DANIELA P.

MANOME BSCE-5
13-1-00588

Title: The Application of Artificial Intelligence to Transportation Vehicles

1. GIS-based spatial analysis of urban traffic accidents: Case study in Mashhad, Iran

Authors: Gholam Ali Shafabakhsh, AfshinFamili and Mohammad Sadegh Bahadori

Abstract:
There is a growing concern in traffic accident rate in recent years. Using Mashhad
city (Iran second populous city) traffic accident records as case study, this paper applied
the combination of geo-information technology and spatial-statistical analysis to bring out
the influence of spatial factors in their formation. The aim of the study is to examine 4
clustering analyses to have a better understanding of traffic accidents patterns in complex
urban network. In order to deploy the clustering technique in urban roads, 9331 point
features for inner city traffic accidents during 12 months have been registered according to
their x and y location in geographic information system (GIS). The mentioned areas were
analyzed by kernel density estimation (KDE) using ARCMAP and two other analyses
using SANET 4th edition software so that the results of network analysis can be compared
with traditional KDE method. In addition, this research introduces five classifications for
determining the eventfulness of the under study area based on standard deviation and to
make priority in creating security in the area. The nearest neighbor and K-function output
analysis consist of four curves and regarding the fact that for all fatal, injury and property
damage only crashes, the observed value curve is above the 5% confidence interval.
Accidents in the study region are more clustered than expected by random chance. The
importance of this study is to use GIS as a management system for accident analysis by
combination of spatial-statistical methods.

2. Opportunities and challenges of smart mobile applications in transportation

Authors: Saidi Siuhi and Judith Mwakalonge

Abstract:

Smart mobile applications are software applications that are designed to run on
smart phones, tablets, and other mobile electronic devices. In this era of rapid technological
advances, these applications have become one of the primary tools we use daily both in our
personal and professional lives. The applications play key roles in facilitating many
applications that are pivotal in our today's society including communication, education,
business, entertainment, medical, finance, travel, utilities, social, and transportation.
 This paper reviewed the opportunities and challenges of the applications related to
transportation. The opportunities revealed include route planning, ridesharing/carpooling,
traffic safety, parking information, transportation data collection, fuel emissions and
consumption, and travel information. The potential users of these applications in the field
of transportation include (1) transportation agencies for travel data collection, travel
information, ridesharing/carpooling, and traffic safety, (2) engineering students for field
data collection such as travel speed, travel time, and vehicle count, and (3) general traveling
public for route planning, ridesharing/carpooling, parking, traffic safety, and travel
information.

Significant usage of smart mobile applications can be potentially very beneficial,

particularly in automobile travel mode to reduce travel time, cost, and vehicle emissions.
In the end this would make travel safer and living environments greener and healthier.
However, road users' interactions with these applications could manually, visually, and
cognitively divert their attention from the primary task of driving or walking. Distracted
road users expose themselves and others to unsafe behavior than undistracted. Road safety
education and awareness programs are vital to discourage the use of applications that
stimulate unsafe driving/walking behaviors. Educating the traveling public about the
dangers of unsafe driving/walking behavior could have significant safety benefits to all
road users. Future research needs to compare accuracies of the applications and provide
guidelines for selecting them for certain transportation related applications.

3. Driver sleepiness, fatigue, careless behavior and risk of motor vehicle crash and
injury: Population based case and control study

Authors: Abdulbari Bener, Erol Yildirim, Türker Özkan and TimoLajunen

Abstract:
A few studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between road
motor vehicle crashes (MVC) and serious injuries related to tiredness, fatigues and
sleeping. Population-based case and control study conducted at the accident emergency
departments of hospitals and roads. 515 car drivers involved in crashes with injury were
admitted to hospital and 1030 car drivers involved while driving on public roads as control
group during the study period.

