Physics Full Course

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‫اﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫‪vii‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻲ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬
‫‪ 6‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫א
א
‬ ‫אא ول ‬
‫‪ 20‬‬ ‫‪ 7‬‬ ‫א ‬ ‫אא ‬
‫‪ 38 21‬‬ ‫א ‬ ‫אא ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ‬
‫‪ 55 39‬‬ ‫ אصא אא
‬ ‫אאא ‬
‫‪ 66 56‬‬ ‫ אصא אא‪
$%‬‬ ‫אא"!‪ #‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪ 83 67‬‬ ‫‪ +‬א*א)زא ‬ ‫אאدس ‬
‫‪ 91 84‬‬ ‫‪
-.‬א
‪),‬زא ‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪ 96 92‬‬ ‫‪-34‬د‪2‬אא‪12‬א‪
0‬‬ ‫אא!‪/‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻴﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 105 97‬‬ ‫א‪2%‬א‪9:‬و‪ +‬ن‪7‬وم ‬ ‫אא‪5%‬‬
‫‪ 116 106‬‬ ‫א‪@AB%‬א)?‪2%,‬א‪ 9:‬‬ ‫אא<;‪E7F‬‬
‫‪ 123 117‬‬ ‫‪1397‬א‪D‬سא‪ 9:‬‬ ‫אא<;‪ECF‬‬
‫‪ 143 124‬‬ ‫אא‪9:‬و!)? ‬ ‫אאد‪EFG‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫‪ 153 144‬‬ ‫‪J‬زدوא
א
وא‪ HI‬‬ ‫אא‪EF‬‬
‫‪ 159 154‬‬ ‫א ?‪L‬א‪
-2K‬‬ ‫אא‪EF‬‬
‫‪ 166 160‬‬ ‫א‪ 23,‬‬ ‫אאא‪EF‬‬
‫‪ 180 167‬‬ ‫א‪M:N‬وא‪
-O‬‬ ‫אא"!‪EF#‬‬
‫إﻋﺪاد اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ‪/‬‬
‫رﺟـﺐ ﻣـﺼـﻄـﻔـﻰ‬
http://www.hazemsakeek.com/vb/index.php G
‫ אא‬
W‫א !א א‬Wً‫و‬G

Quantity* ‫א‬ c.g.s‫ )&م(وس‬m.k.s$‫א &مא‬ "# ‫א‬
Length‫ل‬, ‫א‬ cm meter 1 cm = 10-2 meter
Mass * ‫א‬ gm kg 1 gm = 10-3 kg
Time- ‫א‬ sec sec 1 sec =1 sec
2
Area!.‫א‬ cm2 m 1 cm2 =10-4 m2
3
Volume/01‫א‬ cm3 m 1 cm3 = 10-6 m3
Density23* ‫א‬ gm / cm3 kg / m3 1 gm / cm3 = 103 kg / m3
Force45 ‫א‬ dyne Newton 1 dyne = 10-5 N
Pressure678 ‫א‬ Dyne / cm2 N / m2 1 dyne / cm2 = 10-1 N / m2
Energy ( Work )E"7: ‫א‬F, ‫א‬ erg Joule 1 erg = 10-7 J
Power4<5 ‫א‬ erg / sec J / sec = Watt 1 erg / sec = 10-7 Watt
Magnetic Field
.=7‫א>لא‬ Gauss Tesla 1 G = 10-4 T

W<.* ‫@ وא‬8‫א‬Wً)?G

@8‫א‬ <.* ‫א‬
1 kilo ( k ) = 103 1 milli ( m ) = 10-3
1 mega ( M ) = 106 1 micro ( µ ) = 10-6

1 Giga ( G ) = 109 1 nano ( n ) = 10-9

1 Tera ( T ) = 1012 1 pico ( p ) = 10-12

W 33‫א‬B.!‫و‬A‫א‬Wً3 ?G
WDE‫سא א‬5 ‫ א‬J
WM!θ‫ א אو‬J?@K ‫وذ‬rD,5 ‫א‬FG)H DE‫سدא‬5 s‫س‬5 ‫=لא‬

s
θ = ⇔ s = r θ
r
i rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
einstein007@ yahoo.comG0107198282G
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W‫אم‬N O‫א‬E: ‫ وאא‬33‫א وאلא‬/ J

θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
0o 0 1 0
30 o 1/ 2 3/2 1/ 3
o
45 2/2 2/2 1
60 o 3/2 1/ 2 3
90 o 1 0 ∞

W‫م‬01‫! وא‬.‫ א‬J

Z4DE‫א א‬6R 4π r 2 ZP,. ‫!א‬.
2 π r 4
4DE‫א א‬ π r 3 Z/01‫א‬ 4D* ‫א‬
π r Z!.‫א‬
2
3

2 l w Z6S‫א‬ π r l ZP,. ‫!א‬.

l w Z!.‫א‬ ", .‫א‬ π r 2 l Z/01‫א‬ )‫א‬,‫א‬

ZP,‫!א‬.
1 ‫وق‬G ‫א‬
b h Z!.‫א‬ M3‫א‬ 2 ( l h + h w + l w )
2 ", .‫א‬
l w h Z/01‫א‬

W33‫ א وאلא‬J

a b sin θ a
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ = =
c c cos θ b
ii rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
sin θ = cos( 90 o − θ ) cos θ = sin( 90 o − θ ) cot θ = tan( 90 o − θ )
sin( − θ ) = − sin θ cos( − θ ) = cos θ tan( − θ ) = − tan θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
W U0 ‫"א‬V J
] JWD^
^ ‫^_א‬0 ‫^`אא‬a"^V-*b_)c2x\. ‫<א‬S‫@
א‬θ‫אو‬Z"[A-* ‫و‬U0 W ‫ن‬W‫ذא‬Y
W
‫א‬# ‫@
א‬y‫د‬G ‫<א‬S‫א‬deYfAy
a)3 ‫وא‬x<S‫א‬deYfAxa‫!א‬Y

A y = A cos θ Ax = A sin θ A = A x i + A y j
Ax
tan θ =
Ay

WD: ‫א‬g‫א‬WًZ‫<א‬G
1
100 = 1 10 − 1 = = 0 .1
10
101 = 10 1
10 − 2 = = 0 . 01
10 = 10 × 10 = 100
2 10 × 10
1
10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000 10 − 3 = = 0 . 001
10 × 10 × 10
10 4 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10000 10 − 4 =
1
= 0 .0001
10 × 10 × 10 × 10
10 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 100000
5
1
10 − 5 = = 0 .00001
10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
10 n × 10 m = 10 n+ m
10 n
m
= 10 n − m
10

iii rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W/5 .h‫א‬6i‫د א‬G

W ‫א‬4<G ‫@
א‬jk/5 .h‫א‬6N ‫אد א‬
y =m x + c

l7 ^‫^א‬a x‫دو‬G^ ‫^<א‬S‫"@
א‬3h‫א‬l7 ‫א‬ayM!
ac‫و‬/5 .‫א‬6i‫"א‬am‫\و‬. ‫<א‬S‫"@
א‬3h‫א‬
ً^ )Z"^^3ok‫و‬y <^^# H^^(‫^^א‬n‫א‬-^^‫^^ع‬,5‫^^א‬n‫א‬
Wa/5 .‫א‬6i‫"و*ن"א‬Zh‫*"א‬: Z
∆ y y2 − y1
m = tan θ = =
∆ x x 2 − x1
Kx<S‫א‬/5 .‫א‬6i‫א‬UGp ‫
א אوא‬aθM!
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
W4<G ‫אد @

א‬r)W‫ذא‬Ys: ‫א‬g)‫و‬
y =m x − c

^^n‫א‬-^^‫^^ع‬,5‫^^א‬n‫^^א‬ac‫ ^^*^^ن‬1‫א‬d`^âf-^^*
Wa/5 .‫א‬6i‫و*ن"א‬y<# H . ‫א‬
∆ y y2 − y1
m = tan θ = =
∆ x x 2 − x1

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^
D^^^G ً‫و‬.^^^ ^^ y<S‫א‬-‫ع‬,5‫א‬n‫و@^^^*نא‬
W4<G ‫אد @
א‬PJGkc = 0
y =m x
E0{0F"v‫א‬,5ZDb/5 .o6tu@"3ok
a‫و‬
W‫و*ن‬
∆ y y2 − y1
m = tan θ = =
∆ x x 2 − x1

iv rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?‫אول‬FG ‫א‬2f_ ‫د<א‬yJ

@(‫א‬D?

)k ‫א*)*א‬Wً‫و‬

K!‫زא‬O‫א‬fl7 \ ‫
אلא‬aW@D. ‫א‬G
∆ x
v = m / sec
∆t
K@D. ‫א‬fl7 \ ‫
אلא‬aW0 ‫א‬G
∆v
a = m / sec 2
∆t
W& 0ZWD1‫د א‬G
v t = v 0 + at
1 2
x = v0 t + at
2
v t = v0 + 2ax
2 2
K0 ‫א‬a‫و‬E‫ א‬ZO‫@א‬D. ‫

א‬av0‫و‬EU ‫@א‬D. ‫
א‬avtM!

â‫^و‬j<‫^א‬Z‫ذ‬n‫^א‬0Z
.k& 0Z{D# _)c2_ ‫א<ض‬B`(4l?}krV/.(65.@G
K2L‫م‬9.8‫و‬.k
W-k)])‫א‬G
4_@D?k& @D.ZًWD# /5 .6tf{D# ‫א‬/.n‫
א‬5J‫ًو‬W-W. ‫א‬/.n‫
א‬5J–1
K_ !-l7k
W‫ن‬/.n‫@
א‬D?kp ‫<(א‬i‫א‬5 ‫א‬JH, ` ‫א‬D‫א‬
∑ F = 0
W,i‫א‬WD1‫א‬WG
PL = m v kg . m / sec
K/.n‫`אא‬aWD!Wfl7 \ ‫وאلא‬.k/.(

@4D?‫א‬GS‫א‬45 ‫–א‬2
∆ PL ∆v
F = kg . m / sec 2 ⇒ F = m = m a
∆t ∆t
W_ ‫א<ض‬B`(4-@4<J@/.n‫وزنא‬W‫א * وא زن‬G

Fg = m g
Dt‫א‬/.n‫نא‬c245ZDt/.(
@/.(D?@‫و‬deO‫א‬f_ ‫د‬8‫א<و‬5‫א‬f_ ‫و‬."2‫"<د‬2"* –3
KdeO‫א‬f_ 4‫د‬8‫א<و‬5‫א‬f_ ‫و‬.45Z‫אول‬/.n‫@
א‬D?
F1 = − F1

v rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
WWD‫א‬0 ‫א‬G
2
v0
ac =
r
WWD‫א‬Z‫ذ‬n‫א‬45 ‫א<א‬5G
2
v0
Fc = m a c = m
r
W"7: ‫א‬G
W = F . d
Wj ‫=א‬G
P .E . = m g d
WWD1‫=א‬G
1
K .E . = m v2
2
j ‫=א‬HWD1‫=א‬Z* ‫א‬, ‫א‬G
1
E = K .E . + P .E . = m v2 + m g d
2
^‫^@^د<א‬a^Wâ‫^ ^_و‬WD1‫^א‬Wfl7 ‫א‬-@4<J@a/.(
@D?‫א‬2 ‫א‬WImpulse2 ‫א‬G
K].(]Z‫دم‬G ‫א‬
∆mv
Q F = ⇒ Im = F . ∆ t = ∆ m v
∆t

4<‫א‬D1‫א‬Wً)?

W4<‫א‬D1‫)نא م ]د<(א‬5 ‫א‬G
Xt − X0
t c = 100
o
X 100 − X 0
‫=ل@د‬l7kFY
a‫و‬4<‫א‬D1‫د<(א‬l^7 Z‫) &م‬cZl7 ^^^ ^^ kp ‫وא‬$^^^ ^$ ‫א‬4‫ د‬E ‫א‬vi‫
א‬aXM!
KERF‫وא‬5l7k‫و‬P‫س‬JS‫زא‬7 ‫א‬67jl7k‫و‬L"E. ‫א‬
WM!4!‫_د<(وא‬W/.n‫א‬4<‫א‬D!(<‫د‬2D^ ‫ز‬u ‫א‬4<‫א‬D1‫א‬W
aWqth/.n<‫א‬D1‫^_א‬. ‫א‬G
Q th
q th = Joule / kelvin
∆t
WM!4!‫د<(وא‬4‫אد‬-‫אم‬D(W14<‫א‬D!(<‫د‬2D ‫ز‬u ‫א‬4<‫א‬D1‫א‬W
aWC4‫א @د‬4<‫א‬D1‫א‬G

q th Q th
C = = Joule / kelvin . kg
m m ∆t

vi rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
ZDU* ‫א‬Wً3 ?

W‫ م‬W‫)ن‬G
q1 q 2
F = k
d2
W‫و‬.‫א مو‬B`n‫א‬rZ?ak‫و‬D2 ‫وא‬B‫ذ‬0 ‫
א‬aFM!
k = 9 × 10 9 N m 2 / col 2
W
ZDU* ‫א>لא‬4G
F V
ε = =
q d
W
ZDU* ‫א‬Un‫א‬G
W
V =
q
Wu ZCF3*‫
א‬,okWF3*‫א‬G
Q
C = Farad
V
W‫و‬5‫א‬G
V
R = Ω
I
WZDU* ‫א‬WG
q = I t
WE{u‫א‬f4` .h‫א‬ZDU* ‫א‬, ‫א‬F‫`ول‬J‫"א‬7: ‫א‬G
W = V I t
^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^

vii rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?"‫"א‬#$%‫א ! אول?א‬
?‫?א‬
‫א אو‬
"‫"א‬#$%‫א‬
W"&G
(!)")*+,)‫א‬-.)/)!) )#‫)!دم‬2‫ن‬45678!$9:‫?>&
=א<;ن‬
)5!)%‫א‬I)2‫)&ط‬/)G)C#$")@ $)A‫)"دوא‬BC
)?)‫א‬-.)/‫)ق‬5$E F‫א‬$.GH
K"*
K
?"‫א‬STC(E >HSUH=". ‫ & و& א‬F‫א‬$.GH?Q>R
?"‫א‬M$2<4Nً‫ذא‬H

"))*$Q#‫)(א‬ZH
) HE(!) ‫א ))!وא‬F‫)ل‬V 2W)(!) ‫) ن&) א ))!وא‬5I T)#G
ST))C‫))ل‬V 5‫)) &\ل‬/b‫))زא‬Q= \& K))2] ^))_‫אغ‬$)) ‫=א‬$E)) 2"K))a7‫و‬$Q#))
))? ) V]2
K(8‫و‬8
H^_"*$Q#‫(א‬ZH
H‫א‬
<)E(!) ‫>)ًא‬R‫و‬F!) ‫&) א‬2)) ) Q5‫ل‬c‫زא نא‬Q=dE ‫א‬e>‫و‬G
‫אغ‬$ ‫=א‬$E 2"Ka7‫و‬$Q#‫(א‬ZH
HQ‫*"و‬$Q#‫(א‬ZH
H‫ل‬V 2W \& Kf‫
א‬H /$f‫א‬

H^_"*$Q#‫(א‬ZH
H$9R$‫ل‬V 5 \& Kf‫
א نא‬A‫א‬CQ\& K‫ن‬R
Hgc‫א‬g/ ‫وא‬
KE(8ً>R‫و‬F8

WCjKA(j?>
H‫^א‬K&2W‫>אعא‬R J
K"4>4‫–אא‬1
K"Ka7‫و‬$Q4 ‫–אא‬2

W‫>?
א‬j*">(& J
"Ka7‫و‬$Q4 ‫אא‬ "4>4‫אא‬
=$E))) )))#‫אغ‬$))) ‫=א‬$E))) F‫א‬$.)))GH
)))C J ) m))8F‫))د‬g))/‫ ))
و‬H‫ ))ج‬lF‫א‬$.))GH
))C J
K"‫طאد‬/‫אو‬ K$E
#E‫ز‬n) A/
Kg&5"G$ K‫אج‬R‫ن‬42 J K" a‫אج‬R‫و‬R"G$ K‫אج‬R‫ن‬42 J
p))))))q‫*)))))"و‬$Q#p)))))q‫ )))))אز‬CH<oE)))))2 J =‫و‬R‫?د‬Hg/ ‫א‬B‫ אز‬CH<oE2 J
K"‫(א‬E >HSUH
?‫?د‬SUH="Ka7 K"‫(א‬E >HSUHe>
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K"ZR)"K ‫"א‬Z‫א‬ K! ‫אجא‬R
1 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
"‫ אز‬Cb‫"א‬#$%‫א‬
W
C"(‫و‬$r ‫"א‬A ‫א‬4 ‫א‬s*"‫ אز‬Cb‫"א‬#$%*g\2$G
"))#
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))8‫א‬t))>‫א‬2H‫و‬Rt>4))/))G<))?t))@%R=)) Q‫^א‬K))u‫))
*]))א‬CWD"))‫زא‬b‫ א‬J
Kmv*‫&س‬2‫و‬tQx
‫א‬T)C")#$(K)=j ).&>j)*"5K)‫)
א‬C‫و‬RK) Q‫^א‬K)x "‫زא‬H
!R
CWA‫ אز‬Cb‫"א‬/ J
Kmv*ًrR‫&س‬2
C‫و‬K"$9‫و=א‬C!RC‫א‬H=t ?$/‫ن‬42^Ku‫א‬
S(‫و‬$)j)*
r)yz) ‫א )"א‬v) ‫ )=א‬Q‫^א‬K)u‫א‬Qz ‫"א‬#$%‫
א‬CW" 4 ‫ אزא‬Cb‫ א‬J
K‫وא‬SUH=j j2$t #$(K=‫"وא‬.&*
1
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W‫ن‬R{|]>I ‫<ذ‬Ksec">+ *‫و]&س‬T$ *(‫א و‬
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2 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
"4>4‫אא‬

W"4>4‫!ل?
אא‬%‫وطא‬$ZG
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3 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
"G$ K‫אא‬Wً>_

S)UH=)Q>‫א‬2H)G‫)لא‬g)/ ‫)א‬B)Q5 Q2z ‫?א"א‬Q>R
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4 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
>"4>4‫> &لאא‬H"#G
K"4 ‫א‬e*gc‫א‬g/ ‫א‬B Q2"]"4*(!‫ א‬Q?
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5 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
Wv‫(א‬E >H"?$/‫ و‬λ

‫لא‬. ‫وא‬ν ‫دد‬v ‫א‬j*"| ‫א‬G
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6 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?" ‫א "!א
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‫א אو‬
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7 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
!6`7
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8 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
" ‫א‬X,6/WًF

ً `cD>`? ‫א‬n`
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9 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W#a )!@>?‫
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/‫א‬A‫א‬N" ‫لא‬$ /‫@و‬

K`? D"` ‫א‬#85`?‫@@ن‬F`P a )‫`!)`زאد‬$D‫زא‬Q ‫א "<א‬#85?‫@ن‬rJ J
KE‫ز‬Q ‫א‬#a )ً ,68ًc?D
#85`?‫@@ن‬F#a 6 ‫د ًא‬5Mً c?D" ‫א‬#85?K? D#c" ‫مא‬,‫!وא‬T‫א‬, ‫<א‬d
KE#a 6 ‫دא‬d‫دאد‬D" ‫א‬
Pa" ‫א‬x85?yd‫ق‬5 ‫א‬yV?‫و‬ydA$ /8d2#D" ‫אא‬X,6/G
KbQ1

10 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
" ‫!א‬W‫א‬DWً F

XY :‫א‬B9/‫و‬#, ‫א ددوא‬nAE5 )@‫@و‬Fy K)‫א‬5DNgYD#5..!W‫א א‬
7<j‫אم@و‬/‫و‬Ed!W‫א‬DFLM‫א‬d<#‫א‬7<‫@وزد‬#$Df8 C ‫א‬5‫א‬
KE‫אم‬.!W‫א‬DFLM‫א‬d<#‫א‬
Wy y )5yd!W‫א א‬2‫وطو‬57G
K#, ‫א ددوא‬ny ‫א‬y )5q ‫ن‬6‫• @ن‬
KbQ1#‫زאو‬P.9/yd‫وא@و‬.XY />W‫ن‬6‫• @ن‬
x ‫א "א‬yd!W‫א א‬5.‫ن‬c #$5M‫ض‬527`1
?X‫ א‬6 ‫<א‬i‫!א‬6Y ‫ وא‬J
Krs‫و‬VtuDN‫ن‬6 D
NC.
8‫א["ل‬N6l‫و‬#, ‫א ددوא‬nA‫ ن‬cJ S1 , S2‫אن‬X"!6Y ‫א‬ycJ |
KCdC ‫
א‬d5P6 ‫א‬X"‫א‬nd1ysu!1 dNX"‫א‬
W!6Y ‫א‬Nr‫و‬G
KCVtu
^ ‫א‬P ‫ !אא‬#" ‫ אאسא‬J
KRrss
^ ‫א‬P ‫ !אא‬#V$ ‫ אאسא‬J
K
‫لא‬V ‫وא‬,Dy yV$ y?‫@و‬y y" y?@yd#a,‫ א‬J
Vtu`D`Pa
`$ Dx` ‫א‬LM`‫`א‬d`D#,` ‫א ددوא‬nAy K)‫ א‬#0 ‫و‬G
P;‫א
و‬X"‫א‬rs‫אول‬X"‫א‬rs‫א
@و‬X"‫א‬VtuD‫אول‬X"‫א‬
W
‫طא‬5Y ‫א‬A5a
? m = 0 ,1 ,2 ,...... | m λ ZX,‫قא‬5a@#‫אلא‬M‫א‬N#qq1‫אد‬8@‫و‬,X,‫قא‬5a?
‫א`אس‬M$D‫ و<א‬f@Ed!W‫א‬DF#‫א‬7<‫@وزد‬#$D
/‫د‬
K" ‫א‬7<‫زد‬, #V$ ‫אאسא‬M$D‫@وא‬#" ‫א‬
‫א ``
@و‬X"``‫א‬r``s``‫אول‬X"``‫א‬Vtu``D``Pa
``$ Dx`` ‫א‬LM``‫``א‬d``D``)G
W‫ن‬6@E#V$ ‫אאسא‬#" ‫אאسא‬M$DLM
.‫و‬Fn6 ‫א‬
1
? ( m + ) λ ZX,‫قא‬5a@#j"‫و‬#qq1‫אد‬8@‫@و‬#j" ً‫و‬,X,‫قא‬5a?
2
K" ‫א‬7<j@E‫אم‬.!W‫א‬DF#‫א‬7<j‫אم@و‬/
/‫د‬

" ‫دא‬Wًd‫א‬X

N``.X‫و‬58PT/‫@و‬#‫א‬X,<bQDN8Xc8
.‫א ?>و‬n<235.‫א[د‬
K#a[P ,r8‫א
@و‬AV #dX$#$#q a
11 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
#a5t<5WwSs7#a5tNE6 D@ ‫!א ل‬c?

a#a g‫א‬5.‫א ^א‬N" ‫ودא‬
ً 5`7c#`q ‫@`مא‬SsY` ‫אא‬C`.j`$‫@ن‬X‫و‬5u` ‫א‬N`n` f`_a`d‫@و‬X‫<`א‬#q a‫ل‬rW5W@
‫`ن‬6D`$a#à5Q ‫א‬BC.!W‫دא‬faj$C ‫نא‬6‫א‬N85^ ‫א‬Qd" ‫(عא‬f6l‫ذ‬/" ‫א‬,
#a5Q ‫<א‬5W‫ن‬6NbQ D" ‫א‬7N6 ‫ًو‬57c#q ‫وً@مא‬5 )@‫ع‬,‫א "א‬7
E‫وط‬5`!6`7
`8‫@و‬#`‫و‬5!6`7<‫`ن‬6F#`q ‫א‬jW# ‫א‬#a5Q ‫א "<א‬XY /‫و‬K# ‫א‬
KfD‫
د‬/5‫و‬

K##)5" ‫א‬G

N`6lx` ‫א`א‬ST"`` f`#`#`)5‫`ن‬6‫`و@ن‬d]```" ‫@نא‬iu Lc?
W
D‫<א‬.‫ز‬/
K#$ ,‫ط‬VW<‫و‬.9:‫<א ?>אد<;א‬XY !d–1
K‫س‬6:‫א‬#‫زאو‬Z‫ط‬$, ‫א‬#‫نزאو‬6D|n)8iV?
8fM$?8‫س‬6 !d–2
W‫ن‬6|yV? ‫<א‬f 85?kr W:#0 5Ww
/>?‫و‬Nf $ /8X,6 !d–3
v1 sin φ
=
v2 sin θ
`‫`אא‬d<Y` ‫<א‬#`$D!W‫א `א‬N`8 `‫و‬#,` ‫<א `ددوא‬#‫و‬, ‫אא‬1‫!א‬W‫ א‬D–4
K5W@‫<א‬Y ‫אم<א‬/‫و‬
K
‫لא‬V #dX$#$#q aN>? ‫א‬n<BX‫و‬58BX,N8" ‫–א‬5

K‫א‬K)‫א‬5DG

<X$ ‫א‬# <‫و‬K‫א‬7‫
ع‬.#"{‫א‬#‫نא‬6D|‫א‬K)‫א‬D‫@ن‬N6l
K#$a‫ א‬Q
/‫د‬DK)‫א א‬#8‫_ن‬a#, ‫א ددوא‬
!"Dx5 ,D#uc ‫א‬BC.‫_ن‬a#)5[‫א‬#0 ًr #ucLVD|ً‫ودא‬Yًrc)5‫_ذא‬a
`D5‫א‬#`‫`_نא‬a‫ `]ق‬#d#$<ًMd5k5V ‫אא‬C.‫_ذא)ن‬aK!c[‫א‬Nc ‫א‬k5V ‫
א‬/
‫`ن‬6D`D5‫א‬#`‫`_نא‬a#)5[‫א‬f6l]ً c k5V ‫ذא)نא‬/@‘#V, ‫א‬#‫ !א‬#c‫ن‬6D
ًrW‫א‬D
‫אو‬# [‫
<א‬VDP_aD5‫א‬#‫א‬#V, ‫א‬#‫
א‬$ D8‫و‬KE#c ?F#?6
Kً‫א‬.ًrW‫א‬D# ‫א‬# [‫
<א‬VD‫و‬d

12 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K#a‫אא‬G

` P6 #,`` ‫א ``ددوא‬n```Ày ``y )5``!W‫``א‬D‫@و‬K``)‫א‬5DN``#`à‫א``א‬gY``D
KN‫د‬u y.9/<‫אن‬5Y D
5 ,5WwXV‫و‬B9/<‫ود‬Y!c
85Y ‫אא‬N5 ,ً‫א‬XV ‫ذא)ن‬/ًr a
‫و‬c!c[‫א‬,hًًr67‫ن‬6 !W‫ א‬D‫א‬BC.‫_ن‬a
,6 ‫א‬B9:‫<א‬5Y ‫אא‬N
K!c[‫
א‬8ً‫د‬85q f6 ‫و‬X, ‫
א‬/]‫و‬y ‫
א‬/5q ]fg)‫و‬
>5D‫!@وو‬c<#a‫
אא‬8‫قא["ل‬5MG
Kf PN
‫د‬cD!6YdًMc.‫دאًو‬15D ‫!@وא‬c[‫א‬5q d J
K5W‫א‬k5V ‫א‬N#V,d#$a‫א‬D#)5f653‫و‬k5MN5D ‫!@وא‬c[‫~א‬c D J
K‫ن‬rW‫ א‬DEF‫אن‬DaN‫د‬u y.9/<‫א‬LVD|>? ‫א‬N!c[‫א‬C J

W#d59G

‫ز‬Ph‫א‬.‫א‬5/<‫م‬s ,J‫و‬KXD‫<אو‬#a‫אא‬iDx ‫א‬X0 ‫א‬E.@N#d59I D
y`d`f` M`c‫ن‬5`L`X>`!"` ` PX"`N`8X`c8`.‫و‬34`1
?X‫ א‬6 ‫<א‬yc‫א‬
`Pa`D#`6d
`P ‫و‬,`56d‫ق‬a5W‫א‬fa5M5l‫و‬fa5M@N~c X @#Fr ‫وא‬N‫א‬
Dba56c ‫
א‬/!"x‫א‬N5 ,XV5D ‫!<א‬$ X"‫ א‬P8‫و‬K#c?‫ل‬$F@
W
/>R‫א‬E,$Pa‫و‬#a‫ًאא‬#6#,6‫אא‬#V, ‫אא‬K)‫א‬D‫و‬KP8
K$ dPًr)
, a5" #‫و‬,‫ אز‬.:‫א‬#?Pa‫ن‬6DLM–1
KNVc dPًr)
, aN6lI)@‫ אز‬.:‫א‬#?Pa‫ن‬6DLM–2
K#‫و‬, a,
8$ ‫ א‬C)‫نو‬Vc ‫א‬$D‫و‬
K?‫ن‬VdPd$8
8 3x ‫א‬#‫?א‬Pgd?#a‫א‬#‫?א‬j5DN6lLc?
K?#a‫א‬#‫ אز<א‬.:‫א‬#?fa‫م‬DC ‫?אא‬Pgd?$ ‫?א‬k5D‫و‬
K?
^8#P#a‫א‬#‫ אز<א‬.:‫א‬#?facDC ‫
?אא‬Pa?NVc ‫@?א‬

13 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W‫@ن‬Ld, ‫!א‬6Y ‫א‬NrJ‫و‬

λ 1
KE F# Zy yVdyd#a,‫–א‬1
2 2
λ 1
KE F# Zy yD$8yd#a,‫–א‬2
2 2
λ 1
KE F# Zy NVd‫و‬$8yd#a,‫–א‬3
4 4
K?y yD$8‫@و‬y yVd@yd#a,‫א‬j?.#a‫א‬#
‫لא‬V ‫@@نא‬

5D‫<و‬5Y ‫א‬#‫א‬#85?,

``d#)``?#``‫@نא‬X``c 8/N6`àv# 85,``dy`` ‫ ``
א‬/5Y`` D5``D‫``
و‬8#``#``)5``gD‫ذא‬/
#‫א‬#N5D ‫א‬NCW@‫_ذא‬aKv#85,dX, ‫
א‬/n)‫א‬B9:‫<א‬5D ‫א‬,5q D
#‫<א אو‬5V$ ‫א‬j"N8Xc8‫س‬$ ‫אא‬C.‫ل‬M‫ن‬6aR.5Vj"5T‫دא‬NbQ1‫س‬#.
8
W@.5"x ‫א‬
l
l = R ( 2θ ) = 2 Rθ ⇒ 2θ = → 1
R
K37`1
?X‫ א‬6 ‫!אد<א‬6Y d)
‫א‬C``.# ` )‫`|@ن‬m
``.f`‫`אل‬M‫و``א‬#` )‫و‬M
`.5D`` ‫א‬N``h‫אא‬C``.#` )‫ض@ن‬5`d‫و‬
KEFlh‫אא‬C.‫ل‬MCELE0)Fm‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )ZEE0)FM h‫א‬
M
M = m l ⇒ m = → 2
l
W# ‫א‬#r ‫א‬N
VJD#)5N
Jf_a5T‫
دא‬85q h‫אא‬C.‫و|@ن‬
Mv 2
Fc =
→ 3
R
X,`‫و‬y`l
`8‫س‬$ ‫<א‬5M8#?‫א‬Y ‫!א‬q d‫و‬K FT 5D ‫<א‬Y ‫א‬#0 gYD
.‫و‬
M`h‫א‬y`l
` / FT cos θ .X‫`א‬$`.‫@ن‬rJE#?@5 ‫وא‬#$a‫א‬FP c)5
/h‫א‬
y ‫א‬NY ‫א‬$ #?@5 ‫א‬#c)5‫نא‬6DdK5W‫א‬.‫א‬/
7rJ aX, ‫
א‬/A#‫و‬,‫و‬
W@#)5.#?@5 ‫א‬Y ‫_نعא‬a C X, ‫א‬NP ‫ و‬FT sin θ
.
Fc = 2 FT sin θ
W‫ن‬6
d‫ و‬sin θ ≈ θ ‫ن‬6‫א‬C bQ1 θ #‫و|@نא אو‬
l
Fc = 2 FT θ = FT ( 2θ ) ⇒ Fc = FT ( )
R
W
8!"3N‫و‬
Mv 2 l l
= FT ( ) ⇒ v 2 = FT ( )
/
R /
R M
14 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W‫ن‬62N‫و‬
M 1 l
m = ⇒ =
l m M
FT FT
⇒ v 2 = ⇔ v = → 4
m m
K5D ‫<א‬Y ‫
א‬. FT ‫و‬#‫א‬XY /#85?
. v‫و‬5D ‫א‬N‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )
.m|
#85`?‫)`زאد‬E5D` ‫<א‬Y` ‫@زאد`א‬FL`v‫`!א‬$ ‫`زאدא‬v)f`@4EX#r ‫א‬NrJ‫و‬
W|5D ‫<א‬#a‫אא‬XY /
FT 1
v = ⇒ v = FT
m m
1
W‫ن‬6
d‫و‬# dF# X‫א‬$‫نא‬6m‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )cF8‫و‬
m
v ∝ FT
K5D ‫<א‬Y ‫א‬$
d ‫א‬XCh‫دא‬5Mً c?DK? D#a‫אא‬XY /#85?‫@@ن‬
‫)زאد‬f@‫א‬C v = λ ν #r ‫א‬K,‫א دد‬u@ً‫د‬5MK? D#‫א‬#85?‫و|@ن‬
K5D ‫لא‬Mn ‫)زאدא ددوذ‬Y ‫א‬
>5D ‫<א‬#5 ,‫אא‬XY /#85?P8j Dx ‫א א!א‬G
‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )cF8Y ‫دא‬d#‫א‬XY /#85?‫دאد‬D|W FT 5D ‫א‬7–1
W@K5D ‫א‬N
v1 FT 1
v ∝ FT ⇒ =
v2 FT 2
W‫|@ن‬qaWm5D ‫א‬N‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )–2
FT 1
v = ⇒ v = FT
m m
W‫ن‬6 FT 5D ‫<א‬Y ‫א‬cF8‫و‬
1
v ∝
m

