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D. C. Weisser
Department of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
(Received 9 October 2006; revised manuscript received 15 January 2007; published 12 April 2007)
An experiment was performed at the Australian National University to study the 9 Be(6 Li,6 Li)9 Be∗ → α +
α + n reaction. This experiment was designed to study the breakup of 9 Be, in an attempt to quantify the
+
contribution played by the 5 He + α and 8 Be2 + n channels for the low lying excited states. This information is
required in order to resolve uncertainties in the α + α + n → 9 Be reaction rate in high-energy and neutron-rich
astrophysical environments such as supernovae. Angular correlation measurements have been used to deduce that
+
the 2.429 MeV state breaks up almost exclusively via the 8 Be2 channel. This method of identifying the break-up
+
channel resolves the problem of distinguishing between the 8 Be2 and 5 Heg.s. channels which are kinetically
identical at this excitation energy.
I. INTRODUCTION and through the various low-lying states in 9 Be. Several recent
The structure of the 9 Be nucleus has long been a matter of theoretical studies have explored the cluster configuration for
interest, in particular the strength of any three-body α + α + n these states using microscopic cluster model calculations [10,
cluster configuration. This possibility has received renewed 11]. The cluster models include two two-body configurations,
attention recently, since it is believed that in neutron-rich as-
8
Be + n and 5 He + α, and also allow the possibility of the
trophysical environments, such as a core-collapse supernovae,
8
Be being in the broad J π = 2+ state at Ex = 3.04 MeV. A
the three-body reaction α + α + n → 9 Be followed by common feature of the model calculations is that the 5 He + α
9
Be(α,n)12 C may provide a route for building up the heavy configuration is important even for the low-lying states and
elements and triggering the r-process [1–4]. The first stage indeed becomes dominant at higher excitation energies.
can proceed by two routes, either α + α → 8 Be followed Following a recent measurement of 9 C β-decay [12], which
by 8 Be + n → 9 Be, or α + n → 5 He followed by 5 He + showed that the analogues to some of the 9 Be states had
α → 9 Be. In the absence of any experimental evidence for large 5 Li widths, Buchmann et al. [13] recalculated the rate
+
the 5 He + α configuration, calculations are invariably done including the 5 He + α and 8 Be2 + n channels. While
assuming only the 8 Be + n route, the argument being that the latter was suggested not to play an important role, the
the different lifetimes of the 8 Be and 5 He intermediate states former had a considerable effect on the reaction rate at higher
(10−16 s and 10−21 s, respectively) should favor the former. temperatures. In a separate reevaluation by Sumiyoshi et al.
However, calculating the rate properly requires a knowledge [14], to incorporate revised neutron widths, these authors also
of the relative strength of the 8 Be + n and 5 He + α cluster drew attention to the need to consider the 5 He + α channel.
configurations in 9 Be. The key states in this context are those However, as the authors of both calculations point out, this is
just above the particle threshold, in particular those at Ex = hampered by a severe lack of experimental information on the
1.684 MeV (1/2+ ) and 2.429 MeV (5/2− ), see Fig. 1. partial widths for the various channels.
Previous calculations of the three-body rate [6–9] assumed In a recent investigation [15], Grigorenko and Zhukov
+
that the reaction proceeded only via the 8 Be0 + n channel include the 5 He + α channel and find that it only makes a
small contribution. Note that 93–95% of the strength proceeds
+
“democratically” and the 8 Be2 + n is not considered in this
work. The democratic decay has been investigated by several
*
Present address: iThemba LABS, PO Box 722, Somerset West authors [16,17] as an alternative route to the sequential decay.
7129, South Africa. Experimental information on the cluster configurations in
† 9
Present address: CENPA, Box 354290, University of Washington, Be have come from break-up measurements, i.e., studies of
Seattle, WA 98115, USA. the decay of the states in 9 Be to the α + α + n channel. The
FIG. 1. The low-lying excited states in 9 Be derived from proton FIG. 2. The experimental setup.
scattering measurements made by Dixit et al. [5]. The states at Ex =
2.429 and 6.380 MeV are part of the ground state rotational band.
event, it is then possible to reconstruct the missing momentum
of the undetected neutron. The reaction kinematics should then
excited 9 Be states have been prepared in various ways, recent be fully defined, allowing the complete reconstruction of the
examples include through β-decay [18], in scattering reactions break-up event and identification of the state in 9 Be that was
[19] or by photodisintegration [20]. Most measurements populated. A 6 Li beam at Elab = 60 MeV was focused onto a
9
confirm that the 2.429 MeV state has a branching ratio Be target (256 µg/cm2 ). Data were taken for approximately
+
to the 8 Be0 + n channel of about 7% [21,22], but cannot 92 hrs with a beam current of between Ibeam ≈ 2–5 enA.
