Masonry Wall Design in RISA

Masonry Wall Panel - Design Page 1 of 16
Masonry Wall Panel - Design
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Masonry Wall Panel - Design

The masonry wall panel element allows you to easily model, analyze and design masonry walls for in plane and
out of plane loads for these specific codes:
z The 2016 TMS 402 ASD and 2013, 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002 and 1999 Editions of ACI 530 ASD
z The 2016 TMS 402 Strength and 2013, 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002 and 1999 Editions of ACI 530 Strength
z The 1997 edition of the UBC for ASD and Strength
Here we will explain the calculation concepts and code references used in the program. For general wall panel
information, see the Wall Panels topic. For information on masonry design rules, see the Masonry Wall Design
Rules (this is where you can define block thickness and selfweight). For masonry wall modeling procedures, see
the Masonry Wall Modeling topic. For masonry wall results interpretation, see the Masonry Wall Results topic.
Note:
z All code references in this topic refer to the TMS 402-16 specification unless noted otherwise.
z References will be made to RMEH and NCMA. For more information on these designations, see the Masonry
Wall Design Rules topic.
z Walls designed in RISA meet all of the requirements for Ordinary Masonry Shear Walls except for the
Minimum Reinforcement requirements of TMS 40216 Section 7.3.2.3.1. That provision should be checked
by hand outside of RISA.
Shear Design - In Plane ASD

In Plane Shear Stress, fv
This stress is calculated from Equation 824:
where:
z V = Total in plane shear in the wall region

z Anv = net shear area
In RISA Anv is defined as follows:
where:
z dinplane = distance from compression face to centroid of boundary zone

z Eqsolidthickness = value from RMEH textbook which represents the "average" thickness of wall considering
block voids.
Note:
z If the 1.5x Shear Inc checkbox is checked in the Masonry Wall Design Rules, then fv is factored up by a 1.5
factor. This option is available per section 7.3.2.6.1.2.
In Plane Shear Capacity, Fv

The program calculates the capacity, Fv, from Equation 822:
The program also checks to verify we do not exceed the Fv max value from Equations 823 and 824 (or
interpolation between them) that is reported in the detail report.
Fvs is only required if fv > Fvm. If fv < Fvm, then the program will not add any shear reinforcement and Fvs = 0. If
Fvs is required, then the program will back calculate a spacing, s, that will satisfy the steel shear capacity required.
This shear spacing is reported in the detail report.
When shear reinforcement is required the program will also meet the d/2 or 48" spacing required by 8.3.5.2.1. If
Fv max must be exceeded to pass the code check, the program will use Fv max as the capacity and state "Over
Allowable" for the Shear Steel Spacing.
Note:
z The program does not do explicit seismic design, thus Equation 825 is not used.
z The M in the Fvm equation above is taken as the maximum moment in the region instead of the moment at
the location where the shear is maximum.
Shear Design - Out of Plane ASD

Out of Plane Shear Stress, fv
Out of Plane Shear Capacity, Fv

The program calculates the capacity, Fv, from Equation 825 shown above, except that only the Fvm term is
considered. There is no way to add shear reinforcing steel.
Axial Design - ASD

In and Out of Plane Axial Stress, fa
The axial stress in a wall due to axial forces, fa, is calculated as:
This is applicable for all out of plane and inplane masonry calculations. When fa < fb then the masonry has
cracked and then a cracked section analysis is performed. See the Bending Design ASD section below for more
information on this procedure.
Note:
z The program does not design masonry for net tension forces. fa will equal 0 ksi in these cases.
z In and out of plane stress, fa will be the same. However, the location where these forces are reported may
be different. In plane forces will generally be reported at the base of a wall. Out of plane forces may be
reported at the base (cantilevered walls) or at midheight (simply supported walls).
In and Out of Plane Axial Capacity, Fa

The calculation of Fa is per either Equation 813 or 814, depending on the h/r ratio. These equations match
Equations 818 and 819 if you assume Ast = 0. RISA conservatively uses only the masonry in calculating the
compression capacity. The equations are as follows:
where:
z r is taken from the UBC97 Table 21H1 (concrete masonry units) and Table 21H2 (clay masonry units).
z h = effective height of wall region = K*hactual
Note:
z The program does not design masonry for net tension forces. If there is net tension, Fa will still equal the
compressive capacity of masonry.
Bending Design - ASD
In Plane Stresses fb and fs

These calculations are different depending on a cracked section or uncracked section. The wall is considered
uncracked if fa (compression) > fb. The wall is considered cracked if fa (compression) < fb.
For uncracked masonry, the calculations are as follows:
where:
z d = Total length of wall
Because the masonry is uncracked, no stress can develop in the steel.