` d‫و‬K‫`אل‬M‫و`א‬#` 6
d ‫א‬XCh‫ًא‬,68c?DK? D# XY :‫א‬#85?‫@@ن‬
KY ‫א‬cF8‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )‫د‬d#‫א‬XY /#85?!$D
1 v1 m2
v ∝ ⇒ =
m v2 m1

15 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
KXD‫ אزאو‬./G

XY` />`W!` lC` ‫א‬f` M
`8#`‫د‬8`.9/<` PD5D` ‫_ن@אא‬af" N5D‫قو‬5vM‫ذא‬/
Kً5 ,Jً‫ אزא‬./5D ‫ אزא‬./I J‫א‬C #‫א‬
>XD‫<אو‬#5 ,‫א‬#‫א‬XY /#)G
x`5D` ‫!<@א‬$ D‫אאج‬BC.‫و‬#5 ,fa23f" N5D ‫قא‬5M8–1
Ky c ‫א‬f P
/!"D
K5D y c ‫א‬y P ‫א‬8#5 ,‫אאجא‬n6D–2
‫`ن‬6 D|`#à‫א`א‬#`6#,`6‫وא‬#V,` ‫א‬y `‫א‬y )5`[‫!א‬W‫ א‬D‫@و‬K)‫א‬D–3
Ky c ‫א‬y P ‫א‬8yD$8ًT‫دא‬
KQ8fgYD‫@ن‬N6lf_a#6 ‫א‬BCPd5D‫ و‬P8‫و‬

K5D‫و‬NX‫د‬1#Q‫دد‬5DyDG
N`‫`د‬8
` /B‫ `אز‬./
` /`F@5D` ‫א‬E,`$‫و‬#à‫@`אج‬fà23‫ود‬Y5D‫ و‬P8 •
KNVd‫و‬yD$8N8Xc8P!)8V$ ‫א‬
λ
1 ← Zy yD$8yd#a,‫א‬Z‫ع‬V$ ‫لא‬M ⇐
2
W‫ن‬6ً‫ذא‬/l.5D ‫لא‬M‫و@ن‬n.5D ‫<א‬#9 ‫א‬8V$ ‫دא‬8‫ض@ن‬5d •
K‫عא א‬V$ ‫لא‬MCn8V$ ‫دא‬8Zl5D ‫لא‬M
l
2 ← Z‫ع‬V$ ‫لא‬M ⇐
n
W
8!"2‫و‬1N •
λ l 2l
= ⇒ λ =
2 n n
W#r ‫א‬N
VJD‫א‬XY /#85?‫• و|@ن‬
2l
v = λ ν ⇒ v = ν → 3
n
W#r ‫א‬NPDN6l5D‫<و‬#5 ,‫אא‬XY /#85?N6 ‫• و‬
FT
v= → 4
m
W‫@ن‬4‫و‬3N •
2l FT n FT
ν = ⇒ ν = → 5
n m 2l m
K5D ‫א‬P /E,$x ‫א‬8V$ ‫دא‬8
.n‫و‬f M
.l ‫و‬5D ‫א‬#Q‫دد‬5D
.ν |
16 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
>5D ‫א‬.X"Jx ‫א‬Q ‫א‬G

WQ ‫א‬Ny8X"Jf_a5D ‫ א‬P8
WE
‫אو‬#$a‫א א‬F5D #??‫א‬#Q ‫–א‬1
K?‫وא‬#V$)f) P85D ‫א‬.X"Jx ‫א‬#Q ‫א‬N8Xc8?
.‫و‬
W5D #??‫א‬#Q ‫אصא‬W •
K.X"8‫وא‬#V$)5D ‫ א‬P–1
K n = 15D ‫א‬Pd Px ‫א‬8V$ ‫دא‬8‫{@@ن‬NVdj" ‫و<א‬yD$85D ‫<א‬5M8‫ن‬6 –2
WN#??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5D,N6l‫و‬K5D ‫א‬fd P‫@ن‬N6l‫دد‬5D!@.‫دد‬5D‫ن‬6–3
n FT 1 FT
ν = at n = 1 ⇒ ν 1 =
2l m 2l m

W5D # ‫א‬Q ‫–א‬2
‫@و‬y8`V#`.
`8` P`85D ‫א‬.X"x ‫א‬#Q ‫?א‬Pgd? P5D # ‫א‬#Q ‫?א‬k5JD
K?#??‫א‬#Q ‫ً ددא‬qq1ً8u.‫دد‬5D‫ن‬6‫و‬5 )@
#Q ‫אو
@وא‬# ‫א‬#Q d
,D#QX"f_an = 2y8V#.
85D ‫ א‬P8–@
W|K#??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5Dj.‫دد‬5D‫ن‬6‫و‬# ‫א‬#$a‫א א‬
2 FT
at n = 2 ⇒ ν 2 = ⇔ ν 2 = 2 ν 1
2l m
#`$a‫@وא א‬#` ‫א‬#` ‫א‬#`Q ‫א‬X"`f`_an = 3`8V3#`.
`85D` ‫ `א‬./‫ذא‬/`@–
W|K#??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5D‫@ ل‬3.‫دد‬5D‫ن‬6‫و‬# ‫א‬
3 FT
at n = 3 ⇒ ν 3 = ⇔ ν 3 = 3 ν 1
2l m

17 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬

`.ν 3 : ν 2 : ν 1 @f` #` ‫`א‬Q ‫وא‬5D` #??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5Dyd#c, ‫نא‬6D Cd‫• و‬
K3W2W1KD ‫
א‬8
`Q ‫א‬BC`.
,`D‫و‬C`dC 5`D‫و‬5D` ‫א‬C`‫ذא‬/`‫نوא‬w<Q ‫א‬BC.‫ א‬D‫@ن‬N6l‫• و‬
K‫ط‬¢dًu@
X"‫ددא‬5D.‫و‬K Q ‫_نא >א‬a5D ‫@א ددאא{د‬f PX"5D ‫"!א‬D/‫ذא‬/@ •
K‫د‬,C ‫א‬.
W P5D #??‫א‬#Q ‫وא‬# ‫א‬Q ‫ددא‬5Dyd#r ‫א‬G
E,$85D ‫א‬.X"x ‫א‬# ‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5D‫و@ن‬ν 1
.5D #??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5D‫ض@ن‬5d
Kν n = n ν 1 W‫ن‬6aν n .8V$ ‫א‬Nn‫د‬8
/
W P5D‫و‬N8X‫א "د‬# ‫א‬Q ‫وא‬#??‫א‬#Q ‫א‬yd#r ‫א‬i‫ول‬G

# ‫א‬# ‫א‬
‫אو‬# ‫א‬ #??‫א‬ #X$‫א‬f‫و‬
3 2 1 KD ‫א‬
3 2 1 8V$ ‫دא‬8
3 FT 2 FT 1 FT #Q ‫ددא‬5D
ν 3 = ν 2 = ν 1 =
2l m 2l m 2l m
3ν 1 2ν 1 ν 1 #Q ‫ددא‬5D
3 2 1 ‫א ددא‬yd#c, ‫א‬

W5D #??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5DP8j x ‫א א!א‬G
1 FT
j #??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5D‫? ج@ن‬/N6lν 1 = # ‫א‬#??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5D# ‫د‬N
2l m
W# ‫
א א!א‬8
Y ‫א‬cF8 ‫وذ‬5D ‫لא‬Mً,68ًc?D#??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5DK? aWl 5D ‫لא‬M–@
KEt" ‫א‬ic"@F‫!א دد‬5D ‫لא‬M‫زאد‬6af‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )‫و‬
1 FT  1
ν =   ⇒ ν = const 1 ⇔ ν ∝ 1 ⇔ ν l = const
 l
2 m  l l
ν l
⇒ ν 1 l 1 = ν 2 l 2 ⇔ 1 = 2
ν2 l1
1

`$a‫א‬X`{‫`
א‬8 ‫@?`
و‬5 ‫א‬X`{‫`
א‬8ν y`d#`c ‫א‬#`r ‫א‬E?5d‫و‬
l
W#r ‫א‬N!‫
א‬VJ‫و‬K!1‫א‬#V$d5lE$ ,>W#r8 D
ν l Zν ÷ ( 1 / l ) Z tan θ Z!‫א‬
18 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
2l
W‫ن‬6ً‫ذא‬/ λ = .
‫لא‬V ‫ وא‬v = λ ν
.#‫א‬#85?‫و|@ن‬
n
2l v n
v = ν ⇔ = ν l
n 2
W‫ن‬6‫א‬C #??‫א‬#Q n = 1 ‫و|@ن‬
v
= ν l ⇒ v = 2 ν l
2
K!‫א‬C2Z#‫א‬XY ‫א‬#85?‫@@ن‬
‫و‬# )‫و‬5D ‫لא‬McF85D ‫<א‬Y ‫دא‬d5D ‫ددא‬5D‫|دאد‬W FT 5D ‫א‬7–
W@Kf‫אل‬M‫א‬
ν1 FT 1
ν ∝ FT ⇒ =
ν2 FT 2
ً c?D5D ‫ددא‬5DK? l 5D ‫لא‬M‫ و‬FT Y ‫א‬cFaWm5D ‫א‬N‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )–‫ج‬
‫אل‬M‫وא‬# )‫د‬d5D ‫ددא‬5D!$
d‫و‬Kf‫אل‬M‫وא‬# 6
d ‫א‬XCh‫ًא‬,68
K5D ‫لא‬M‫و‬Y ‫א‬cF8
1 ν1 m2
ν ∝ ⇒ =
m ν2 m1
#.rD
`` `` `` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
K#a 6 ‫<א‬f8j £5W>?‫و‬Nf $ /8" ‫א‬5,6–1
K5W>?‫و‬NA$ /8" ‫א‬#85?bQ #0 ‫ذ‬
K#a )I)@>?‫
و‬/#a )!@>?‫و‬Nf $ /8‫א د‬Nًd$" ‫א‬5,6–2

‫א "<א ?>א‬#85?NI)@v1E#a )!‫א‬F‫א "<א ?>אول‬#85?‫وذ ن‬
"`` ‫א‬5,``6aθX,``6:‫א‬#``‫زאو‬N`Ì``)@φ‫ط‬$,`` ‫א‬#``‫``نزאو‬6D
`` d‫و‬v2 E#`à )I``)‫א‬F
K‫א د‬Nً d$
Kdf8(V ,]‫א‬iV?~35Wwً"s7‫_ن‬a‫א‬A‫ً<א‬D1Ss7X1@‫ذא‬/–3
]/‫
א‬/C‫و‬P5,6]‫و‬n6D‫א‬iV?
8#V, ‫א‬#D" ‫א‬#V ‫א‬E^‫ذ ن‬
K‫אوא‬A‫א "<א‬x85?ydbc)‫ق‬5a‫אًوذ د‬bQ1
KY ‫دא‬d<#5 ,‫אא‬XY /#85?‫دאد‬D–4
Y ‫א‬$
d ‫א‬XCh‫دًא‬5Mًc?DK? D5D ‫<א‬#5 ,‫אאجא‬XY /#85?‫ذ ن‬
FT
v = ⇒ v ∝ FT
m

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rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K#??‫א‬f Q‫دد‬5D. P‫ود‬Y5D‫و‬BX"‫دد‬5D!@–5

n FT
5D` ‫و`)`نא‬Kn8V$ ‫دא‬8
8 ν ‫@نא دد‬rJν = # ‫אد‬Nf
2l m
‫א‬C` `8V$ ‫א‬N`‫`د‬8!`@`.‫و‬n = 1`‫وא‬#`V$)f`) Pf_a#??‫א‬f QX"J8
K5D ‫دد‬5D!@.#??‫א‬#Q ‫ددא‬5D‫ن‬6

‫א‬SsY ‫א‬j$‫دون@ن‬f8(f6lX‫و‬¤‫א‬#a5Q ‫<א‬5Wwً"s7‫_ن‬a#a5t<Ss7E6D‫ذא‬/–6
Kc ‫א‬#q a‫@م‬

1‫א‬P.9/N83P_abQ1#q a
8>$,D‫@و‬#c1#a58#D" ‫نאאجא‬
K‫وط‬5!67<‫@و‬#‫و‬5)# ‫א‬#a5Q ‫א "<א‬5Y ‫و‬
20 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?# ‫א ! א "?א‬ ?‫?א‬

‫א אو‬
# ‫א‬
W$%G
W;+4=‫*ن‬+,‫א‬:; <489‫و‬K'(‫*ن‬+,‫א‬-. */0 ‫א‬$1 ‫א‬234# ‫א‬5 6
K 0 ‫א*مא‬$?8 2‫و‬8@–1
K$‫א‬8G‫אא א‬8H‫و‬4I8‫א‬ABC(DE1 ‫אو*(א‬8% ‫وא‬F* ‫(
א‬+(*–2
K ‫(
א‬J(*90 ‫
א‬K# ‫א‬E ‫א‬$L‫م‬% ‫(
א‬E ‫א‬# ‫–*(א‬3
P‫وא‬S# CK;C8M ‫د‬OP‫
و‬H‫ ج‬R/;+4=! ‫א‬S(# ‫א‬T U‫و‬
<2 c ; LX$(8*L‫אغ‬8 ‫'=א‬Z8M 90 ‫א‬$*V.‫و‬8'W ‫א‬L
*90 ‫אא‬S
T1 ]]]]]L
*]]]]]]]]]]$]]]]]1]]]]]'9‫ددא‬89=]]]]]'L]]]]]C]]]]]‫א‬J^]]]]]<S]]]]]E 9‫و‬K\L‫ م‬3 × 10 8
]‫אو‬8]:‫`]_א‬$]a‫אد]و]א‬8 ‫ אلא‬EP
( M^ ‫*
א‬V.‫و‬8'W ‫א‬
K$a4‫و‬$* ‫א‬$a‫وא‬$c*E ‫قא‬C$a‫وא‬2e‫א‬# ‫א‬
]f$(8* ‫א‬mLE# ‫א‬F‫אغ‬8 ‫ =א‬% 9‫و‬48M 9
'C$fgM‫אص‬ij‫א‬J^<Z‫و‬
K$@8 *'+4
/]n‫و‬E‫א‬8!] ‫א‬o']P‫'א‬p0 ‫א‬FE$L8'f/nS‫ن‬W 9$*V.‫و‬8'W ‫وאא‬
'#]L
](] ‫و‬2]1 ‫=א‬$]% ‫و‬ν ‫دد‬g]L] 'E]2 ‫א‬o']P‫'א‬p0 ‫א‬FB$*V.
KE
‫ א‬WM ‫=א‬fF8i4$+S<2M +HJqH
( ‫و‬$+SIE ‫א‬

W$% *‫ط‬1i=# ‫א‬2M +H •
o* e ‫نא‬W9 L<q,‫א‬Z=$% *‫ط‬1i=m+c ‫א‬OP ‫=א‬# ‫א‬8M
K$K# ‫א‬$a‫א‬s8V‫ض‬g

21 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
KJ2*W+H‫و‬# ‫سא‬W+HG

‫;<]^א‬C‫]د‬3‫ذא‬x]CKsK](O]P‫;و‬C‫]!د‬v]$% *‫ط‬1i=<q,‫א‬Z=# ‫א‬8M
KOP ‫א‬$EVD*$ yD*Lً3! H‫و‬4ً‫א‬2*W+H‫و‬4ًPW+H
+6;+xCsK ‫א‬OP ‫א‬
;]ً‫ن]א‬x]C$K#] ‫א‬$]CW ‫] {=א‬y{1]P‫]{و‬L !]|1]P
](
K]@‫]ع‬a‫ط‬%PC
KA ‫א‬G‫<لא‬HE{1P ‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P~ i,$c +F8*W8i‫א‬G‫وא‬mW
W
‫ א‬WM ‫ً=א‬C

={ y{1P‫{و‬L !|1P
(O%*(2*W+H‫سو‬W+HO* ‫عא‬M \R;+4
K$K# ‫א‬$CW ‫א‬
W{ ‫{א‬++%
K# ‫عא‬M ‫א‬#UW‫س‬W+,‫א‬$
CG
K‫س‬W+,‫א‬$‫زאو‬Z‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫–زאو‬1
|1*] ‫ط(]
א‬%*] ‫א‬$]1%+S]‫]م‬%‫وא ]دא‬mW‫
א‬K# ‫عא‬M ‫وא‬O* ‫
א‬K# ‫عא‬M ‫–א‬2
Kmf ‫|א‬1* ‫'=* وא(د(
א‬Z%9mf ‫א‬
W{ ‫{א‬++% #U;+xCW2*W+,‫א‬$ =4G
|1*] ‫ط(]
א‬%*] ‫א‬$]1%+S]‫]م‬%‫وא ]دא‬8*]W‫
א‬K#] ‫عא‬M ‫وא‬O* ‫
א‬K# ‫عא‬M ‫–א‬1
K 3 ‫|א‬1* ‫'=* وא(د(
א‬Z%9 3 ‫א‬

+] ‫א‬O]P ‫=א‬θ2*]W+,‫א‬$]‫زאو‬D]
] H‫אول‬O]P ‫=א‬φ‫ط‬%*] ‫א‬$]‫زאو‬D{L$E* ‫–א‬2
=# ‫א‬$(8P
Hv1‫אول‬OP ‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P{L$E* ‫*وא‬9
<‫{و‬1P ‫א‬S^j$ LX$E*+
Kv2
+ ‫א‬OP ‫א‬
]j]8‫
?و‬+] ‫א‬O]P ‫ ]
א‬H‫אول‬O]P ‫א‬S]* ‫א‬2*W+,‫? א‬oP‫א‬$E* ‫א‬J^<
(s1‫و‬
W" 1 n2 8 L
sin φ v1
= = 1 n2 → 1
sin θ v2

22 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W$<K + •
K\L‫ م‬3 × 10 8 ‫*و‬9
<‫و‬$+W ‫_א‬L‫א א‬Sc‫א‬j‫وא‬4#]] ] ‫وא‬4‫אغ‬8 ‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P96 –1
K‫د‬OP‫و‬4=; (8PS5f4‫א‬j‫وא‬4‫אغ‬8 ‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P‫و‬
WOP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫ א‬G
$%L* ‫א‬$ ‫אد‬SCv
<‫אد‬OP ‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P‫ن‬4‫و‬c
<‫אغ‬8 ‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P‫ن‬4‫ض‬8EC
W‫ن‬W
v1 c
1 n2 = at v 1 = c & v 2 = v ⇒ 1 n2 = = n
v2 v
n8 L; 8‫?و‬OP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫]? א‬L$ :‫א‬J^<= 1 n2 * ‫א‬2*W+,‫و*
א‬
W"
c
n = → 2
v
# ‫א‬$(8P
H‫אغ‬8 ‫وא‬4‫א‬j‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P{L$E* ‫;?א‬+L?OP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫~? א‬86
K?OP ‫=<^אא‬
W‫ن‬4|# 2o2$ ‫אد‬S–2
c c c c
n = ⇔ v = ⇒ v 1 = & v 2 =
v n n1 n2
v1 n v sin φ
⇒ = 2 but 1 n 2 = 1 =
v2 n1 v2 sin θ
n2
⇒ 1 n2 = → 3
n1
n2 sin φ
⇒ = ⇔ n1 sin φ = n2 sin θ → 4
n1 sinθ
$]‫زאو‬D]=‫אول‬O]P s]1‫א‬2*]W+,‫ن?] א‬4
](A]^] ‫] ?א‬P?‫ن‬+%L~86<‫و‬
K?2*W+,‫א‬$‫زאو‬D=
+ ‫א‬OP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫ط*و א‬%* ‫א‬
# ‫א‬$(8P
H‫אول‬OP ‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P{L$E* ‫;?א‬+L?* ‫א‬2*W+,‫~? א‬86f
=θ2*W+,‫א‬$‫زאو‬D
H‫אول‬OP ‫=א‬φ‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫زאو‬D{L$E* ‫و?א‬4?
+ ‫א‬OP ‫=א‬
OP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫
א‬H
+ ‫א‬OP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫{ א‬L$E* ‫و?א‬4?
+ ‫א‬OP ‫א‬
W4?‫אول‬
v1 sin φ n
1 n2 = = = 2
v2 sin θ n1
W
<$<$c +‫ ج‬PHSW3o2$ ‫אد‬S‫و‬
n2 1 1 1
1 n2 = = = ⇔ 1 n2 =
n1 n1 2 n1 2 n1
n2
23 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
"]$] ‫א‬$‫אلא‬V‫'ذאא‬9Ef8
H$K@$ `=2*W+,‫ אمא‬PHSW–3
S]W‫];و‬9+W
] HI]L‫א‬#] ‫ _א‬M] ^] ‫]لא]
و‬1 ًE9s1‫א‬2*W+,‫ א‬T U
K‫ن‬L! ‫(א‬%C= ‫ذ‬$e

](mW];]+xC;](ً ]‫]ن(د‬f‫و‬mf(|1P
(
K@‫ع‬aO%P‫ذא‬H–4
K83‫*و‬9‫س‬W+,‫طوא‬%* ‫א‬0‫زאو‬Sًf‫*;ن‬+

$<T29
K?ً*f(ًB1P L%69(OP ‫א‬m+
H$K# ‫א‬$a‫אدא‬92H?<# ‫سא‬W+H–1
K?mf ‫|א‬1* ‫
א‬H !^ ‫عא‬M ‫<?א‬O* ‫عא‬M ‫–א‬2
K?mf ‫|א‬1* ‫א‬S(98^ ‫عא‬M ‫<?א‬mW‫عא‬M ‫–א‬3

](‫ط‬%*] ‫א‬$]1%+S]‫]م‬%‫وא ]دא‬O*] ‫عא‬M] ‫]{א‬L2!]‫א‬$‫ط<
?א אو‬%* ‫א‬$‫–زאو‬4
K?mf ‫|א‬1* ‫א‬

](‫ط‬%*] ‫א‬$]1%+S]‫]م‬%‫وא ]دא‬mW]‫عא‬M ‫{א‬L2!‫א‬$‫س<
?א אو‬W+,‫א‬$‫–زאو‬5
K?mf ‫|א‬1* ‫א‬
{C]a{1]P‫]{و‬L ]3 ‫|א‬1*] ‫
(] ]زא‬K#] ‫عא‬M ‫א‬JqHF.9?<# ‫א‬2*W+H–6
K?{ y
K?;C<‫ذ‬+($K# ‫א‬$a‫א‬8*f
(OP ‫א‬2?
<OP $K# ‫א‬$CW ‫–א‬7
K?$K# ‫א‬$CW ‫ {=א‬y{Ca{1P‫{و‬L !^ ‫|א‬1* ‫ <?א‬3 ‫|א‬1* ‫–א‬8
K? 3 ‫|א‬1* ‫א‬SJ‫ذ‬+L
+ ‫א‬OP ‫
=א‬K# ‫عא‬M G‫א‬2*‫<?א‬8*W‫عא‬M ‫–א‬9

](‫ط‬%*] ‫א‬$]1%+S]‫]م‬%‫وא ]دא‬8*]W‫عא‬M] ‫]{א‬L2!‫א‬$‫<
?א אو‬2*W+,‫א‬$‫–زאو‬10
K? 3 ‫|א‬1* ‫א‬

K# ‫ א‬i‫א‬9G

]<‫א]دوج?و‬sM] ‫א‬$]L8q?o]PL~86C# ‫ =א‬i ‫א‬8<$P‫א‬2 $L8q‫س‬984
W
‫ א‬WM ‫=א‬$B@

K@2!S‫'زא* م‬G‫نא‬W "
SDP6L
(%
‫لא‬1 ‫دא‬4
ji8pS$%@$1 *$B C;L
;]]]]L;]]]]L8]]]]i]]]]]]]]$+‫א‬1]]]]P4]]]]
‫ن‬9S1 , S2‫ ن‬%@‫ ن‬1 *‫ ن‬B C
K‫دوج‬sMf
24 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K21 ‫א‬m+{ B ‫! א‬90 ‫ن א‬W ^ $‫א‬23m+

(S1 , S2‫ ن‬B ‫א‬%9‫و‬
‫]ن‬W90 ‫א‬$K# ‫א‬2‫و<
א!د‬F$1L‫א‬g‫א‬$K# ‫א‬2‫א!د‬P‫ ن‬1 *‫ نא‬B ‫*א‬90 L‫و‬
'‫ن‬92‫ نא نא !د‬f8:‫א‬8M 9"E21 ‫א‬m+j‫و‬$* ‫ددوא‬g ‫=א‬$‫א' *و‬4
KjE% P,‫ א‬K:‫'א‬%8V^ :‫א‬Ti$+‫א‬1P4 Wa
(
‫]^א‬j$]c +‫و‬KS1 , S2S];] H{ ‫]د‬% ‫ {א] {א‬f8]:‫ א‬i‫ ]א‬9‫و‬4D]f‫א‬g9 K:‫و(
<^אא‬
S](2]E(
]<‫و‬$]‫א אز‬$% *]‫א‬sV]‫א‬S$(cf‫و‬E90 ‫ א‬i‫א א‬$(n8'e9Df‫א‬g ‫א‬
K? i‫]?<א א‬L~86C$e8i4sV' 9$#sV
W$L8q= i‫د<א א‬R2*‫قא‬8C‫ن‬4|@
‫ א‬WM ‫وא‬

$L8q= i‫א א‬F*9

W
‫א‬B ‫(
א‬$L8q= i‫<א א‬F*9SWG
4Fd‫אدوج‬sM ‫א‬0B C{L$C*L$+2%LًE*+ً‫א‬FEfR‫אدوج‬sM ‫א‬S( K:‫א‬6L‫ن‬f‫ذא‬H
$ = K:‫
א‬H'%8V=‫אدوج‬sM ‫א‬0B CSS2‫({א !د‬M ‫א‬2E (HSW;+xCE R >> d
W
‫ א‬WM ‫ אمא‬PHSW‫ ^א‬E|B3‫אض‬gCH‫و<^א‬F‫אز‬9

‫ط‬%]PHS]W;]+xC r1 , r2 {(M] ‫] א‬$‫ <
زאو‬θ _+f‫ذא‬xC
‫و‬4F‫]ل‬1 ‫قא‬8C‫د‬, r2 ‫ع‬M ‫ (
א‬r1 ‫ع‬M ‫א‬S S 1 a ‫א د‬
J^]<=
]<‫و‬E ∆ r ‫و‬4 r2 − r1 4{(M] ‫]{א‬L
K#] ‫א‬2*‫قא‬8C
W S 2 a $ :‫א‬
W‫ن‬W S 1 aS 2 "‫ذאً=א‬H
S2a
sin θ =
d
25 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W‫ن‬44
∆ r = r2 − r1 = S 2 a = d sin θ
∆ r = d sin θ → 1
K{ B ‫{א‬L$C*‫<
א‬d‫({و‬M ‫{א‬L
K# ‫א‬2*‫قא‬8C
< ∆ r "
W4$‫אلא‬V‫א‬S|B3‫
*وً د‬K# ‫א‬2*‫قא‬8C‫ن‬f‫ذא‬H‫و‬
∆ r = d sin θ = m λ ⇒ d sin θ = m λ → 1 − 1
K$#$L<‫ن‬W
9$a‫א‬J^<‫ن‬xC
W4;T!+‫و‬$BB3‫(אد‬4‫و‬4$T! ً‫({*و‬M ‫{א‬L
K# ‫א‬2*‫قא‬8C‫ن‬f‫ذא‬H4
1 1
∆ r = d sin θ = ( m + ) λ ⇒ d sin θ = ( m + ) λ → 1 − 2
2 2
K$e$L<‫ن‬W
9$a‫א‬J^<‫ن‬xC

K:‫א ع(
א‬m+S{ L<{L$C*‫دא‬,
WsL* ‫ א‬WM ‫
א‬H8i48‫د‬+G
) )
? θ $‫ אو‬$‫ ( *و‬cb e ) $‫وא אو‬4 ( pb o ) $‫نא אو‬4EXH$f< WM ‫=<^אא‬8W ‫?א‬
ً#4 bp
(ً‫ن(د‬W‫ن‬4L/;+xC r2
(‫ (د‬S 1 a ‫ن‬4‫و‬$‫ אز‬r1 , bp , r2 $a‫نא‬4"BC
Kً#4c=oK% ‫ א‬bce "‫وא‬c=oK% ‫ א‬S 1 cb <{K{ ً‫ذא‬H
W;C S 1 cb "‫ًא‬/‫و‬4
( bŜ 1 c ) = θ ( S 1 ĉb ) = 90 o ⇒ ( S 1 b̂c ) = 90 o − θ
WSW
) ) )
( S 1 b̂e ) = 90 o and ( S 1 b e ) = ( S 1 b c ) + ( cb e )
) ) )
⇒ ( cb e ) = ( S 1 b e ) − ( S 1 b c ) = 90 − 90 + θ
) )
∴ ( cb e ) = ( pb o ) = θ
W;C pbo "‫ًא‬+X
)
( pb o ) = θ
y
⇒ tan θ = m → 2
R
‫]]ل‬iS]];]]+|B]]3‫ و<]]^א‬d >> λ ‫ن‬42]]E (HS]]W R >> d ‫]]ن‬LsL*]] ‫א‬2]]E (,‫ ]]
א‬H$C]]@,L‫و‬
8*fS(2E(‫ن‬W9d‫אدوج‬sM ‫ {=א‬B ‫{א‬L$C*‫وא‬g1‫=ود‬R‫ن‬W9$ ‫א‬2c ‫א‬
Kg‫و‬8W‫א‬S8*fS(2E(
K8‫א‬# ‫א‬$ = λ
‫لא‬1 ‫نא‬W‫و‬g‫א‬S
W
‫א‬D8% ‫ אمא‬P‫א‬SW
L‫و‬F.3 θ {(M ‫ א‬$‫نزאو‬W9KK~‫و‬8e ‫א‬J^<_`‫و‬
tan θ ≅ sin θ ≅ θ
26 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W
H2$ ‫?لאد‬9‫و‬
ym y
sin θ ≈ tan θ = ⇒ sin θ = m → 3
R R
W‫ن‬W 1 − 1 $ ‫אد‬S‫و‬
mλ
d sin θ = m λ ⇒ sin θ = → 4
d
W
( !4‫و‬3S
ym m λ m λ
= y m = R → 5
R d d
W2! ‫|(
א‬E!9'+C$e‫ 'א‬$E* L4K$#‫وذ 'א‬
1 λ
y m = ( m + ) R → 6
2 d
K?$Lj‫א‬$E92?]L
*9m"

W$ ‫א‬S{ 9 ∆ y ‫א ع‬m+S{ { L<4{L$C*‫نא‬4{E 6‫و‬5S
λ
∆ y = R
d
]‫] א‬K:‫אدوجوא‬sM ‫{א‬L$C*‫ <
א‬R ‫אدא نא* مو‬# ‫א‬$‫ل‬V< λ "
K S 1 , S 2 {L$C*‫ א‬d ‫و‬j‫لא‬E% P,
K‫دא ن‬4@
‫لא‬1 ‫ {א‬$L8q‫* م‬9 ^

K# ‫دא‬G

‫دא ن‬4@O%P‫ذא‬H‫س‬P‫و(
<^אא‬K$% *‫ط‬1i=F*9# ‫א‬$a4‫ن‬4~‫و‬8‫א‬S J
Ti‫ אد‬K:‫د(
א‬$#$8K‫دא‬$%L‫ن‬W9 ++xCS$%@$8K‫دא‬$B C
(
K$B ‫א‬
]<'L$#<S‫ن‬W 9'+4‫?و‬84‫ص‬8?]L
*90 ‫א‬$#‫א‬$%E ‫א‬J^<$P‫א‬2L J
K i‫ن(و\א א‬W 90 f$e
W\F*9G
2*]‫ن‬x]C
]‫ ];א‬1 $]L2%$%@$B C‫ل‬iS‫و‬4o*$CS8% L# ‫א‬8(–1
K?‫د‬:‫ن*
?א‬f2‫لא‬# ,‫{و<^אא‬JqH=F*‫و‬-B# ‫א‬
'#LDf‫א‬g9‫و‬4 i‫ א‬9$B ‫א‬S<‫ذ‬+L
3‫<'א‬qHS(`0 ‫א‬# ‫–א‬2
K$e‫وא‬$#‫א‬j‫א‬8'e94$B ‫א‬Ti‫ אد‬K:‫د(
א‬:‫א‬$(n‫ن‬W 9‫و‬
27 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
]<2‫و‬8$]c +#] ‫א‬2*F.9S(M9$8<?;+L‫د‬:‫א‬T89SW ‫ذ‬SG

]<‫و‬$#]]<‫]ن‬W9‫אو‬Df‫א‬89
H‫د‬$E3$C:' *‫و‬4$EP$B C‫ل‬i
K?$e
]fK|B]3m]W ‫] وא‬K:‫א‬$]B C‫]د‬Lً]L2%
]‫لא‬1 ‫نא‬f‫ذא‬H@L8'e‫د‬:‫نא‬44
K# ‫'א‬R0 ‫א‬$B ‫ א‬Wa~ ixLT U‫د‬:‫א‬$(n Wa‫ن‬4$eD

K$$f8# ‫א‬G

S]]W0]] ‫א]]א‬AK!]]]] ;]]+$]$]]f8‫]]ن‬W‫ن‬4‫]]و‬L/#]] ‫نא‬4|#]] sE]]P]
W
9‫ز<=א‬H
K$% *‫ط‬1i=‫<و‬q,‫א‬Z=‫אد‬OP ‫=א‬2M + L–1
K‫س‬W+,‫
א‬++% ً%C‫و‬mf(|1P
(;V%P(‫س‬W+ L–2
K2*W+,‫
א‬++% ً%C‫و‬8i
HOP‫و‬S; % +H(2*W+ L–3
]@‫=א‬M] ‫]אم=א‬+H‫אא@]و‬I]L=M] ‫=א‬$]%9 i‫א ]א‬S](M]‫و‬# ‫ א‬i‫– א‬4
K8i4
K
‫ ;א‬1 $L2%$%@$B C‫ل‬iJ2‫و‬8(J2*S(# ‫א‬R–5

K$8:‫א‬$‫א אو‬G

]4O]P‫ ]
و‬HE‫وא ]ج‬4]‫ א‬F$K@$Cf5f4OP‫و‬S
K@‫ع‬a % ( J
$]‫زאو‬$]‫وز]د‬K‫א د‬S(ً‫ א‬E8*W
K# ‫عא‬M ‫نא‬xC‫א‬j‫ א‬$K@$Cf