+
determine whether the remaining strength is in the 8 Be2 + n For the purposes of detecting the particles arising from the
or 5 He + α channels. It is however reported in [23], with no breakup of 9 Be, four position sensitive silicon-strip detectors
justification, that a ratio of 2:1 can be accounted for the two (PSSSDs) were used. Two detector telescopes, both consisting
channels, respectively. The main problem is that because the of the combination of a silicon quadrant detector (≈ 65 µm
decays are below threshold, the energy shared between the thick) mounted in front of a PSSSD (≈ 500 µm thick), were
three particles is small and with this restricted phase space the used to detect and identify the recoil lithium particles. Figure
kinematics for decay through the two configurations are identi- 2 illustrates the setup inside the experimental chamber. The
cal, i.e., the energy correlations between the decay particles are position of the detectors relative to the target are indicated
the same irrespective of the intermediate step in the decay [24]. therein and were chosen based on efficiency results obtained
This is certainly the case in inclusive measurements (i.e., where from Monte Carlo simulations.
only α-particle singles or neutron singles are measured) but Events comprising a 6 Li in one of the telescopes, identified
is also the case in exclusive measurements where coincident from the characteristic locus in a EE plot, coincident with
detection of the decay particles is achieved. This was nicely two hits in the strip detectors were selected for analysis.
illustrated in calculations shown in [25]. Events where two adjacent strips fired were rejected, since
In this paper we have carried out an exclusive measurement such signals can be produced by a single particle entering
of the breakup of 9 Be excited through inelastic scattering an interstrip gap on the detector and inducing a signal on
and show that by exploring another aspect of the correlation the adjacent strips. Assuming that the two strip detector hits
between the decay particles, the angular correlation, this were α particles, the missing momentum and energy of the
restriction can be removed. This approach has recently been neutron could be calculated and hence the Total final state
used to investigate β-delayed breakup from 9 Be [18], although Kinetic Energy (TKE) determined (ETKE = Eα1 + Eα2 +
this measurement did not include the 2.429 MeV state (because En + E6 Li ). A clear peak is observed in the TKE spectrum
of the β-decay selection rules only low spin, negative parity at an energy of ETKE = 58.3 MeV, which is consistent with
states can be populated). This has enabled us, for the first the beam energy of Elab = 60 MeV, minus the Q-value for
time, to show that the remaining strength in the decay of the breakup (Q = −1.57 MeV) and the energy loss in the target
+
2.429 MeV state is to the 8 Be2 + n channel and that the partial (EL ≈ 100 keV). Gating on this peak ensures that we select
width of the 5 He + α channel is very small. on genuine α + α + n break-up events.
Having now selected the required events, we can calculate
the relative energy Eαα between the α particles. This is shown
in Fig. 3 and reveals three distinct features. The narrow peak
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND ANALYSIS
at Eαα = 92 keV (Q-value of 8 Be breakup) corresponds to
+
The experiment was performed using the 14UD pelletron breakup via the 8 Be0 . The broad peak at around Eαα ≈ 3 MeV
tandem accelerator at the Australian National University corresponds to the decay of excited states in 9 Be with an
during April 2003. The experiment was designed to study excitation energy Ex > 5 MeV. It has been shown in previous
the inelastic scattering of 6 Li nuclei from a 9 Be target and the work that the 5 He + α channel contributes significantly at
subsequent breakup of the excited 9 Be nuclei. The detection higher excitation energy [26,27]. The broad distribution can
technique for this experiment required that the 6 Li recoils reflect two contributions; breakup via the J π = 2+ first excited
were detected and identified. By also detecting and identifying state in 8 Be and breakup via the J π = 3/2− ground state in
5
the two corresponding break-up α particles for each break-up He.
045803-2
DECAY PATH MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 2.429 MeV . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW C 75, 045803 (2007)
25
20
lower excitation energy. This background includes the broad
states at Ex = 4.7 and around 6.38 MeV, and a flat component
15
vanishing to zero at Ex = 1.6 MeV.