For cracked masonry, the program performs an iterative analysis to determine the section properties of the
cracked wall.
The maximum masonry stress (fm) is obtained by solving the moment equilibrium equation as a quadratic
equation of kd. This equation comes from vertical equilibrium ( C P T = 0 ).
Here is a representative wall with axial force and moment:
From this image we do a summation of moments about point T and come up with a quadratic equation in terms of
kd.
An assumption is made for fm = fa + fb, where fa = P/A and fb = M/S. From this C and T is determined. Once we
calculate a value for T we can then define the boundary zone steel required. The final solution is determined
through iteration. Each iteration of the steel area is based on the amount of steel needed to create a 0.005 ksi
difference in the calculated bending stress (fb) and is carried out until the calculated value of required
reinforcement is less than the reinforcement provided.
The final values are given in the detail report:
A good reference for this iterative procedure is Section 7.10.1 of Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures,
copyright 2001 by Narendra Taly and published by McGrawHill.
From this analysis fm is calculated. This must then be broken down into fa and fb for the detail report. Because
Section 8.3.4.2.2 states:
the proportion is simplified. RISA will simply take fa = P/An for fa and the remaining value from fm is used as fb.
From the tension force in the wall, T, the program calculates the required number of boundary zone bars and
places them in the wall. The reported code check is then based on:
Out of Plane Stresses fb and fs

The masonry bending stresses are referenced in UBC Section 2107.2.15 and are as follows:
However, if you are using a partially grouted wall where the neutral axis passes through the webs of your
masonry, then RISA will do a Tsection analysis to define the section properties. We use a similar analysis as if you
were doing a tbeam analysis for a concrete tee section. For more information on this, see "Design of Reinforced
Masonry Structures" by Narendra Taly, copyright 2001, example 6.3, P6.61.
The area in red is shown as the compression block in the image above.
In and Out of Plane Masonry Bending Capacity, Fb

For unreinforced masonry, the Equation 815 is:
For reinforced masonry, Section 8.3.4.2.2 states:
Because of this provision, RISA defines:
In and Out of Plane Steel Capacity, Fs

Section 8.3.3.1 defines the allowable steel stress, Fs.
In Plane Design - Strength

In Plane Axial Strength, Pn
This is calculated from Equations 915 and 916:
Note:
z Keep in mind that An is calculated differently for NCMA vs RMEH. See the Masonry Wall Design Rules
topic for more information.
In Plane Moment Strength, Mn

The Mn value is based on the axial moment interaction diagram for the wall based on strain compatibility at
different levels of axial force. Once the interaction diagram is created the Mu is plotted and the code check is then
calculated.
Note:
z In plane moment strength is solely accounted for by boundary zone steel. We do not use every bar in the
wall and calculate the steel stress per bar. The "d" used for in plane design is from the extreme
compression fiber to the centroid of reinforcement in the boundary zone. For a reference on this, see
"Masonry Structures Behavior and Design" by Drysdale, Hamid, and Baker, copyright 1999.
For a wall with no axial force, the Mn can be calculated from the equation:
In Plane Shear Strength, Vn

The program calculates the capacity, Vn, from Equation 917:
The program also checks to verify the Vn max value from Equations 918 and 919 (or interpolation between
them) that is reported in the detail report is not exceeded.
Vns is only required if Vu > Phi*Vnm. If Vu < Phi*Vnm, then the program will not add any shear reinforcement
and Vns = 0. If Vns is required, then the program will back calculate a spacing, s, that will both satisfy the steel
shear capacity required and satisfy the maximum reinforcement spacing . This shear spacing is reported in the
detail report.
If Vn max must be exceeded to pass the code check, the program will use Vn max as the capacity (so the wall fails
in shear) and state "Over Allowable" for the Shear Steel Spacing.
Note:
z The M in the Vnm equation above is taken as the maximum moment in the region instead of the moment at
the location where the shear is maximum. This is generally a conservative assumption.
Out of Plane Design - Strength

Out of Plane Axial Strength, Pn at max Mom
Here there are two different possible calculations.