+] ‫א‬O]P ‫=א‬2*W+,‫א‬$‫زאو‬$‫دאد‬9E$K@$Cf5f‫א‬F‫אول‬OP ‫ط=א‬%* ‫א‬
K{1P ‫{א‬L 3 ‫|א‬1* ‫א‬Sً298*W‫عא‬M ‫א‬g%CE$K@$Cf ‫א‬F
28 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
‫ج‬8]U‫ع‬M] ‫نא‬x]C$K]@$Cf5f‫א‬OP ‫=א‬$$ φ ‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫زאو‬E9(‫ و‬J

90 o
]<‫]و‬j$]5]f42*]W+,‫א‬$]‫]زאو‬E94 ]3 ‫|א‬1*] ‫א‬E
](ً%E1‫و‬4F] ً‫אز‬
K? φ c $8:‫א‬$‫]?א אو‬L$ :‫א‬J^<=‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫*
زאو‬9‫و‬
$K]@$]Cf5]f‫א‬O]P ‫ط=א‬%]P$]‫']?زאو‬+L? φ c $]8:‫א‬$]‫?א אو‬T89SWً‫ذא‬H J
K? 90 o <2‫א‬%$K@$Cf ‫א‬OP ‫=א‬2*W+H$‫'زאو‬L%9

‫ ؟‬49 o Z $8:‫א‬$‫نא אو‬4- •
‫ع‬M] ‫نא‬x]C 49 o ]‫ط=א‬%* ‫א‬$‫_زאو‬+f‫אو‬j‫
א‬H‫א‬S
K@‫ع‬aO%P‫ذא‬H;+4 ‫ذ‬-
K 90 o ‫א‬j‫=א‬2*W+,‫א‬$‫نزאو‬W94'L 3 ‫|א‬1* ‫ً(
א‬%E1‫ج‬8U
K# ‫א‬
>2*W+,‫و א‬$8:‫א‬$‫{א אو‬L$ ‫א‬G
s]]1‫א‬2*]]W+,‫ن ] א‬4‫ و‬n1 ]]<$K] @$]]Cf5]]f‫א‬O]]P s]]1‫א‬2*]]W+,‫ن ] א‬4‫ض‬8]]L
$]8:‫א‬$‫<
א אو‬E5f‫א‬F‫אول‬OP ‫ط=א‬%* ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬4‫و‬K n2 <$K@$Cf ‫א‬OP
K 90 o ‫ن‬W9E ‫א‬F
+ ‫א‬OP ‫=א‬2*W+,‫א‬$‫نزאو‬xC φ c
W‫ن‬W P‫ن‬+sE1 EC
n1 sin φ = n2 sin θ ⇒ n1 sin φ c = n2 sin 90 ⇒ n1 sin φ c = n 2
W‫ن‬W
L‫ و‬sin 90 = 1 ‫ن‬4"
n2
sin φ c = = 1 n2
n1
$]‫א אو‬D]Z$]Cf ]‫
א‬+ ‫א‬OP ‫
א‬H5f‫אولא‬OP ‫א‬S* ‫א‬2*W+,‫ن א‬44
K$8:‫א‬
W‫ن‬W‫א‬j‫<א‬$K@$Cf ‫
א‬+ ‫א‬OP ‫نא‬W(‫و‬
1 1
n2 = 1 ⇒ sin φ c = ⇔ n1 =
n1 sin φ c
K$K@$Cf5f‫א‬OP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫ < א‬n1 ‫ن‬4"
K; $8:‫א‬$‫א אو‬D%ZOP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫ א‬W‫ن‬44

29 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K
W ‫سא‬W+,‫א‬G

]4O]P‫
و‬H$K@$Cf5f4OP‫و‬S
K@‫ع‬a % +H‫ذא‬H
‫ن‬xC$8:‫א‬$‫א אو‬S5f4‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫_زאو‬+f‫و‬$K@$Cf
O]P ‫א‬m]+
] H]98 L$Cf ‫א‬OP ‫
א‬H^/‫ع‬M ‫א‬
‫ن‬4‫]ل‬%6‫]سو‬W+,‫א‬$‫زאو‬Z‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬W9"5f‫אولא‬

( ‫وذ‬EOP ‫א‬m+=FًfًPW+HmW+H
K# ‫عא‬M ‫א‬
^"$8:‫א‬$‫א אو‬S 48i4‫ط‬%P$‫زאو‬4~i
K8i‫א‬mW‫و‬

W
W ‫سא‬W+,‫(
א‬%E19G

K$8!E ‫وא‬4$K# ‫א ~א‬KK>
K$<4=-9E PE ‫وא‬4~M ‫א جא‬F$Ca‫د‬S$LE+4S(2E($K# ‫א‬$ ‫א‬
‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬W9"F$ $fPW+H
+6;+xC$ ‫=א‬8V4S# ‫ א‬i(
K8i‫~א‬81 ‫א‬S‫ج‬8U0E$8:‫א‬$‫א אو‬S5f42‫א‬G‫א‬S4
(
>$K# ‫ אא ~א‬PHKK
K $i‫ ' אאא א‬H‫ل‬3 ‫א‬DSf4
H# ‫ א‬%+–4
K8f^%C‫دون‬# ‫ א‬%+–
KAM ‫* م=א‬90 ‫א‬$E1 ‫א‬F‫ א‬$E1 ‫صא‬B ‫* م=א‬9–‫ج‬
K$+ ‫א‬/!9,‫وא‬$‫א‬8G‫אא א‬8H=2 ‫א‬$a4$K# ‫* مא ~א‬9–‫د‬
>$K# ‫א‬$ ‫( א‬$fKK
S]W;]+xC8]i‫~א‬8]1 ‫ً=א‬#]ً*]8] ]'C8V]4S]+8e+‫و‬$Cn$LE+4 ‫ن‬f‫ذא‬H
K#‫א‬o*G‫א‬$?2SWC$C‫א‬$LE+ +H\‫ذא‬H4K; ?2
‫? ;؟‬2SWTf$ :‫א‬J^<=‫و‬
o*]G‫א‬$]?2$] :‫א‬J^<=1 *++xC
K# ‫عא‬M ‫طא‬%P@‫(א‬$*f(‫א‬8@‫ذאو‬H
$]‫א אو‬S]5]f4$]‫אو‬L
K#] ‫عא‬M] ‫طא‬%]P]($K#] ‫] אمא ]~א‬PHS]W L‫و‬K#‫א‬
]+Ho]¡28]i‫~א‬8!] ‫א‬S]; V WL‫ع‬M ‫جא‬8 $ $fPW+H\`;+xC$8:‫א‬
K$LE+‫א‬

30 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
Kmf ‫א‬2M‫א‬KK>>
‫ًא‬2M]‫ن‬x]C 42 o
‫]א]א‬j‫وא‬1.5s]1‫א‬J2*]W+H ]^] ‫{א ]جא‬L$8:‫א‬$‫אًنא אو‬8e+
2*]F].9=‫]* م‬E 90 o , 45 o , 45 o J‫زوא‬4F{* ‫و *وא‬$‫א אو‬oK‫א ج‬SًXX
K‫אאن‬F=‫و‬3‫א‬. ‫* م=א‬2M‫و <^אא‬K 180 o ‫و‬4 90 o 2‫א‬%¢$K@$
K 90 o 2‫א‬%¢
K# ‫عא‬M ‫א‬2*F.9 •
^;+xC‫ אول‬WM ‫ =א‬ab ‫ع‬M ‫ א‬$K% ‫א‬$‫و'
א אو‬4
(ً ‫
(د‬K@‫ع‬aO%P‫ذא‬H
$8:‫א‬$‫א אو‬S5f4
<‫و‬F 45 o ‫ط‬%P$‫אو‬L$K% L%‫(
א ;א‬O%*oX; % PH
(
‫ع‬M] ‫א‬2*]F. ] ^]L‫و‬K de J]q,‫]ًو]^=א‬fً]PW+HmW]‫ ]^א‬E‫]א‬j‫ ]
א‬H‫א ج‬S
K‫ض‬2‫|א‬1PS('9 *I90 ‫א‬2‫@אدوא‬H= ‫ذ‬S‫* د‬6‫ و‬90 o <2$‫אو‬L
K# ‫א‬
K 180 o 2‫א‬%¢
K# ‫عא‬M ‫א‬2*F.9 •
mW];]+xC$]K% ‫א‬$]‫] אو‬L%‫א‬#] ‫ (د ً(]
א‬ab
K# ‫عא‬M ‫א‬O%P‫ذא‬H
+ ‫ א‬WM ‫=א‬
$]8:‫א‬$]‫א אو‬S]5]f44 45 o ‫]ن‬W9‫ط‬%*] ‫א‬$]‫ نزאو‬c , d ]({ ] {98]ً]fًPW+H
K 180 o J2*F. ^L‫و‬K ef Jq,‫ع=א‬M ‫جא‬8U
L‫و‬

W$<9G
K$ *‫א‬J8‫وא‬4mf ‫
א‬+‫|א‬1* ‫א‬S(mf ‫א‬2M‫ א‬#6–1
]]aS]]8f^]]]]%CDE*]]/
]] L‫]ًو‬fً]PW+H2M]]‫=א‬mW]]#]] ‫نא‬GW{EE*]] ]] ‫ذ‬
K 100% ; KfE9^ ‫א‬mf ‫
א‬+‫|א‬1* ‫ن אא‬42‫א د‬S‫و‬K;(O* ‫א‬# ‫א‬
K2M‫\ذ =א‬R/‫ لو‬P,‫א‬8WLT ‫
א‬HJ8‫وא‬mf ‫
א‬+‫|א‬1* ‫ضא‬8 GG
;*f(F¡‫د‬Ss2M.L# ‫ج'א‬8U‫و‬4' i0 ‫א‬mf ‫א‬2M‫و;א‬4
1.69–2
KE‫א¡*م‬2C‫א مو‬2CF_ 8W ‫א ج א‬2*W+H S 4<2*W+H
K2M‫א‬S;‫و‬8i‫و‬4; i‫(د‬# ‫א‬aS4‫و‬4$E*+4%CDc ‫وذ‬

K‫א‬8* ‫א‬KK>>>
‫א]*م‬2]3]'C8]9‫و‬F]'e ‫و]_א‬$C]38‫قא‬8]1 ‫وא‬4‫א‬8B!] ‫`]\=א‬$]EV8<]‫א‬8* ‫א‬
KLJ1._+f f$C38‫قא‬81 ‫وא‬E9f{|1P
($*W_+f fE ‫א‬

31 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W;X‫و‬F*9G
‫]א‬j‫]א‬%EVS* C'(0 ‫لא‬8 ‫ضوא‬2‫א‬2‫א‬8$2‫د‬989T! ‫! א‬C=F'e ‫–و_א‬1
K
(4
H92Hf %92‫א‬8:‫א‬$2‫ند‬4 ‫ذ‬-‫و‬E ‫א‬S8f4j2‫אو‬
]f;]+44]<90] ‫]א‬%E1 ‫א‬$]CfS](‫ض‬2‫|א‬1*] $*]‫אא‬j‫א‬%EV$Cf %9–2
K' `0 ‫א‬S5f4 ‫אא‬j‫א‬%EV$Cf9
(4
H92H
8*]W C]' `$]%EV
] H]($%EVS % 9Eً8ca$FLo*S2‫א !د‬$a‫–א‬3
K‫א د‬S( E
0ً29‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫دאدزאو‬9‫אو‬j‫א‬%EV{Lj% +H$c +$K# ‫א‬$a‫א‬2*W+H8 *–4
‫ًא‬2*]‫]ً ]^ًא‬fً]PW+H
K#] ‫عא‬M] ‫א‬mW]C$]$]%E1 $]8:‫א‬$]‫א אو‬S]5f4|E!9
‫ ]]]]אد‬H
]]]]($]]]] ‫א‬$]]]]% $]]]]<‫و‬2]]]]3{]]]] ‫א‬g]]]]C{]]]] ‫ ]]]]
א‬H !]]]]0]]]]
]]]](4
]]]] Hً]]]B
8 ‫א‬SeCK‫|א‬1P
(;*W_+f f‫א*م‬23‫و‬E9 ^ ‫ '{و‬H$3‫א א‬$a‫א‬
K<‫ن‬4

K
X ‫א‬2M‫א~=א‬8,‫א‬G

"] Wa
(' f‫ن אز ن‬9(j~M ‫א جא‬S$ fS(2E(W
X ‫א‬2M‫א‬
K 1 * Wa
(o' f;‫و‬4$XX{9(% ‫{א‬L !‫و‬
K2M‫و;א‬44
(# ‫א‬O%*6+‫;א {و‬9(H
(@
X ‫א‬2M‫ אمא‬PH(‫و‬
W
X ‫א‬2M‫
=א‬K# ‫عא‬M ‫א‬2* J
8*W‫ع‬M ‫ن<^אא‬xC WM L{E‫
א‬X ‫א‬2M xy ; ‫ (
א‬ab
K# ‫عא‬M ‫א‬O%*(
$]‫]نزאو‬W9‫و‬$]Cf5]f4O]P‫ ]
و‬H$Cf 4OP‫و‬S % ;+‫א د‬SًLg% bc Jq,‫=א‬
K θ 1
<2*W9,‫א‬$‫ وزאو‬φ 1
<‫ط‬%* ‫א‬
xz
+]] ‫(]]
א ]];א‬O%*]] bc ‫ع‬M]] ‫א‬
S](ً‫ ]א‬E‫]א‬j‫ ]
א‬H;]‫و‬8i(8*WC
S]]] ] ]% ;]]]+ cd 2*]]]‫א ]]]دو ]]]^א‬
‫]]ن‬W9‫و‬$]]Cf ] 4O]]P‫ ]]
و‬H5]]f4O]]P‫و‬
φ 2
<‫א‬j‫
א‬H‫א ج‬S‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫زאو‬
K θ 2
<‫وج‬8£‫א‬$‫وزאو‬
=
K#]]] ‫عא‬M]]] ‫نא‬4]]] ‫ذ‬S]]] *]]]+
{'] ‫{(]
א‬98]8*]W
X ‫א‬2M‫א‬
~8]]B ^]] $]]c +‫ و‬xy , xz {L]]% ‫א‬
K? α ~‫א‬8,‫א‬$‫]?زאو‬L~869$‫אو‬L
3‫א‬J2*S(‫ع‬M ‫א‬
32 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K?‫ج‬2£‫عא‬M ‫وא‬O* ‫عא‬M ‫ אدא‬H{L2!‫א‬$‫ ?<

?א אو‬α ~‫א‬8,‫א‬$‫ذًא?زאو‬H
K?2M‫{و'
א‬L2!‫א‬$‫'?א אو‬+L? A 2M‫سא‬42$‫~?زאو‬869‫و‬
W
X ‫א‬2M‫{א‬+‫ א‬J
W;CsL* ‫ א‬WM ‫א‬
)
K‫س‬48 L L% L φ 1 = θ 1 + 1
)
⇒ 1 = φ 1 − θ 1
)
K‫س‬48 L L% L θ 2 = φ 2 + 2
)
⇒ 2 = θ 2 − φ 2
W;C bcf "‫א‬
) ) ) ) ) )
1 + 2 + 3 = 180 o ⇒ 3 = 180 o − 1 − 2
)
⇒ 3 = 180 o − φ 1 + θ 1 − θ 2 + φ 2 → 1
)
K$% *$‫'زאو‬+ 3 + α = 180 o WSW
)
⇒ 3 = 180 o − α → 2
W
( !2‫و‬1S
− α = −φ 1 + θ 1 − θ 2 + φ 2 ⇒ α = φ 1 − θ 1 + θ 2 − φ 2 ⇔ α = φ 1 + θ 2 − ( θ 1 + φ 2 )
W;C xbec
(L8 ‫ א‬WM ‫=א‬
) ) )
xb e = xc e = 90 o ⇒ A + 4 = 180 o
W;C ebc "‫א‬
) )
4 = 180 o − ( θ 1 + φ 2 ) ⇒ A = 180 o − 4 = 180 o − 180 o + ( θ 1 + φ 2 )
⇒ A = θ 1 + φ 2 → 3
W‫ن‬W
L‫و‬
⇒ α = φ 1 + θ 2 − A → 4
K φ 1 ‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫(
زאو‬T 9 A ;P42$‫
زאو‬XX2M= α ~‫א‬8,‫א‬$‫نزאو‬44
$]]‫]]! زאو‬90]]‫ط‬%*]] ‫א‬$]]‫زد]]دزאو‬H]]ً2]]9A]] 9~‫א‬8]],‫א‬$]]‫نزאو‬4‫]]ن‬Lً] (S]]W‫و‬
‫زد]د‬,‫א~=א‬8],‫א‬$]‫]^زאو‬i9J]L?~‫א‬8] 8.!] ‫א‬$]' ‫]]?א‬L~8]6{]6]
H~‫א‬8,‫א‬
K
‫ א‬WM ‫=א‬fK‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫زددزאو‬Hً29

W~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫אصو@א‬i •
K φ 1 = θ 2 W‫ن‬44‫وج‬8£‫א‬$‫زאو‬Z‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫–زאو‬1
K θ 1 = φ 2 W‫ن‬44$+ ‫طא‬%* ‫א‬$‫زאو‬Z2*W+,‫א‬$‫–زאو‬2
K2M‫(א‬% ً‫نאز‬W8*W‫عא‬M ‫–א‬3
33 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
$]‫']زאو‬C‫]ن‬W90] ‫א‬$] :‫];?א‬+L?

]XX2M]=~‫א‬8] 8.!] ‫א‬$' ‫?و@א‬T89SW‫و‬
K?‫وج‬8£‫א‬$‫زאو‬Z‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬4fSW8.34~‫א‬8,‫א‬
W n 2*W+,‫ و א‬A 2M‫سא‬42$‫ وزאو‬α o ~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫א‬$‫{زאو‬L$ ‫א‬G
W‫ن‬W~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫(و@א‬
φ 1 = θ 2 = φ o θ 1 = φ 2 = θ o α = α o
W
( !4‫و‬3/‫=אد‬I L‫و‬
A
A = θ 1 + φ 2 = 2θ o ⇔ A = 2θ o ⇒ θ o =
2
αo + A
α o = φ 1 + θ 2 − A = 2φ o − A ⇔ α o = 2φ o − A ⇒ φ o =
2
W$ ‫א‬S
162M 2*W+,‫ن א‬4"‫و‬
sin φ 1
n =
sin θ 1
W‫ن‬W~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫و=و@א‬
sin φ o
n =
sin θ o
W
( ! φ o , θ o oS(I L‫و‬
α + A
sin  o 
 2 
n =
 A
sin  
2
‫ ؟‬38 o Z
XX2M=~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬4- J
^K(‫ و‬38 o Z
X ‫א‬2M‫א‬S‫ج‬2£‫وא‬O* ‫({א‬M ‫ אدא‬H{L$‫زאو‬8.34‫ن‬4 ‫ذ‬-
K‫وج‬8£‫א‬$‫ אو‬$‫ط*و‬%* ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬W9

W
X ‫א‬2M‫א‬$1P‫א‬L# ‫א‬s89G

K~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫א‬$‫زאو‬$=F.9;E 2*W+,‫ א‬F.9‫ن‬4{E $%L* ‫א‬$ ‫אد‬S
KE$‫د‬8V$(F|B3mW ‫א~وא‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫א‬$‫دאدزאو‬92*W+,‫د א‬EC
‫ل‬1 ‫* ًא‬W(ًEP9DP 2*W+,‫ א‬F
‫لא‬1 ‫(
א‬T 2*W+,‫אًن א‬8e+‫و‬
K
‫لא‬1 ‫<(
א‬2‫و‬LT 9~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬xCE
‫א‬
‫ن‬x]C~‫א‬8] 8.!] ‫א‬$]' ‫
=و@א‬XX2M
(IL‫א‬# ‫א‬S$1%P4‫ذא‬H ^
–
]%95 ‫–א‬8]¤‫א‬FD]9g ‫و<]
(]
א‬$]C‫و‬8‫א‬T]1 ‫ ]אنא‬4
H‫ق‬8 2M‫א‬S‫ج‬2£‫א‬# ‫א‬
W
‫ א‬WM ‫=א‬fKE
c*E ‫ق–א
–א‬2‫–אز‬8#i‫–א‬83‫א‬
34 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬

W‫ن‬4¥6+ WM ‫א‬S‫و‬
8f4‫ن‬W9‫ ^א‬FEf<2*W+H ‫ن‬WC
‫لא‬1 ‫א אن=א‬8.34
c*E ‫א‬# ‫א‬$a4–1
KًC‫א‬8H$a‫א‬
]4‫]]ن‬W9‫ ]]^א‬F.]]3<2*]]W+H ]‫]]ن‬WC
]]‫]]لא‬1 ‫א ]]אن=א‬5]]f48]]¤‫א‬#]] ‫א‬$]]a4–2
KًC‫א‬8H$a‫א‬

Ws8 ‫א‬2M‫א‬G

KE2‫د‬10‫وز‬c 9/FF.3;P42$‫א جزאو‬S
XX2M<s8 ‫א‬2M‫א‬
Ws8 ‫א‬2M‫وطא‬8a J
K2‫د‬10S(;P42$‫زאو‬9/4–1
K2‫د‬10S(‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫زאو‬9/4–2
Ws8 ‫א‬2M‫א~=א‬8,‫א‬G
W$ ‫א‬SJ2*W+H D*R‫א~ ^א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫ً=و@א‬K‫ندא‬Ws8 ‫א‬2M‫א‬
α + A
sin  o 
 2 
n =
 A
sin  
2
W$ ‫א‬$ ‫* א‬+‫ن‬4SW;+xCF.3‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫سوزאو‬48 ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬4"‫و‬
sin θ ≅ θ
W‫ن‬xCF.3$‫_א אو‬+f‫ذא‬H;+4
(A^ ‫نא‬+% ‫א‬D* ‫وذ‬
‫و‬4$‫א אو‬J^< Z$‫א אو‬J^<DZ8K‫א א‬8% L$‫א אو‬$
tan θ ≅ sin θ ≅ θ
 A A  α + A  αo + A
sin   ≅ ‫ و‬sin  o ≅ W‫ن‬44
2 2  2  2
35 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W‫ن‬W
L‫و‬
αo + A
α +A α +A
n = 2 = o ⇒ n = o
A A A
2
⇒ An = α o + A ⇒ α o = A ( n − 1 )
W
< α o ~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫א‬$‫('زאو‬T 90 ‫نא א א‬4¥6 $ ‫אد‬J^<S‫و‬
K A 2M‫سא‬42$‫–زאو‬1
K n 2M‫دא‬2*W+,‫– א‬2

Ks8 ‫א‬2M
+ ‫א‬s8 ‫א‬G

ً ]E9$]]C‫و‬8‫א‬$E*]] ‫א‬T]]1 ‫ ]]אنא‬4
]] Hً]8 ‫ج‬8]]U;]]+xCs]]22M]]
]](I]]L4]]@‫ط‬%]]P]](
K$‫א‬j‫א‬V4~ i,
W" (α o )r 8¤‫عא‬M ‫א~א‬8H$‫زאو‬S5f4 (α o )b ‫ق‬2‫عאز‬M ‫א~א‬8H$‫نزאو‬W9‫و‬
(α o )r = A ( nr − 1 ) ‫( و‬α o )b = A ( nb − 1 )
K8¤‫א‬# 2M‫دא‬2*W+H nr ‫و‬K‫ق‬2‫אز‬# 2M‫دא‬2*W+H nb ‫و‬
W‫ن‬44?'L‫אجא אو‬8+H‫]?א‬L8¤‫عא‬M ‫قوא‬2‫عאز‬M ‫{א‬L2!‫א‬$‫*
א אو‬9‫و‬
‫אجא אو‬8+,‫( = א‬α o )b − (α o )r = A ( nb − nr ) → 1

‫ق‬2‫({אز‬M]] ‫]]{א‬L2!]]‫א‬$]]‫?<]]?א אو‬8]]¤‫قوא‬2‫({אز‬M]] ‫]]{א‬L‫אجא ]]אو‬8]]+,‫?א‬T]]89
K?2M‫א‬S'‫و‬8i(8¤‫وא‬
‫؟‬$2‫د‬0.096Zs22M=‫אجא אو‬8+,‫نא‬4- J
K$2‫د‬0.096Z2M‫א‬S'‫و‬8i(8¤‫قوא‬2‫({אز‬M ‫{א‬L2!‫א‬$‫نא אو‬4 ‫ذ‬-

=;]C‫א‬8H$]‫]{زאو‬9S]W;]+xC8]¤‫قوא‬2‫{אز‬K#] ‫א‬O]P ^] ‫<]א‬8]3‫א‬# ‫نא‬4"‫و‬
W$ ‫אد‬Ss8 ‫א‬2M‫א‬
(α o ) y = A ( n y − 1 ) → 2
W‫ن‬4 2$ ‫(
אد‬1$ ‫אد‬$*%L‫و‬
(α o )b − (α o )r nb − n r
=
(α o ) y ny − 1
K ω α 8 L; 8‫
?و‬+ ‫א‬s8 ‫]?א‬L
*2‫א‬%‫و<^אא‬

36 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W‫ن‬44
(α o )b − (α o )r nb − n r
ωα = =
(α o ) y ny − 1
$3i;+442M‫سא‬42$‫(
زאو‬T 9/
+ ‫א‬s8 ‫نא‬4¥6$%L* ‫א‬$ ‫א‬S‫و‬
K;9‫د‬
$]‫وزאو‬8]¤‫قوא‬2‫({אز‬M] ‫]{א‬L‫אجא ]אو‬8]+,‫]{א‬L$E*] ‫']?א‬+L?
+ ‫א‬s8 ‫~?א‬869‫و‬
K?83‫א‬# ‫א~א‬8H
K?83‫א‬# 2M‫دא‬2*W+H ?;+L?2M OP ‫א‬2*W+,‫~? א‬86 f

$<9
]] ]] ]] ]] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
‫|؟‬B! ‫א אא‬SًK‫دא‬5f4OP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫– א‬1
2*]W+,‫ن] א‬4"]‫و‬K8iOP‫و‬4=# ‫א‬$(8PS5f4‫א‬j‫وא‬4‫אغ‬8 ‫=א‬# ‫א‬$(8P‫ن‬
c
K|B! ‫א אא‬S5f4‫ن‬W‫ن‬4L/ً‫ذא‬H n = $ ‫א‬S
16s1‫א‬
v
‫|؟‬B! ‫א אא‬S 4‫ن‬W‫ن‬4SW{1P‫{و‬L* ‫א‬2*W+,‫– א‬2
n2
2*W+,‫ن א‬f‫ذא‬xC 1 n2 = $ ‫א‬S
16{1P‫{و‬L* ‫א‬2*W+,‫ذ ن א‬
n1
S
K# ‫عא‬M ‫لא‬% +H$ ‫אول‬OP s1‫א‬2*W+,‫ א‬S 4
+ ‫א‬OP s1‫א‬
{]]L*]] ‫א‬2*]]W+,‫ن] א‬x]]CE‫]]א‬j‫א‬F$]]Cf ]4O]]P‫ ]]
و‬HE]]‫א‬F$K]]@$]]Cf5]]f4O]]P‫و‬
K|B! ‫א אא‬S 4‫ن‬W{1P ‫א‬
‫؟‬$2‫د‬180‫و‬4902‫א‬%¢
K# ‫عא‬M ‫א‬2*F.9=mf ‫א‬2M‫–* مא‬3
K12]]38e+4
S' H‫ل‬3 ‫א‬D!0 ‫א‬Sf‫
א‬H;'9‫و‬# ‫ א‬%+=$K# ‫ אمא ~א‬PHSW–4
‫
؟‬#j‫'زא‬G‫א‬
‫]ن‬W9"]F$] $]f]PW+H
+]6;]+xC$] ‫=א‬8]V4S# ‫ א‬i(–4W;+
K8i‫~א‬81 ‫א‬S‫ج‬8U0E$8:‫א‬$‫א אو‬S5f42‫א‬G‫א‬S4
(‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫زאو‬
K$<4
($K# ‫א‬$ ‫א‬-9‫ن‬4SW–
$‫ אو‬$‫ *و‬θ 1
‫אو‬2*W+,‫א‬$‫نزאو‬W9~‫א‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫=و@א‬2M‫نא‬W(–5
‫ ؟‬φ 2 $+ ‫طא‬%* ‫א‬
37 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
sin φ 1 sin θ 2
8.! ‫א‬$' ‫ و=و@א‬n = = $ ‫א‬S
162M‫دא‬2*W+,‫ن א‬
sin θ 1 sin φ 2
$‫ ]*و‬θ 1
] ‫אو‬2*]W+,‫א‬$]‫]نزאو‬W9
] L‫ و‬θ 2 ‫وج‬8£‫א‬$‫زאو‬Z φ 1 ‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫نزאو‬W9~‫א‬8
K φ 2 $+ ‫طא‬%* ‫א‬$‫ אو‬
8.! ‫א‬$' ‫
=و@א‬XX2M=J2‫و‬8L$E* ‫א‬T1 ‫ אنא‬4
HIL‫א‬# ‫ א‬B –6
‫א~؟‬8
# ‫א‬L~‫א‬8,‫א‬$‫=زאو‬5f‫
<א‬c*E ‫א‬# ‫نא‬W‫;و‬L$3i~‫א‬8H$‫ نزאو‬W ‫ن‬
K~‫א‬8,‫א‬$‫'=زאو‬4<8¤‫א‬
SIL‫א‬# ‫א‬2‫و‬8L8¤‫א‬# ‫א~א‬8H$‫زאو‬S5f4
c*E ‫א‬# ‫א~א‬8H$‫–زאو‬7
‫א~؟‬8 8.! ‫א‬$' ‫
=و@א‬XX2M

]‫]لא‬1 ‫]*ً]א‬W(D]P ^] ‫א‬2*]W+,‫د]ً]] א‬8VDP 9# ~‫א‬8,‫א‬$‫نزאو‬
$‫وزאو‬FEfJ2*W+H ‫ن‬f‫لא
^א‬1 ‫ א אن=א‬4<
c*E ‫א‬# ‫نא‬f‫و‬K#
KFEf;C8H

38 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?%& ‫אصאאא‬$?‫א "!א א‬ ?‫?אא‬ ‫א א‬
%& ‫אصאאא‬$
W'G
K?ً‫دא‬0ً12345 +6‫و‬8&9‫
א‬:,+;' +< ‫?אאدא‬,-?‫* )?אא‬+
B‫و‬E‫א‬9‫!א‬234$-+!‫د‬0!23BC !‫ &א‬DK>‫!אאא &א!وא @زא‬A+
‫و‬
6,H%ًNH‫د‬0!23BCD>‫א @زא‬HK,:'F@GH‫'وم‬+‫و‬JKLB‫ن‬2H
K‫@ط‬NP ,- +‫ًو‬QR@A+!S&TDB‫و‬E‫א‬9‫!א‬234$-+

KD2 ‫א‬G

K‫אد‬X ‫אصא א‬U‫א‬V‫אد‬D%W +
K ρ B ‫و‬K?‫אد‬Z4[V‫م‬LE‫ وא‬%?,-?‫אد‬D%?) *+‫ و‬J
W ‫א‬1 ‫א‬V
_*+, D%‫`ن‬D,L V ‫ אدو‬% m \%‫^ذא‬WD2 ‫' א‬+ J
m
KKLE‫א‬D 2 ‫א‬ZD2 ‫نא‬HH ρ = kg / m 3
V
m 3 S2‫א‬d‫ ';ًא‬V KLE‫ وא‬kg ‫ אم‬c2 ;' m 2 ‫نא‬2+:W D2 ‫ وא‬J
KE kg / m 3 F3‫م‬LKL%;'+D2 ‫א‬R`D
‫؟‬3‫م‬LKL%1000Z‫א‬D%‫ن‬HhG
KKL%1000Z‫א‬VS2‫א‬d‫ א‬%‫ن‬HX ‫ذ‬h
W
$l
^ ":VD2 ‫א‬jk@ ‫א‬c WD2 ‫א‬jk@ ‫ א‬J
K;4 ‫א زنא‬jk@ ‫–א‬1
K>mn‫وא‬H>‫;א‬4 ‫א‬Jo ‫>א‬D&‫א‬j)1 $9‫–א‬2

Ko& ‫א‬D2 ‫א‬G

WH?;‫ א‬E‫א‬c;‫د‬Cj‫א‬D%
^‫אد‬D%Jo& ‫?א‬,-?‫د‬o& ‫א‬D2 ‫* )?א‬+

W‫ن‬2:"‫و‬

39 rhomio_
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‫ אא‬
W‫ن‬2,‫و‬
‫א‬D%C‫ د‬o& ‫א‬D2 ‫א‬Z‫אد‬D%
KJ q J %Jo&,r‫و‬BC o& ‫א‬D2 ‫وא‬
‫؟‬2.7Z‫ م‬s o& ‫א‬D2 ‫نא‬HhG
K2.7Z;‫ א‬E‫א‬c;‫د‬Cj‫א‬D%
^‫ م‬r‫א‬D%Jo& ‫نא‬HX ‫ذ‬h

KD2 ‫'>א‬o_+G

WjD2 ‫سא‬
W;_o ‫א‬VT3
:‫ل‬6 v9‫–א‬1
y5‫א‬X+W2 ‫א‬z{F< ‫و‬d2 9‫لא‬w‫א‬D%!'+;_o ‫א‬V ,2 ‫א‬TA ‫* غא‬+D
VT||3‫||د‬:^||:‫و‬K‫ ||>א }||ص‬W%V||2 ‫ ||א~א }||ص‬H||!||: ‫א‬jR%1, ||v^||L E
KD2 ‫ دאدא‬D‫ل‬w‫ ^
א‬$H ‫ א~א }ص د‬HV> W2 ‫ ;א‬T +;_o ‫א‬
W‫ אض‬r‫א‬zo}9‫~وא‬1r‫ אزא‬D^‫
زد‬:‫ل‬6 v9‫–א‬2
‫א م‬D%\"'‫`ذא‬D3‫م‬LKL%1060
^1040Jo_ ‫ א‬E‫א‬j[‫א مو‬D%‫ن‬HTD
KEr‫א‬F‫' א م‬D‫} ض‬9‫א مو
א‬1$% +'
:X ‫אאلدلذ‬4[V:
‫| אز‬D^‫|
ز|د‬:X| ‫א '|دلذ‬Z4[V:>‫`ذאزאد‬D3‫م‬LKL%1020
[‫ل‬o ‫א د‬D2 ‫نא‬H%
K~1r‫א‬