10 When the selection is made on the 600 keV bump,
5 the spectrum in Fig. 4(b) is seen, illustrating a dominant
0 contribution from the state at Ex = 2.429 MeV. Events which
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Eαα [MeV]
breakup via the 2.78/3.05 MeV states have been identified in
the high energy tail of the Gaussian. They were deconvoluted
FIG. 3. α-α relative energy spectrum for events with 57 MeV < with a two-Gaussian fit and are estimated to account for
ETKE < 60 MeV. approximately 7±1% of the events in the 600 keV bump.
Note that events corresponding to the neutron transfer reaction
The third feature in the spectrum, the bump lying at about
9
Be(6 Li,7 Li∗ )8 Be∗ → 6 Li + n + 2α, which has an identical
Eαα ≈ 600 keV, is of most interest since it has been strongly Q-value, could fall within the TKE window. The excitation
identified with the 2.429 MeV state in the literature [19,24,25]. energy in 7 Li has been reconstructed and only the first excited
This “bump” does not correspond to an energy state in state above the neutron threshold has been identified at Ex =
8
Be, but it has been suggested [23] that these events reflect 7.459 MeV. This contamination appears in the spectrum only
breakup via the tail of the broad first excited state in 8 Be at high excitation energy and can be removed with appropriate
( = 1.5 MeV) or the tail of the ground state in 5 He ( = selections.
648 keV). The shape would reflect a complex interplay
between the decreasing strength in the low energy tail of the III. INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
state (favoring higher energies) and the phase space (favoring A. The simulation code
lower energies). Gating on these features in the Eαα spectrum
enables us to identify which states in 9 Be decay to particular For the purposes of identifying the kinematic signatures of
channels. Figure 4(a) illustrates the 9 Be excitation energy the different decay channels, a Monte Carlo code SIMSORT [28]
+ has been written which simulates the inelastic scattering of
spectrum reconstructed for 8 Be0 events and Fig. 4(b) that for
the 6 Li beam from the 9 Be target, the subsequent breakup
the “bump" at Eαα ≈ 600 keV. The former shows excitation
of the 9 Be nuclei and the detector response to the exit
of the known states in 9 Be indicated by the three-Gaussian fit
channel particles. The user can define the exact nature of
on the spectrum showing the contributions of the states at Ex =
the break-up path for the purposes of a simulation: the
1.68, 2.429, and 3.05 MeV.
excited state populated in 9 Be and whether breakup occurs
Due to the width of the states and the intrinsic resolution, + +
the fit of Fig. 4(a) is not trivial. The width and position via 8 Be0 ,8 Be2 , or 5 Heg.s. . SIMSORT assumes an isotropic
of the 2.429 MeV peak is deduced from the fit of Fig. 4(b) center-of-mass (c.m.) distribution for each of the break-up
and the only free parameter for this Gaussian in Fig. 4(a) is stages, although an anisotropy can be introduced (see next
the weight. The contribution at low excitation energy should section). However, the scattering distribution for the 6 Li recoils
come from the 1.68 MeV state but the best fit is obtained with a used in the code was derived from the experimental results
centroid located at Ex = 2.0 MeV. The contributions from the and reconstructed from the two telescopes. The code also
contains details of the detector setup, threshold detection
energies, the expected energy resolution for the silicon
300
detectors (FWHM ≈ 200 keV), the position resolution of the
Counts/10keV
250 (a) PSSSDs (FWHM ≈ 0.5 mm across a strip), etc. For the sake
200
of consistency with the analysis of the real data, SIMSORT
150
100
uses an identical data sort process, i.e., events detected in
50
adjacent PSSSD strips are rejected, identical gates are applied,
1400 α particles are randomly labeled 1 and 2, etc.
Figure 5 illustrates a velocity vector diagram of the break-up
Counts/10keV
1200
(b)
1000 particles and intermediate 8 Be and 5 He resonances in the
800 9
Be c.m. frame. The solid lines represent the decay paths
600 +
400 via the 8 Be2 + n channel and the dotted and dashed lines
200 via the two solutions of the 5 He + α channel. The relative
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
energies between particles can be calculated as follows: Erel =
2
Ex [MeV] Mµ Vrel /2 where Vrel is the velocity vector measured between
the particles and Mµ is the reduced mass. The energy available
FIG. 4. 9 Be excitation energy spectra derived from 6 Li recoils for each decay depends upon the excitation energy Ex of
+
for (a) 8 Be0 events and (b) with 0.2 MeV < Eαα < 1.0 MeV and the parent state and the Q-value of the resulting decay
58 MeV < ETKE < 59 MeV. channel. The relative energy between two daughter particles
045803-3
P. PAPKA et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 75, 045803 (2007)
j1 j j2 l1 l2 ν max
5
Heg.s. + α 5/2 3/2 ±1/2 2 1 2
+
8
Be2 + n 5/2 ± 1/2 2 0 1 2 2
045803-4
DECAY PATH MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 2.429 MeV . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW C 75, 045803 (2007)
+
two values of l1 (solid lines). The parameters for the 8 Be2 700
+ n channel are calculated with j1 = 5/2 ± 1/2 due to the 600
neutron emission. Most of the application require the extreme
500
Counts/deg
values for the correlation but the two possible combinations of
spin and angular momentum interfere and the A0,2 parameters 400
should be calculated accordingly. The bν (ll) coefficients are 300
calculated following Eq. (3). For the case of the state at Ex =
2.429 MeV (5/2− ) the correlation function reduces+
to the 200
following form for breakup via 5 Heg.s. and 8 Be2 channels: 100
0
0 50 100 150
W (θ ) = A0 + 1
A (3cos2 θ −1).
