Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth

All bacteria require a constant ___________________________________ of substances from their

___________________________________.

Essential nutrients- substance that ___________________________

Fastidious organisms:

Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients (trace elements)

Organic nutrients contain ___________________ and _______________.

Inorganic nutrients

Analysis of Microbial cytoplasm:

70% ______________________

Other is mainly _____________________________

97% of dry weight _____________________________________

96% of dry weight is CHONPS!

The monomer-polymer system allows for the disassembling of ________________ into

_____________________ and then for reassembly into new ___________________________.
Macromolecules:

Four main macromolecules

All made of ____________________________ and _______________________________

Macromolecule Monomer Common/Key (a way to

remember)
1.

2.

3.

4.

Carbohydrates:

General Formula:

Functions:

1.

2.

Peptidoglycan –

LPS –
Glycocalyx -

Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes

Triglycerides: storage lipid including fats and oils (stored in long-term concentrated form as droplets
or globules)

Fatty acids: long-chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group (COOH) that binds with
glycerol

Saturated fatty acids: ___________________________ @ room temp.

Unsaturated fatty acids: ___________________________ @ room temp.

Membrane Lipids:

Hydrophilic (“__________________________”) region from the charge on

______________________“head” of the molecule.

Hydrophobic (“__________________________”) region in the long, uncharged

“tail” of the molecule formed by ____________________________________.

Waxes:

Bacteria that cause ___________________________ and ___________________________ contain a

unique wax in their cell wall _____________________________ that contributes to their
pathogenicity.

Proteins

Predominant organic molecule in cells, serve 2 main functions:

1.

2.

Virtually everything in the cell is made ________________ or _______________ proteins.

Each protein develops a unique shape with a distinctive surface pattern

______________________________ dictates _____________________!

Peptide:

Polypeptide:

Enzymes:

Antibodies:
Protein Structure: (Label the images)

Primary structure (1°): the type, number, and order of ______________________ in the chain

Secondary structure (2°): arises when fxnl groups exposed on the outer surface of the molecule

interact by forming __________________ bonds

alpha helix:
beta-pleated sheet:

Protein Structure continued: (Label the images)

Tertiary structure (3°): created by additional bonds between fxnl groups

Quaternary structure (4°): formed when more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein
Native state: the _____________________________________ form of a protein

A protein becomes _________________________ (non-functional) if the protein structure is disrupted

for some reason.

Nucleic Acids: __________________________ and _____________________________

DNA RNA
Type of Sugar
Number of Strands
Nitrogenous Bases
 !

The Central Dogma of Genetics (Flow of Information Through the Cell)

________________________________

_____________________________(process)

________________________________

_____________________________(process)
_________________________________

ATP:

Dividing Microbes into Nutritional Categories

Energy Source Carbon Source

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs
 Energy Source Carbon Source
Photoheterotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs

Parasites:

Ectoparasites ____________________________________

Endoparasites_____________________________________

Intracellular parasites __________________________________________

Obligate parasites ______________________________________________

The vast majority of microbes causing human disease are __________________________________

How Microorganisms Eat

Passive Transport - _____________ Energy expenditure

Driving force is ___________________________________________________.

Simplest example is ___________________________________.

Diffusion: the phenomenon of molecular movement, in which atoms or molecules move in a gradient
from an area of ___________________________________ concentration to an area of
_______________________ concentration

Osmosis: the diffusion of _________________________ through a selectively, or differentially,

permeable membrane.

Tonicity - osmotic __________________ between cells and their environment; determined by the
relative concentrations of the solutions on either side of the cell membrane. Tonicity is ALWAYS a
_____________________________ term.

- Tonicity is also ALWAYS a reference to __________________________.

If A is ______ to B Solution A Solution B

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Hypotonic
Cells in Solution: (Practice this! Make up your own questions, practice which one in hypotonic and
which is hypertonic, remember to ask the question both ways, inside vs. outside AND outside vs.
inside. There are a million ways to do this but you have to DO IT to learn it!)

A B C

Lysis: result of cell being placed in a _______________________ solution.