KFN ‫א‬G

X| |_w‫|
و|א|&>א‬:ً|‫د‬: q|‫|_א‬v ‫?א '|א‬R|-?_':F@N ‫* )?א‬
K?_' ‫א‬
VJ _& ‫אא‬4[
:‫ א א‬P F@N ‫`نא‬D A R &_v
:ً‫د‬: F > qH‫^ذא‬RHH
W1 ‫א‬
F
P = N / m 2
A
|,‫|`نא |א |<*'|س‬D m 2 ‫א‬d|;|' A &|‫ وא‬N V+ ;' F ' ‫نא‬r‫و א‬
KE N / m 2 F2‫م‬LV+
[ P F@N ‫א‬
‫؟‬2‫م‬LV+ 5 × 10 5 Z_vV_':F@N ‫نא‬HhG
Z|_' ‫א‬X| |_w‫א |&_א‬V|>&‫
وא‬:ً‫د‬: q‫_א‬v ‫نא 'א‬HX ‫ذ‬h
KV+ 5 × 10 5
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KRv‫!و‬vVj_':F@N ‫א‬G

4| ‫| א‬r‫| א‬$H ||‫_א‬v
^+ +,`D\% +* Kq‫_א‬v\J ‫א‬V_\D‫^ذאد‬
Z4|[
|:|‫א‬F@|G‫| ق‬DV|:-A|+|' ‫א‬Z4|[
:H
^';@‫א‬J ‫_א‬D‫نא‬HG
K_' ‫א‬
W
+r‫א‬1S%
KZ^HjF@N ‫ א‬q!vVj_':–1
K_& ‫אא‬4[
:‫د‬:‫ن‬2J_v
: q‫א 'א‬Z^–2
V||||K||L
||: q||4|| ‫א‬F@N|| ‫א‬R&||||[||K&||c
||:F@N|| ‫–א‬3
KK&n‫א‬KLEً‫א &!&و‬
‫!و‬vr‫א &![א زن‬VKLE‫אא‬4[
:‫ אن‬q+‫ن‬+c+–4
KR:RFw‫א &!א‬F@G

W!vVj_':F@N ‫' א‬+GGG
h m |:
|:\|q A m 2 R &|
|'DH x ~ ‫ن‬H‫– ض‬1
~|| ‫אא‬4||[‫ن‬H;||o :^V||2‫א‬V||‫و‬K ρ kg / m 3 R|| D%!||v_||v\||
K h m R:+;^!& ‫א‬V‫ د‬:'%!
x ~|| ‫||
א‬:!&|| ‫||א‬, q||<|| ‫نא '||א‬H;||o :^V||2
|| oD–2
K A m 2 R+:&‫ و‬h m R:+;^4 ‫دא &!א‬:‫&و زن‬
!& ‫א‬F@GV: ‫`نא 'א‬DK‫@ط‬NP !k!& ‫نא‬r‫–و‬3
K h m R:+;^4 ‫دא &!א‬:‫ نوزن‬+‫ن‬H‫و‬6
Fg = m g ‫و‬H‫ذ‬n‫א‬L:C 2 ‫א‬Z‫א زن‬W‫ن‬H‫–و‬4
m = ρ V ‫و‬HKLE‫א‬CD2 ‫א‬Z 2 ‫א‬
V = A h ‫و‬H‫ع‬+;9‫א‬C:' ‫&א‬ZKLE‫א‬
W‫ن‬2ً‫^ذא‬
Fg = m g = ρ V g = ρ A h g ⇔ Fg = ρ A h g
W1 ‫א‬V x ~ ‫
א‬: P !& ‫א‬F@GJ
‫و‬
Fg ρ A
/ hg
P = = = h ρ g ⇔ P = h ρ g N / m 2
A /
A
K‫ذ‬n‫א‬L:C!& ‫א‬D%C_' ‫א‬:Z!vVj_':F@N ‫نא‬HH
>&||‫و||א‬R||+:4|| ‫||دא ||&!א‬:‫||!??*'||;||زن‬vV||j||_'||:F@N|| ‫?א‬y|| +
K?!& ‫_א‬v‫א '_و‬J
vH ‫*א‬o ‫א‬R:+;^‫و‬
41 rhomio_
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‫؟‬2‫م‬LV+ 5 × 10 5 Z!vVj_':F@N ‫نא‬HhG

|vH ‫*א‬o ‫א‬R:+;^‫א '_و‬X _w‫وא&>א‬R+:4 ‫دא &!א‬:‫ن‬HX ‫ذ‬h
KV+ 5 × 10 5 ZR‫نوز‬2!& ‫_א‬v‫א '_و‬J
W!vVj_':F@N ‫א‬,:y < ‫• א א!א‬
W[J:
:F@N ‫א‬y
‫\و‬q;‫ 'א‬g ‫ذ‬n‫א‬L:‫ن‬H'& ‫אد א‬V1*
KE‫ د‬1:F ρ !& ‫א‬D%–2KE‫ د‬1:F h _' ‫א‬:–1
W[TGGG

2 ‫א‬F@N ‫نא‬2ً‫ ^ذא‬Pa R 4 ‫א‬n‫א‬F@N ‫ ض‬U‫_א &!א‬v‫ن‬HTD
W‫ن‬HH!& ‫دא‬:F@G‫و‬n‫א‬F@N ‫א‬V:;o:!vVj_':
P = Pa + h ρ g
W
&‫ن‬HV2'& ‫א‬1 ‫א‬V‫و‬
KF@N ‫א‬CB‫ن‬2!vj ‫א‬CBH‫'
وא‬DH &j'+< ‫א‬F' ‫–א‬1
j‫א'א;و‬C‫א‬cr‫א‬Z4[j+ E _ &‫وא
א‬r‫א‬F‫א‬cr‫^ دא‬s4 ‫–א &!א‬2
K'DH:' ‫نא‬2+‫ن‬H‫ ط‬ABvB‫لא‬23r‫א‬V: ‫א‬z@‫نوא‬l
???,No" ‫;א‬To ‫!א‬2 ‫ وא‬To ‫_א‬v &‫`ن‬D‫א‬4B‫???و‬
!T R+::& ‫א‬X‫א &وددאد‬ho*+‫א‬4 ‫دאددא‬F@N ‫نא‬H–3
K ‫א אدא‬F@N ‫א‬

WJ oA ‫ذא>א‬or‫א‬j!‫אنא &א‬+^G

||:|| U ) | !2||3
||:J o||3>‫ |ذא‬oH|| ‫||ن‬%‫^ذא‬
‫א | ع‬jV2|| ‫||قو‬Do||}K||q ρ w R|| D%||‫א‬V||o||v||%
' &|||<|| || ‫ و‬ρ o || D%\||| ‫א‬V||S|||v;‫||& '||א‬r‫א‬
K‫ن‬1& ‫א‬
!|}D_|v‫|د‬c‫|و‬1*
| oD‫ن‬c 6\ ‫نאوא‬H‫و‬
_&| ‫א‬V:J J:+;^
:‫ "ن‬U‫א‬,T_v‫ن‬2‫و‬,
42 rhomio_
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K ho [\ ‫عא‬+;^‫ و‬hw [‫عא‬+;^V2 ‫و‬E!2A % AD &‫א‬F!} ‫א‬
W‫'
وא‬DH &j A , D J _' ‫نא‬H‫و‬
D :\ ‫א‬F@GZ A :‫א‬F@GW‫ن‬2ً‫^ذא‬
Po + ho ρ o g = Po + hw ρ w g W‫ن‬HH
P/ o + ho ρ o g/ = P/ o + hw ρ w g/ ⇒ ho ρ o = hw ρ w
ρ o hw
⇒ =
ρ w ho
ρo
K \ o& ‫א‬D2 ‫א‬J+V2 ho , hw Vً1%‫و'س‬
ρw
F@N ‫||>א‬oq:E ‫א‬F‫ع‬+;9‫&ًא‬2:ًov+Sv +D2 ‫نא‬H'& ‫אد א‬V1*‫و‬
W‫ن‬HH
1
ρ ∝
h

Kn‫א‬F@N ‫א‬G

||B||cc‫||ز‬oH4||$H||K
||'o ‫א‬d‫||;و‬o ‫אعא‬d$`||
||3;+‫||||م‬n‫א‬F@N|| ‫ '||سא‬G
||or‫א‬j|o ‫|_א‬v‫ن‬H1Do‫ز‬R‫ض‬j,&2Kqo ًQ,1‫و‬d1
‫א‬
‫|د‬c‫|א‬E‫نא‬H
,|‫و‬Kً | '+d0.76R ‫عא د‬+;9‫نא‬%J &
^z^

&‫و‬KR_@G‫^[ل‬V24 ‫א‬o ‫;א‬V!V6^ً $‫ن‬2or‫א‬jo ‫_א‬v‫ق‬D
KE }Z
3;+‫ אغ‬D!$‫دא‬F@N ‫نא‬HHF?
3;+‫ אغ‬D?KvE‫אא‬4[
WGGG
KKv76VW%Hd‫;و‬o ‫א‬os
vH ‫نא _لא‬%‫^ذא‬6^
3;+‫ אغ‬D ,6
Wn‫א‬F@N ‫' א‬+GGG
||U‫'||
وא||||א ||&_א‬DH &||j||'+<|| ‫ א‬B !||||_'4||$H‫^ذא‬
W‫`ن‬DE!'‫!א‬2A ‫א‬F‫ض‬E‫א‬jo
Po n‫א‬F@N ‫א‬Z A _' ‫א‬:F@N ‫א‬
K
3;+‫ אغ‬DjF@N ‫א‬Ho ‫دא‬:F@GZ B _' ‫א‬:F@N ‫א‬
}H h ρ g Z
W‫ن‬2
oD‫'
وא‬DH &j A , B J _' ‫نא‬H‫و‬
Wً‫ ^ذא‬B _' ‫א‬:F@N ‫א‬Z A _' ‫א‬:F@N ‫א‬
h ρ g Z Po n‫א‬F@N ‫א‬
⇒ Po = h ρ g
43 rhomio_
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>&|‫و|א‬R|+:4| ‫א‬d‫;و‬o ‫א‬jo ‫دא‬:‫وزن‬V:3 ‫א‬F@N ‫א‬Zn‫א‬F@N ‫نא‬HH

K h R:+;^‫و‬
d|0.76R:+;ô ‫א‬V‫د‬:‫وزن‬V:3 ‫א‬F@N ‫א‬D2* ?[?‫א د‬n‫א‬F@N ‫?א‬y +
K?‫س‬v };‫ א‬c;‫د‬j d1R_'&‫و‬
Ko‫ز‬d0.76‫ و&و‬To ‫_א‬v:ًv'‫א‬B‫א‬F@G[‫א د‬n‫א‬F@N ‫وא‬
Wً‫د‬:n‫א‬F@N ‫' א‬+GGG
K3‫م‬LKL%13595Zvc;‫} د‬:o ‫א‬D%‫ن‬HTD
K2L‫م‬9.81ZG;r‫ذא‬n‫א‬L:‫و‬
⇒ Po = h ρ g = 0.76 × 13595 × 9.81 = 1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2
WF@N ‫א‬,‫א א>א <*'س‬GG
W,F@N ‫א‬,‫وא>*'س‬:c+
KF@N ‫א مא و
'سא‬j5 &‫و[
א א‬W2‫م‬LV+–1
Po = 1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2
K2‫م‬LV+D2*+
[‫و‬W‫ل‬2vo ‫–א‬2
Po = 1.013 × 10 5 Pascal
1 Pascal = 1 N / m 2
KE2‫م‬LV+F‫ل‬2v 10 5 D2*+
[‫و‬W;o ‫–א‬3
Po = 1.013 Bar
1 Bar = 10 5 Pascal = 10 5 N / m 2
W‫ن‬HHKo‫ز‬d1D2*
[‫و‬W; ‫–א‬4
Po = 0.76 m Hg = 760 mm Hg = 760 Torr
1 Torr = 1 mm Hg
W‫ن‬2:"‫و‬GGG
Po = 1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2 = 1.013 × 10 5 Pascal = 1.013 Bar = 0.76 m Hg = 760 Torr
‫ ;؟‬1.013 Z‫و‬H‫ل‬2v 1.013 × 10 5 Zn‫א‬F@N ‫نא‬HhG
V+|| 1.013 × 10 5 R||‫||وز‬o ‫א‬V||‫||د‬:V||:||3 ‫א‬F@N|| ‫||*||دلא‬n‫א‬F@N|| ‫نא‬HX|| ‫ذ‬h||
K2d1R+:&‫و‬
‫؟‬cF@G3Z‫س‬o0‫ز‬F@G‫ن‬HhG
3 × 1.013 × 10 5 Z|_|vV|>&|‫|
و|א‬:‫س‬ow‫א @زא‬, q< ‫نא 'א‬HX ‫ذ‬h
KEV+ 3.013 × 10 5 FV+
!|oc||:F@N| DK |To ‫|_א‬vV|:|+;^|%|n‫א‬F@N ‫'!א‬W[TGGG
K To ‫_א‬v:R!H‫ن‬2+
44 rhomio_
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K h _& ‫א‬V:_' ‫ و*א‬P !vVj_':F@N ‫א‬Jo ‫א‬1 ‫א‬G

Wn‫אא‬, ‫ ض‬k!& ‫_א‬v‫ن‬%‫–^ذא‬1
K P ∝ h W‫`ن‬D!& \q ρ g ;‫نא'א‬H‫ و‬P = h ρ g W‫ن‬2
ρ g ZR!}r‫ '_א‬K' &F$1:!*+'& ‫وאد א‬
W‫ن‬HH
P
K' &‫ = !א‬ρ g =
h
W‫ن‬2+,‫و‬
g DK' &‫א‬FU‫!א‬Z ρ !& ‫א‬D%
Wn‫אא‬, ‫_א &! ض‬v‫ن‬%‫–^ذא‬2
ً N||HK' &|F||$|1:!||*+| ‫אد‬Z4||[‫ و‬P = Po + h ρ g W‫|ن‬2
Po Z;‫;א "دא>'א‬0Vً‫א‬c_'!}r‫ '_א‬6R2 ‫و‬
W‫ن‬HH ρ g W[K' &‫א‬FU‫ن!א‬2‫و‬K
P
K' &‫ = !א‬ρ g =
h
W‫ن‬2+,‫و‬
g DK' &‫א‬FU‫!א‬Z ρ !& ‫א‬D%

Kd‫א‬G

‫א @||ز‬F@||GJ||‫و '||سא | ق‬H||^j‫||س‬o0‫||ز‬F@||G‫م '||س‬5 &||* ‫||ز‬,c||[d||‫ א‬J
Kn‫א‬F@N ‫سوא‬ow‫א‬
WRo% + J
|%
|: $r‫وא‬k"[ÊJ: DFJ o3>‫ذא‬oHV:;o:d‫א‬
KR_@G‫س‬8_‫& دعא @زא‬k"' ‫א‬oA ‫ "!א‬+‫و‬D‫ و‬R D%Sv!vV
W‫س‬o0‫ز‬F@G‫س‬jd‫אمא‬5 v^ J
WR`D‫س‬ow‫& دعא @زא‬k"' ‫}!א عא‬:
k"||' ‫א | عא‬jz5||!&|| ‫||`نא‬D||n‫א‬F@N|| ‫א‬V||W||%H‫||س‬ow‫א @||زא‬F@||G‫||ن‬%‫–^ذא‬1
K h ‫ع‬+;^
^ $‫א عא‬j+ ‫و‬
W‫`ن‬D A , B J _' ‫א‬V2 ‫א &!و‬j‫'
وא‬DH &jJ _'4$-‫و‬
H Pa |n‫א‬F@N| ‫א‬F B |_' ‫א‬:F@N ‫א‬ZE P ‫س‬ow‫א @زא‬F@GF A _' ‫א‬:F@N ‫א‬
W‫ن‬HHKE h R:+;^4 ‫دא &!א‬:F@G
P = Pa + h ρ g at P > Pa
45 rhomio_
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L‫אد‬
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+ ‫ و‬U‫א عא‬jz5!& ‫`نא‬Dn‫א‬F@N ‫א‬V!H‫س‬ow‫א @زא‬F@G‫ن‬%‫–^ذא‬2

K h ‫ع‬+;^
^k"' ‫א عא‬j
W‫`ن‬D A , B J _' ‫א‬V2 ‫א &!و‬j‫'
وא‬DH &jJ _'4$-‫و‬
F@N| ‫א‬ZE h R|:+;^4| ‫|دא |&!א‬:F@GH P ‫س‬ow‫א @زא‬F@GF A _' ‫א‬:F@N ‫א‬
W‫ن‬HHKE Pa n‫א‬F@N ‫א‬F B _' ‫א‬:
Pa = P + h ρ g ⇒ P = Pa − h ρ g at P < Pa

|‫א‬V|‫|ن‬2^‫א& دعو‬j‫א @ز‬F@G‫אس‬V‫ن‬26 ‫'>א‬o_ ‫א‬Vk%j‫و‬
WHF'DF@N ‫ قא‬D‫س‬
∆ P = P − Pa = h ρ g at P > Pa
∆ P = Pa − P = h ρ g at P < Pa
j!&| ‫
א‬T_|vJ| h ‫|ع‬+;9‫| قא‬D‫و‬d|‫א‬j ρ !&| ‫|א‬D%|D V21 ‫א‬Z4[V‫و‬
K ∆ P F@N ‫ قא‬D8&V2 g ‫ذ‬n‫א‬L:X 4%‫و‬R o3

KF@N ‫
א‬:>'o_+G

R|`Dً _N|‫א |م‬8&|^‫|ن‬%‫|^ذא‬HKً |‫א د^|&ً[د‬jK&n‫لא‬1$‫א م‬8&^W –1
:‫ل‬1$VLN ‫אא‬4,‫&س‬9‫א‬V2‫و‬KًN 5A ‫א‬Z4[W ‫{و‬LNًT"‫ن‬2
‫א |د ||ن‬j|c+|K‫א |م‬F@|G‫|||س‬:|‫א‬4|[‫ نو‬A| ‫|
א‬:,|G‫|و‬:S|o_ ‫א‬
W[F@N
N|:' |+|:|‫و‬KR| |
N|Hj‫ ن‬A| ‫א‬F@|G‫|ن‬2R|D‫و‬W
|Go'9‫א‬F@N ‫–א‬H
KJ‫ א‬A ‫^
א‬ [V‫و;
و‬r‫& ^
א‬r‫א‬J_o ‫א‬V‫א م‬DDS' ‫א‬
KS' ‫א‬N:‫&ط‬o^:V2!H
^‫ ن‬A ‫א م‬F@G!'RD‫&
و‬o9‫א‬F@N ‫–א‬8
K;+80
&o9‫א‬F@N ‫;وא‬+120
Go'9‫א‬F@N ‫نא‬2cT" ‫&نא‬9‫א‬j‫و‬
46 rhomio_
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L‫אد‬
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‫ אא‬
‫^ذא‬H{V2!H _ ‫ن&א سא‬2

:F@G\‫א‬B;& ‫–^;א‬2
‫د^
زد‬4 ‫ א‬r‫دאدא‬+ _ ‫;وא‬9‫א‬J‫`ن&א س‬Dz5F@G\;9‫א‬
K;9‫א‬5v‫و‬ 2 9‫א‬
WHGGG

||:||G‫ و‬5000 kg / m 3 R||+‫||د‬D%E 5 cm ,10 cm ,20 cm FZ‫||د‬HS||}>1_ &||‫– ||אز‬1
? 10 m / s 2 ZG;r‫ذא‬n‫א‬L:?KR F@G!H‫"
و‬HS&^K
'DH &
W!E‫א‬
&‫ א‬Zc‫و‬q1qR E 5 cm ,10 cm ,20 cm FZ‫د‬H4 ‫>א‬1_ &‫ن אزא‬H
[‫ אل‬2D
W
‫!א‬2A ‫א‬j%,H
:G‫ن‬HV2

W‫ن‬2‫א‬4 K q‫>א 'א‬oq:&‫&ًא‬2:Sv F@N ‫نא‬H‫و‬
Wً‫ ^ذא‬50 cm 2 R &4 ‫א‬Rc ‫א‬H!r‫ذوא&א‬Rc ‫
א‬:K&n‫א‬G:F@G
"HG
F mg Vρg 5 × 10 × 20 × 10 −6 × 5000 × 10
P = = = = −4
= 10 4 N / m 2
A A A 5 × 10 × 10
Wً‫ ^ذא‬200 cm 2 R &4 ‫א‬Rc ‫א‬HW%r‫ذوא&א‬Rc ‫
א‬:K&n‫א‬G:F@G!HGG
F mg Vρg 5 × 10 × 20 × 10 −6 × 5000 × 10
P = = = = = 2500 N / m 2
A A A 10 × 20 × 10 − 4

:H U‫א عא‬jo ‫_א‬v‫ن‬2DK‫!& دع‬$‫زدא‬F@G‫'
'س‬o‫ز‬d‫م‬5 vH–2
‫ و‬Atm ‫ و‬cmHg W>‫א @زא‬F@GDK 36 cm ;‫א عא "!& دع'א‬jRT_vV
K? 1 Pa = 1 atm = 0.76 mHg = 1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2 ?K N / m 2
W!E‫א‬
W cmHg Wً6‫و‬H
3 ‫א‬F@N ‫א‬n‫א‬F@N ‫א‬D2* 1 Pa = 76 cmHg ‫ن‬2n‫א‬F@N ‫א‬y +VW 2 ‫א‬F
V‫د‬:‫وزن‬V:3 ‫א‬F@N ‫ًא‬:F@N ‫א‬D2*
‫و‬Kv76R:+;ô ‫א‬V‫د‬:‫وزن‬V:
KEKv76V!H‫و‬HW%H‫ن‬%¡‫א‬vKv h R:+;ô ‫א‬
;|o: B |_' ‫א‬:F@N ‫نא‬H1*o‫نא &!ز‬H‫و ض‬d‫א‬j1K;!2A ‫و د^
א‬
W‫ن‬2ً‫^ذא‬KKv36R:+;^4 ‫א‬o ‫دא‬:F@G
^DG9Eo‫ز‬Kv76Fn‫א‬F@N ‫א‬V:
P = Pa + h = 76 + 36 = 112cmHg
47 rhomio_
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L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W‫ن‬2 1 Pa = 1 atm Wًq

1
Q 1 atm = 76 cmHg ⇒
atm = cmHg
76
1 112
Q P = 112 cmHg ⇒ P = 112 cmHg = 112 × atm = atm = 1.474 atm
76 76
W N / m 2 Wً q
Q 1 Po = 1 atm = 1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2
⇒ P = 1.474 atm = 1.474 × 1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2 = 1.493 N / m 2

K‫ل‬2v:G

KZ1:HjCo2‫!ود‬2A Jo%
cc‫^ز‬j!‫א &א‬H4$H‫^ذא‬
W[ h :
:Rj_':F@N ‫`نא‬D
P = P1 + h ρ g
V|:+||[‫و‬E |3oCo|2‫|\א‬F!&| ‫|_א‬v:F@N ‫ [א‬P1
KCo2‫وزنא‬V:3 ‫א‬F@N ‫وא‬n‫א‬F@N ‫א‬
|1*ECo2‫
א‬:jG^!'qGX ‫وذ‬F ∆ P ;‫'א‬F@N ‫و^ذאزدא‬
KE‫@ط‬NP !& ‫ مא‬X ‫وذ‬F!$‫^
א א‬Co2‫א‬ ‫م‬:
;‫'|א‬Z;‫|دאد|و‬vE |3oCo|2‫|\א‬F!&| ‫|_א‬v|:F@N ‫א‬V2
WR o" E ∆ P F;‫א'א‬C_' ‫א‬:F@N ‫ ∆ و
دאدא‬P
P = P1 + h ρ g + ∆ P
K9‫& א‬2‫ن‬HV2J
^F@N ‫`ذאزאدא‬D
<| ‫ل?وא‬2|v|:‫و‬HHo?|) *DL ‫א‬Z4["?‫ل‬2v?
& ‫א‬¢ ‫و 'مא‬
‫א‬cH
^R !' F@N ‫`نא‬D^j‫س‬o0!v
:F@G q:?RH
:+
K?!& ‫
א‬: w‫א‬9‫;אنא‬c
^!' %!& ‫א‬

W‫ل‬2v:>'o_+GG
K>‫א &;א‬j2 ‫;و‬B‫–א א!א‬1
K‫ن‬vr‫א‬oH
v‫ א‬%–2
KE
2 ‫;و‬B‫א‬Co2‫א‬F>‫א &;א‬D;Co2–3

48 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K
2 ‫;و‬B‫א‬Co2‫א‬G

K‫ل‬2v:
:R:ho*‫و‬k@}‫אم‬5 v`ko%‫'ل‬qHD;WR‫א @ ض‬
_'&‫و‬k@}
‫و‬r‫&'_א‬J vH;J ‫_א‬v^WVZ;}F&HjS%dWRo% +
Kً20ً‫א‬vCo2,ً1%&‫و‬ko% ‫א‬
KSv!&'Dr‫א‬or‫وא‬J ‫_א‬vr‫א‬s*+‫'و‬DHo-!vHVJ ‫_א‬vr‫ "!א‬+
WR:~ 3
&‫ن‬H‫ و‬a [
‫و‬r‫_אא‬vr‫ن&א‬H‫– ض‬1
‫`ن‬D f 'k@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬: qH‫`ذא‬DK A [ ‫א‬
W‫ن‬2k@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬:F@N ‫א‬
f
P =
a
!&| ‫א‬j|_'!|%
^R F@N ‫אא‬4[!' –2
K
|||:H
|| ^R|||D;
||:!|||+||‫א‬ko|||2 ‫א‬Co||2‫ א‬q-|| D
ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬:F@N ‫نא‬24:‫ و‬F '
:HVR: q
}r‫א‬RG
^Co2‫دא‬:9‫و‬
W[
F
P =
A

|:F@N| ً‫|&و‬ko|2 ‫א‬Co|2‫|
א‬:F@N| ‫نא‬2‫'
وא‬DH &jJ&o2‫אنא‬+^:‫–و‬3
W‫ن‬HH P ً‫و&و‬k@" ‫א‬Co2‫א‬
f F f F f
P = = ⇒ = ⇔ F = A
a A a A a
K f k@}_v‫א‬,D;V2< ‫ א‬F ko2 ‫'א;א 'א‬D V2,‫و‬
<| ‫
وא‬2 ‫|;و‬B‫א‬Co|2 ? η R| ‫| 'ق|*|&
|||?א |א‬3^V|2'&| ‫א‬1 ‫א‬V‫و‬GG
W,-) *+
Kk@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬:2 ‫_א‬N ‫وא 'א‬ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬:2 ‫_א‬N ‫א 'א‬Jo& ‫ א‬J
Kk@" ‫א‬Co2‫^
&'_א‬ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫&'_א‬Jo& ‫ א‬J
W1 ‫א‬V
_*+ η
2 ‫;و‬B‫א‬Co2 E22‫א‬FR ‫نא א‬HH
F A
η = =
f a
‫؟‬100Z
2 ‫[;و‬Co2R ‫نא א‬HhGG
Wo& ‫نא‬HX ‫ذ‬h
K100Zk@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬:2 ‫_א‬N ‫وא 'א‬ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬:2 ‫_א‬N ‫א 'א‬J J
K100Zk@" ‫א‬Co2‫^
&'_א‬ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫&'_א‬J J
49 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
WJ&o2‫א‬Vً1%_v‫ولא‬4o‫@!א‬A ‫א‬GG
D&| |T k@"| ‫א‬Co|2‫|`نא‬DKV+| f [;||'k@"| ‫א‬Co|2‫|
א‬:| qHH‫– ض‬1
K!vH
^ y 1 [;
[;' q- )vko2 ‫א‬Co2‫`نא‬D!& ‫אא‬cH
^R !' F@N ‫نא‬H‫–و‬2
K
:H
^ y 2 [;D& T 4:‫و‬V+ F
KED&‫א‬C' ‫א‬Z!@A ‫א‬F f y 1 W[k@" ‫א‬Co2‫_א‬v‫ولא‬4o‫@!א‬A ‫نא‬2ً‫–^ذא‬3
F y 2 W[ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫_א‬v‫ولא‬4o‫@!א‬A ‫وא‬
W‫ن‬2_ ‫'ً 'ن'א‬o‫–و‬4
W‫ن‬HHko2 ‫א‬Co2‫_א‬v‫ولא‬4o‫@!א‬A ‫א‬Zk@" ‫א‬Co2‫_א‬v‫ولא‬4o‫@!א‬A ‫א‬
F y y F
f y 1 = F y 2 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ F = 1 f ⇔ y 1 = y2
f y2 y2 f
K $r‫א‬Co2‫א‬,% < ‫א‬D&‫א‬D J&o2‫א‬H,% T < ‫א‬D&‫א‬J+V2,‫و‬
W1 ‫א‬VR ‫*_
א א‬+:"‫و‬GG
F A y1
η = = =
f a y2

K_ ‫سونא‬£;H:G

W
,E‫א‬jD -‫א א[ א‬Vً‫دא‬:‫س‬£;H6G
K‫א‬B‫א‬jRD;S" ‫א‬V‫ن‬2‫_א‬v\ً‫ن@;א‬2: ,&K&cD;2^–1
K‫א‬j[ :J ‫א‬V_–2
KR:E‫א‬Vko%v_+‫א‬jE‫א‬V;&‫–@ص‬3
‫|`ن‬D|!|v_|v\| |@*:K&n‫نא‬-'& ‫>א‬6E‫א‬j‫س‬£;H &D‫و‬GG
|
&+
:H
^'K&n‫
א‬: qv!& ‫`نא‬D
‫و‬K!vH
^'!& ‫
א‬: qK&n‫א‬
K~‫وزنא &!אא‬ZK&n‫
א‬:!& ‫א‬D‫ند‬H‫س‬£;Hc‫و 'و‬K?K&n‫
א‬:!& ‫א‬D‫?د‬
‫||ن‬2E‫و||ز‬H!||vF||jً| c‫و‬Hً| %;||@‫א‬K&||n‫ن?א‬H
||:?‫||س‬£;H| :?||+GG
K?S+d ‫
א‬:ًc‫و‬Hً%K&n‫א‬R4 ‫אא‬KL‫*دلوزن‬+' ‫א‬Z4[
:H
^'ً:D
Wً ‫س‬£;H:‫ ج‬v^GG
!&|| ‫אא‬4||[V|||| ‫||_א‬v^!||5 ‫و‬K||:‫و‬jV%||v ρ R|| D%!||v|| ‫ن‬H‫– | ض‬1
W!2A % h ,:+;‫ وא‬A ,+:&‫ و‬Vol ,L
KE
:HV‫!و‬vHV‫و‬ocF>[9‫א‬V'!& ‫א‬Vn‫אא‬4[ q- –2
50 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
‫ن‬2 DEZ^Hj 6R2j\qHF‫אن‬+^ j $lc-%!& ‫א‬Vn‫אא‬4[–3

W
[: q‫א 'א‬
V|:;|o:,ً1%‫ن‬rFzo ‫א‬,N
31*+Z4[‫و‬WE‫ א‬E‫א‬K,vr‫א‬F'Dr‫–א 'א‬H
KEZ9‫א‬jJ+‫د‬N ‫א'א;و‬j‫ن ' ن &و ن‬+
WJ+V‫ن‬2 +
[‫و‬WvH ‫–א 'א‬8
V|K|LE‫אא‬4|[‫وزن‬V|:;|o:
[‫!و‬vH
^
:HV q+W
‫و‬r‫א‬
WH!& ‫א‬
K‫ذ‬n‫א‬L:CR D%CRLZ!& ‫א‬Vn‫אא‬4[‫وزن‬
W‫و‬H
( Fg )l = Vol ρ g
J|||F@N|| ‫|| قא‬DV|||:-A||+‫||
و‬:H
|| ^!|||vHV|| q||+W || ‫وא‬
?!&| ‫|_אא‬vH
|:D| ‫*&
||?|א‬+‫א &!و‬VKLE‫אא‬4B b ‫ وא‬a
& ‫א‬JT_& ‫א‬
W‫ن‬HH Fb B * ‫و‬
Fb = ∆ P A
Q ∆ P = Pa − Pb = h1 ρ g − h2 ρ g = ( h1 − h2 )ρ g = h ρ g : h = h1 − h2
⇒ Fb = h ρ g A = Vol ρ g : Vol = h A
W‫`ن‬DE!vH
^6‫
و‬:H
^ T +6HF ‫_א‬vr‫نא‬H‫و‬
W‫و‬HK!& ‫_אא‬vH‫وزن‬Z!& ‫א‬D‫د‬
Fb = Vol ρ g = ( Fg )l

‫؟‬V+20Z)K&n!vD‫ند‬HhGG
KV+20Z!& ‫_א‬v‫ق‬Dj_ ‫א‬K&n‫نوزنא‬HX ‫ذ‬h
KV+20ZK&n‫_א‬v‫ووزنא &!אא~א‬H

K!vj;@[‫و‬R‫אووز‬B‫א‬jK&n‫وزنא‬J1 ‫א‬G

!2A ‫א‬CBo}‫د‬V‫_א‬v-'& ‫_אא &!א‬vH o v^‫^ذא‬
‫نوزن‬2‫و‬K ∆ h [;D&~‫نא &!*א‬H¥`D ρ s , D%KLE‫وא‬
W[o" ‫_אא‬vr‫א‬
( Fg )s = Vol ρ s g
W
[!& ‫א‬D‫ود‬
Fb = Vol ρ l g
51 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W
[o" ‫_אא‬vr‫
א‬: q‫"א‬w‫نא 'א‬2+
‫و‬
F = Fb + ( − ( Fg )s )
‫ن‬2‫א‬4
:H
^ Fb Z^‫ن‬H‫ض‬dDH%KK&n‫
א‬: q‫א 'א‬E"0F‫ [¦ع‬F
KS & ‫ن‬2E ( Fg )s Z^Fy 5‫א‬Z9‫ًوא‬oc
F = Fb − ( Fg )s = Vol ρ l g − Vol ρ s g
F = ( ρ l − ρ s ) Vol g
W ‫א‬1 ‫>א‬6E‫^א‬j;@‫א‬K&n‫نא‬2‫ن‬HV2'& ‫ً د א‬o+‫و‬
|‫ ( و‬Fg )s > Fb HD| ‫|א‬V|W|%HK&n‫نوزنא‬2:W‫^
א 'ع‬K&n‫–@صא‬1
KE!vH
^' ‫"א‬0F ρ s > ρ l !& ‫א‬D%VW%HK&n‫א‬D%‫ن‬2+:
( Fg )s < Fb HD|| ‫||א‬V||!||HK&||n‫||نوزنא‬2||:W!&|| ‫||_א‬v
||:K&||n‫ _||א‬J2
KE
:H
^' ‫"א‬0F ρ s < ρ l !& ‫א‬D%V @}HK&n‫א‬D%‫ن‬2+:‫و‬
( Fg )s = Fb HD|| ‫||&وً '||א‬K&||n‫||نوزنא‬2||:W!&|| ‫א‬jً| 'K&||n‫'||
א‬o J3
KE }Z' ‫"א‬0F ρ s = ρ l !& ‫א‬D2 ً‫&و‬K&n‫א‬D%‫ن‬2+:‫و‬