The Manchester driver behaviour questionnaire (DBQ) measured the aberrant

driving behaviours leading to accidents. Participants completed a fatigue severity scale
(FSS) and Stanford Sleeping questionnaire an epworth scale with items related to socio-
demographic information, driving experiences, adherence to traffic laws (such as speed
limits and seat belt), and drivers’ driving records.
4. Artificial cognition for social human–robot interaction: An implementation

Authors: Séverin Lemaignan, Mathieu Warnier, E. Akin Sisbot, Aurélie Clodic and
RachidAlami
Abstract:
Human–Robot Interaction challenges Artificial Intelligence in many regards:
dynamic, partially unknown environments that were not originally designed for robots; a
broad variety of situations with rich semantics to understand and interpret; physical
interactions with humans that requires fine, low-latency yet socially acceptable control
strategies; natural and multi-modal communication which mandates common-sense
knowledge and the representation of possibly divergent mental models. This article is an
attempt to characterise these challenges and to exhibit a set of key decisional issues that
need to be addressed for a cognitive robot to successfully share space and tasks with a
human.

We identify first the needed individual and collaborative cognitive skills: geometric
reasoning and situation assessment based on perspective-taking and affordance analysis;
acquisition and representation of knowledge models for multiple agents (humans and
robots, with their specificities); situated, natural and multi-modal dialogue; human-aware
task planning; human–robot joint task achievement. The article discusses each of these
abilities, presents working implementations, and shows how they combine in a coherent
and original deliberative architecture for human–robot interaction. Supported by
experimental results, we eventually show how explicit knowledge management, both
symbolic and geometric, proves to be instrumental to richer and more natural human–robot
interactions by pushing for pervasive, human-level semantics within the robot's
deliberative system.

5. Experimental Autonomous Road Vehicle with Logical Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Sergey Sergeevich Shadrin, Oleg Olegovich Varlamov and Andrey Mikhailovich
Ivanov
Abstract:
This article describes some technical issues regarding the adaptation of a production
car to a platform for the development and testing of autonomous driving technologies. A
universal approach to performing the reverse engineering of electric power steering (EPS)
for the purpose of external control is also presented. The primary objective of the related
study was to solve the problem associated with the precise prediction of the dynamic
trajectory of an autonomous vehicle. This was accomplished by deriving a new equation
for determining the lateral tire forces and adjusting some of the vehicle parameters under
road test conductions. A Mivar expert system was also integrated into the control system
of the experimental autonomous vehicle. The expert system was made more flexible and
 effective for the present application by the introduction of hybrid artificial intelligence with
logical reasoning. The innovation offers a solution to the major problem of liability in the
event of an autonomous transport vehicle being involved in a collision.

6. Incentivizing alternative fuel vehicles: the influence of transport policies, attitudes

and perceptions

Authors: Jose J. Soto, Victor Cantillo and Julian Arellana

Abstract:

This paper aims to evaluate the influence of policies, attitudes and perceptions when
incentivizing alternative fuel vehicles. The impact of possible policies such as gasoline
taxes increases, purchase price subsidies, tax exemptions, and increases in fuel recharging
station availability for alternative fuelled vehicles is evaluated using hybrid choice models.
The models also allow assessing the sensitivity of latent variables (i.e., attitudes and
perceptions) in the car purchase behaviour. The models are estimated using data from a
stated choice survey collected in five Colombian cities. The latent variables are obtained
from the rating of statements related to the transport system, environmental concern,
vehicle preferences, and technology. The modelling approach includes regression between
latent variables. Results show that environmental concern and the support for green
transport policies have a positive influence on the intention to purchase alternative fuel
vehicles. Meanwhile, people who reveal to be car-dependent prefer to buy standard fuelled
vehicles. The analysis among cities shows similar trends in individual behaviour, although
there are differences in attribute sensitivities. The policy scenario analysis revealed high
sensitivity to capital cost and the need for extensive investments in refuelling stations for
alternative fuel vehicles to become attractive. Nevertheless, all policies should not only be
directed at infrastructure and vehicles but also be focused on user awareness and
acceptance of the alternative fuel vehicles. The analysis suggests that in an environmentally
conscious market, people prefer alternative fuels. However, if the transport policies support
private transport, the market shares of alternative fuel vehicles will decrease.