If there is outofplane moment on the walls this is calculated from Section 9.3.5.4.2 as follows:
z If h/t < 30, Pn at max Mom = 0.20*f'm*An

z If h/t > 30, Pn at max Mom = 0.05*f'm*An
If there is no outofplane moment this is calculated from Equations 915 and 916:
Note:
z t from the above equations is taken as the Block Nominal Thickness.

Out of Plane Moment Strength, Mn

This calculation comes from the Commentary of Section 9.3.5.2 as follows:
The program is actually using an interaction diagram for out of plane bending as well. However, the code places a
limit on axial force from Section 9.3.5.4.2. This limit essentially means that only the lower portion of the
interaction diagram will be used. In this lower portion of the interaction diagram, the bending capacity changes in
a linear fashion with respect to axial force.
Thus, the equation above is nearly identical to the value that the program's interaction diagram will produce.
Note:
z In the case of high axial tension, it is possible that moment capacity will near zero.
z In partially grouted walls an effective width is calculated for b from Section 5.1.2
Out of Plane (Slender) Moment Demand, Mu

The out of plane demand moment, Mu, comes from the finite element analysis only. Equation 923 gives a formula
for calculating the midheight moment due to out of plane loading, axial eccentric loading, and PLittle Delta effects.
In RISA the first two portions can be captured by modeling the loads accordingly. Eccentric axial loading would
need to be modeled with both a vertical load and a moment. The PDelta analysis that RISA uses during the Finite
Element solution does not account for PDelta effects on plate elements or wall panels themselves. Instead the
program captures PLittle Delta effects from the iterative procedure shown in the Moment and Deflection
Amplification section below. This is very similar to that provided in the UBC and MSJC slender wall design
provisions.
Out of Plane (Slender) Deflection, δs

Out of plane deflections are calculated very similarly to Section 9.3.5.4.2 equations 925 or 926. Note that
because of PLittle Delta effects, moment and deflection calculations are iterative. RISA uses the iterative
procedure as follows:
Moment and Deflection Amplification
1. The initial moment diagram is calculated at 20 segments along the height of the wall using results taken
directly from the FEM solution.
2. The program then uses this moment and compares it to Mcr to see what proportion of moment is under
Mcr and over Mcr. From this an equivalent moment of inertia (Iequiv) is calculated to approximate cracking,
similar to Section 9.3.5.4.2.
3. Using double integration and accounting for cracking the program calculates first order deflections.
4. Using these first order deflections and the axial force in the wall the program adds in additional Plittle
delta moments.
5. The program adds in the PDelta moments based on these original elastic moments and deflections.
6. New deflections and moments are calculated and compared to the results from the previous iteration. The
program iterates the procedure until the results have converged within 0.5% of the previous iteration, or
until it has iterated 100 times.
Note:
z This procedure is intended only to determine the localized PLittle Delta amplification of Moments and
Deflections within the wall itself. This procedure does NOT amplify the shear forces, nor does it contribute
to the "leaning wall" effect by pushing on the rest of the structure.
z Deflection calculations are only given for Service load combinations.
z The program calculates Iequiv based on MSJC equations that were specifically geared toward simply
supported and cantilever cases.
z Iequiv is taken from the maximum moment in a wall region and used to update the stiffness of the entire
height of the wall.
z If the program iterates through this procedure 100 times it means that the wall is either too slender or too
highly loaded. If this occurs then the message "Iterative PLittle Delta procedure did not converge. Wall is
failing in bending." is reported.
The Delta max is the allowable deflection from Section 9.3.5.5 Equation 932.
Unreinforced Masonry Design - ASD