K!& ‫א‬j [ ‫א زنא‬G

;@[‫و‬R‫`نوز‬D9‫عא‬C1*6!vj!2 Kq
%W‫אنز‬jK&c*:‫^ذא‬
W‫ن‬HH Fb !& ‫א‬D‫ ( 'א;د‬Fg )s ‫א‬B‫א‬jR‫وز‬V:!' ( Fg )' s !& ‫א‬j
W‫و‬HKR:!& ‫א‬D‫א–د‬B‫א‬jR‫وز‬Z;@‫א‬K&L [ ‫א زنא‬
( Fg )' s = ( Fg )s − Fb
WV:;o:D ‫نא‬2+,‫و‬
Fb = ( Fg )s − ( Fg )' s

52 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K_ ‫
א‬:>'o_+G

‫و ض‬H; GSo&K,D‫ א‬HX ‫و‬HD;2AV
G ‫א‬z
*DWn‫'א‬+–1
R‫موز‬D‫א‬jR&cz ‫א@ א‬4 K
o_ ‫جא‬1 ‫ ج^
א‬4 ‫ א‬r‫وא}!א‬H>1N
K
o_ ‫جא‬1 ‫ >א‬Q‫دא‬H‫و‬RD‫ א‬HX T ‫زم‬1 ‫دא‬,§‫א 'وא‬X 4!'+‫ًو‬o '+
% +FoN*!&¨>‫و‬j‫^אمא زن‬8;z W‫^אمא زن‬8;–2
K‫א زن‬D ‫ نא‬+
‫א‬B|>|‫א א‬Z4|[| Q|:‫و‬ko|%>|‫ א‬D
|:|}‫ |א @א‬W>}‫–א @א‬3
K r‫א‬jًo '+A ‫א‬C‫و‬K>‫א א‬Q:‫@ص‬+‫و‬K}‫_א @א‬+
ko||%‫||ق‬:H
|| ^C||_@ ‫||א‬:,||+ <|| ‫א‬d&|| ‫א‬jF@N|| ‫א @||אصא‬k@*| DWC||_@ ‫א‬d||v–4
K_ ‫א‬jK2T

Kً‫א‬c[>1
|| | | | | | | | | | | || || || || || || || || || | | | | | |
W‫ن‬2!vjً%;@‫א‬K&n‫ א‬j–1
KR%K&n‫א‬KLZ~‫א &!אא‬KL <
K‫ذ‬n‫א‬L:C!& ‫א‬D%C;@‫א‬K&n‫א‬KL?|| ‫&و‬D ‫نא‬2+‫< و‬
W‫ن‬2!v_v‫ق‬Dj_ ‫א‬K&n‫ א‬j–2
W‫و‬HK V 2 ;@‫א‬n‫א‬KLH V1 j_ ‫א‬n‫א‬KLZ V R%K&n‫א‬KL <
V = V1 + V 2
KF'D;@‫א‬n‫א‬KLZ~‫א &!א א‬KL <
K‫ذ‬n‫א‬L:C!& ‫א‬D%CF'D;@‫א‬n‫א‬KL?|| ‫&و‬D ‫نא‬2+‫< و‬
|,‫وز‬j'| ‫|`نא‬D‫!وא‬vjD2 ‫دنא‬VKLE‫א‬j‫&م &و‬cH> ‫–^ذא‬3
;o:[4 ‫א‬E;@[‫א–א زنو‬B‫א‬j‫א زن‬V:;o:F‫א زن‬j' ‫نא‬rX ‫ن &وًوذ‬2
W‫و‬HK‫ذ‬n‫א‬L:C!& ‫א‬D%C;@‫א‬K&n‫א‬KL‫&و‬+< ‫א‬D ‫א‬V:
Fb = ( Fg )s − ( Fg )' s = V ρ l g
K&n‫
א‬:‫א‬D‫`ند‬DEV &n‫!אوא‬FD2 ‫א! א‬v:DK&c‫–^ذא‬4
Kj_ ‫א‬K&n‫&ووزنא‬+,ً1%‫ن‬rX ‫وذ‬K&n‫א‬C
:V &n‫א‬D‫ن&و 'د‬2+
D ‫نא‬rk@ +6& ‫
א‬:‫א‬D‫`ند‬D84 ‫אא©^
אא‬Vv\' ^‫–^ذא‬5
K& ‫&ووزنא‬+

53 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K[>1+
|| | | | | | | | | | | || || || |
‫؟‬F@N ‫א‬j‫ن &و‬2+CL !vj‫'
وא‬DH &j‫א א‬F' ‫–א‬1
j‫ |&و‬C|L ‫|א |&!א‬D%‫ن‬H|%!&| ‫|_א‬vV|‫وא‬:
:F' ‫א‬Z4[‫ن‬r
K P = h ρ g W‫ن‬r,Dً‫ &و‬F@N ‫نא‬2‫א‬4 F' ‫א‬
‫
؟‬:r‫א‬j,2VW%H!vHV,2‫ن‬2‫א &ود‬ho*+–2
V|,W%H!vHV& ‫א‬K&c
:_N ‫نא 'א‬2+
‫دאددא و‬F@N ‫نא‬r
K!vHjً2W%H& ‫نא‬2‫ن‬H‫ ض‬4 ‫ א‬r‫
א‬:H
‫אא &!؟‬cH
^R !' F@N ‫`نא‬D^j‫س‬o0!v
:F@G q:–3
,ND!& ‫>א‬mc!!v
:F@N ‫א‬j‫زد‬-D‫א‬4 ‫@ط‬NP k!‫نא &א‬r
K!& ‫אא‬cH
^F@N ‫ '!א‬D'zo ‫א‬
‫؟‬or‫&'_א‬d‫;و‬o ‫א‬jo ‫عא‬+;^ q- 6–4
d‫|;و‬o ‫א‬j|o ‫|عא‬+;^
:y +
[‫
وא&>و‬:ً‫د‬: q‫*'; 'א‬F@N ‫نא‬r
K P = h ρ g F'DR D%‫و‬
‫א؟‬Vً6d‫د;و‬%o ‫مא‬5 &*–5
;| |13.6o ‫א‬D%‫ن‬H‫و‬R D%ً&2:Sv d‫;و‬o ‫א‬j!& ‫عא‬+;^‫ن‬HTD
jً‫א‬d10.33
‫אًא‬ko%‫دא‬:‫ع‬+;^‫ن‬2d‫;و‬o ‫א‬j‫אمא‬5 v^:‫א‬4 ‫א‬D%
KF'Dd0.76o ‫دא‬:‫ع‬+;^‫ن‬2o ‫ א‬
‫;אن؟‬n‫א‬2
‫وא‬Hjo ‫א‬T*–6
K‫ًא‬cko%R:m3 ‫א‬R_N ‫نא 'א‬2+‫א‬4 !‫אً';ً
א &א‬cko%o ‫א‬D%‫ن‬r
‫
א &א!؟‬:‫ل‬2v:o_+V26–7
W
[8ovH X ‫ذ‬c
KR:‫א א‬F@N ‫א‬kq- RLk@ D‫@ط‬NP !‫< א @ز‬
X, &*R‫م‬LE‫
وא‬:‫ول‬4o‫@!א‬A ‫א‬Vً‫א‬c‫`ن‬Dk@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬:F@G‫^א‬: <
K‫א @ز‬KL‫^'ص‬j
+ ‫א‬F@N ‫نא‬2Dko2 ‫א‬Co2‫א‬V‫م‬LE‫
وא‬:‫ول‬4o‫@!א‬A ‫'א‬+X 4 L <
Kk@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬: q‫א‬F@N ‫א‬V!Hko2 ‫א‬Co2‫א‬:
‫؟‬k@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬:k@}‫'ل‬qHGko%‫'ل‬qHD;
2 ‫;و‬B‫א‬Co2‫–& _א‬8
ً ‫|&و‬ko|2 ‫א‬Co|2‫|
א‬:F@N| ‫|نא‬2ً‫^ذא‬K!& ‫אא‬cH
^R !' F@N ‫نא‬HTD
f F
V||k||2W||%H A ko||2 ‫א‬Co||2‫||\||&א‬%||‫و‬ = W‫ن‬HHk@"|| ‫א‬Co||2‫||
א‬:F@N||
a A
54 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
2 ‫א 'א‬VW%H F ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫

א‬: q‫א‬2 ‫نא 'א‬2+‫ن‬H1D a k@" ‫א‬Co2‫&א‬
K f k@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬: q‫א‬
‫؟‬T" ‫א אא‬VW%Hً‫ دא‬r‫نא א‬2+
2 ‫;و‬B‫א‬Co2‫א‬j–9
f F
k@"| ‫א‬Co|2‫|&א‬Vk2W%H A ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫\&א‬%\%‫ و‬η = = W‫ن‬r
a A
f k@" ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬: q‫א‬2 ‫א 'א‬VW%H F ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫
א‬: q‫א‬2 ‫ًא 'א‬NH‫ و‬a
KT" ‫א אא‬Vً‫دא‬W%HCo2 ‫نא א‬2+‫א‬4
!N|*|n‫א‬F@N| ‫^|وא‬j‫|س‬o0‫|ز‬J|k@}F@G‫ ق‬D‫ 'س‬d‫אم‬5 v^:–10
‫؟‬o ‫א‬Vً6dG‫و‬
W ‫א‬8ovs X ‫ذ‬
J: ‫א‬jo ‫دא‬:‫ع‬+;^‫ ق‬DSv q P F@N ‫نא‬2:R`D P = h ρ g ‫ن‬H <
1
K h ∝ W‫ن‬HHD2 ‫& ً א‬2:
ρ
‫|د‬:‫|ع‬+;^J|‫|نא | ق‬2‫א‬4| |13.6;‫א'|א‬D%VW%Ho ‫א‬D%‫ن‬H‫< و‬
KF@N ‫א‬jً‫א‬ko%ً-_$‫אא ق‬4[‫ א‬j-_$H‫`ن‬D
‫אًو‬k@}J: ‫א‬jo ‫א‬
jª& ‫א‬-_U‫نא‬2
‫אًو‬ko%J: ‫א‬j‫دא‬:‫ع‬+;^J‫نא ق‬2‫ א‬jH <
KF@N ‫ قא‬D‫س‬V2X 4‫אًو‬k@}‫א ' א‬
‫؟‬٪100
^
2 ‫;و‬B‫א‬Co2‫א‬%!"+6–11
W ‫א‬8ovs X ‫ذ‬c
K9‫;אنא‬c‫و‬C2‫א‬J 2 ^‫د‬c‫< و‬
K>:' ‫א‬Z4[‫@ط‬N^j!@3 1, v^So&¨!& ‫א‬j‫>[א‬:'D‫د‬c‫< و‬
‫ ؟‬To ‫א‬V: , ‫א‬jW%H:
^‫ن@ص‬H‫ @אص‬V2–12
||D%V|W|%H To ‫א‬D%‫ن‬H‫و‬J E‫א‬j‫ &و‬F@G!T ‫نא @אص‬H
1
KF@N ‫>א‬oq: h ∝ ‫ن‬r To ‫א‬jR: , ‫א‬jW%H ‫א@صא @אص‬4 , ‫א‬
ρ

55 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?%&' ‫אصאאא‬$?"‫א ! א‬

?‫?אא‬ ‫א א‬
%&' ‫אصאאא‬$
W(G
K%&' ‫א*אאא‬+‫
د‬-%. ‫א*אאא‬+‫د‬/‫ن‬1‫ 'لא‬
W:‫&ن‬. ‫א‬/;**7;4;<6 ‫ن‬7
89%&' ‫א*אאא‬+‫د‬4‫و‬
KB&CD‫&نא‬. ‫ א‬JKE&( .‫א‬F?‫&نא>د‬. ‫ א‬J

K?‫&نא>د‬. ‫א‬WًF‫و‬7

<.G-G(&C<+‫و‬GH ‫א‬IGJ(9KLG JMGNO8PQ4&.<9R‫א‬S‫&א‬.4TU‫و‬
K?
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.6‫א‬W K4
\$?GG<
.ًًY! ً‫א‬+.WZ J‫א‬/O8P% %‫<[ن‬B.X‫א‬/‫אא ع‬W: ‫و‬
7FI%&GGG]+!GJ/G^_IGàG<9R‫א‬SG Z‫א‬G‫אא‬Gb7Q‫א‬+.9 J‫ذא‬-
<‫?و‬B.X‫א‬
KB.X‫طא‬C$/4ef*&<E‫א‬
ً &G*G<9R‫ א‬G$‫دא‬I&*h7 . ‫א‬/b7iWZ W ‫א‬+.‫א‬:W?B.X‫\א‬$?g&J
KEً‫د‬:Fً‫ (&א‬.

WB.X‫طא‬C$EQ‫א‬kFj!$GG
KB.X‫طא‬C$K( JF–1
G‫א‬/GO8P% ^ l' ‫א‬4&. ‫א‬im-‫د‬UB.X‫\א‬$
4C(74‫–אس‬2
KC( ‫א‬oJ4
K‫ول*&نא‬4&. ً*(WZ 6JEq‫א‬ra-FpB.X‫طא‬C$–3

‫?ل*&ن‬GG<C(4Q.‫
وא‬4ً‫د‬4&st ‫א‬B.X‫طא‬C$‫د‬4
4LC‫و‬GG
K?C( ‫א‬oJ4B.X‫طא‬C$a%?‫و‬7?C( ‫א‬oJ4‫א‬
KC( ‫א‬oJ4‫*&نא‬4&*C(4‫&ن‬. ‫دلא‬U‫و‬
G4EB.GX‫طא‬GC$Ga%‫دאد‬GJ7Ff‫א‬G JB.GX‫طא‬GC$‫ن‬7uY6?‫&نא>د‬. ‫א‬S‫و‬G
<9R‫א‬SC(4‫*&نא‬4&*‫ن‬77KDZ‫א‬Q4&. ‫א‬449 J‫( و‬J‫و‬O9^ ‫א‬Q4&. ‫א‬
KB.X‫طא‬C$a%ً .^4ً9*Jv* J
56 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
ein007@ yahoo.comG0107198282G
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W?‫&نא>د‬. ‫&وطא‬wG

W ‫&وطא‬x ‫א‬Ia&a J4<97Sً‫ (&א‬.ً<.-B.‫نא‬7‫(ل‬6
/<9R‫ א‬$Jt ‫אא‬%‫^ن‬J‫ن‬77Wi+.‫ل‬K
4ً <h‫ن^نل*&نא‬7–1
K/ ‫"א‬S&$R‫א‬ya&K/‫&ج‬pt ‫و ^אא‬.ya&K7
SC(74‫*&نא‬4&*
(9J‫ن‬77W/ ‫
א‬4C(74‫א‬4&*g JF‫ن‬7–2
K/ ‫א‬O8 JF‫و‬I <h<9R‫א‬
KQ‫دوא‬I<bJF7W+‫دوא‬O{‫&ن‬. ‫ن^نא‬7–3
K‫א‬Q(9K;<|^ -bJF‫ن‬7–4
Kًs<9R‫ن_}אא‬7–5

WB&CD‫&نא‬. ‫א‬Wًh

‫אא ع‬W: ‫و‬K/4‫و‬7;/4‫א‬4&*‫دאد‬J4TU‫و‬
K&‫دא‬O8PQ‫ددوא‬b<‫&ن‬. ‫א‬/
7\8q
-
4\8q/‫و‬7O9%
-O8P/‫ (ل{ز‬-W
K‫دوא‬%&|&' M

K+‫* &א‬X‫&نود א‬. ‫لא‬G

‫&ن‬G*‫ن‬7‫ض‬r‫
;و‬4 ]<97+! K?+‫* &א‬X‫?د א‬GG<|+
^
KE(<. ‫&نא>د?א‬. ‫&وطא‬x ‫א‬I4L9CJ
<‫و‬F?‫د‬:‫<*&ن‬9R‫א‬S‫א‬
;GC(G4B.GX‫طא‬GC$
G4;‫د‬G4; .GWG$[<Ià

G:‫ول‬R‫ א‬.G‫א‬GC(.GE
G ‫^ א‬x <%F;
K A2
:
‫ א‬.‫א‬C(.‫ و‬A1

‫و‬S.‫ل‬Y$B.W ‫אא‬fH‫
^ن‬9a
C(‫א‬.W/4+94 A1 .‫لא‬Y$ QV & <I &6W ‫
א‬H‫א‬B.X‫ولא‬7/ ‫א‬
W‫ن‬77K ∆ x 1 ‫א‬y%&' t ‫א‬a.‫א‬C A1
K ∆ x 1 ‫א‬y%&' t ‫א‬a.‫א‬C A1 C(‫א‬.Z [QV ]A
H‫א‬B.X‫لא‬
1
W‫ن‬7M‫و‬
K t ‫א‬r ‫א‬C v 1 ‫א‬4&*Z ∆ x 1 ‫א‬y%&' t ‫א‬a.‫א‬
57 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K1Z t ‫א‬r ‫א‬W‫ن‬77/ ‫

وא‬:&8 .‫א א‬r ‫نא‬7M‫و‬
v 1 ‫א‬4&*Z ∆ x 1 ‫א‬y%&' t ‫א‬a.‫⇐ א‬
v 1 ‫א‬4&*C A1 C(‫א‬.Z [QV ]A
H‫א‬B.X‫& لא‬
1
[QV ]A = A1 × v 1
1
B.Jt ‫ אא‬%/4+94:‫ و‬Q m & <I &6W ‫א ^

א‬B.X‫<نلא‬/^_y‫و‬
K/ ‫وא‬S.‫ل‬Y$
W‫ذאً^ن‬-
K ρ ‫א‬a%C QV
H‫א‬B.X‫لא‬Z Q m
^ ‫א‬B.X‫لא‬
W‫ن‬77
Q m = ρ QV
W: A1 .‫لא‬Y$
^ ‫א‬B.X‫و^نلא‬
[Qm ]A = ρ [QV ]A = ρ A1 × v 1
1 1
W:
^ ‫א‬B.X‫ ^نلא‬A2 . 9. < <‫و‬
[Qm ]A = ρ [QV ]A = ρ A2 × v 2
2 2
KEGG ^ ‫א‬GG(<‫ن‬GG( ًG (9K‫و‬F?‫د‬GG>‫&نא‬.GG ‫א‬GG SًG <h

GG(9
GG ^ ‫&نא‬.GG ‫لא‬GG‫ن‬7MGG‫و‬
W‫
^ن‬9a
[Qm ]A = [Q m ]A 1 2
ρ A1 × v 1 = ρ A2 × v 2
A1 × v 1 = A2 × v 2
A1 v
= 2
A2 v1

W‫ن‬7 .y‫و‬K?+‫* &א‬X‫
?د א‬:iW:‫و‬
oGJG4G<9R‫א‬GC(.GGً .^4ً 9*Jv* J<9R‫א‬SC(74‫א‬4&*–1
"G^ ‫وא‬O9G%GyC(.G‫ن‬G^JG4G<9R‫א‬SGw\9G<G‫א‬B.‫א‬W:
4‫و‬KC( ‫א‬
K'P
‫ل‬GGFB.GGX‫طא‬GGC$GGa%GGً G ‫&د‬KvGGGG* JGG<9R‫א‬SCGGGGGGGG(7GG4GG‫א‬4&GG*–2
KE
^ ‫وא‬7
H‫א‬B.X‫א‬
W:h T i+/‫لز‬Y$ QV
H‫א‬B.X‫^نلא‬W4!<‫و‬GG
[QV ]A = A1 × v 1 × T
1
W:/ ‫ل"א‬Y$ Q m
^ ‫א‬B.X‫و<
^نلא‬
[Qm ]A = ρ A1 × v 1 × T
1
58 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W:QlYGG
W‫`ن‬aC(‫א‬.S‫و‬. ‫&عو‬a n :‫د‬4‫&وع‬a4
-<9R‫א‬S+‫ א‬. ‫وא‬7‫&عא‬J‫ذא‬- <
A1 × v 1 = n A2 × v 2
W‫^ن‬C(‫א‬.S‫و‬. O{‫א &وع‬%‫ذא‬-7 <
A1 × v 1 = A2 × v 2 + A3 × v 3 + ..........
-‫ و‬m 3 / sec IJ‫ وو‬QV
HB.-‫ن^نل‬7- B.X‫نلא‬7;9 L9*k
KC(.R<h+‫(א‬:Y%‫و‬K kg / sec IJ‫ وو‬Q m
%B.-‫ن^نل‬7

W 7G

KfG*1:&C9!fh{TL‫م‬0.1y<‫*&نא‬4&*‫ًو‬Ff*2:&Ci<97 $J–1
Wv.aK3f*LfH%1000‫א‬a%‫ن‬7f ‫وא‬
KLD ‫אא‬S‫א‬4&*E7F
K<9R‫א‬K(/C(7‫ل‬Y$(‫ د‬%B.Jt ‫א‬EI %‫و‬IHF‫א‬%EBF
WQC‫ א‬J
2 r1 = 0.02 m r1 = 0.01m ⇒ A1 = π r12 = π × (0.01)2 m 2 , v 1 = 0.1 m / s
2 r2 = 0.01m r2 = 0.005 m ⇒ A2 = π r22 = π × (0.005 )2 m 2
W ‫ א‬J
Q A1 × v 1 = A2 × v 2 E7F
π r12 × v 1 = π r2 2 × v 2 π (0.001)2 × (0.1) = π (0.005 )2 × v 2
π (0.001) × (0.1)
2
v2 = = 0 .4 m / s
π (0.005 )
2
W/ ‫وא‬S
H‫א‬B.X‫لא‬EBF
QV = A1 × v 1 = A2 × v 2 = π (0.001) × (0.1) = π (0.005 ) × (0.4 ) = 3.14 × 10 −5 m 3 / s
2 2
W(‫لد‬Y$
H‫א‬B.X‫و^نلא‬
QV × 60 = 3.14 × 10 −5 × 60 = 188.4 × 10 −5 m 3 / min
W:/ ‫وא‬S
^ ‫א‬B.X‫و<
^نلא‬
Q m = QV × ρ = A1 × v 1 × ρ = A2 × v 2 × ρ
Q m = π (0.001)2 × (0.1) × 1000 = π (0.005 )2 × (0.4 ) × 1000 = 3.14 × 10 − 2 kg / s
W(‫لد‬Y$
^ ‫א‬B.X‫ولא‬
Qm × 60 = 3.14 × 10 −2 × 60 = 1.884 kg
59 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
‫(\؟‬.JF‫&و‬C ‫א‬OCJ‫ذא‬G
K
. ‫א‬C. ‫(سא‬J
4 ‫א‬I'C*‫(س‬J‫ن‬7% k‫&אد‬K[<&C ‫א‬b

G4GyG%7 v 1 G ‫א‬C.G ‫
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K <(‫^ א‬x ‫א‬/D % v 2
. ‫א‬C. ‫א‬

I4B.X‫א‬4&*+‫
אو<
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\8D ‫א‬/ 7 P1 ‫
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SI 4&G*/G4B.GX‫א‬4&G* G( aE
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K&‫א א‬SI4 P2 \8D ‫א א&و<
دאدא‬
a+(<
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47
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K?
&<&:?GG<y% ‫א‬iW:
.J‫و‬K&C ‫א‬

+‫* &א‬X‫
د א‬4L9CJ
?y4& ‫א‬Q‫א‬Ox ‫&א;وא‬x ‫א‬S‫?*&نא م‬

-‫&ع‬J‫&ن‬x ‫אא‬W:‫ن‬7‫و‬K v 1 Ia‫*&نא م‬4&*‫ و‬A1 C(.ً.+ً&w‫ن‬7‫&ض‬G
K v 2
:Ow %S‫א م‬4&*‫ و‬n :‫د‬4h Q‫א‬Ow
4& ‫א‬Q‫א‬Ox ‫א‬4eSB.‫لא مא‬Z
.& ‫&نא‬x ‫א‬SB.‫لא مא‬W‫^ن‬W4
A1 × v 1 = n A2 × v 2 W‫ن‬77
K4& ‫א‬Q‫א‬Ox ‫א‬K(Q.‫ع‬e/ 7
.& ‫&نא‬x ‫א‬C(.%‫و‬
A1 < n A2 W‫ن‬77
v 1 > v 2 W‫^ن‬J‫ن‬7<Ya
K
.& ‫&نא‬x ‫א‬S‫א م‬4&*/O^<C<74& ‫א‬Q‫א‬Ox ‫א‬S‫א م‬4&*‫ن‬77
W
-‫د‬W ‫&א‬R‫א‬G
Q‫א‬OxGG ‫;א‬GG<‫ن‬GG<&^ ‫א‬.GG%‫و‬7
GGh‫;و‬H.GG%R‫زא‬GG{‫دل‬GG9JGG4T‫و‬GGGGP& ‫א‬GGJ-–1
KH.R‫وא‬
K
J‫و‬I'9*‫א‬+
H J:‫و‬K‫ز‬Y ‫אא‬W8 ‫<אدא‬H.R‫ وא‬P& ‫א‬J-–2
60 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
&GCg!G‫ن‬7MGTL‫م‬0.33
G: G<jZxG
GK+‫و‬R‫א‬S‫م‬G ‫א‬LaG C* ‫א‬4&. ‫^نא‬J–2
0.35yًY%&Cg!.& ‫&א;א‬x ‫א‬/‫د‬4
4‫
زعא م‬K+‫و‬R‫א‬/‫و‬Kf*0.7
K+‫و‬R‫א‬
Kya‫א م‬4&*v.à30.& ‫&א;א‬x ‫دא‬4‫ن‬%‫`ذא‬aKf*
WQC‫ א‬J

K+‫و‬R‫&نא‬x ‫א‬C(. A1 = π r12 = π (0.007 )2 m 2 , v 1 = 0.33 m / s
‫
א א‬.& ‫&نא‬x ‫א‬C(. A2 = π r22 = π (0.0035 )2 m 2 , n = 30
W ‫ א‬J
W‫`ن‬aC(‫א‬.">.& ‫&א;א‬x ‫نא‬7M
A1 × v 1 = n A2 × v 2
π r12 × v 1 = n × π r2 × v 2 π (0.007 )2 × (0.33 ) = 30 × π (0.0035 )2 × v 2
2
π (0.007 ) × (0.33 )
2
v2 = = 0.044 m / s
30 × π (0.0035 )
2
G ‫א‬Q‫א‬OxG ‫א‬S‫م‬G ‫א‬4&G*‫ن‬G^J

G <‫ و‬0.044 m / s .G& ‫&א;א‬xG ‫א‬S‫א م‬4&*‫ن‬77
K&w7‫ن‬7L9*%ً‫א‬bO8P

Kb‫א و‬G
W ‫א‬B+H ‫א‬/b‫א|א و‬+‫د‬-/^_

W
‫و‬R‫&<א‬H ‫• א‬
GyYG% G*7DGfGhK GSًY%;h ;L6
S‫لو‬G'^ ‫א‬/ًًH;( ‫א‬7Sv!‫و‬Kً {+aً*[%
Y
ً G%B.G-4&G*uGY‫و‬K/&.‫א‬/ًYhkًH&$1‫א‬
>>>;. ‫א‬/
‫و‬7/&.G‫א‬/GG%7‫ل‬G'^ ‫א‬B.G-4&G*‫ن‬7GW:x‫א‬
GGG</GGGGGG%7B.GGG ‫ل‬GGG'^ ‫א‬GGG<‫ن‬GGG^J&GGG$7+GGG9<
Ko W /&.‫א‬
‫א‬WGG:GG<GGa&GGGGGGb‫
و‬GG4fGG^‫א‬/GG^_W‫ ج‬GG*X‫א‬
K'P"^ ‫وא‬I b‫ و‬B. ‫<א‬Q‫^زאد‬aKB. ‫א‬
W ‫&<א‬H ‫• א‬
K‫ج‬b ‫א‬/;h ;*[%S . ‫א‬/&$1‫אوא‬/:7;‫و‬. ;HD
;. ‫א‬/7SuY‫جو‬b ‫א‬/‫*ق‬C*‫وא<א‬4&.<‫^ دא&و‬x<;. ‫א‬/ًY%v(
K>>>ًF‫و‬7/^.y7uY‫^و‬.t;. ‫|א‬r‫قو‬. ‫&جא‬fhK>>> y*7‫ق‬. ‫א‬%&‫^ن‬J
61 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K/&.‫א‬/4%7 y.<‫א‬S‫ق‬. ‫ '&|א‬JGW:x‫א‬

K‫ א‬9I %&g(J‫ و‬. ‫א‬/^.G
K‫א‬/%7b+<‫ق‬. ‫א‬%&‫(وم‬IR‫א‬/b‫ و‬%7 . ‫א‬W‫* ج‬X‫א‬
W ‫&<א‬H ‫• א‬
;hG ;K/+9S‫ج‬b ‫א‬/; h ;J&%\(.6
GG(-4GG*CGG*‫;<א‬GGK/&.GGbIGG<&GG$1‫وא‬GGIGG<:GG7
K+9Z‫
عא‬- ! &% %I&8 .JW ‫א‬/ ‫א‬
/ ‫א‬/ 7/‫ز‬S‫لא‬Y$+9Z‫
عא‬-&^ ‫! א‬JW:x‫א‬
K/&.‫لא‬Y$+9Z‫
عא‬- ! &^ ‫א‬I&8 .JW ‫א‬
G%7+‫א‬G(IG Y$‫م‬.GbR‫א‬G%&‫وم‬G(/&.‫א‬W‫* ج‬X‫א‬
K‫(وא‬/

W
‫ص‬YZ *-/^_(<. ‫א‬B+H ‫א‬/kGGG

y ‫^ن(و‬J;SO9%%&‫وא‬7B. y <‫^ن‬J‫א אوא ^'ل‬. ‫–<א‬1
Kb‫ و‬7 ‫א‬. ‫א‬iW:‫ن‬7‫(ل‬6aO8Pya‫م‬.bR‫א‬%&
‫ن‬GG^J;GGSO8GGPGG%&‫وא‬7B.GG GGy <‫ن‬GG^J/&.GG‫ وא‬.GG ‫ א‬G ‫א‬.GG ‫א‬GG<–2
Kb‫ و‬%7 ‫א‬. ‫א‬iW:‫ن‬7‫(ل‬6aO9%ya‫م‬.bR‫א‬%&y ‫(و‬

WB. *Q(9K;<4&. ‫جא‬+JGGG

:GG7; .GG;GG ;GG<+!G GG*/GGGG%+!G –1
K v 4&.<|&' GGG4&$1‫وא‬/%*
GGGGG*
K(+Q(9K4/ً^ . ‫א‬+! –2
_4%*‫و‬9J/%. ‫
א‬. ‫( א‬PY‫ א‬. ‫(א‬9K–3
K&PZ
. ‫ א‬. ‫(א‬9K4&*‫^ن‬J‫و‬%&‫א‬
"GG<|&GG' JGG ‫א‬GG (GGPY‫ א‬.GG ‫א‬GG(9K–4
K v ‫א א‬4&*
‫ج‬+G JQ4&.G<;G ‫;א‬G< .G ‫א‬Q(9K|&' J–5
G ‫
א‬G -/%.G ‫א א‬/imX‫א‬S v
-&! ‫א‬/
t ‫(א‬9C ‫א‬4&*/ 7(9K %‫^ن‬JMK|&' ‫א‬
K:J
62 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
Wb‫א و‬P$O.JGGG
W

- . ‫א‬Q(9K;<4&. ‫א‬S. ‫א‬Y $X‫א‬b&
Gv9.G<[xGJIG (GPY‫ א‬.G ‫(א‬9K‫
و‬. ‫ א‬.‫א‬C. ‫ ^|<;א‬-bJ–1

4( ‫א‬iW: J‫و‬KI (PY‫ א‬. ‫(א‬9KQ b‫و‬v! ‫
א‬. ‫א‬C. ‫א‬Q b;<‫ !ق‬X‫א‬
K&PZy 4&*‫^ن‬J‫و‬%&‫_א‬4‫و‬9 a . ‫(א‬9KB.-4-
G ‫א‬4&G*"G<|&G' JyGm‫!ق‬G -G(<ًDG7&h[G JG ‫ א‬.Y‫ א‬. ‫(א‬9K–2
K v ‫א‬
tGG ‫א‬GG(9C ‫א‬GG%&GG‫
(و‬G4GG(9K G% GJ .GG ‫א‬QG b;GG<oGG* ‫א‬GG( GH –3
KyC<7yRy ]t ‫(א‬9C ‫א‬4&*‫
زد‬4 J<y‫*&ع‬7yR:J

G4IGJ+‫و‬B.G .G ‫א‬G<‫ق‬GJ|G^ X‫א‬G(<Iy9GwG .G ‫א‬QG(9K;G<x‫א‬W
‫&ن‬. ‫א‬/‫אא ع‬W:
.‫و‬K:+‫و‬mt ‫(وא‬9K %;<4&. ‫א‬S.‫&ق‬aI4[xk%&‫א‬
K?‫وא ج‬7
(9C ‫&نא‬. ‫?א‬GG<
;G<|G^ -‫و‬7G‫(و‬G‫د‬Gb‫و‬Sv9.G J‫د‬G GP$?Gy[<?b‫?א و‬g&J/^_L9*k
K?ya‫م‬.bR‫א‬%&‫(وم‬Jy7%9 ‫א‬yD<‫ق‬ayF-‫ق‬J . ‫א‬Q(9K

