c, put a = r cos , b = r sin such that
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r a2 b2 , tan 1
b
a
Substituting these values in the equation we have r cos cos r sin sin = c
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c c
cos cos
r a b2
2
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c
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= cos , so that
a b2
2
cos ( – ) = cos
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2n
2n
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like
cos = cos and sin = sin
so the common solution is = 2n + , n I
Similarly, sin = sin and tan = tan
so the common solution is , =2n+,n I
Rule : Find the common values of between 0 and 2 and then add 2n to this common value
Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 10
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Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)