Crenation: result of cell being placed in a _______________________solution.

Cell is isotonic solutions have the water move__________________________.

Bacterial cells do not lyse easily because of the presence of the

___________________________________.
Passive Transport:

Simple diffusion and Facilitated diffusion: both involve substances moving _____________ the
concentration gradient. But ____________________________________ involves the use of a carrier/
transport protein because molecules are
____________________________________________________.

Active Transport: Cell expends energy from ______________, enabling it to transport substances
_____________________ a concentration.

Endocytosis:

- Phagocytosis

- Pinocytosis
Environmental Factors that Influence Microorganisms

Because they are single celled, microorganisms are directly exposed to their environment. Survival is
largely impacted by presence or absence of __________________________ used to adapt to changes
in the environment.

Temperature:

Every organism will have a set of cardinal temperatures (minimum, maximum, and optimum)

- minimum temperature

- maximum temperature

- optimum temperature

Terms to describe temperature preferences:

Psychrophile-

Mesophile-

Thermophile-

Extreme thermophile-

Most pathogens would be ______________________________________________.

Gases: CO2 and O2

_______________________ has the greatest impact.

Categories based upon Oxygen use:

• Microbes fall into one of three categories

1. those that ___________ oxygen and _________________________ it - Aerobes

2. those that can neither use ________________________ nor ______________ it -

Anaerobes

3. those that do not _______________________ but can

___________________________ it – Aerotolerant anaerobes

More descriptive terms:

1. Microaerophiles -

2. Facultative anaerobes -

3. Capnophiles –
Detoxifying Oxygen:

As oxygen enters cellular reactions, it is transformed into several toxic products

singlet oxygen (O): an extremely reactive molecule that can damage and destroy a cell by the
oxidation of membrane lipids
superoxide ion (O2-): highly reactive
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): toxic to cells and used as a disinfectant
hydroxyl radicals (OH-): also highly reactive

Neutralizing reactive byproducts:

Step1: 2O2- +2H+ H2O2(hydrogen peroxide) +O2

Problem?

Step 2: 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2

pH:

Acidophiles –

Neutrophiles –

Alkaliphiles -

Most bacteria prefer ___________________________________.

Osmotic Pressure:

Osmophiles –

Halophiles –

Obligate halophile-

Facultative halophile –

Barophiles –

Other Organisms:

Asociations b/t
organisms

Symbiotic Non-symbiotic

Mutualism (+/ Commensalism Parasitism Synergisms Antagonism

+) (+/0) (+/-) (working
!

Example of bacterial synergy:

Biofilms-

Quorum Sensing –
Bacterial Growth

Growth is defined as an increase in cell __________________.

Bacteria divide via binary fission. ( o!O!8! o o )

Generation time – time required to complete one round of __________________ and for _________
cell to become _________.

Generation = increase in population by a factor of ___________.

The Normal Growth Curve:

- Happens in a closed system (not out in the real env.)

- No way to remove ________________________________.

- Limited amount of _______________________________.

So what’s going on?

Lag:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

Log:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

Stationary:________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

Decline:___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________

• The tendency for populations to exhibit phases of rapid growth, slow growth, and death has
implications in microbial control, food microbiology, and culture technology:

– Microbes in the exponential growth phase are more vulnerable to antimicrobial agents
and heat.

– Actively growing cells are more vulnerable to conditions that disrupt cell metabolism
and binary fission.

– A person actively shedding bacteria in the early and middle stages of infection is more
likely to spread it than a person in the later stages.

Turbidity/turbidometry
- a clear nutrient solution becomes turbid or cloudy as microbes grow in it
- the greater the turbidity, the larger the population size
Counting
- Direct cell count: measured microscopically
- Coulter counter: electronically scans a fluid as it passes through a tiny pipette
- Flow cytometer: works similarly to a Coulter counter, but can measure cell size and
differentiate between live and dead cells

Concept Check
Put the steps of the bacterial growth curve in the correct order:
A. Death phase
B. Lag phase
C. Exponential phase
D. Stationary phase