Wb‫ א و‬GGG
IG <h4&.G<|&G' ‫א‬G ‫א‬G .GY‫ א‬.G ‫א‬G(9Ku G]
G^ IG7L<.G ‫^ א‬x ‫א‬/uY
G‫و‬K?Gb‫?א و‬GG<
.J . ‫(א‬9C *k‫^ن‬J F :+y4&hJ‫ن‬7‫<و‬F v :+
W
: ‫א‬44
4g Jb‫نא و‬7b‫و‬
‫ن‬77|&GG' ‫א‬GG ‫א‬.GGGGًG ‫&د‬KGGb‫א و‬GGvGG* JMGGW A |&GG' ‫א‬GG ‫א‬.GG–1
K F ∝ A
;G<4&.G ‫&قא‬GaGًG‫&د‬KGb‫א و‬GvG* JMGW v .G ‫א‬/G; G(9K;G<4&.G ‫&قא‬a–2
K F ∝ v W‫ن‬77 . ‫א‬/; (9K
;GGG ‫;א‬G<GP ‫א‬a.G‫א‬Gً.^4b‫א و‬v* aW d ; ‫<;א‬P ‫א‬a.‫–א‬3
1
K F ∝ WM
d
W‫ن‬7L9*k
Av Av
F ∝ ⇒ F = η vs
d d
WY ‫א‬/
C‫ ?و‬. b‫? א و‬GG<
.‫و‬v* ‫<א‬h: η vs M
Fd F
η vs = ⇔ η vs =
Av A (v / d )
63 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
:<6 ‫ و‬v . ‫(א‬9K4&*;<9. ‫?א‬:‫(?و‬9K744&. ‫א‬+'?GG< v / d +‫

א(א‬.‫و‬
? d %. ‫(א‬9C ‫א‬/4
. ‫א‬/Q.‫
وא‬4&h‫دًא (א*א‬4‫و‬.?? . b‫? א و‬g&JGG
K? ‫א‬y<‫א د‬a.‫ א‬. ‫א‬/; (9K;< ‫א‬i+‫(א‬4&. ‫א‬S‫&ق‬ay4 ‫و‬
Wb‫وس א و‬GG
W‫<(^ن‬. ‫אد א‬/
kg . m / sec 2 m
η vs = = kg / m . sec = N . sec/ m 2
m 2
(m / sec )
K N . sec/ m 2 ‫و‬7 kg / m . sec
:b‫نوس א و‬77

W *b‫ و‬y4g Jt ‫א א א‬GGG
K&$1 */g p
:‫و‬b‫^ * و‬aW . ‫–عدא‬1
KIJ+‫&א‬b+‫عد‬J+`< . ‫א‬b‫( و‬JMW . ‫א‬+‫&א‬b+‫–د‬2

‫؟‬TK‫م‬LfH%0.8Z*b+‫د‬204/&.‫א‬b‫ن و‬7GGG
CGG*/GGQ.GG‫א‬GG‫
و‬GG4&hGG‫א‬GG*‫א‬GG( ‫نא‬GG^JGG*GGb+‫د‬20GG4IGG7oGG ‫ذ‬GG
‫א د‬a.‫א‬/&.‫א‬/; (9K;<TL‫م‬1i+‫(א‬4&. ‫א‬S‫&ق‬ay4 t ‫وא‬/&.‫א‬
K/J0.8‫و‬.‫م‬1y<

W‫ل‬GGG
fG 2 Gy^¡ G*/GG(9C<O9G%&G$7'P/4 ‫و‬2‫ م‬10 −2 y . .'P
GGb‫[و‬a
GG ‫و‬R‫!'א‬GG ‫
א‬GG4/JGG 2.5 :+‫א‬GG(GGQ&GGh7‫`ذא‬GGaKTK‫م‬LfGGH% 4 IGG b‫ و‬G ‫و‬
‫؟‬y<|&' Jt ‫א‬4&. ‫א‬
WQC‫ א‬J
A = 10 −2 m 2 d = 2 × 10 −3 m η vs = 4 kg / m sec F = 2.5 N
W ‫ א‬J
Fd
Q η vs =
Av
Fd 2.5 × 2 × 10 −3
⇒ v = = = 0.125 m / sec
A η vs 10 − 2 × 4

64 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
Kb‫
א و‬4Q(9CJG

WyO%Q(9CJb‫ و‬

Kf'x ‫–א وא‬1
Jo ‫ذ‬/4[x‫و‬.Y ‫א‬y‫א‬b7;<O9%|^ - J‫א‬QF1‫אنא‬+‫دو‬4WI<9*7
Ky%[J‫ و‬1‫אא‬b7<‫د‬sv9.J+‫א&א‬/O9%Q%
W ‫א‬/‫&ض‬8 ‫א‬
K|^ X‫א‬h7 ‫א‬+‫א&א‬%‫(ص‬- <
K %[ ‫א‬/ 1‫אא‬b7¢ <
K&$1‫و‬/QF1‫א‬f'xJ‫و‬Jv£o W
Wf'x ‫زم‬Y ‫א א‬Q‫א‬k
& .G‫א‬G%&‫א‬Gh74&.G<B.GF‫و‬G 1‫אא‬b[G<ً(!G GltGO9G%I b‫^ن و‬J‫ن‬7 <
K‫א‬bR‫א‬o
G(JG ‫א‬Gb‫ن و‬R xG ‫א‬SG> .G6GkGb‫ و‬%7ًG ‫ز‬g! ‫א‬S 1‫ "א‬.6 <
K+‫א&א‬b+‫عد‬J+`<

K+. ‫א‬S‫|א د‬Yy *-OaJ–2
IGGaGG%&' ‫مא‬.GGb} ‫א‬GG>‫א‬GG‫ن(و‬GG^JW+.GG CGG* ‫ًوא‬9.GGO8!GG ‫א‬Q4&.GG ‫א‬GG4 <
K%&' ‫مא‬.bR‫א‬4&*ً‫&د‬Kv* JI b‫ و‬/4m ‫وא‬

G^ ‫ א‬8xG ‫`نא‬GaW!G( ‫א‬y 4&G*+.G ‫א‬G9JG4‫و‬7;GG/G4+.G ‫א‬4&G*‫زد‬4 <
Gh7+.G ‫א‬G>‫א‬G‫(و‬GqIGl 8 .G6oy .G‫دא‬G ‫א‬/G .G‫ وא‬1‫א‬C*‫ول<א‬W9‫א‬
‫م‬.bR‫א‬4&*I b‫ و‬/4m ‫(وא>אא‬v* JF ‫א‬iW:SI7M{I Y$y %&
G[GH‫א‬WG K‫د‬G ‫|א‬Yy G*-SO9G%‫د‬G‫
ز‬G -‫د‬k4&. ‫&<א‬v* J <%&' ‫א‬
K‫|א د‬Yy *-Oa y 4&*/‫
א‬-O9‫א‬+. ‫א‬

KvC ‫א‬S‫א م‬v*&J4&*+9 $-–3
K?‫ز‬Y9 ‫ل* א‬Y$‫א مא&א‬Q‫&א‬%‫(ط‬. y ‫א‬4&. ‫?سא‬+9 $X‫אא‬Wy<!(‫و‬
Wv*r ‫א‬4&*+9 $-a <
G<&GًG‫&د‬KvG* JG‫ز‬Y9 ‫ א‬G*‫ل‬YG$‫&א‬G‫مא‬G ‫א‬Q‫&א‬G%‫(ط‬.G y ‫א‬4&. ‫نא‬7M'a
‫
<(س‬9KO{‫و‬7ً9KQ‫א ^&א‬fH‫ن‬%‫ذא‬-a&v9C ‫א‬C .‫א‬W K‫&א م‬%&Cg!
Kv*r ‫א‬4&*
65 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W7 <
G‫&א‬G‫مא‬G ‫א‬Q‫&א‬G%LGPY JvG( ‫مא‬JG‫و‬+‫و‬GJ‫&אض א
א &و‬R‫<א‬S J
Kv*r ‫א‬4&*o W ً9J‫دאد‬J‫و‬yHayD<
G(‫&אو‬G‫مא‬G ‫א‬Q‫&א‬G%&.G^ JE‫!&א‬G ‫א‬F‫ن‬GO ‫وא‬EG¤R‫א‬F‫م‬G ‫(&א‬a‫&אض‬7<S‫ و‬J
Kv*r ‫א‬4&* (J
<‫و‬yH

W:QYJ
GG GG GG GG GG GG GG GG G G G G G G
‫אً؟‬b C<4& ‫א‬Q‫א‬Ox ‫א‬S‫א م‬4&*–1
‫^ن‬J‫א‬W
.& ‫&نא‬x ‫א‬C(./%7‫^ن‬Q‫א‬Ox ‫א‬K(Q.‫ع‬e‫ن‬Ro ‫وذ‬
W
-‫د‬W ‫&א‬R‫א‬K+‫* &א‬X‫ًد א‬9Jً‫א‬b C<4& ‫א‬Q‫א‬Ox ‫א‬S‫א م‬4&*
Q‫א‬OxGG ‫;א‬GG<‫ن‬GG<&^ ‫א‬.GG%‫و‬7
GGh‫;و‬H.GG%R‫زא‬GG{‫دل‬GG9JGG4T‫و‬GGGGP& ‫א‬GGJ- <
KH.R‫وא‬
K
J‫و‬I'9*‫א‬+
H J:‫و‬K‫ز‬Y ‫אא‬W8 ‫<אدא‬H.R‫ وא‬P& ‫א‬J- <
‫؟‬O9%y b‫א و‬. ‫–<א‬2

G4IGJ+‫و‬B.G .G ‫א‬G<‫ق‬GJ|G^ X‫א‬G(<Iy9GwG . ‫א‬Q(9K;<xIR
K%&‫א‬
‫؟‬O9%I b‫^ن و‬JMN‫א‬QF1‫א‬J‫ز‬+ ¥–3
K‫א‬bR‫א‬o & .‫א‬%&‫א‬h74&.<B.F‫ و‬1‫אא‬b[<ً(! lt
‫א ؟‬4S‫مא‬Z .6F–4
Ky %&h7y<I! -gD I 1‫אא‬b7/4ً‫<א‬B.‫ن‬4&*‫و‬O8PI b‫ن و‬R
‫|א د؟‬Yy *-SO9%‫زد‬v9.;/4+. ‫א‬4&*‫–زد‬5
v* J <%&' ‫مא‬.bR‫א‬4&*I b‫ و‬/4m ‫(وא>אא‬v* JF ‫א‬iW:SIR
K‫(وא>א‬qS% 8w‫ل‬W9 ‫|א د‬Yy *-SO9%‫
زد‬-‫د‬k4&. ‫&<א‬
OG{‫و‬7ًG9K‫م‬G ‫א‬Q‫&א‬G%fH‫ن‬%‫ذא‬-a&
4v9C ‫א‬4.‫א م‬v*&J4&*+9 $-–6
‫
؟‬9K
&GCg!GG<&Gً G‫&د‬KvG* JG‫ز‬Y9 ‫لא‬YG$‫א مא&א‬Q‫&א‬%‫(ط‬. y ‫א‬4&. ‫نא‬R
K‫&א م‬%

66 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein
einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?%‫א "دس?א)(א 'زא‬#$ ‫א‬ ?‫?אא‬ ‫א א‬
%‫א)(א 'زא‬
W*G
,,4=,,> ?‫ز‬,,' ‫א‬%,,-.‫ن‬0,,1,,-2‫א‬%1",,‫א‬34‫زو‬,,' ‫א‬%,,-.(,,67,,8 ‫א‬,,9:,, ً‫א‬,,<)
‫אون‬,6,I‫و‬,*1K?‫ אون‬,6?,CD‫א‬%,E ‫א‬F,B
GًE")?)‫אو‬3 ‫א‬4‫?א‬,,6
"? "@‫א‬AB
‫א‬N*‫א‬O* ‫א‬JE‫ن‬QRS1JK8‫و‬KL8‫א‬6M 4E ?‫אو‬NO* ‫א‬JE%@.P6
K@‫א‬AB4=> 1‫א‬%-.4TUV ?
^, ‫نא‬,6K ‫@]א‬,‫ند‬Q,C,)01,8EW‫ن‬X, ‫א‬Y,,4
, GJK,8‫و‬K‫لא‬S,XY)<)‫ذא‬G7 \4
K "‫אو)?א‬3 ‫א@?א‬A ‫א‬4‫_א‬6=> ?‫ن‬X ‫א‬MB `
W)‫אو‬3 ‫א‬4‫א‬a"?G
W
4*6" ‫א‬6b ‫א‬N4‫א‬a"?YKc
K d%B"6‫א@و‬AB*L6%efD‫א‬gN‫א‬h‫א‬%-.=> ?–1
K‫ن‬6K ‫دمد@]א‬$ ?4PE ‫א‬M:6%-2‫א‬i\e‫م‬L$?–2
‫د‬,BY,3,4Q,,<N‫ن‬,6K ‫א‬,*‫د‬k,)‫א‬.Q‫א‬h‫א‬%-.%‫د‬$?‫د‬B‫ن‬KB–3
=> ?#6‫و‬Ka$1"(ifGN=> ?E‫ن‬6K ‫د*א‬QFM)01#6*‫א‬k)2‫א‬%‫د‬$ ‫א‬
K@‫א‬AB4M 4‫ن‬K?‫و‬ME)‫א‬n‫א‬h‫א‬%-.M‫د‬$?b )‫ن‬6K ‫
د@]א‬6
W‫ ج‬8D‫א‬G
W‫ن‬Q7 ‫ذ‬Yp ")
‫دم‬$ ?4M:6‫دم‬$ ?M 4UQN
M1K@‫א‬AB4?T=> ?‫א 'ز‬%-.
K‫
א 'ز‬B `\ ‫)א‬D‫אنא‬.
@‫א‬%-,, ,,.M6=> ?^ ‫א@א" א‬A ‫א‬4‫?א‬M)Q
B?)‫אو‬3 ‫א‬4‫?א‬9?YKc‫ذن‬G
K?h‫)אو‬D‫אنא‬.‫دم‬$ ?4M:6‫دم‬$ ?M 4UQN
e‫و‬E#@8‫و‬Q‫ز‬qF

K%‫א 'زא‬A )GG

W
eL"66f‫א‬.GYKc%‫א 'زא‬A )G4rI
K(.‫و‬h‫א‬4‫'ز‬6tuXvEd‫ق‬1‫د‬A ‫'زא‬6stuً‫א‬Ed_K)W6b ‫א‬
‫ز‬,q‫ن‬Q
,B‫ل‬,‫\א‬,e‫و‬K,exc‫ن‬Qy,EzY,E{‫^א‬e1B94P6Q‫ن‬X‫ند‬K?eA)WeA‫א‬

,BQ
, GA, )G,,143,4|‫(א‬.‫و‬,h‫א‬,4‫ز‬,q‫ن‬Q,4#,8Q
, GA )G14#|‫دא‬A ‫א‬
67 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
,4Y,Bi,EBe\ ‫א‬P6|‫نא‬X ‫نא‬K?

G‫د‬Q\ ‫א|א‬X}‫@ًא‬4MًS4#B?‫و‬
W
‫א‬#KA ‫א‬N4K‫א|)م‬

,BB ",uaE4‫ن‬K??-2‫א‬%1"‫?א‬,,6
"?6%1"‫א 'ز‬%-.(6.W‫ ج‬8D‫א‬
KX}‫لא‬SX‫ز‬q#4A )G
WM?-.‫ن‬V6 ?%‫نא 'زא‬Qp ")]E8#4Y<
ً ,UW,h‫و‬,‫א‬,)D‫אنא‬,.,‫دم‬$, ?,4PE, ‫א‬M:,6,‫م‬$,?‫א@و‬A,B4=> ?–1
K‫א‬.#4
BًL'I
J,* ?':, ‫ز‬,' ‫ضא‬,?,1K?,- 2‫א‬%1",‫?א‬,,,,6
",?aE,4,~1%1"M6.–2
K‫'ط‬:) 6%‫نא 'زא‬01
6‫'א 'زو‬A\ ‫א‬b‫א‬#*1%-2‫א‬

K%‫א)(א 'زא‬G

a',~‫'ط‬:,) M 6‫ن‬01‫ \א‬a'~#@‫وא "א‬E$ ‫"مא‬.|‫א‬#4N-2‫א‬%1"‫نא‬Q‫אو‬Y
,h%‫زא‬,' 1‫\א‬, aE,4,-2‫א‬%1",1%‫ 'زא‬E" 6I ‫א‬9 6KheGYKc. ً‫א‬.
K‫'ط‬:) B6
W
e%‫א‬a' USU‫د‬.‫و‬E BD‫א‬N\XV)‫ن‬Q
'E‫ز‬q=8‫?ل‬8‫אدא‬.D‫و‬
K‫אא‬.‫–د‬3K': ‫–א‬2Kb‫–א‬1
Ky ‫א‬a' ‫א‬E?*1Ya' (6S ‫א‬Ny>E)‫ن‬Qk%‫א‬a' ‫א‬i\e(6S ‫دא‬D‫و‬
W(6S ‫א‬Ny>E ‫ א‬8‫ \א‬
KE#6‫)ن‬F?‫א‬.‫د‬%EUBL'I‫א 'زو‬b–1
KE‫)نل‬FL'I%EUB?‫א‬.‫א 'زود‬b–2
KE': ‫)نא‬Fb%EUB?‫א‬.‫'א 'زود‬I–3
68 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
E#6‫)ن‬F‫אא‬.‫د‬%EUBL'I‫א 'زو‬b(6S ‫א‬Wz

ً ‫و‬Q

‫ط‬A,69$, ‫
א‬, G#,*,b‫ن‬0,19:, ‫
א‬, G‫ز‬qY(‫
*א‬B‫'א א‬: ‫ذאزאدא‬G)Q#6.‫و‬
K‫אא 'ز‬.‫د‬%EU
,ً",KBًE,8?‫ز‬,qY4bk8 ‫אא‬.‫د‬%EUB?)Q
B?#6?‫و)ن‬
K?ML'I
W
‫א‬#KA 6(E‫زא‬M2‫ً)" {مא‬B#6‫و >*])ن‬

Y,M,?,~Q,E‫و‬,EK%‫ א‬,8
G.‫ و‬E A e‫א‬G‫ج‬. ‫א‬Y( 6E)QYk4‫و‬
‫ط‬L‫א‬Y6E)V6‫ ن‬$,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ( 6E)|‫
وא‬BQY B X}‫ وא‬x E~‫و‬Q_E>
M ?‫
و‬BQ
KE4‫ א‬M" F
W# ‫א‬%‫א‬LXG
‫ن‬,K‫ًو‬,E*?M$,)
, G( 6,E)|‫א‬Y,ًS,4, ^, B ,6E)|‫א‬Nً,*E@‫ز‬k$,)‫ و‬x E$, ‫א‬r )–1
K‫*
وא‬1Q "N(B ‫א‬N]E@ ‫>א‬L8
Y,,‫א‬,K ‫א‬i\,e,b(,)‫ و‬A ,6E)|‫א‬#,X‫אدא‬h‫א‬Y4_E>1 x E$ ‫א‬#*)–2
K Po 2‫'א‬: ‫א‬e ‫א‬i\eN': ‫نא‬K‫ و‬P1 ML'I‫ ( و‬Vol )1 YK ‫אو‬h‫א‬
YK ‫ (و‬6E)|‫א‬YًS4N]E@ ‫א‬rL8‫?ع‬GeA1(I‫و‬NM E)‫
و‬BQ
G B 6E)|‫–=א‬3
YK ‫سو‬E‫אא‬h‫א‬b()‫و‬2#KA ‫א‬N4 A 6E)|‫א‬N
BQ‫ن‬K B 6E)|‫א‬N]E@ ‫א‬rL8
(6‫א ق‬e h y Pa + h ً ‫ "و‬P2 ': ‫نא‬K#KA ‫א‬Y‫*ًو‬688‫د‬4‫ و‬P2 L'I‫ ( و‬Vol )2
K( 6E)|‫א‬N]E@ ‫>
א‬L8
B?G
69 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
KK ‫_א‬6 P3 ‫ ( و‬Vol )3 ()‫و‬#|‫

א‬BXQ*6" ‫א‬L‫א‬K)–4
4 A 6E)|‫א‬Ni‫" א‬Y#QrE$^M1]E@ ‫א‬rL8P{1#8Q
G B 6E)|‫–=א‬5
‫ن‬,,K#KA,, ‫א‬Y,,‫*ًو‬6,,8,,8‫د‬,,4‫ و‬P4 L',,I‫ ( و‬Vol )4 YK,, ‫سو‬,,E‫אא‬,,h‫א‬,,b(,,)‫و‬3#KA,, ‫א‬N
K Pa − h ً‫ "و‬P4 ': ‫א‬
KK ‫_א‬6 P5 ‫ ( و‬Vol )5 ()‫و‬#|‫
א‬BXQ*6" ‫א‬L‫א‬K)–6
1
‫ز‬,,,,,,,' ‫'א‬,IJ,*‫و‬E y ‫د‬$, ‫א‬F
,8Q ‫א‬,‫
א‬,B Vol ‫ز‬,' ‫א‬b(6)E ‫א‬S ‫א‬8)–7
P
,c* ",,X
,B#$,>1E x " ‫א‬F
*1|‫
אא‬B
b‫ن‬QE‫\א‬e‫و‬K#6*‫א‬#KA ‫א‬N4#~|‫א‬L*6i‫ אد‬G
Q‫אא‬.‫د‬%EUB P LIً"KBk8 Vol ‫א 'ز‬
W‫ن‬Q
1
Vol ∝
P
W‫ن‬QRS)*6" ‫א‬S ‫א‬Y‫و‬
1 const .
Vol ∝ ⇒ Vol = ⇒ Vol P = const .
P P
W
?}‫
א >א‬B#6‫)ن‬q~‫د‬BGYKc
6‫و‬
K?ً 6Uً‫ز*אא‬qYK Vol P JI#~‫ن‬K‫אא‬.‫د‬%EUB?
( Vol )1 P2
Vol P = const . ⇒ ( Vol )1 P1 = ( Vol )2 P2 ⇒ =
( Vol )2 P1
We>GGG
‫
و‬,8Q ‫א‬,‫
א‬,B Vol ‫ز‬,' ‫א‬b(6)E ‫א‬S ‫א‬8B
#KA 6(E‫
א>א‬B#$
*1|‫
אא‬B P ‫ز‬,' ‫'א‬I
‫ن‬QQ,b#,‫ز‬,' ‫'א‬,I‫زאد‬,4,)QR,S),‫و‬K#6*‫א‬
‫אא‬.‫د‬%EUBL'Iً"KBًE8?k8 ‫א 'ز‬b
(6)E ‫א‬S ‫א‬8BMB$^ ‫א‬b ‫
)_א‬e‫و‬
1
K ‫ز‬,,,,,,' ‫'א‬IJ*‫ و‬Vol ‫א 'ز‬b
P

‫אא؟‬.‫د‬%EU6 ‫*אא‬ML'I*)‫ذא‬GMb.‫و‬GK38600Mb‫ز‬qY 4W‫ل‬
3
( Vol )1 = 600 cm 3 G P1 = P G P2 = P
4
W#‫א‬
3 4 × 600
( Vol )1 P1 = ( Vol )2 P2 ⇒ 600 × P/ = ( Vol )2 × P/ ⇒ ( Vol )2 = = 800 cm 3
4 3
70 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
E‫)نل‬FL'I%EUB?‫א‬.‫א 'زود‬b(6S ‫א‬Wً )U

,B‫א‬,‫א‬aUV,?‫س‬,)‫ن‬Qًz‫و‬Q
,'EL',I%,EU,B,?‫א‬,.‫زود‬,' ‫א‬,b(,6,S ‫א‬,8‫دא‬#E
W ‫א‬6b ‫אא‬.G]YB7 ‫و ذ‬K6U'I
e‫א{ و‬%‫א 'زא‬Y‫مא "و‬b‫א‬
W6b ‫א‬G
(b"4‫نوא|و‬6K ‫"א‬4‫و‬Q
)UY(‫( "و‬b
B‫` ن‬b‫\دو( "و
א‬XV)–1
,XM6‫زאو@و‬#K
B?L*‫ <א‬..‫ز‬6E)Q\?‫"אد‬6M#4e 1")‫و‬
K83‫و‬Q2 ]E@ ‫א‬Y
W
‫א‬#KA 64K1‫دא‬6‫ض‬Nً(‫א و‬Y\e:)–2

WeA‫א‬G
KMbN‫
?"وא د‬B‫ ( "و ({א|א \ل‬1"‫ن‬4> ]E@ ‫
א‬LX‫ن‬QRS)
W‫ ج‬8D‫א‬G
%,EU,B‫_א*א‬6M?‫א‬.‫د‬1‫ذא‬G‫א{ ? د*د "و‬%‫א 'زא‬Y‫مא "و‬b‫א‬
Kً‫وאא‬h
b‫א دא‬#‫ن‬KUY‫و‬KML'I
K6U': ‫نא‬K
6‫و‬2‫'א‬: ‫א‬eY‫א 'ز‬YًS4'I‫ن‬K*6" ‫א‬6b ‫א‬N‫و‬
Y‫م‬b‫وא‬N‫)?*אא د‬Q
B?6U'I‫
'ز‬b‫א دא‬#?9?YKcً‫ذא‬G
K α V 6 ‫?و‬L'I%EU8 1o ?‫א‬.‫د‬1‫ذא‬G8 0 o Be‫א 'زو‬
W)QًB.‫• و *و‬
K‫دאد‬Mb‫ن‬01': ‫א‬6U‫ز‬qY4‫א‬.‫??د‬B–1
WYًS4ً‫د‬k8 ? ∆ Vol ‫א 'ز‬bN‫–א د‬2
K ( Vol )0 Q8 0 o B‫א|~
'ز‬b‫–א‬Q
K ∆ t ?‫א‬.‫د‬N‫?ع‬D‫–*אא‬J
W‫ن‬QQ
∆ Vol
∆ Vol ∝ ( Vol )0 × ∆ t ⇒ ∆ Vol = α V ( Vol )0 × ∆ t ⇒ α V = → 1
( Vol )0 × ∆ t
K?6U'I‫
'ز‬b‫א دא‬#?YBEBe\ ‫א‬k8 ‫א‬6Ue α V y
71 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
‫א‬.‫د‬1‫ذא‬G)01K( d( .‫د‬B‫

א 'ز‬b(6‫א ق‬Z ∆ Vol b‫א‬Na' ‫نא‬Qy‫و‬
WrE$‫ ( و‬Vol )100
G ( Vol )0 Y‫دאد‬b‫ن‬018 100 o
G 0 o Y‫א 'ز‬
∆ Vol = ( Vol )100 − ( Vol )0
W$ ‫
א‬B ∆ t ?‫א‬.‫د‬N‫?ع‬D‫*אא‬rE$ً:Q‫و‬
∆ t = 100 − 0 = 100 o C
W$ ‫
א‬G1S ‫
?لא‬6‫و‬
( Vol )100 − ( Vol )0
αV =
( Vol )0 × 100
W‫ن‬K8 t o
G 0 o Y‫?"{(א 'ز‬BWB$6‫و‬
( Vol )t − ( Vol )0
αV =
( Vol )0 × t

W
‫א‬#KA 6rI‫زلא‬M.‫)" {م‬6U'I‫א‬M
b‫א دא‬#( ‫و‬G
#X‫א‬, ‫א‬Y,,M?,830,h,..‫ز‬,E)QWY,k4e‫و‬
,QY,,*L*‫و <א‬E1
‫א‬eLF‫ًא‬.1
‫א‬,,h‫א‬Y,,,,4_E,,],,E@ ‫א‬Y,,,,L
,,B,, ‫و‬K,,M1
,,.‫سد‬,,* F
,,*E@‫ز‬,,?,,,,6E)|‫א‬,,E?‫و‬K,,6E)|‫א‬#,,X‫دא‬
#X‫
دא‬BQ
GM e1‫*ًو‬1QI?U.L"
BE‫אא‬
K‫ج‬. ‫א‬YSq
W6b ‫א‬%‫א‬LXGG
,,,1=,,,‫و‬M$,,,)D‫א‬N\,,,Xv‫وش‬,,,,,,nS,,,' ‫א‬x,,,–1
,,8 0 o
,, G,,6E)|‫א‬#,,X‫سدא‬,,E‫אא‬,,h‫دא‬3,,^,,E,,8
L*‫ <א‬6E)|‫نא‬Qy‫سو‬E‫אא‬h‫دא‬B‫و)*_ل‬
‫א‬,h‫א‬,b‫ن‬,K‫\א‬, ,bً,8*‫א‬,h‫دא‬,B‫ \א {\ل‬
K ( Vol )0 e ‫א‬i\eN‫س‬E‫א‬
^,E,8,,< )‫و‬#,8Q
, G
,BQY,S' ‫א‬NU‫وא‬2‫א‬YS' ‫–غא‬2
YK,, ‫و‬,, ‫א‬i\,,eN‫س‬,,E‫אא‬,,h‫دא‬,,B‫ل‬,,(,,)‫و‬,,8 100 o ‫س‬,,E‫אא‬,,h‫אא‬,,,,.‫د‬rE$,,?
Kbً8*\{ )Q6‫]و‬E84 ( Vol )100
,‫
א‬,B‫"س‬, 6 t o ‫א‬,‫א‬,.‫
ود‬,8Q ‫א‬,‫
א‬,B Vol ‫א 'ز‬b(6)E ‫א‬S ‫א‬8)–3
,,* ‫א‬,,B
,,*1|‫א‬,,‫א‬,,L*i‫אد‬,, GY,,K ‫و‬#, ~|‫א‬,,L*6,,cz* ",,,,X
,,B#$,,>1
,,*1|‫א‬
K
‫א‬#KA ‫א‬N4E − 273 o C F
72 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬

WS ‫א‬Y': ‫א‬%EUB‫א‬M
b‫א دא‬#()–4
( Vol )100 − ( Vol )0
αV =
( Vol )0 × 100
K.‫د‬#K 1 / 273 Z': ‫א‬%EUB‫א‬M
b‫א دא‬#‫ن‬QCM‫و‬
‫א‬,*‫_א‬,6,M?‫א‬,.‫د‬,1‫ذא‬G‫א{ ? د*د "و‬%‫א 'زא‬Y‫مא "و‬b‫نא‬Qy‫و‬
K* ‫א{ )_א‬%‫
'زא‬b‫א دא‬#‫ن‬K‫ \א‬ML'I%EUB

‫دאد‬,':, ‫א‬%,EU,B?,)Q
,B\ ‫وא‬ 6\ ‫א *)نא‬N?‫?ل‬Mq~b ‫א‬i\e‫و‬
‫אא‬.‫د‬N‫?ع‬G#K ‫س‬8 0 o B
~|‫א‬MbY 1 / 273 ‫ز*א‬qY4b
K?‫وא‬.‫د‬i‫*א‬

We%<SGGG
‫א‬,h‫א‬9,f‫و‬,‫א‬,‫ص‬$, D,4‫א‬7, 3K ‫א‬P,¢Y,,L*6],E@ ‫א‬L‫אل‬E 8GYKc–1
K6E)|‫א‬N‫د‬.‫א‬
X‫ل‬F]E@ ‫א‬L'IH2‫'א‬: ‫و"وא‬6b ‫ ًلא‬6U‫ن‬K‫س‬E‫אא‬h‫'א‬I–2
K.. ‫א‬6E)|‫]وא‬E@ ‫א‬YًS4‫لد‬eGBE]E@ ‫א‬
‫"و‬,, ‫د‬,,*‫د‬,, ?%‫زא‬,,' ‫א‬,,g‫ |ن‬1 / 273 Z,,6U',,I,,%‫زא‬,,' ‫א‬,,2‫د‬,, ‫א‬#,,–3
W ‫ن‬4‫ذא‬G
E1
K3‫( م‬1 / 273 ) ZbN‫نא د‬K?8 1o ?‫א‬.‫د‬1‫و‬8 0 o N3‫م‬1b‫ز‬q–Q
K3‫( م‬1 / 273 × 20 ) ZbN‫نא د‬K?8 1o ?‫א‬.‫د‬1‫و‬8 0 o N3‫م‬20b‫ز‬q–J
Z,,,,bN‫د‬,,,, ‫نא‬,,,,K?,,,,8 1o ,,,,?‫א‬,,,,.‫د‬,,,,1‫و‬,,,,8 0 o N3‫ ( م‬Vol )0 ,,,,b‫ز‬,,,,q–‫ج‬
K3‫( م‬1 / 273 × ( Vol )0 )

73 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
E': ‫)نא‬Fb%EUB?‫א‬.‫'א 'زود‬I(6S ‫א‬Wً U

,,'E,b%,EU,B?‫א‬.‫'א 'زود‬I(6S ‫א‬8‫دא‬#E)01]6" ‫א‬2‫א‬N8‫د‬4‫و‬
W ‫א‬6b ‫אא‬.G]YB7 ‫و ذ‬Kb%EUB‫'א 'ز‬I
B‫אא‬aUV?‫ن)س‬Qًz‫و‬Q
K‫ط‬L‫א‬Y6E)QL8‫א‬6
*E@‫א وق)ز‬#~)U‫دوق‬N‫א‬h‫א‬Y4_E–1

6‫و‬E1#KA ‫א‬F x , y B‫*
وא‬1Q "N‫)ن‬K(B ‫א‬N]E@ ‫>
א‬L8‫ن‬QRS)–2
K2‫'א‬: ‫א‬Z‫س‬E‫'א 'زא‬I‫ن‬K
K8 t o YK ‫אو‬h‫אא‬.‫–)(د‬3
YBB?G‫ و‬x YBa$* ‫א عא‬N]E@ ‫א‬rL8‫ض‬¤GRS1YX86‫ض‬N‫–)'א وق‬4
KE2#KA ‫א‬FX}‫א عא‬N y
‫א‬h‫א‬b
*E 7 ‫ وذ‬x Bi‫
" א‬Ga$* ‫א عא‬N]E@ ‫א‬rL8‫א *^د‬N]E@‫ز‬k$)–5
ً ‫"و‬,‫س‬E‫'א 'زא‬I‫ن‬K\@BK8 t 1 o YX" ‫אא‬h‫אא‬.‫)(د‬U6b ‫א‬UQً 6U
#KA ‫א‬F8 h B?G]E@ ‫א‬Y‫د‬B'I‫سزאد*א‬E‫אא‬h‫'א‬I‫ن‬QQ h H2‫'א‬:
KE3