7. Smart vehicle monitoring and assistance using cloud computing in vehicular Ad Hoc
networks

Authors: Yash Agarwal, Kritika Jain, and Orkun Karabasoglu

Abstract:
The increasing number of on road vehicles has become a major cause for
congestion, accidents and pollution. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) might be the
key to achieve solutions that help in reducing these problems significantly. The connected
vehicular networks stream is a rapidly growing field for research and development of
various real-time applications. In this paper, novel techniques have been proposed to serve
 the speed based lane changing, collision avoidance and time of arrival (TOA) based
localization in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). As GPS requires clear line-of-
sight for accurate services of positioning and localization applications, we designed a Time
of Arrival (ToA) based algorithm for areas where strong GPS signals are unavailable.
Collision avoidance using automatic braking and camera-based surveillance are a few other
applications that we addressed. The feasibility and the viability of the algorithms were
demonstrated through simulations in Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and Network
Simulator-2 (NS-2). We prototyped a working hardware and tested it on actual vehicles to
assess the effectiveness of the proposed system. We designed a mobile app interface for
the on-board unit for smart, efficient and remote traffic monitoring. The integrated VANET
Cloud Computing architecture acts as the platform for the proposed applications.

8. Advancements, prospects, and impacts of automated driving systems

Author: Ching-YaoChan

Abstract:

Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in automated driving
systems (ADS). Given the current momentum and progress, ADS can be expected to
continue to advance and a variety of ADS products will become commercially available
within a decade. It is envisioned that automated driving technology will lead to a paradigm
shift in transportation systems in terms of user experience, mode choices, and business
models. In this paper, we start with a review of the state-of-the-art in the field of ADS and
their deployment paths. It is followed by a discussion of the future prospects of ADS and
their effects on various aspects of the transportation field. We then identify two specific
use cases of ADS where the impacts can be significant – personal mobility services and
vehicle automation for aging society. A survey of impact assessment studies and the
associated methodologies for evaluating ADS is given, which is followed by concluding
remarks at the end of the paper.

9. Assessing the impacts of deploying a shared self-driving urban mobility system: An

agent-based model applied to the city of Lisbon, Portugal

Authors: Luis M. Martinez and José Manuel Viegas

Abstract:

This paper examines the changes that might result from the large-scale uptake of a
shared and self-driving fleet of vehicles in a mid-sized European city. The work explores
two different self-driving vehicle concepts – a ridesharing system (Shared Taxi), which
emulates a taxi-like system where customers accept small detours from their original direct
path and share part of their ride with others and a dynamic bus-like service with minibuses
(Taxi-Bus), where customers pre-book their service at least 30 min in advance (permanent
 bookings for regular trips should represent most requests) and walk short distances to a
designated stop. Under the premise that the “upgraded” system should as much as possible
deliver the same trips as today in terms of origin, destination and timing, and that it should
also replace all car and bus trips, it looks at impacts on car fleet size, volume of travel and
parking requirements. Mobility output and CO2 emissions are also detailed in two different
time scales (24 h. average and peak-hour only). The obtained results suggest that a full
implementation scenario where the existing metro service is kept and private car, bus and
taxi mobility would be replaced by shared modes would significantly reduce travelled
vehicle.kilometres and CO2 emissions.

10. Exploring the use of automated vehicles as last mile connection of train trips through
an agent-based simulation model: An application to Delft, Netherlands

Authors: Arthur Scheltes and Gonçalo Homemde Almeida Correia

Abstract:

The last mile in a public transport trip is known to bring a large disutility for
passengers, because the conventional transport modes for this stage of the trip can, in many
cases, be rather slow, inflexible and not provide a seamless experience to passengers. Fully
automated vehicles (AVs), that is, those which do not need a driver, could act as a first
mile/last mile connection to mass public transport modes. In this paper, we study a system
that we call Automated Last-Mile Transport (ALMT), which consists of a fleet of small,
fully automated, electric vehicles to improve the last mile performance of a trip done in a
train. An agent-based simulation model was proposed for the ALMT whereby a dispatching
algorithm distributes travel requests amongst the available vehicles using a FIFO sequence
and selects a vehicle based on a set of specified control conditions (e.g. travel time to reach
a requesting passenger). The model was applied to the case-study of the connection
between the train station Delft Zuid and the Technological Innovation Campus (Delft, The
Netherlands) in order to test the methodology and understand the performance of the
system in function of several operational parameters and demand scenarios. The most
important conclusion from the baseline scenario was that the ALMT system was only able
to compete with the walking mode and that additional measures were needed to increase
the performance of the ALMT system in order to be competitive with cycling. Relocating
empty vehicles or allowing pre-booking of vehicles led to a significant reduction in average
waiting time, whilst allowing passengers to drive at a higher speed led to a large reduction
in average travel time, whilst simultaneously reducing system capacity as energy use is
increased.