LASER APPLICATIONS:

INDUSTRAIL:
LASER MATERIAL PROCESSING:
LASER CUTTING, DRILLING, MARKNING, WELDING, SURFACE
HARDENING, METAL FORMING, RAPID PROTOTYPING &
MANUFACTURING

METROLOGY: LENGTH & DISTANCE, LINEAR & ANGULAR VELOCITY

HOLOGRAPHY : NON DISTRUCTIVE TESTING

MEDICAL: DETECTION OF DISEASES AND CURING, LASER SCALPEL, EYE

SURGERY, DENTAL PROCESURES, DERMATOGRAPHY

MELITARY: LASER WEAPON, TARGET RANGING & DESIGNATION, LASER SIGHT,

EYE-TARGETED LASERS

SCIENTIFIC: SPECTROSCOPY, MICROSCOPY, NUCLEAR FUSION, LASER COOLING,

LASER PHOTOCHEMISTRY, LASER ISOTOPE SEPARATION LUNAR LASER RANGING,
ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION DETECTION, NONLINEAR PHENOMENA STUDIES.
Doppler Effects: Change of frequency of light and sound waves
due to relative motion between source and receiver

= 0[1 ± v/c]

- Doppler shifted frequency,

v- Relative velocity of Source, (+) for source coming towards Receiver
and (-) Source going away from Receiver
c- Light / Sound velocity
LASER IN ALIGNMENT
LOW DIVERGENCE OF LASER BEAM
Beam divergence 2 = 2 / w0 , Typical ~ 10-4rad
1cm diameter 2 cm after traveling 100m

Surveying- Replaces Theodolite

Construction of Tunnels
 Measurement of Length, Distance & Diameter with Laser

Method Range / Accuracy Applications

Interferometry ~ Meters /0.3nm Machine tool calibration
Beam Modulation Telemetry ~10km +1ppm Surveying

Pulse time of Flight 10km +1m Defense

 Coherence
Interference of two coherent beams of electric field E1 & E2
II = (E1+E2)2
Two beams of equal intensity E12=E22 =I
II= 4I or 0 for constructive / destructive Interference
Coherent time tc ~ 1/
Interferometric Technique
Coherence length lc = c.tc = c/
Incoherent beams IA = 2I

~0.3 m for
He-Ne Laser

L = N. /2. N = no. of bright fringes counts

Electronic Detection: Resolve ~1024 times between Maxima & Minima
Accuracy ~0.3nm
 Interpretation with Doppler Effect consideration

Coherence

Mirror M2 moved at velocity= v,

Doppler shifted frequency 0 v/c

Beat frequency detected by counter= n per sec = 0 v/c = v/( /2)
Velocity =V = n. /2 Distance traveled in time t = v.t = n.t. /2 = N. /2
Where N = n.t = Total no. of counts in time t

Applications : Calibration of machine tool bed,

Beam- Modulation Telemetry
Range & Accuracy : ~10 Km 1ppm

Modulation frequency,
m = c/ m

Phase difference between reference signal and returned beam, =2 ( 2L/)

For m <2L, = 2 (p+q) where p= Integer, q <1
Phase meter gives q

m varied to obtain p & the exact fraction q is measured

m = 3x104 Hz m = 10km, m = 3x106Hz m = 100m

Time of Flight Technique for distance measurement
High Brightness &
Short duration of Laser Pulse

15

15cms
2