Kb%EUB‫אא‬.‫دد‬6‫'א 'زدאد‬IW‫ن‬Q6b ‫א‬i\eYp ")G
_6‫ز‬q#4‫א‬.‫د‬1‫א وقو‬N‫س‬E‫)عא 'زא‬a'?%‫א‬B*6" ‫א‬6b ‫אא‬K 6‫–و‬6
‫"و‬, ':, ‫א‬N‫د‬, ‫نא‬Q,C,b‫א‬%,EU,‫ز‬,q#,K ':, ‫א‬N‫د‬, ‫(א‬,?‫و‬%. ‫א‬Y ‫א*א‬
K%‫א 'زא‬2
‫د‬, ‫_א‬6M?‫א‬1‫ذא‬G‫_א*א‬6‫א{ ?دאد‬%‫'طא "و 'زא‬: ‫نא‬Q7 ‫ذ‬Yp "1G
Kb‫א‬%EUB7 ‫אאوذ‬%.‫د‬Y
,,‫و‬N‫د‬,, ‫אא‬,,*?,,)Q
,,B?,,6U, b,,‫ز‬,,' ‫'א‬,,IN‫د‬,, ‫א‬#,,?9,,?Y,,Kc
,, 6‫و‬
K β P 6 ‫?و‬b%EU8 1o ?‫א‬.‫د‬1‫ذא‬G8 0 o Be‫'ط 'زو‬: ‫א‬
74 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W)QًB.‫*و‬6" ‫*א‬L ‫_א‬6‫• و‬

K‫دאد‬ML'I‫ن‬01b‫א‬6U‫ز‬qY4‫א‬.‫??د‬B–1
WYًS4ً‫د‬k8 ? ∆ P ‫'א 'ز‬IN‫–א د‬2
K P0 Q8 0 o B‫'א|~
'ز‬: ‫–א‬Q
K ∆ t ?‫א‬.‫د‬N‫?ع‬D‫–*אא‬J
W‫ن‬QQ
∆P
∆ P ∝ P0 × ∆ t ⇒ ∆ P = β P P0 × ∆ t ⇒ β P = → 2
P0 × ∆ t
K?6Ub‫'א 'ز‬IN‫א د‬#?YBEBe\ ‫א‬k8 ‫א‬6Ue β P y
WrE$‫ و‬P100
G P0 Y‫دאد‬L'I‫ن‬018 100 o
G 0 o Y‫אא 'ز‬.‫د‬1‫ذא‬GW]E84‫و‬
∆ P = P100 − P0
W$ ‫
א‬B ∆ t ?‫א‬.‫د‬N‫?ع‬D‫*אא‬rE$ً:Q‫و‬
∆ t = 100 − 0 = 100 o C
W$ ‫
א‬G2S ‫
?لא‬6‫و‬
P100 − P0
βP =
P0 × 100
W‫ن‬K8 t o
G 0 o Y‫?"{(א 'ز‬BWB$6‫و‬
Pt − P0
βP =
P0 × t
W
‫א‬#KA 6rI‫
א‬.‫ز‬M.‫)" {م‬6Ub‫א‬h‫'א‬IN‫א د‬#( ‫و‬G
WYk4e‫و‬
,2‫אא‬h,6x, A ‫ج‬,. ‫א‬Y,‫אن‬,2‫]א‬,‫" دع‬,–1

,,b‫دא‬,, ‫א‬#,,‫|ن‬F],,E@‫ز‬,,b 1 / 7
,,B,, `‫و‬
N‫نא د‬K?
6‫جو‬.
b‫لא دא‬Q7]E@
,,UQ
.,,. ‫" دعא‬,,‫א‬,,bN‫د‬,, ‫"و‬,,],,E@ ‫א‬,,b
‫א‬,h‫א‬,b??,
,*E ‫א‬,2‫א‬,b#,<7 \6‫א "{(و‬
6E)V6‫א" دع‬#$ ‫و‬E‫אא‬%.‫د‬gNً 6U??2‫א‬
,B
,B, E‫@ (و‬,( ,‫زאو‬,-e
,B,? B
Kً8QB* ‫א‬#2‫א‬Wa"3
BK??*1Q
,XQ,6E)V6‫ط‬,L‫א‬Y6E)QL8‫א‬6 B 6E)|‫א‬#$ ?–2
K]E@ ‫א‬YE84
B ‫و‬#8Q
G‫
و‬BQ
G4> 6 C
W6b ‫א‬%‫א‬LXGG
K
*E@‫وز‬6L8‫א‬66b ‫אא‬.G‫و‬2‫'א‬: ‫–)(א‬1
75 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
‫א‬.‫د‬rE$?Ê8M$)D‫א‬N\Xv‫وش‬ntu)GN
.. ‫–'א" دعא‬2
N]E@ ‫א‬rL8* "^#8Q
G‫و‬Q
BQ
G C 6E)|‫=א‬U‫س‬8 0 o B.‫א‬eY6
h1 YK, ‫ و‬B , C ( 6E)|‫א‬N]E@ ‫א‬rL8(6‫?ع‬D‫قא‬1_*)U x YK ‫و‬SB
G B 6E)|‫א‬
Wy P0 e‫س‬8 0 o B‫س‬E‫אא‬h‫'א‬I‫ن‬K1 Pa 2‫'א‬: ‫
א‬G:‫و‬
P0 = Pa + h1
‫ن‬,4‫ذא‬G,Q P0 = Pa + h1 ‫ن‬,K B N,
,BQ C ‫ع‬, ‫א‬N],E@ ‫نא‬,4‫ذא‬GW,)Q,<Skex ‫و‬
K P0 = Pa − h1 ‫ن‬K B NBً:{ C ‫א ع‬N]E@ ‫א‬
N‫א‬h‫אא‬.‫د‬#$?^ "‫א‬k* ‫א‬14< )D‫)^'
אא‬D‫א‬Y{"–3
S ‫
א‬G B 6E)|‫א‬N]E@ ‫א‬rL8‫
^د‬BQ
G C 6E)|‫=א‬U‫س‬8 100 o
G‫א" دع‬
B , C ( 6,E)|‫א‬N],E@ ‫א‬rL,8(,6‫ع‬,?D‫قא‬,1_,*),UE,6b ‫אلא‬,ً, 6U‫א‬,h‫א‬b‫ن‬K1F x
Wy P100 e‫س‬8 100 o B‫س‬E‫אא‬h‫'א‬I‫ن‬K1 Pa 2‫'א‬: ‫
א‬G:‫ و‬h2 YK ‫و‬
P100 = Pa + h2
‫س‬,E‫אא‬,h‫'א‬,Ik",,#,4N‫و‬, d‫א‬,%,.‫د‬B%‫א‬B*6" ‫א‬%‫א‬L‫א‬K)–4
K*L ‫_א‬6
,‫
א‬,B‫"س‬, 6 t o ‫א‬,‫א‬,.‫
ود‬,8Q ‫
אא‬B P ‫'א 'ز‬I(6)E ‫א‬S ‫א‬8)–5
,,* ‫א‬,,B
,,*1|‫א‬,,‫א‬,,L*i‫אد‬,, GY,,K ‫و‬#,,~|‫א‬,,L*6,,cz* ",,,,X
,,B#$,,>1
,,*1|‫א‬
K
‫א‬#KA ‫א‬N4E − 273 o C F

WS ‫א‬Yb‫א‬%EUB‫א‬h‫'א‬IN‫א د‬#()–6
P100 − P0
βP =
P0 × 100
K.‫د‬#K 1 / 273 Zb‫א‬%EUB‫א‬h‫'א‬IN‫א د‬#‫ن‬QCM‫و‬
%,.‫د‬Y,‫د‬,, ‫_א‬,6,,M?‫א‬,1‫ذא‬G‫א‬,*‫_א‬,,6‫دאد‬,?,, {‫א‬%‫زא‬,' ‫"و‬,, ‫'طא‬:, ‫نא‬Qy,‫و‬

e‫א{ )_א *و‬%‫'طא 'زא‬IN‫א د‬#‫ن‬K
E1b‫א‬%EUB7 ‫אאوذ‬
K.‫د‬#K 1 / 273
76 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
‫دאد‬,,b‫א‬%,EU,B?,)Q
,B\ ‫'?وא‬: ‫?)نא‬,6
"1M q~YKcb ‫א‬i\e‫و‬
‫אא‬.‫د‬N‫?ع‬G#K ‫س‬8 0 o B
~|‫א‬ML'IY 1 / 273 ‫ز*א‬qY4'I
K?‫وא‬.‫د‬i‫*א‬

We%<SGGG
Z,b%EUB‫\אא 'ز‬e'IN‫א د‬#ZL'I%EUB‫
'ز‬b‫א دא‬#–1
K.‫د‬#K 1 / 273
b
G‫? >ل‬LQ‫د‬.‫|نو‬#X‫א א‬Yًً1.‫نא" دع‬K‫ن‬Qk*6" ‫א‬6b ‫א‬N–2
KUt'I ‫ن‬K{E ‫א‬YaE4

KEY4~F]L‫א‬$ ‫א‬G

,X
,B$,':, ‫א‬%,EU,B,?‫א‬,.‫א 'زود‬b(6)E ‫א‬S ‫א‬8B‫)نلو‬N
W
‫א‬#KA ‫א‬N4* "

X
B$b‫א‬%EUB?‫א‬.‫'א 'زود‬I(6)E ‫א‬S ‫א‬8B‫'و‬: ‫)نא‬N‫و‬
W
‫א‬#KA ‫א‬N4* "

77 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
B‫אא‬.‫د‬WL*)Q,,C DB ifD‫א‬N( *6" ‫א (א‬YًS4N* "‫ذאאא‬G‫و‬

K6‫ن‬Q‫]و‬E84 #4N8.‫د‬E − 273 F
i\,e
",?‫و‬,8,.‫د‬E − 273 F
,e,M G‫ز‬,' ‫א‬#$,‫ن‬QY,Kc‫א‬,,.‫د‬#,Q‫ن‬Q
,B‫ل‬,\ ‫א|א‬
K?Y4~‫و‬Q]L‫א‬$ ‫?א‬,6. ‫א‬

'I‫و‬bً <)eB‫אאא ^م‬.‫)?د‬Q
B?Y4~‫و‬Q]L‫א‬$ ‫?א‬9?YKc‫و‬
?‫و‬Q?L',I%,EU,B‫ز‬,qY,,,4bً<)eB‫אאא ^م‬.‫و?د‬Q?
‫א 'زא‬
K?b%EUB‫ز‬qY4'Iً<)eB‫אאא ^م‬.‫د‬
‫ ? ج‬o C ‫س‬8‫
*س‬B‫אא‬.‫د‬6ً@‫دא‬E. o K Y4‫
*س‬B‫אא‬.‫ود‬
Kk " ‫وא‬k.‫(א‬6

K]L‫א‬$ ‫א‬G
(KA, ‫
א‬,B#$,> ,*L‫אא‬,‫א‬,.‫د‬,e
,*1|‫א‬,‫نא‬,Ky,T*6", ‫لא‬K|‫א‬8‫د‬BGYKc
W( ‫א‬

E P = 0 F7 \4': ‫وא‬E Vol = 0 F$ ً‫"و‬b‫نא‬K 0 o K ]L‫א‬$ ‫א‬.‫د‬B)QRS ‫و‬

6‫]و‬L‫א‬$ ‫
א‬G‫א ~ل‬#Ek~
GU#@8
G‫ >لא 'ز‬A ‫א‬3 ‫א אא‬NYK ‫و‬
K%‫ *א)(א 'زא‬:z
K?]L‫א‬$ ‫א‬.‫د‬BL'I‫و‬b
S \ ‫)?א 'زא‬V6?
‫?א 'زא‬9?YKc
6‫و‬

WY4p?‫سو‬8p?(6S ‫א‬GGG
W‫ن‬QRS
‫א‬#KA ‫א‬Y
78 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬

,8,.‫ د‬100 ‫و‬Y,4.‫ د‬273 #6*‫س‬8~‫و‬Y4~#6*?8.‫ د‬− 273 .‫د‬
KY4.‫ د‬373 #6*?
6‫س‬8p?
B‫אא‬. ‫ و‬T 6EY4p?
BFK ‫אאא‬. )‫ذא‬01
W
B#$ t
T o K = t o C + 273
W‫ن‬QQ
K 273 H t o C " ‫א‬. ‫א‬Z T o K K ‫א‬. ‫א‬
Z
,,,eY,,,4p,,,?
,,,B,,,M ‫ن‬,,,K 1‫س‬,,,8 − 183 o Z#@",,, ‫(א‬b",,,4|‫نא‬,,,q,,,.‫د‬W‫ل‬,,,
KY4 90 o Z 273 + ( −183 )

K': ‫ *))
لوא‬XQ¥~G

W‫)نل‬Wًz‫و‬Q
W‫ن‬K
6‫نو‬M6A ADE ‫ و‬ABC ‫אن‬1#6*‫א‬#KA ‫א‬

BC DE
=
AC AD
79 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
WYK ‫و‬
AE = T2 ?? AC = T1 ?? DE = ( Vol )2 ?? BC = ( Vol )1
W‫ن‬QQ
( Vol )1 ( Vol )2 (V ) T
= ⇒ ol 1 = 1
T1 T2 ( Vol )2 T2
W‫ن‬K7 ‫
ذ‬B‫و‬
Vol
= cont . ⇒ Vol ∝ T
T
ً E8?‫ز‬qY4bk8 ': ‫א‬%EUB?
e‫ *)نلو‬X|‫'א‬$ ‫
א‬B#$‫و‬
K?EK ‫א‬F*L‫א?א‬.‫دًد‬
W ‫אد‬N‫و‬
( Vol )1 T1
=
( Vol )2 T2
W
B#$> T2 = t 2 + 273 ‫ و‬T1 = t 1 + 273 W,,6 T1 ,T2 YBP ‫א‬YKc
( Vol )1 t 1 + 273
=
( Vol )2 t 2 + 273
W‫ن‬Qp 273
B‫"وא*م‬E ‫א‬YًS4"*6‫و‬
( Vol )1 ( 1 / 273 ) t 1 + 1 α V t 1 + 1 (V ) 1 + αV t 1 1
= = ⇒ ol 1 = : α V =
( Vol )2 ( 1 / 273 ) t 2 + 1 α V t 2 + 1 ( Vol )2 1 + α V t 2 273

W': ‫)نא‬Wًz‫و‬Q
W‫ن‬K
6‫نو‬M6A ADE ‫ و‬ABC ‫אن‬1#6*‫א‬#KA ‫א‬

BC DE
=
AC AD
80 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
WYK ‫و‬
AE = T2 ?? AC = T1 ?? DE = P2 ?? BC = P1
W‫ن‬QQ
P1 P2 P T
= ⇒ 1 = 1
T1 T2 P2 T2
W‫ن‬K7 ‫
ذ‬B‫و‬
P
= cont . ⇒ P ∝ T
T
‫ز‬,qY,,,4',Ik,8 ,b‫א‬%,EU,B?
,e‫'و‬:, ‫)نא‬,* X|‫'א‬$ ‫
א‬B#$‫و‬
K?EK ‫א‬F*L‫א?א‬.‫ًدًد‬E8?
W ‫אد‬N‫و‬
P1 T1
=
P2 T2
W
B#$> T2 = t 2 + 273 ‫ و‬T1 = t 1 + 273 W,,6 T1 ,T2 YBP ‫א‬YKc
P1 t 1 + 273
=
P2 t 2 + 273
W‫ن‬Qp 273
B‫"وא*م‬E ‫א‬YًS4"*6‫و‬
P1 ( 1 / 273 ) t 1 + 1 β P t 1 + 1 P 1 + β P t1 1
= = ⇒ 1 = : β P =
P2 ( 1 / 273 ) t 2 + 1 β P t 2 + 1 P2 1 + β P t 2 273

K%‫א *)نא م 'زא‬G

1
Vol ∝ T y‫ )نل‬Vol ∝ y#6
))(66 ‫א‬Y%‫ جא *)نא م 'زא‬8GYKc J
P
W‫ن‬QQ
1 T T
Q Vol ∝ & Vol ∝ T ⇒ Vol ∝ ⇒ Vol = const . ×
P P P
PV
ol = const .
T

T2
G T1 YK ‫א?א‬.‫ ود‬P2
G P1 YL'I‫ ( و‬Vol )2
G ( Vol )1 Y‫א 'ز‬ba'?‫ذא‬G‫ و‬J
W‫ن‬01
P1 ( Vol )1 P (V )
= const . & 2 ol 2 = const .
T1 T2
81 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
P1 ( Vol )1 P2 ( Vol )2
⇒ =
T1 T2
,,4,bJI#~?‫ن‬Q
B\ ‫?א‬%‫?א *)نא م 'زא‬YBEB
e*6" ‫א‬S ‫وא‬
K?ً 6Uً‫?"و*אא‬K ‫א‬M?‫א‬.‫
د‬Bً"*ML'IN‫ز‬qY

W
‫
א >א‬BX|‫א‬%‫ جא)(א 'زא‬8GYKc%‫א *)نא م 'زא‬Y‫و‬G
W
B#$
6‫ و‬T1 = T2 ‫ن‬K‫אא‬.‫د‬%EUB–1
P1 ( Vol )1 = P2 ( Vol )2
K#6‫)ن‬e‫\א‬e‫و‬
W
B#$
6‫ و‬P1 = P2 ‫ن‬K': ‫א‬%EUB–2
( Vol )1 ( Vol )2
=
T1 T2
K‫)نل‬e‫\א‬e‫و‬
W
B#$
6‫ ( و‬Vol )1 = ( Vol )2 ‫ن‬Kb‫א‬%EUB–3
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
K': ‫)نא‬e‫\א‬e‫و‬

W‫ن‬K1‫?و‬E S .T .P ‫د‬K‫ض‬K‫م‬F‫אא‬.‫'ود‬: ‫?لא‬,6
"
B ‫?]א‬G4G
K2‫م‬LY?) 1.013 × 10 5 Z]E@‫ز‬K‫ م‬0.76 Z': ‫–א‬1
K4.‫ د‬273 Z‫س‬8.‫ د‬0 Z‫אא‬.‫–د‬2
K3‫ م‬22.4 × 10 −3 Z 22.4 Z‫ز‬qQY‫'אل‬A\ ‫א‬b‫–א‬3
W ‫אد‬N%)E ‫א‬i\M6P 6‫و‬
P Vol
= const .
T
W‫ن‬K
P Vol 1.013 × 10 5 × 22.4 × 10 −3
= = 8.31 Joule / o K
T 273
W‫ن‬QQ R 6 \ ‫?א‬%‫א م 'زא‬6 ‫?א‬,6
" 8.31 Joule / o K ‫وא*א‬
R = 8.31 Joule / o K
K? 1o K 4‫وא‬.‫א 'زد‬Y‫אلوא‬.‫د‬1 ‫ز‬S ‫א‬L ‫א‬4?)V6?YKc‫و‬
KL ‫وא‬e\ ‫ א‬Joule ‫ل‬2‫
א‬e P Vol ‫نوא*א‬Qy

82 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
Wً‫ذא‬G
P Vol
= R ⇒ P Vol = R T
T
W‫ن‬K‫ ل‬n e‫א 'ز‬Y%z‫دא‬B‫ن‬4‫ذא‬G‫و‬K‫א 'ز‬Y‫ אل‬7 ‫وذ‬
P Vol = n R T
Wً‫א‬.e>GGG
W‫ن‬01‫وא‬NPE ‫א‬M:6#B ?z^ ‫א‬%‫א 'زא‬Y‫د‬BXB
K4‫א‬bً‫ً"و‬b#'A‫ز‬q#4–1
K6‫ص‬X'I ‫א‬N‫ز‬q#4–2
WQK%‫'طא 'زא‬I‫ع‬Z{
K ‫'א‬: ‫–א‬3
P = P1 + P2 + .........
W‫ل‬W‫ل‬GGG
Y,,‫א‬,,*‫و‬K],,E@‫ز‬,,8 12 ,,B,,‫'א א‬:,, ‫نא‬,,K,,B,, 15 ,,b(.‫و‬,, ‫زא‬,,qY,,‫א‬,,*
5 8#*)GNI‫و‬K]E@‫ز‬8 50 B‫'א א‬: ‫نא‬4B 10 b(b"4‫א|و‬
‫؟‬p‫'א‬I.‫و‬V1MLXUQ 6UY‫אא 'ز‬.‫)د‬4‫ذא‬01
W%L‫א‬
Vol ( N 2 )before = 15 Lts G P ( N 2 )before = 12 cmHg GVol ( O 2 )before = 10 Lts
P ( O 2 )before = 50 cmHg GVol ( N 2 )after = Vol ( O 2 )after = 5 Lts
W#‫א‬
W‫א‬6(.‫زא و‬q'I‫د‬GWًz‫و‬Q
15 × 12
( P ( Vol ))before = ( P1 ( Vol ))after ⇒ 15 × 12 = P1 × 5 ⇒ P1 = = 36 cmHg
5
W‫א‬6(b"4‫زא|و‬q'I‫د‬GWً)U
10 × 50
( P ( Vol ))before = ( P2 ( Vol ))after ⇒ 10 × 50 = P2 × 5 ⇒ P2 = = 100 cmHg
5
We{
K ‫'א‬: ‫نא‬K
6‫و‬
P = P1 + P2 = 36 + 100 = 136 cmHg .
We%S?GGG
‫'ط؟‬:) 6%‫–א 'زא‬1
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K*1?‫א¨?
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83 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?'‫ )زא‬$‫א‬%&?# ‫א "!א‬ ?‫?אא‬ ‫א א‬
'‫ )زא‬$‫א‬%&
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GG'‫ )زא‬$‫א‬%&‫وض‬AGG

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GG8H$y$G6GG

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K‫ولא א‬6, 8
84 rhomio
rhomio_
omio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
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‫ אא‬
ً,*6‫ و‬6‫ن‬6‫ א |و‬$‫ و‬m e ‫{ون‬K v‫ א‬$E1840Fً,*6‫ و‬6 m p ‫ن‬6‫ א |و‬$‫و}>ن‬
'--&‫و‬6 ‫'وא‬--&6‫א |و‬O--ً2- $-- K , - #'--&‫{و‬K v‫א‬-- $‫ل‬--VXO--KY‫א‬G-- m n ‫ون‬6-- ‫א‬-- $
K‫;א א‬G ‫ א‬$${6
#‫و‬

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Z = n p = ne
Klmٍ" , #`Dp ‫دذ‬D"D!K ‫و‬
‫א‬-&;'-&‫و‬6 ‫'وא‬-&6‫
|و‬-K ‫دא‬- ‫!א‬YV‫ و‬A #` G ‫
א‬K ‫א دא‬IAW
& ‫>א‬
W‫>>ن‬G ‫א‬
A = n p + nn = Z + nn ⇒ nn = A − Z
KًH‫دא‬W_‫د‬D
K ‫وא دא‬K‫و&';א א‬6 ‫دא‬DV nn }
!8> Z G ‫א دא‬r K‫
א א "و‬D> A
K ‫א دא‬# K#"D>ODF, ‫و \א‬
W
‫א‬W ‫
א‬D" ‫ א‬
ZA Symbol
6‫'و‬-&6‫و‬#6
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- $‫د‬-D-e‫ن‬#K ‫
>نذא‬D‫ ل‬612 C ‫ًא‬2A
K'&‫{و‬K X6,u #‫و&'و‬6&
>K
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VWH% ‫א‬GG
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- #‫'و‬-&6‫دא |و‬-Dq&e‫>ن‬
K 613 C ‫ و‬612 C W!K ! $

GG‫אل‬GG

K‫[אم‬#U*T" ‫אא‬GeG ‫ א‬K ‫א‬OD,D
V" ‫א[א‬G ‫ א‬K ‫א‬W‫ن‬#$GT&ً‫א‬#
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V‫א[אد‬J[‫ א‬K ‫وא‬
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#‫و‬
K?1000
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K?1000
D
W>
K27Z‫ م‬G ‫ א زنא‬J
K\/27Z‫א[א م‬G ‫ א‬K ‫א‬
85 rhomio
rhomio_
omio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K\]$0.027Z‫ م‬0‫א‬O‫אل‬
K18Z
J[‫ א زنא‬J
K\/18Z ‫א[א‬J[‫ א‬K ‫א‬
K\]$0.018Z‫א‬O‫אل‬

GG‫دو‬/A>‫د‬DGG

S-&$-I‫'و‬J[‫א'>وא‬G ‫א‬Oً‫א‬/F,$‫د‬D
D N‫>د‬O ‫'א‬K ‫>نא‬1‫אو‬O
F, ‫>ن \א‬r8‫א‬O< G Kً2HV‫ن‬KI#'J[‫א'>وא‬G ‫دא‬D‫ن‬dAF)_‫אد‬O‫ذ‬l‫א‬K ‫א‬
K‫ل‬$IDB ‫د‬#‫& د‬K‫'א‬J[‫א'>وא‬G F,K ‫אدא‬D0‫א‬UGV!OD
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D‫>د‬O‫ אل‬Q‫
>ن‬DB6‫وא‬
KE 612 C F‫ن‬#K ‫א‬O‫אم‬/12;‫د‬/‫א‬
E 612 C F‫ن‬#K ‫א‬O‫ ذ‬6.023 × 10 23
D NE 612 C F‫ن‬#K ‫א‬O‫אم‬/12‫א ]א >ن‬S#$
‫ل‬-;‫د‬/‫א‬E'‫א‬G ‫>وא‬F'J[‫دא‬D?`&>
D`6OKYG ‫دو?א‬/A>‫د‬D?-#‫אא د‬GV
‫و‬
K?E‫>وذ‬F/ 6.023 × 10 23 ‫و و‬E ‫>وא‬F‫אد‬O‫وא‬

GG‫دو‬/A>‫&ن‬GG

W‫
>ن‬D?‫دو‬/A>‫?&ن‬
g)j- ‫א‬O-1‫و‬-% ‫א‬q&D'J[‫א‬O‫א د‬q&
D N ‫א )زא'א‬O‫?א]مא و‬
K?‫אא‬/‫ود‬

GG‫אא )ز‬/‫ود‬g)c‫و‬A$ ;'‫ )زא‬$‫א‬%&‫وض‬A‫ אم‬8XGG

G‫א )ز‬A$ W9
ً ‫>و‬G

-[‫א‬- $‫'و‬-J[‫א‬O- N ‫د‬-D
-D N Vol I]‫ و‬M I $‫א )ز‬O$ ‫ن‬$‫ذא‬dA
W ‫א‬2 ‫א‬O
uT6‫א )ز‬A$‫ن‬dA m
V‫א א‬
M N m
ρ = ⇒ ρ = kg / m 3 → 1
Vol V ol

86 rhomio
rhomio_
omio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
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‫ אא‬
G‫א )ز‬g)c Wً &iG

‫ز‬--Z
--D-- Q‫ م‬l `--c‫ل‬--Cً--,Kً‫و‬--_"-- & J1
‫אن‬-/‫ א‬8d#‫ "دم‬6‫אא )ز‬GV'J/‫و>ن‬3‫ م‬Vol `]
K‫א "وق‬
->
-D‫د‬-DU-X;EW m ` $/‫ض‬# J2
v u---8 ‫א‬---I D - -# A `---/ ‫א‬OK--- ‫"وقو‬--- ‫`א‬---/‫>و‬
E
----- ‫!א‬Ka----- #-----$F v x
-----V x U-----v‫;א‬-----I ,$‫و‬
q--#q$--‫א‬U--v‫;א‬--6‫ًو‬- &ً‫"د‬--6`--‫م‬u"--A
mv x
-V‫"دم‬- ‫!א‬-,-u‫א‬-$‫א‬-$‫ن‬-K AD ‫א‬
‫ن‬-K‫"دم‬- ‫א‬#[‫א‬D8UX‫ن‬0, ‫א‬Lv‫ وא‬− mv x
V‫א "دم‬#u‫א‬$‫א‬$‫و‬
KE‫نא "دمن‬0F‫ول‬0‫א‬U ً‫دא‬j
WV ∆ Pl′′" ‫ ]& ]א‬u‫א‬$‫א‬$;F) ‫نא‬K
#‫و‬
∆ Pl′′= mv x − ( − mv x ) = 2 mv x
2 l V-A -ً-Cq$‫א‬Uv‫;א‬6`&dA A ‫א[_ وאא[א‬PWTD J3
'‫"د‬6‫د‬D
uT
#‫ و‬2 l Z‫_وא‬P‫א‬vDu*‫א‬A ‫>>نא‬K B ‫[א‬#‫م‬u"‫!>ن‬,
W2 ‫א‬O[‫א‬
KE 2 l F‫א "א א‬A DE v x t F[‫א‬Iu*f ‫א‬K ‫א‬A ‫א‬Z[‫"د'א‬6‫د‬D
>KE 2 l F‫א "א א‬A DE v x FDu*‫א‬K ‫א‬A ‫א‬Z‫دא "د';א &א א‬D‫ن‬K‫و‬
W‫>ن‬
vx
Z‫دא "د';א &א א‬D
2l
∆ Pl ‫[א‬#`‫א‬u_‫ ]א א;א && ]א‬u‫א‬$‫א‬$;
K ‫א‬F) ‫ *אא‬J4
W‫>>ن‬K_!K u‫א‬$‫א‬$;F) ‫א‬C& ‫دא "د';א‬DZ
vv mv x2
∆ Pl = × 2 mv x =
2l l
W2 ‫א‬O
uT6u ‫
א‬D f ‫א[א א‬I#ikf ‫نא *א‬dAKKK‫ول‬0‫א‬p" ‫;א‬8‫د‬$‫و‬
∆ Pl
f =
∆t
W
V‫;א &א א‬u ‫
א‬D[‫א‬I#ikf ‫نא *א‬dA
#‫و‬
mv x2
f =∆ P= : ∆ t = 1 sec
l
W,"6 F ‫אא "وق‬/
DK ‫نא *א‬dA N V‫'א )ز‬J/‫د‬D‫ن‬KD‫ و‬J5
87 rhomio
rhomio_
omio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
N mv x2
F =
l
W2 ‫א‬Og)j ‫
א‬uT
#‫و‬
2
F N mv x N m v x2 N m v x2
P = = = ⇒ P =
A l × l2 l3 l3
W‫ن‬dA l 3 ‫ و‬Vol ‫و}>ن]\א "وق‬K l 2 ‫ و‬6‫א[אو‬u8
V A }
N m v x2
P = → 2
Vol
EW 6‫'א )ز‬J/‫ن‬dA**‫;א‬OK ‫و‬K‫وא‬UX;EW ‫>نא )ز‬, DX
D*# ‫ وא ]א‬J6
W2 ‫א‬O
u6T u8 ‫א‬D ‫
>نא‬#‫ و‬x , y , z
V'VXP2i;
v 2 = v x2 + v 2y + v z2
W‫ن‬K‫א‬G ‫ و‬i2 ‫'א‬Vv‫';א‬J[‫א‬$ X‫و}>ن‬
v x2 = v 2y = v z2
W‫>>ن‬
1
v 2 = 3 v x2 ⇒ v x2 = v 2
3
W
D!"2 ‫;אد‬: #‫و‬
N m v2 1N m 2
P = ⇒ P = v
3 Vol 3 Vol
WOK
N m
ρ =
Vol
Wً‫ذא‬X
1
P = ρ v2 → 3
3
K v 2 `6J/D8#g8 ‫ و‬ρ ` A$Ax P ‫א )ز‬g)c‫د‬XOKY*# ‫א‬2 ‫א‬O‫و‬

G‫אא )ز‬/‫ د‬Wً iG

W‫&>ن‬/‫و‬B# ‫`;א "!א‬6,iXG ‫لא *&نא م )زא'א‬2lO
P Vol = n R T → 4
K‫'א )ز‬9‫د‬D
V n }
W‫>ن‬3\g)j ‫د א‬O‫و‬
88 rhomio
rhomio_
omio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
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‫ אא‬
2
1N m v 1
P = ⇒ P Vol = N m v 2 → 5
3 Vol 3
n '9‫دא‬DC N A ‫د;אلא א‬/‫'א‬J[‫دא‬DOD,D
Vf ‫'א )زא‬J/‫د‬D
V N }
W>
N
N = N A × n ⇒ n =
NA
W‫ >ن‬5‫و‬4O
1 N/ 1 R 1 2
n R T = N m v 2 RT= N/ m v2 T= m v2 ×
3 NA 3 NA 3 2
2
R 2 mv
( )T= ( )
NA 3 2
R
W} k #` ‫ ن?و‬#S#i?--#
lmS#i‫ و‬E FS# ‫א*אא‬OK
NA
R
k = = 1.38 × 10 − 23 Joule / o K
NA
-/‫زد‬-) ‫א‬O--‫وא‬-/‫א‬--/‫د‬A ‫ز‬2 ‫א‬u ‫א‬$?`&>
D?‫ ن‬#S#i?p6OKY‫و‬
K? 1o K $‫وא‬
W‫ن‬K
#‫و‬
2
2 mv 3 1
k T = ( ) kT= m v2 → 6
3 2 2 2
1
KE m v 2 F‫ز‬-) ‫א‬-/-$-Cg-8 AxBu‫ א‬#‫אא )ز‬/‫دد‬XOKYI‫و‬
2
WV'%2D &‫>ن‬OKY*# ‫אد א‬O‫و‬

