Professional Documents
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§ Biotechnology
Technic which applies biological system (in organisms, cellular and molecular level) aiming
to obtain the expected result according to human needs.
Sticky ends
Restriction enzymes
Important reagents: DNA ligase & DNA polymerase
DNA ligase
§ Isolated from cell culture or bacteria
§ Ligates 2 fragments of DNA by catalyzing bonds between DNA molecules
DNA polymerase I
§ Isolated from bacteria
§ Incorporates nucleotides to complementary template DNA to synthesizing
new dsDNA; generates blunt ends from sticky ends.
Murray RK, et al. 2009. A LANGE medical book: Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 28th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Genetic engineering techniques
1. Gene identification
§ Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) & electrophoresis
§ Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
§ Hybridization: Western, southern, northern blot
§ DNA sequencing
2. Gene cloning
3. Transgenic animal
Gene identification: Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)
§ Gene identification by amplifying DNA
sequence using primers compatible to DNA
target.
§ Principle: amplification of target DNA by
using thermal cycler
Target DNA
Gene identification: Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) – cont.
§ Requires:
§ DNA template
§ A pair of primers
§ DNA polymerase (thermostable; obtained from
thermophilic bacteria) à Thermus aquaticus
§ Taq polymerase
§ dNTP
§ Thermal cycler (PCR machine)
Step 1 (94oC)
Denaturation
dsDNA to ssDNA
Step 2 (56-60oC)
Annealing
Primers onto template
Step 3 (72oC)
Extension
dNTPs extend the 2nd strand
Process
Denature
Anneal Primer
Replicate
DNA
N O N O N O N O M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
800 bp 1000 bp
472 bp
500 bp
326 bp
311 bp
§ E.g:
Polymorphism in exon 10 of FSH receptor gene in position 680th
nucleotide à resulting in 2 different amino acids: Ser & Asn.
AACC CGGGAG AACC AGGGAG
TTGGGC CCTC TTGGGT CCTC
Gene identification: RFLP (Restriction fragment
length polymorphism) – cont.
1 kb
a. Marker
b. Ser/Ser
500bp c. Asn/Asn
d. Ser/Asn
100bp
Application in forensic medicine
Hybridization
Gene identification: DNA
sequencing
§ Clone
A large population of identical molecules, bacteria, or cells that arise from a common
ancestor.
§ Chimeric/hybrid DNA molecules can be constructed in cloning vectors (gene porter, e.g:
bacterial plasmids, phages, cosmids) inserted to host cell.
§ Amplify the chimeric DNA àthe gene can replicate in host cell (e.g. bacteria, yeast).
§ Aims :
1. Produce gene library to be used for many technics
2. Produce certain gene product in vitro
Murray RK, et al. 2009. A LANGE medical book: Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 28th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Gene cloning: required
components
§ Gene/DNA template
§ Vector/ gene porter, should have:
1. gene for replication
2. restriction site
3. selectable marker to antibiotic
§ Host cell, should be able to:
1. Adopt foreign DNA
2. Replicate the adopted DNA
3. Express the adopted foreign
DNA
Transgenic animal
Making of
transgenic animal
How Dolly was created
Somatic or body
cells has 54
Chromosomes
§ Law
§ Culture & stigma
§ Religion & beliefs
§ Socioeconomics
Ethical aspect of Genetic engineering – cont.
§ Diagnostic
§ Prenatal (before birth) à “designed baby”
§ Postnatal (after birth) à having disease later in life; patient may
feel sick but does not yet suffer from the disease