vineetloomba.

com Theory
Class XI P REPARED BY :
E R . V INEET L OOMBA
(B.T ECH . IIT R OORKEE ) MATHEMATICS

TARGET : JEE Main/Adv Trigonometry

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Trigonometrical Ratios & Identities

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1. Basic Trigonometric Identities:

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(A) sin²  + cos² = 1; 1  sin   1; 1  cos   1    R

.c  
(B) sec²  tan² = 1 ; sec   1    R – 2n  1 , n   
 2

(C) cosec²  cot² = 1 ; cosec   1    R – n , n  



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2. Circular Definition Of Trigonometric Functions:
PM
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sin  =
OP

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cos  =
OP
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sin 
tan  = cos  , cos  0

cos 
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cot  = sin  , sin  0

1 1
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sec  = , cos  0cosec  = , sin  0

cos  sin 

3. Trigonometric Functions Of Allied Angles:

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If  is any angle, then  90 ± , 180 ± , 270 ± , 360 ±  etc. are called ALLIED ANGLES.
(A) sin ( ) =  sin  ; cos ( ) = cos 
(B) sin (90°  ) = cos  ;cos (90°  ) = sin 
(C) sin (90° + ) = cos  ;cos (90° + ) =  sin 
(D) sin (180°  ) = sin  ;cos (180°  ) =  cos 
(e) sin (180° + ) =  sin  ;cos (180° + ) =  cos 
Class (XI) 2

(f) sin (270°  ) =  cos  ;cos (270°  ) =  sin 

(g) sin (270° + ) =  cos  ;cos (270° + ) = sin 
(h) tan (90° ) = cot  ;cot (90° ) = tan 

4. Graphs of Trigonometric functions:

(A) y = sin x x  R; y  [–1, 1]

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(B) y = cos x x  R; y  [ – 1, 1]

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(C) y = tan x x  R – (2n + 1)/2, n  ; y  R
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(D) y = cot x x  R – n , n ; y  R

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(e) y = cosec xx  R – n , n  ; y  (,  1]  [1, )

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Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 3
(f) y = sec x x R – (2n + 1)/2, n  ; y  (,  1]  [1, )

5. Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:

(A) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
(B) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB  sinA sinB
(C) sin²A  sin²B = cos²B  cos²A = sin (A+B). sin (A B)
(D) cos²A  sin²B = cos²B  sin²A = cos (A+B). cos (A  B)

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tan A  tan B
(e) tan (A ± B) = 1  tan A tan B

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cot A cot B  1
(f) cot (A ± B) = cot B  cot A

(g) tan (A + B + C)

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tan A  tan B  tanCtan A tan B tan C
= 1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C tan C tan A .
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6. Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines:
CD CD
(A) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos
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2 2

CD CD
(B) sinC  sinD = 2 cos sin
2 2

CD CD
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(C) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos

2 2

CD CD
(D) cosC  cosD =  2 sin sin
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2 2
7. Transformation of Products into Sum or Difference of Sines & Cosines:
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(A) 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(AB)

(B) 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B)  sin(AB)

(C) 2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(AB)

(D) 2 sinA sinB = cos(AB)  cos(A+B)
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8. Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles :

 
(A) sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA ; sin  = 2 sin cos
2 2
(B) cos 2A = cos²A  sin²A = 2cos²A  1 = 1  2 sin²A;

Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 4
 
2 cos² = 1 + cos , 2 sin² = 1  cos .
2 2

2 tan A 2 tan 2
(C) tan 2A = ; tan  =
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 2

2 tan A 1tan 2 A
(D) sin 2A = , cos 2A =
1  tan 2 A 1 tan2 A

(e) sin 3A = 3 sinA  4 sin3 A

(f) cos 3A = 4 cos3 A  3 cosA

3 tan A  tan3 A
(g) tan 3A =
1  3 tan 2 A

9. Important Trigonometric Ratios:

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(A) sin n  = 0 ; cos n  = (1)n ; tan n  = 0, where n  