Out of Plane Bending and Axial Design - ASD
For out of plane design for axial and bending the program performs 3 checks: a compression check, a tension
check, and a slenderness check.
Compression Check (per Equation 8-11)
where:
z fa and Fa are computed the same way as for reinforced masonry.

z fb = M/S. S = Sx value from NCMA TEK 141B (regardless of Wall Area Method designation).
z Fb = 1/3*f'm per Equation 815
Tension Check (per Section 8.2.4.2)
where:
z Fbt = Allowable flexural tensile stress per Table 8.2.4.2
Slenderness Check (per Equation 8-12)
where:
z Per Equation 816.

z I comes directly from NCMA TEK 141B for both Wall Area Methods, NCMA and RMEH.
z e is always assumed equal to 0.

Note:
z If using an Unreinforced wall the program will ALWAYS use an ungrouted wall for design, regardless of
what is set in the masonry wall design rules.
Out of Plane Shear Design - ASD

Note:
z We do not use Equation 817 to calculate shear stress.
The program calculates the capacity, Fv, from Equation 822 shown above, except that only the Fvm term is
considered. There is no way to add shear reinforcing steel.
In Plane Bending and Axial Design - ASD

For unreinforced masonry we use the same design provisions from reinforced masonry. Thus, we still use
reinforcement for both the boundary zones and shear reinforcement (if needed). See the reinforced sections for
more information on this design.
Note:
z Because this type of design is very uncommon it is not currently available.
In Plane Shear Design - ASD

The in plane shear stress, fv, is calculated as follows:
The inplane shear stress capacity, Fv, is calculated from Section 8.2.6.2. Because we do not know whether the
wall is in running bond or not we omit options (c), (d), (e) and (f).
Unreinforced Masonry Design - Strength

Out of Plane Bending and Axial Design - Strength
For unreinforced masonry we perform the axial check per Section 9.3.5. For bending the program does not give
results.
Note:
In Plane Bending, Axial, and Shear Design - Strength

For unreinforced masonry we use the same design provisions from reinforced masonry. Thus, we still use
reinforcement for both the boundary zones and shear reinforcement (if needed). See the reinforced sections for
more information on this design.
Note:
Masonry Lintel Design - ASD

Here we will talk about specific calculations regarding lintel design for allowable stress design.
Note:
z There is no lintel design for unreinforced lintels. Regardless of whether you design the wall as reinforced
or unreinforced, all lintel design will use reinforcement. Because unreinforced lintels are very uncommon
it is not currently available.
Shear Stress, fv
where:
z d = distance from extreme compression fiber in top of lintel to the centroid of reinforcement.
Shear Capacity, Fv
The program calculates the capacity, Fv, from Equation 825, which is shown in the previous In Plane Shear
Capacity Fv section.
Fvs is only required if fv > Fvm. If fv < Fvm, then the program will not add any shear reinforcement and Fvs = 0. If
Fvs is required, then the program will back calculate a spacing, s, that will satisfy the steel shear capacity required.
This shear spacing is reported in the detail report.
When shear reinforcement is required the program will also meet the d/2 or 48" spacing required by 8.3.5.2.1. If
Fv max must be exceeded to pass the code check, the program will use Fv max as the capacity and state "Over
Allowable" for the Shear Steel Spacing.
Note:
z The program does not do explicit seismic design, thus Equation 825 is not used.
z The M in the Fvm equation above is taken as the maximum moment in the region instead of the moment at
z The detail report shows a stirrup with two legs. However, the program only considers one leg in the Av
calculation.
Bond Stress, u, and Bond Capacity U
The bond stress check is one that has been grandfathered in from the UBC1997 specification section 2107.2.16
and is defined previously in the In Plane Bond Stress u section. Σo is the summation of the circumference of all
vertical bars.
The bond stress capacity was defined previously in the Bond Stress Capacity U section.
Stresses fb and fs
The masonry bending stresses were defined previously in the Out of Plane Stresses fb and fs section.
Bending Capacity, Fm (Fb) and Steel Capacity, Fs