2 2
(5) θ1 [deg]
This 3D probability distribution for θ can be projected in FIG. 7. (Color online) θ1 spectrum reconstructed for real break-up
1D by multiplying Eq. (5) by sinθ . By incorporating the 3D data (solid) and simulated data (dotted) with Eαα > 0.2 MeV and the
9
probability distribution for θ into SIMSORT, thereby introducing Be excitation energy 2.2 MeV < Ex < 2.6 MeV. Data are simulated
an anisotropy into the c.m. break-up distribution, the W (θ ) with the θ1 profile described by W (θ1 )sin(θ1 ) where A0 = 0.848 and
+
profile can be compared with the distribution reconstructed A2 = −0.302, assuming breakup via 8 Be2 and population of the
from experimental data. 2.429 MeV state.
045803-5
P. PAPKA et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 75, 045803 (2007)
not contribute. However, in this section, we show that any such The penetrability function is calculated as previously
+
contribution must be small, otherwise discrepancies with the described for the 8 Be2 + n decay. The Coulomb barrier is
measured angular correlations would arise. Unfortunately, two now included, the centrifugal barrier is calculated for l1 = 2
complications arise when analyzing this channel: uncertainty and the resulting penetrability is folded with the phase space in
over which α particle is correlated with the neutron, which in the residual 5 Heg.s. . There is a striking difference between the
turn leads to a lack of knowledge of the first stage break-up calculation, shown in Fig. 8 (solid curve), and the Eα5 He profile
relative energy and angular distributions. These points are obtained from the simulation (histogram). The position of the
discussed below. 600 keV bump can be understood by means of the 5 He + α
As mentioned earlier, the choice of the α particle used to channel only if the Eα5 He distribution lies at higher energy than
reconstruct an event is random. As a consequence approx- predicted by the calculation. This is consistent with previous
imately 50% of the experimental data will be incorrectly work [25] where the 600 keV bump is shifted to lower energy
reconstructed assuming the identity of the break-up path is when simulating the 5 He + α channel using the formalism
unknown. However, this choice is crucial for the correct re- of [22].
construction of the Eα5 He and θ2 distributions. In a simulation, The comparison between the calculation and the relative
the incorrect α particle will be chosen to reconstruct the 5 He energy tends to show that the 5 He + α channel is unlikely.
nucleus for approximately half of the simulated events. The However, such a conclusion should be drawn carefully. As
resulting distributions, produced by SIMSORT, will therefore already mentioned in the previous section, possible interfer-
consist of an approximately 50/50 mix of events that have been ence with neighboring broad states should be included in the
correctly and incorrectly reconstructed as expected for real calculations which could lead to different result. In order to
events. investigate the possible contribution of the 5 He + α channel,
To ensure a fair comparison between the simulated and we have carried out an analysis of the energy dependence
experimental data, the Eα5 He distribution for simulated events of θ1 .
must be a good reproduction of the real distribution recon- The 2D spectra Eαα versus θ1 in Figs. 9(a) and 9(b) show a
structed assuming breakup via 5 He. Therefore, an accurate striking inconsistency when the 5 He + α channel is simulated.
description of the Eαα energy profile should yield an accurate The discrepancy is shown in Figs. 9(c) and 9(d) where 1D
description of Eα5 He . However, in the case of the 5 Heg.s. projections of θ1 are plotted with selections on Eαα . Each
events, the Eαα profile depends also upon the break-up angular spectrum has been obtained with gates on the α-α relative
distribution of the neutron, which is responsible for giving a energy from Eαα = 0.2 to 0.8 MeV with a step δEαα = 100 keV
recoil kick to the α particle emitted in the second stage of the and normalized in order to show the energy dependence of
breakup. the angular distribution. Eαα > 0.8 MeV, which corresponds
+
In the previous section, we are able to analyze the 8 Be2 + n to the lowest values of En8 Be , is not included due to the
channel by using the experimental data to constrain the relative
energy, but this is not possible for the 5 He + α channel.