 3 1 5

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(B) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
12 2 2 12

cos 15° or cos


12
=
3 1
2 2 .c
= sin 75° or sin
5
12
;
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3 1 3 1
tan 15° = = 2 3 = cot 75° ; tan 75° = = 2 3 = cot 15°
3 1 3 1
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 5 1  5 1
(C) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
10 4 5 4
10. Conditional Identities:
If A + B + C =  then :
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(i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC

A B C
(ii) sinA + sinB + sinC = 4 cos cos cos
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2 2 2

(iii) cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C =  1  4 cos A cos B cos C

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A B C
(iv) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

(v) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

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A B B C C A
(vi) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(vii) cot + cot + cot = cot . cot . cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(viii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1

(ix) A+ B + C = then tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
2

Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 5
11. Range of Trigonometric Expression:

E = a sin  + b cos 
b
E = a 2  b 2 sin ( + ), where tan  =
a

a
= a 2  b 2 cos ( ), where tan  =
b

Hence for any real value of ,  a 2  b 2  E  a 2  b 2

12. Sine and Cosine Series:

n
sin 2  n1 

sin  + sin ( + ) + sin ( + 2 ) +...... + sin   n 1 = 
sin
 
 sin 

2 
2

m
n
sin 2  n 1 

cos  + cos (+ ) + cos ( + 2 ) +...... + cos   n  1 =
sin
  
 cos  2 

2

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Trigonometrical Equations

1. DEFINITION
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The equations involving trigonometric function of unknown angles are known as Trigonometric equations
e.g. cos = 0 , cos2 – 4cos =1 , sin2 + sin  = 2 , cos2  – 4sin =1
A solution of a trigonometric equation is the value of the unknown angle that satisfies the equation.
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1   3  9 11
e.g., sin    or   , , , .........
2 4 4 4 4 4

2. PERIODIC FUNCTION
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A function f(x) is said to be periodic if there exists T > 0 such that f(x + T) = f(x) for all x in the domain of
definitions of f(x). If T is the smallest positive real numbers such that f(x + T) = f(x) , then it is called the period of
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f(x)
Since sin (2n + x ) = sinx , cos (2n + x) = cos x ; tan (n + x) = tan x for all n  Z
Therefore sinx , cosx and tanx are perodic function, the period of sinx and cos x is 2 and that of tanx is  .
Function Period
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sin (ax + b) , cos (ax +b), sec (ax + b) , cosec (ax +b ) 2/a
tan (ax + b), cot (ax +b) /a
| sin (ax + b)| , | cos (ax +b) | , | sec (ax +b) | , | cosec (ax +b ) | /a
| tan (ax + b ) | , | cot (ax +b ) | /2a

Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 6

3. TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS WITH THEIR GENERAL SOLUTION

Trigonometrical equation General solution
If sin  = 0 then =n
If cos  = 0 then  = (n  +  / 2) = (2n+1)/2
If tan  = 0 then =n
If sin  = 1 then  = 2n  + /2 = (4n+1)/2
If cos  = 1 then  = 2n 
If sin  = sin  then  = n  + (–1)n  where   [–/2 , /2]
If cos  = cos  then  = 2n    where   [0, ]
If tan  = tan  then  = n  +  where   (–/2 , /2)
If sin2  = sin2  then =n  
If cos2  = cos2  then =n  

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If tan2  = tan2  then =n  

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sin   sin 
If cos   cos  * then =2n+

sin   sin 
If tan   tan  *
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then  = 2n  + 
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tan   tan 
If cos   cos  * then  = 2n  + 

* Every where in this chapter "n" is taken as an integer.

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* If  be the least positive value of  which statisfy two given trigonometrical equations , then the general value of
 will be 2n + 

4. GENERAL SOLUTION OF STANDARD TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS

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Since, trigonometric functions are periodic, The solution consisting of all possible solutions of a trigonometric
equation is called its general solution.
We use of following results for solving the trigonometric equations ;
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Result 1 : sin  = 0   = n  , n  I .
We know that sin  = 0 for all integral multiples of . (by graphical approach)
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 sin  = 0  = 0 ,   ,  2 ,  3 , .......

 =n,n  I.
 sin  = 0
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 =n,n  I.

Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 7


Result 2 : cos  = 0   = (2n +1) ,n I.
2


We know that cos  = 0 for all odd multiples of (by graphical approch)
2

 3 5
 cos  = 0  =    ,  , .......
2 2 2


  = (2n +1) ,n I.
2

 cos  = 0


  = (2n+1) ,n  I.
2

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Result 3 : tan  = 0   = n  , n  I .
We know that tan  = 0 for all integral multiple of  .
 tan  = 0  = 0 ,   ,  2 ,  3 , .......

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 =n,n  I.


tan  = 0
 = n , n  I .
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  
Result 4 : sin  = sin    = n  + (–1)n , where n  I and     ,  .
2 2 
We have ,
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  
sin  = sin  , where     , 
2 2
 

 sin  – sin  = 0

 
 2 cos   sin  2  = 0
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 2   

 
 cos   = 0 or sin  2  = 0
et

 2   

  
  2  = (2m +1) , m  I or   =m, m  I.
 2 
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  2

 (  + ) = (2m + 1) , m  I or (  –  ) = 2m  , m  I
  = (2m + 1)  –  , m  I or  = (2m  ) +  , m  I
  = ( any odd multiple of  ) –
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or  = (any even multiple of  ) + 

  =n  + (–1)n  , where n  I
 sin  = sin 

  
  = n  + (–1)n , where n  I and     , 
 2 2

Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 8
Result 5 : cos  = cos    = 2n    , n  I and   [ 0 ,  ]
We have,
cos  = cos  , where   0 , 
 cos  – cos  = 0

 
 –2 sin   . sin  2  = 0
 2   

 
 sin   = 0 or sin  2  = 0
 2   

 
 = n  or =n,n  I.
2 2
  +  = 2n  or  –  = 2n , n  I
  = 2n  –  or  = 2n  +  , n  I

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  = 2n    , n  I
 cos  = cos 

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  = 2n    , n  I , where   [ 0 , ]

  

we have .c
Result 6 : tan  = tan    = n  +  , n  I where     , 
2 2 
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  
tan  = tan  , where     , 
 2 2


sin  sin 

om


cos  cos 
 sin  cos  – cos  sin  = 0
 sin (  – ) = 0
 –=n,n I
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 =n+,n  I
 tan  = tan 
  
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 =n+ where     , 
 2 2
5. GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATION
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Result 7 : sin2  = sin2  , cos2  = cos2  , tan2 = tan2   = n   

(i) sin2  = sin2 

1  cos2 1  cos2
 
vi

2 2
 cos 2 = cos 2
 2 = 2n   2 , n  I
 =n  ,n I

Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 9
2 2
(ii) cos  = cos 

1  cos 2 1  cos 2
 
2 2
 cos 2 = cos 2
 2 = 2n   2 , n  I
 =n  ,n I
(iii) tan2 = tan2 

1  tan2  1  tan2 
 
1  tan2  1  tan2 
(applying componendo and dividendo)
 cos 2 = cos 2
 2 = 2n   \2 , n  I
=n  ,n I

m


6. GENERAL SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATION a cos  + b sin  = c

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To solve the equation a cos  + b sin  = c, put a = r cos , b = r sin  such that

.c
r  a2  b2 ,   tan 1
b
a

Substituting these values in the equation we have r cos  cos   r sin  sin  = c
ba
c c
cos        cos      
r a  b2
2
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If | c | > a2  b2 , then the equation ;

a cos  + b sin  = c has no solution
If |c|  a2  b2 , then put ;

c
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= cos  , so that
a  b2
2

cos (  –  ) = cos 
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       2n  
   2n    
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7. SOLUTIONS IN THE CASE OF TWO EQUATIONS ARE GIVEN

Two equations are given and we have to find the values of variable  which may satisfy both the given equations,
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like
cos  = cos and sin = sin
so the common solution is  = 2n +  , n I
Similarly, sin = sin and tan = tan
so the common solution is , =2n+,n I
Rule : Find the common values of  between 0 and 2 and then add 2n to this common value

Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
Jupiter (XI) 10

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om
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et
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Prepared By:
Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)