Section 8.3.4.2.2 states:
Section 8.3.3.1 defines the allowable steel stress, Fs.
Masonry Lintel Design - Strength

Here we will talk about specific calculations regarding lintel design for strength design.
Note:
z There is no lintel design for unreinforced lintels. Regardless of whether you design the wall as reinforced
or unreinforced, all lintel design will use reinforcement. Because unreinforced lintels are very uncommon
it is not currently available.
Shear Strength, Vn
The program calculates the capacity, Vn, total from Equation 917, which was shown previously in the In Plane
Shear Strength Vn section.
The program also checks to verify the Vn max value from Equations 918 and 919 (or interpolation between
them) that is reported in the detail report is not exceeded.
Vn,steel is only required if Vu > Phi*Vn,masonry. If Vu < Phi*Vn,masonry, then the program will not add any
shear reinforcement and Vn,steel = 0. If Vn,steel is required, then the program will back calculate a spacing, s,
that will satisfy the steel shear capacity required. This shear spacing is reported in the detail report.
If Vn max must be exceeded to pass the code check, the program will use Vn max as the capacity (so the wall fails
in shear) and state "Over Allowable" for the Shear Steel Spacing.
Note:
z The M in the Vnm equation above is taken as the maximum moment in the region instead of the moment at
Moment Strength, Mn
Lintel design in RISA does not account for axial force, thus Mn is calculated simply from:
Here are the calculations of other values reported in the detail report:

Masonry Wall Design in RISA

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Masonry Wall Panel - Design Page 1 of 16

Masonry Wall Panel - Design

Masonry Wall Panel - Design

Shear Design - In Plane ASD

z V = Total in plane shear in the wall region

In RISA Anv is defined as follows:

z dinplane = distance from compression face to centroid of boundary zone

In Plane Shear Capacity, Fv

Shear Design - Out of Plane ASD

Out of Plane Shear Capacity, Fv

Axial Design - ASD

In and Out of Plane Axial Capacity, Fa

Bending Design - ASD

In Plane Stresses fb and fs

z d = Total length of wall

Because the masonry is uncracked, no stress can develop in the steel.

Out of Plane Stresses fb and fs

In and Out of Plane Masonry Bending Capacity, Fb

For reinforced masonry, Section 8.3.4.2.2 states:

Because of this provision, RISA defines:

In and Out of Plane Steel Capacity, Fs

In Plane Design - Strength

In Plane Moment Strength, Mn

In Plane Shear Strength, Vn

Out of Plane Design - Strength

Here there are two different possible calculations.

z If h/t < 30, Pn at max Mom = 0.20*f'm*An

z t from the above equations is taken as the Block Nominal Thickness.

Out of Plane Moment Strength, Mn

Out of Plane (Slender) Moment Demand, Mu

Out of Plane (Slender) Deflection, δs

Moment and Deflection Amplification

Unreinforced Masonry Design - ASD

Compression Check (per Equation 8-11)

z fa and Fa are computed the same way as for reinforced masonry.

Tension Check (per Section 8.2.4.2)

z Fbt = Allowable flexural tensile stress per Table 8.2.4.2

Slenderness Check (per Equation 8-12)

z Per Equation 8­16.

z e is always assumed equal to 0.

Out of Plane Shear Design - ASD

z We do not use Equation 8­17 to calculate shear stress.

In Plane Bending and Axial Design - ASD

z Because this type of design is very uncommon it is not currently available.

In Plane Shear Design - ASD

Unreinforced Masonry Design - Strength

z Because this type of design is very uncommon it is not currently available.

In Plane Bending, Axial, and Shear Design - Strength

z Because this type of design is very uncommon it is not currently available.

Masonry Lintel Design - ASD

Bond Stress, u, and Bond Capacity U

Bending Capacity, Fm (Fb) and Steel Capacity, Fs

Section 8.3.3.1 defines the allowable steel stress, Fs.

Masonry Lintel Design - Strength

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z If h/t < 30, Pn at max Mom = 0.20f'mAn

z Per Equation 816.

z We do not use Equation 817 to calculate shear stress.