Therefore the analysis has to be carried out with assumptions 1
on θ2 . Using Eq. (5), the parameters of the W (θ ) function 0.8
are predicted to be A0 = 0.737 and A2 = −0.526. Using
E αα [MeV]
those parameters, the Eα5 He profile can be extracted from the 0.6
simulation using the same method. The resulting distribution
is shown in Fig. 8 (histogram) which reproduces with a 0.4
good agreement the 1D projections reconstructed in both
0.2
channels. (a) (b)
600
(c) (d)
500
Counts [arb. units]
0.5
400
0.4
300
P [arb. units]
0.3
200
0.2 100
0.1 0
0 50 100 150 50 100 150
0
θ 1 [deg] θ1 [deg]
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Eα5He [MeV] FIG. 9. (Color online) 2D projections of Eαα versus θ1 (a),(b)
and 1D projections of θ1 plotted with selections on Eαα = 0.2 to
FIG. 8. Eα5 He profile deduced from calculation (solid curve) and 0.8 MeV with a step of δEαα = 100 keV (c),(d). The spectra (a)
from simulation (histogram) assuming a W (θ) function defined by the and (c) result from experimental data and (b),(d) from simulated data
parameters A0 = 0.737 and A2 = −0.526. The distribution obtained considering the 5 He + α exit channel with parameters A0 = 0.737
from simulation is normalized to the calculation for comparison. and A2 = −0.526.
045803-6
DECAY PATH MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 2.429 MeV . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW C 75, 045803 (2007)
TABLE II. Theoretical and experimental partial decay widths for understood as this state is part of the rotational band based
the three sequential decay channels considered in this work. on the ground state expected, in the same reference, to have a
+
dominant 8 Be0 + n cluster configuration.
+ +
Reference 8
Be0 + n 8
Be2 + n 5
Heg.s. + α
cannot satisfactorily reproduce the Eαα distribution. The present results indicate that the 8 Be2 + n configuration
9
In order to estimate the possible 5 He + α strength we tried is important in Be and so should be included in any calculation
to deconvolute the two components in the θ1 distribution with of the α + α + n reaction rate. The recent study by Prezado
the condition 0.15 MeV < Eαα < 0.35 MeV. But, as shown [18] showed it is also important for the next higher state at
in Fig. 9, θ1 measured in the experimental data has no energy Ex = 2.78 MeV, which also has an appreciable 5 He + α
dependence and the contribution of 5 He can only be buried in configuration.
the statistical fluctuations. In this way, an upper limit of 2.5% However, this poses a considerable theoretical challenge,
can be estimated for the 5 He + α channel. since in both cases the intermediate states are broad and the
usual narrow-resonance formalism cannot be applied. Some
work in this direction has been reported recently [15,31] which
+
IV. DISCUSSION suggests a small influence of the broad 8 Be2 and 5 Heg.s.
resonances. But, until rigorous calculations are available, it
The microscopic cluster model calculations of Descouve- will not be possible to determine the extent to which these
mont [10] provide partial widths for the two-body configura- other configurations influence the astrophysical systems. This
tions for the low lying states of the mirror nuclei 9 Be and 9 B. In theoretical challenge needs to be addressed and, until it is,
order to compare these to experiment, the given widths have calculations of the α + α + n reaction rate should be treated
to be folded with the decay penetrability appropriate to the with caution.
given channel. This is presented in Table II where we compare
the theoretical predictions with the experimentally observed
strengths. In agreement with the experiment, the main strength ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
is predicted to decay via the 8 Be2 + n channel. However,
the partial width of the He + α channel is overestimated
5 We would like to acknowledge P. Descouvemont for
compared with the upper limit estimated to be < 2.5% and valuable discussions and help concerning penetrability cal-
+ culations. This work was funded by the United Kingdom
probably much smaller. On the other hand, the 8 Be0 + n
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. The
partial width is underestimated with a factor of nearly 10. The
assistance of the staff at the Australian National University
ratio measured in previous work of ≈ 7% indicates a stronger
+ 14UD tandem facility is gratefully acknowledged.
8
Be0 + n configuration of the 2.429 MeV state. This can be
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045803-8