-Dg-*Ap- 6-I&0<- ‫زא'وذ‬-) ‫'א‬J[‫ و‬E‫د‬K‫ض‬K‫م‬F;$‫א‬Cg8 J1
K‫ )ز‬K ‫אאא‬/‫د‬
$EW 6‫ 'د‬/>
Dًj>B,u6IK ‫
א )زא'و‬Dg*AB,u69 ‫אد‬UGV J2
K‫א'אد‬G ‫{و&'א>وא‬K v‫!א‬H‫א‬aD
KK ‫`א‬6‫א‬/‫
د‬D!#ù)c
Dp 9‫'א )ز‬J/D8#g8 J3
-C‫ن‬d-A
- #‫ ( و‬3 / 2 ) k T >-i2 ‫'א‬-V
-V*# ‫;אد א‬$G‫א‬$‫א‬C J4
K ( 1 / 2 ) k T
VUX!K $‫א‬
WBu‫א "א‬D J5
K‫'א )ز‬J/$C‫م‬6
K‫א )ز‬/D8#g8 ‫ م‬
K[‫א‬$$‫م‬6
89 rhomio
rhomio_
omio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
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‫ אא‬
WV'%2GGG
W> N 'J[‫دא‬DC m ‫ א[א א‬$Z M ‫ א )ز‬$ J1
M
M = m × N ⇒ m =
N
W‫ن‬K6‫א )ز‬O‫و; لوא‬
W> N A ‫دو‬/A>‫د‬DC m ‫ א[א א‬$Z M' ‫ אل‬$
M'
M' = m × N A ⇒ m =
NA
K N A ‫אل‬ID Qf ‫'א‬J[‫دא‬DC n '9‫دא‬DZ N ‫'א )ز‬J/‫د‬D J2
N
N = n × N A ⇒ n =
NA
K N' `‫د;وא]م‬/‫'א‬J[‫دא‬DC Vol ‫]\א )ز‬Z N ‫'א )ز‬J/‫د‬D J3
N
N = Vol × N' ⇒ N' =
Vol

W‫لل‬GGG
G-/‫ن‬-$‫ذא‬XE S .T .P ‫د‬K‫ض‬K‫م‬F;5] -$‫و‬0‫زא‬-ZO-‫د;وא]م‬/‫'א‬J[‫دא‬Dr X
‫]\؟‬$ 52.8 × 10 −27
V‫ א[א א‬$S&$‫و‬PL‫ م‬4.63 × 10 2 ‫' و‬J[‫א‬#g8
W'u‫א‬
P = 1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2 G m = 52.8 × 10 −27 kg G v = 4.63 × 10 2 m / sec
W!‫א‬
2
1N mv 1 N 1
Q P= ⇒ P = ( )m v 2 = N' m v 2
3 Vol 3 Vol 3
K‫א )ز‬O‫د;وא]م‬/‫'א‬J[‫دא‬D
V N' }
3 P 3 × 1.013 × 10 5
⇒ N' = =
m v 2 52.8 × 10 − 27 × ( 4.63 × 10 2 ) 2
N' = 2.699 × 10 25 Molecules / m 3

W‫لل‬GGG
‫ن‬-$‫ذא‬X`-6J/'D-8-#g-8 G/r AE S .T .P ‫د‬K‫ض‬K‫م‬FD&X;5/‫زא {و‬ZcT‫و‬
‫ن‬------- #S-------#i‫ و‬6.023 × 10 23 ‫دو‬-------/A>‫د‬-------D‫\و‬-------]$0.028`------- $5/‫{و‬------- ‫א‬O-------‫ل‬-------‫א‬
‫ ؟‬1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2 Vik‫א‬g)j ‫ وא‬1.38 × 10 −23 Joule / o K
W'u‫א‬
N A = 6.023 × 10 23 G k = 1.38 × 10 −23 Joule / o K G P = 1.013 × 10 5 N / m 2
90 rhomio
rhomio_
omio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
T = 273 o K G M' = 0.028 kg G Vol = 22.4 × 10 −3 m 3

W2 ‫א‬O
‫و‬0‫א‬W*u#!‫دא‬XOKY'u‫لא‬2lOW!‫א‬
2
1 M' v 3 P Vol 3 P Vol
P = ⇒ v2 = ⇒ v =
3 Vol M' M'
3 × 1.013 × 10 5 × 22.4 × 10 −3
⇒ v = = 493 m / sec
0.028
W2 ‫א‬O& ‫وא‬
3 1 3 kT 3 kT
kT= m v 2 ⇒ v 2 = ⇒ v =
2/ 2/ m m
M' 0.028
: T = 273 o K & m = =
N A 6.023 × 10 23
3 × 1.38 × 10 −23 × 273 × 6.023 × 10 23
⇒ v = = 493 m / sec
0.028

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‫وم‬$‫א
)א('و
&ن‬
W*G
,-
,./0,‫א‬1‫ذ)א‬3‫د‬,5‫א‬,6‫א‬1
,&‫و‬7(8‫نא‬9,-,':‫د‬,;<=*&/ >.;
‫
ن‬,,;I,=J‫و‬KG,?,5‫?א‬,=*‫א‬,@,‫وא‬A
,BC3
' DEF.‫
?دא('و‬0‫א*=?א‬
K?'(‫?א
)א‬,'(‫?دא‬5‫א*=?א‬C?
0‫א*=?א‬K>‫א‬36‫א‬1
&‫و‬7(8‫א‬
K,E,'(‫א>א‬F/0‫א‬30.N‫א‬6‫א‬1
&‫و‬7(8‫א‬KO -?K;)
L;M?'(‫?א
)א‬,-
K?'(‫?دא‬5‫א*=?א‬C?
0‫א*=?א‬
0,‫و‬K,'(‫دא‬,?
0,‫א‬T=‫א‬C?5‫א‬T=‫א‬K'(‫א
)א‬A
BC‫ن(ن‬$;RI.S$*‫و‬
K?'(‫
)א‬W=>U‫وא‬$ *‫א‬A
BU‫?א‬,A
BU‫אא‬VM

GG
'‫د)א‬ILY&‫وא‬X)
.GG

\‫א‬,
Y,,=*‫ل‬W,^,_N,‫
(مא‬, Q , '(‫א‬, :K,;)
,L;MW I '(‫ [א
)א‬J
WW‫א‬K=J.‫و‬K‫א`
& אא‬3 '(‫א‬
Q
I =
t
Wd K?bLc‫?א‬,'(‫*
س[א
)א‬J.‫و‬
Amp . = Colomb / Sec
K,‫م‬,:1
M)‫א‬,*, '(‫א‬K,, :,*‫ل‬e
,‫ول‬V,L‫א‬gh,‫א‬,MW V Y=*&Y'e‫قא‬- J
WW‫א‬K=J‫و‬K^c‫א‬CY=*‫א‬C
W
V =
Q
Wd K?i‫?א‬,'e‫قא‬-‫*
س‬J‫و‬
Volt = Joule / Colomb
j;‫م‬:1
M)‫א(' *א‬K :*‫ول‬VL‫א(א‬gh‫א‬MW E ) '(‫א‬-‫ א*אא‬J
Kً
l$?i‫?א‬, '(‫א‬-‫*
سא*אא‬J.‫و‬KEG5)
^‫دא^א )و‬F\‫אא‬
K Ω ?‫وم‬c‫?א‬,‫*
سא*
و‬J.‫و‬K
mW^'(‫
و'
و)א
)א‬JM‫*
و
د‬-W R ‫ א*
و‬J
WًW`-^c‫
د‬KXn‫وא*
و‬
1W,,>‫?א‬,,,0,,-
,,',,6‫א‬1
,,&‫و‬7(8‫א‬-,,/,,‫وذ‬bg,,>
,,'‫ن*
و‬,,(.‫
د‬,,‫א‬31‫א‬,‫ א‬
K? '( e‫א‬
97 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫אא‬
‫א‬V,
,',6‫א‬1
,&‫و‬7(8‫)א‬,/,‫אًوذ‬,5bL,:
,'‫ن*
و‬,(.‫
ج‬,5‫
طوא‬,=
:‫א אد‬O
K? '( e‫א‬1q‫?א
ز‬,0.
C‫א*
و@
ج‬AVM;?g‫و‬GW^'(‫و)א
)א‬h‫*
وم‬J‫قو‬G&9- ‫'א‬L0

K)[([; ‫א‬m‫א‬3'(‫א
)א‬stV\;‫אًو‬5bL:'5‫ق‬-
K?1
‫?א‬,0.i‫א‬bg‫א‬1
‫
א* و'
א*
و‬u1
‫'
א*
و‬-1
‫&אع*
و‬$E
M‫ن‬$
:
1,Lu,;G, -wY,,'e‫قא‬,-,ً
,‫د‬wً
L
.>3)
‫
?[א
)א('א‬.W‫وم‬$‫
&ن‬J
W‫ن‬$$KG.)‫א‬5)‫د‬
V
V ∝ I ⇔ V = const . I ⇔ V = IR ⇔ R =
I
K>‫*
وא‬K;)
L;M‫א
?و‬i
uM R d
K?G -)
‫אא>و[א
)א‬VM3wY'e‫قא‬-YL0‫?א‬K;)
L;M?>‫?*
و‬W‫ن‬$$
W‫و

(ن‬
Ω = Volt / Amp .
WM‫אא‬AVMKG.)‫א‬5)‫د‬1Lu;> '(‫; '
א*
وא‬X.N‫אאא‬Kً‫;دא‬E
M‫و‬
K l >‫لא‬w
K A G=*
0
KG.‫ &ع
د‬
W‫ن‬$$
1 l l l
R ∝ l , R ∝ ⇒ R ∝ ⇔ R = const . = ρe
A A A A
W‫ذًא‬CK?‫?א*
وא;
د‬,0.‫א
?و‬i
uM ρ e d
R A
ρe =
l
G=*
0‫مو‬1Gw‫א
د‬AVMK>‫&'
?*
و‬$;?‫?א*
وא;
د‬X.K(s
'‫و‬
K? Ω . m ‫م‬K‫وم‬$?‫*
س‬J.‫و‬K? )‫א‬5)‫;د‬2‫م‬1
,
$?‫
د‬,, '(‫ א‬,>‫?א‬,,0.^$ :‫א
ج‬K(s*
0‫א( א
\ א‬K‫و‬
Wd ? σ ?

mJ‫و‬K
m ;‫א*
وא‬x*K;)
L;M‫א> א('
دو‬
1
σ =
ρe
K Ω −1 y-
(J 0‫א‬d ? Ω −1 . m −1 1 J‫م‬K ‫و‬$1 J‫م‬K1 J‫وم‬$?‫*
س‬J.‫و‬

98 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫אא‬
GG1
‫> א*
و‬.GG

K1
‫א*
و‬K;{Kbg>‫و‬$bL:‫ ل;*
و‬6‫א‬M1
‫> א*
و‬.K‫ض‬g‫א‬
K‫
;אאز‬C‫
;אאو‬C1
‫>א*
و‬.‫و‬

GG‫;אא‬1
‫> א*
و‬.Wq
ً ‫و‬$GG
bg ,‫א‬1
,‫א*
و‬K,,;{K,bL,:‫
و‬,,,,,*,;‫ ل‬,6‫א‬,M ,>‫א‬K,‫ع‬,‫אא‬V,MK‫ض‬g‫وא‬
K *‫א‬
|,/,‫نذ‬9,-‫> '|;אא‬.
&‫)د‬$‫و‬E R1 , R2 , R3 FK(‫و‬1
‫;*
و‬K;{
‫
ن‬:‫ذא‬9-
,} R2 ,‫
&*
و‬,`‫א‬T,=‫ وא‬R2 , &
`‫א*
وא‬3w} R1 ‫א*
و‬3w$ >.IwK;
F‫*
و ;א‬G K;)
L;~W`‫א‬1
‫א*
و‬L ./V‫و‬KKKK‫א‬V(M‫ و‬R3 ‫א*
و‬3w
W
‫א‬

Wً
;‫א ;אא‬1
‫א*
و‬K;-
(‫
دא*
وא‬CG
[‫*
س‬F7 $‫' ;=
)و‬:\‫دא‬3‫א ;אא‬1
‫–|د{;א*
و‬1
W
‫(א‬h

:‫ '
>;אא‬D‫و
و‬1
)‫و‬E)
‫א
)א‬

1‫א‬7 ,c‫א‬, D ‫א‬,V,^}‫?و‬,
)
, .\‫אא‬3sN1
‫*
وא‬K‫אא\و&ل‬Ig&–2
KbL$ I K(‫א و‬5c‫ א‬D3‫
و‬0)
‫ن[א‬$\‫אא‬3‫د‬5‫א‬
99 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫אא‬
Y(‫'א‬e‫|&* א‬u? .7‫;א‬E V1 ,V 2 ,V3 F;‫*

و‬:3wY'e‫قא‬- *&–3
W‫ن‬$-i- V K( ‫א;و‬3w
V = V1 + V 2 + V 3
, ':\‫א‬,,(‫א‬,'e‫قא‬,-?‫ن‬$,;T[b:‫ن
&ن‬$$K?T[b:‫?
&ن‬,TJ
M‫و‬
K?\‫אא‬AVM1
&( D;'e‫وقא‬-‫
و{ع‬0
W‫ن‬$$ I )
‫ ;[א‬V (‫'א‬e‫قא‬-0* R′′K(‫א*
وא( א\و‬YJ&–4
V
R ′ ′=
I
W‫ن‬$T[b:‫
&ن‬K‫
وو‬0\‫אא‬3)
‫ن[א
)א‬$d ‫و‬
V = V1 + V2 + V3 , V1 = IR1 , V 2 = IR2 , V3 = IR3
⇒ V = IR′′= IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = I ( R1 + R2 + R3 )
W‫ن‬$
'‫و‬
R ′ ′ = R1 + R 2 + R 3
K1
‫א*
و‬AVM‫
و{ع‬0.‫א ;אא‬1
‫א*
و‬K; R′′-
(‫نא*
وא‬$$
W‫ن‬9- N
M‫ و;د‬R
': ‫
وو‬0‫א>;אא‬1
‫(نא*
و‬.
;‫و‬
R ′ ′= N R
K
' -‫*
و‬$Kj:$‫(ن‬.‫א ;אא‬1
‫א*
و‬K;-
(‫نא*
وא‬9-

‫و‬

GG‫;אאز‬1
‫> א*
و‬.W
ً &
uGG
K1
‫א*
و‬K;{Kbg>‫
و‬,,,,*;‫ ل‬6‫א‬G‫ض‬g‫وא‬
|,/,‫نذ‬9,-‫> '|;אאز‬.
&‫)د‬$‫و‬E R1 , R2 , R3 FK(‫و‬1
‫;*
و‬K;{
‫
ن‬:‫ذא‬9-
W
‫(א‬h‫א‬3
: A , B K( ‫و‬Y
uY=*
'‫*
و‬:3w >.IwK;

Wً
;‫א ;אאز‬1
‫א*
و‬K;-
(‫
دא*
وא‬CG
[‫*
س‬F7 $‫' ;=
)و‬:\‫دא‬3‫א ;אאز‬1
‫–|د{;א*
و‬1
W
‫(א‬h

:‫ '
>;אא‬D‫و
و‬1
)‫و‬E)
‫א
)א‬
100 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫אא‬

7 ,c‫=א‬,‫א‬G.,[Y,&‫?و‬,
)
, .\‫א‬,‫א‬3,sN1
‫*
وא‬K‫אא\و&ل‬Ig&–2
KbL$ I K(‫و‬
W‫ن‬$-? .7‫;א‬E I 1 , I 2 , I 3 FK( ‫*
و;و‬:3)
‫[א
)א‬Y&–3
I = I1 + I2 + I3
Ki- V K( ‫و‬7 -=‫ א‬A , B ;‫א‬3wY(‫'א‬e‫قא‬- *&–4
W‫ن‬$$ I (‫ ;[א
)א‬V (‫'א‬e‫قא‬-0* R′′K(‫א*
وא( א\و‬YJ&–5
V V
R ′ ′= ⇔ I =
I R ′′
W‫ (ن‬-E A , B Y=*‫&א‬j;'e‫قא‬-F1
‫ א*
و‬D3‫
و‬0'e‫قא‬-‫ن‬$d ‫و‬
V V V
I = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 , I 1 =
, I 2 = , I 3 =
R1 R2 R3
V V V V 1 1 1
⇒ I = = + + = V( + + )
R ′ ′ R1 R 2 R 3 R1 R 2 R 3
W‫ن‬$
'‫و‬
1 1 1 1
= + +
R ′ ′ R1 R 2 R 3
K1
‫א*
و‬AVM1
*‫
و{ع‬0‫א ;אאز‬1
‫א*
و‬K;-
(‫א*
وא‬x*‫ن‬$$
W‫ن‬9- N
M‫ و;د‬R
': ‫
وو‬0‫א>;אאز‬1
‫(نא*
و‬.
;‫و‬
1 N R
= ⇒ R′′=
R ′′ R N
K|M‫;د‬D‫ *
ووא‬Z-
(‫نא*
وא‬$$
K
'‫*
و‬$Kg>$‫(ن‬.‫א ;אאز‬1
‫א*
و‬K;-
(‫نא*
وא‬9-

‫و‬
101 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫אא‬
W‫ن‬9-‫ >
ن;אאز‬R1 , R2 ‫
ن
*
و
ن‬:‫ذא‬C‫و‬GG
1 1 1 R + R2 R R
= + = 1 ⇒ R′′= 1 2
R ′ ′ R1 R 2 R1 R 2 R1 + R 2
W‫ن‬9- R1 = R2 = R ‫(ن‬.
;‫و‬
R
R ′ ′=
2
W‫;אאو;אאز‬1
‫> א*
و‬.Y&)
*GG
‫א> ;אאز‬ ‫א> ;אא‬
‫*
و‬KXF1
‫';א*
و‬e‫قא‬-$
K1
‫ א*
و‬D;‫
و‬0'e‫قא‬- W‫(ن‬d E^c
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ......
Wd ‫*
و‬$Kg>$-
(‫א*
وא‬
Wd ‫*
و‬$Kj:$-
(‫א*
وא‬
1 1 1 1 R
= + + { R′′= R′′= R1 + R2 + R3 { R′′= N R
R ′ ′ R1 R 2 R 3 N
^c‫*
و‬KXF1
‫א*
و‬3)
‫א‬$
W‫(ن‬d E K1
‫ א*
و‬D3‫[א
)وא‬
I = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + .....

GG*g‫ومא\א‬$‫
&ن‬GG

'(‫א‬K :*‫ول‬VL‫א(א‬gh‫א‬K;)
L;M) '(‫א‬-‫نא*אא‬$IL
3
J
?'(‫=<אدא‬Y‫د‬5‫א
دא(
\ א‬3?) ‫دא^א‬F '(‫אא\א‬j;‫م‬:1
M)‫*א‬
KE? 5)
‫א*
وא‬3?G5)
^‫و‬
5)
‫ وא*
وא‬I M)
‫ن[א
)א‬$‫ و‬V B ME)
=L‫א‬F‫א(' د‬-‫نא*אא‬$
-‫ذא‬9-
W‫ن‬9- r M‫ وא*
وאא^
دאد‬R M
&F‫'دא^אد‬e‫قא‬-H V 5)
‫';א*
وא‬e‫قא‬-Z V B '(‫دא‬-‫א*אא‬
W‫ن‬$$K V ′′E ^‫אא‬G.‫*
و
د‬
VB
V B = V + V ′′= IR + Ir = I ( R + r ) ⇒ I =
(R+r)
W‫(ن‬.

‫و‬K '(‫`א*
وא( א\א‬J ( R + r ) )‫نא*א‬$d
\‫א*
وא( א‬D'(‫دא‬-‫א*אא‬Z\‫אא‬3)
‫[א
)א‬
K?*g‫ومא\א‬$‫?
&ن‬K;)
L;M*
0‫א‬W‫وא‬
102 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫אא‬
GGG -wY'e‫قא‬-‫'و‬:‫د‬-‫א*אא‬YW‫א‬GG

W
‫א‬W‫א‬K J
V B = V + Ir ⇔ V = V B − Ir
\‫א‬,,‫א‬3)
,,‫
)א‬,, ‫א‬,,[‫
ص‬,,*&C,,G,,&$,,
R , 5)
‫א‬,‫
د א*
و‬/‫א*
وذ‬
K'(‫=<אدא‬Y'e‫قא‬-‫دאد‬
,,)
*Fً‫א‬,,5bg,,>)
,, ‫א‬,,[L ,.J
,,;‫و‬
,,6‫
لא‬,,MCG,,K,,(s,,,,CEW
ً `,, ,
*
0,,,‫א‬,,,‫א
د‬3K,,,sc‫א‬T,,,=‫א‬K,,,&
,,,`‫א‬
,,'(‫دא‬,,‫<א‬,,=Y,,,,'e‫قא‬,,-L ,,J
KG '(‫א‬-‫
ً*אא‬L*.‫
و‬0
W‫ن‬$$
F\‫(نאא‬.
;‫אאد‬VM<=Y'e‫قא‬-?K;)
L;M?‫א(' د‬-‫?א*אא‬
K?E\‫אא‬3':)
.)‫
و‬3$
‫؟‬i-1.5Z':‫א(' د‬-‫نא*אא‬$
GG
3':)
.)‫
و‬3$F\‫(نאא‬.
;‫אאد‬VM<=Y'e‫قא‬-‫ن‬$/‫ذ‬
Ki-1.5ZE\‫אא‬

GG`$GG
-i-45
m '(‫א‬-‫وم;אא=
)א*אא‬$85‫و‬70‫و‬25~W`‫א‬1
‫א*
و‬i>J‫–و‬1
‫*
و؟‬:;'e‫قא‬-‫*
وو‬:3)
‫[א
)א‬KًW:?0C)
=L ^‫
لא*
وאא‬MC
W1
=‫א‬
R1 = 25 Ω G R2 = 70 Ω G R3 = 85 Ω GV B = 45V . G r = 0 Ω
W6‫א‬
W‫ن‬9- R M (‫نא*
وא‬$‫ض‬
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + r = 25 + 70 + 85 + 0 = 180 Ω
,=J‫و‬,‫*
و‬:3G0&M‫אא\(ن‬3)
‫نא
)א‬9-‫~>;אא‬W`‫א‬1
‫نא*
و‬$d ‫و‬
W
‫*א‬g‫ومא\א‬$‫
&ن‬K
VB 45
I = = = 0.25 Amp . → 1
R 180
W~W`‫א‬1
‫';א*
و‬e‫قא‬-x
0 J
103 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫אא‬
‫و‬c‫';א*
وא‬e‫قא‬- V1 = IR1 = 0.25 × 25 = 6.25V .
&
`‫';א*
وא‬e‫قא‬- V 2 = IR2 = 0.25 × 70 = 17.5V .
`
`‫';א*
وא‬e‫قא‬- V 3 = IR3 = 0.25 × 85 = 21.25V .
W:}‫و‬
V = V1 + V 2 + V 3 = 6.25 + 17.5 + 21.25 = 45V .
:3)
‫?[א
)א‬09-) ‫;אאز&א‬I
0‫א`
لא‬3N‫~א‬W`‫א‬1
‫א*
و‬i>J‫ذאو‬C–2
‫[א
)א(؟‬/V:‫|و‬m (‫*
ووא*
وא‬
W6‫א‬
W‫ن‬9- R M (‫نא*
وא‬$‫ض‬
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = + + = 0.066 Ω − 1
R R1 R2 R3 25 70 85
1
R= = 15.15 Ω
0.066
‫(ن‬E '(‫א‬-‫א*אא‬AVM

3‫و‬F'e‫قא‬-‫ن‬9-‫~>;אאز‬W`‫א‬1
‫نא*
و‬$d ‫و‬
K‫*
و‬:;G0&M
W
‫*א‬g‫ومא\א‬$‫
&ن‬K(‫=[א
)א‬.J ‫و‬
VB 45
I = = = 2.97 Amp .
R 15.15
W‫*
و‬:3)
‫[א
)א‬x
0 J
V B 45
‫و‬c‫א*
وא‬3)
‫ [א‬I 1 = = = 1.8 Amp .
R1 25
V 45
&
`‫א*
وא‬3)
‫ [א‬I 2 = B = = 0.643 Amp .
R2 70
V 45
`
`‫א*
وא‬3)
‫ [א‬I 3 = B = = 0.529 Amp .
R3 85
W:}‫و‬
I = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 1.8 + 0.643 + 0.529 = 2.97 Amp .
,,,;ً
, , A , B ‫
ن‬,,,‫א*
و‬i,,,>‫
و‬,,,‫(א‬h,,,‫א‬3–3
,`
u,‫א;;אא*
و‬i>‫|و‬u‫אאز‬
i,,,&
:‫ذא‬9,,,-Ki,,,-18,,,-‫
אא‬,,,'.,,,)
=‫ و‬C ,,,M
3Ω ,6 Ω ,7 Ω ?, ,,,, .7‫א‬,,,,,,;,,,,,,M A , B , C 1
,,,,,,‫א*
و‬
W,,
,,,,)
=L,, ^‫אא‬,,‫
لא*
و‬,,MC,,?0,,9-
)
‫[א
)א‬L\‫אא‬3)
‫[א
)א‬L (‫א*
وא‬
‫ ؟‬A , B KًW:3
104 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫אא‬
W1
=‫א‬
A = 3Ω G B = 6 Ω G C = 7 Ω GV B = 18V .
W6‫א‬
WW‫א‬K=J. D K(‫|و‬m-
(‫نא*
وא‬9-

‫ >
ن;אאزو‬A , B ‫א*
و
ن‬Wًq‫و‬$
A × B 3 × 6 18
D= = = = 2Ω
A+ B 3+6 6
K) ‫
*;א‬0‫אא\א‬L .J

‫و‬

‫و‬K‫ >
ن;אא‬D , C ‫א*
و
ن‬L .J ‫و‬
WW‫א‬K R K(‫=א*
وא( א\و‬J.
R = D + C = 2 + 7 = 9Ω
[; F*g‫ومא\א‬$‫
&ن‬I L=‫و‬Wً
&
u
W‫אא\و(ن‬3)
‫א
)א(א‬
V B 18
I = = = 2 Amp .
R 9
WK;)
L; V ′′K( ‫ و‬D ‫';א*
و‬e‫قא‬-‫ذאً(ن‬CWً
`
u
V ′′= ID = 2 × 2 = 4V .
,F‫א‬,;Y‫
و‬,*‫א‬Y.
,M3)
, ‫א‬,[,; ,@
,
‫ و‬A , B ‫
ن‬,‫א*
و‬,;'e‫قא‬-&M‫و‬
W
‫א‬
V ′′ 4 V ′′ 4
IA = = = 1.33 Amp . & I B = = = 0.667 Amp .
A 3 B 6
,,‫א*
و‬i,&
:‫אز‬,,‫א‬,;
,,>‫
و‬,;‫ومو‬$25,, (‫א‬,‫א*
و‬i,,&
(-‫א‬,‫א‬,,;‫
ن‬,‫*
و‬i,>J‫–و‬4
‫א*
و
ن;؟‬Y.
MKًW: ?09-K‫وم‬$6B
‫א‬
W6‫א‬
K R M
m-
(‫نא*
وא‬$‫ و‬R1 , R2
MY‫א*
و‬Y.
M‫ن‬$‫ض‬
W‫
אא‬- J
R = R1 + R2 = 25 ⇒ R1 = 25 − R2 ⊗
W‫
אאز(ن‬3‫ و‬J
R1 R 2 ( 25 − R2 )R2 25 R2 − R22
R= = 6 ⇒ = =6
R1 + R 2 25 − R2 + R2 25
25 R2 − R22 = 150 ⇒ R22 − 25 R2 + 150 = 0
W‫ (ن‬-25
';{‫و‬150
'>
K‫
د;د‬CIwK;‫א
د‬AVM‫و‬
( R2 − 10 )( R2 − 15 ) = 0
K R1 = 10 Ω ‫و‬$ R1 = 15 Ω ‫(ن‬. ⊗ ‫א
د‬3O
‫و‬K R2 = 15 Ω ‫و‬$ R2 = 10 Ω ‫ن‬$$
GG ‫אو‬GG
105 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
?-.‫א‬/
'()‫*א‬+,
‫?א‬Lً#‫و‬%W
‫אא‬L ‫אאא‬
-.‫א‬/
'()‫*א‬+,
‫א‬
W0G
1‫ن‬34-5/6789:;<0*)='()=>‫?و‬7@%
:/‫و‬%A ‫א‬B#
K=K‫א‬- >‫و‬1‫ د‬6-@349'‫?;א‬-.‫א‬/
‫א‬M ?‫و‬C DE1FG,
HI6=J‫א‬
K'()‫ل‬V7E=F9:O/‫א‬-.‫א‬/
‫نא‬%MP‫א‬DFQ;
:/‫و‬%R

:10‫و‬
WW=‫א‬.W HP
G3WXW
Y'W()‫لא‬WZ‫אא‬FQ;?E‫طא[א)('א‬MG‫ن‬%]^_‫و و‬
KQ‫وو‬%Y‫ط‬MGQ'()‫طא[א‬MG‫ن‬,` ‫א‬
bc‫طא[א)('א‬Md.‫?א دא‬W/0a Φ m 7_F‫?א[א)('?وא‬W4
K? Weber ‫?א‬W‫س‬0_‫و‬K?e'?ً‫?د‬
c‫طא[א)('א‬MG‫??د‬W/06‫ و‬B h_4?M0@?'()‫א[א‬4g5?%
K?'W‫א‬W'W()‫[א‬W‫;?א‬W?/WJ?WQ‫و‬%?WM0‫א‬9
Mi‫א‬j'‫?دًא‬b
K? Tesla P'
‫?א‬W‫س‬0_6‫و‬
Φ m 'W()‫[א‬W‫א‬C‫א
אق‬.l‫א‬m>‫و‬
[W‫א‬W4g5‫ و‬A 'W‫;א‬.
W‫و‬W '‫ل‬PG
WWnIF x WM0‫;א‬.
W‫و‬M0@? B '()‫א‬
KE x M0Mi‫وא'א‬g_6o‫א‬0M‫א‬
W‫ن‬%%
Φm
B = ⇔ Φ m = BA
A
Tesla = Weber / m 2 W-‫و‬
WqQ?=O-.‫א‬/
‫א‬/‫?;و‬R6‫لא)('א‬Z‫א‬:‫א‬/‫אאد‬FQO‫
ول‬:‫ و‬J
KE@‫و‬FsX–3Kr‫دא‬X–2K`0
'9:–1

GG`0
'9:O8-5/
'()‫لא‬Z‫א‬W#
ً ‫و‬%GG

-5/678`0
'9:;<0'()‫طא[א‬MG. :‫א‬/‫و‬
9'WtWu0‫قא‬/‫;א‬04%vmM:?w‫;אدא‬5 g@
‫ن‬%BPW4WGjW (?v‫قא‬M@`+l‫א‬x+-5/678`0
'
`0
'W‫א‬9'W‫א‬WQ5‫و‬5‫א‬I
o
r‫دوא‬qQ?y6z6w‫אدא‬
K0‫א‬.l‫א‬O57'@
106 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
WQCQC??X
6 B '()‫א[א‬4g5‫ن‬%{
]^_‫و‬0‫و‬G
;WW<0WW`‫א‬WW
6'WW()‫[א‬WW‫طא‬WWMGWWg_6cWW‫א‬r‫وא‬WW‫نא‬%BP_W 4W d 9'WW‫;א‬WW?WW _J‫–א‬1
W06‫و‬9'W‫;א‬W<‫א‬z |W‫دאد‬W6R6W‫'א‬W()‫لא‬WZ‫א‬W ‫ن‬3W4W
‫و‬7W?Q?J
?J
6‫و‬9'‫א‬
W‫و‬%9'‫_ ?;א‬J‫' ًא‬.?y:
6'()‫א[א‬4g5‫ن‬%%7?‫|
د‬
1
B ∝ → 1
d
W~ًW‫زد‬1Wg5%r‫وא‬W‫א‬xIJW=%W59'W‫א‬O/W‫א‬/W
‫ א‬j‫زאد‬.4W I -.‫א‬/
‫– א‬2
W4g5‫ن‬%%7@W0W06‫و‬/W
‫א‬W ‫د‬W‫دאد‬W6R6W‫'א‬W()‫لא‬WZ‫א‬W ‫ن‬3W4W
‫و‬7?x@5
W‫و‬%-.‫א‬/
‫(د ً א‬y:
6'()‫א[א‬
B ∝ I → 2
W‫ن‬%2‫و‬1;
I I µ I
B∝ ⇔ B = const . ⇒ B = → 3
d d 2π d
K?t:'()‫?אذא‬WH _‫و‬t:x+/‫א‬0Q µ ‫و‬Ky:
‫א‬x+Q (µ / 2π ) /‫א‬0‫وא‬
KzC*J%L‫ و‬4π × 10 −7 Z‫وאאغ‬%‫א‬-'()‫وאذא‬
W‫ن‬34‫وאאغ‬%‫א‬h‫א‬Qt:‫نא‬.?‫و‬K?r‫*אא‬J%‫? @ن‬WH _63` / P ‫وא‬
4π × 10 −7 I I
B = ⇒ B = 2 × 10 −7 × Tesla
2π d d
KqJ‫א وא‬I‫ً?א‬n ‫א‬t)‫אجא‬%;?ً‫; א‬5'‫א‬Jm_J:‫و‬
K'()‫א[א‬4g.'()‫لא‬Z‫_ ?; א‬WnIG

?WWW'WW6WWWW? 9FWW‫
م‬WWWW'WW_ 'WW(WWW)‫[א‬WWWWW‫طא‬WWMGDWWE1CWW
‫و‬G
9'W‫א‬W?‫[אא‬J06 ??7@%?6c‫*?وא‬JK‫ ?אא‬
‫د‬u9'‫=א
?א‬K‫א‬DE1‫ن‬34-.‫א‬/
‫א‬DE11‫م‬-|‫*א‬l
K0‫א‬.lCJ_Q5K?'()‫طא[א‬MGDE1
W‫لل‬gGG
76 /678(`0
'9:;`:10 _?‫א‬h‫א‬OM0@?'()‫א[א‬4g5C?
‫*؟‬J%10
WjM ‫א‬
I = 10 Amp . G d = 10 cm = 0.1m G‫א‬Qt:‫א‬
Ww‫א‬
I 10
B = 2 × 10 −7 × = 2 × 10 −7 × = 2 × 10 − 5 Tesla
d 0 .1

107 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
GGً‫^א‬QnIGG

'()‫ل‬VL-5/6Fr‫א‬.‫א‬DE1‫ن‬%?# ⊗ ‫
אمא‬:1?] 6%ً‫< א‬
DWE1‫ن‬5‫ذא‬1EM0@-G‫א‬r‫دא‬mI‫אא‬Wً‫?א‬F ⊕ ‫وא‬KG‫א‬I‫?د?א‬E L
K‫ج‬/I‫?د?א‬r‫א‬.‫א‬
[W‫א‬CW 6W@‫د‬/%‫ و‬I 1 ‫ و‬I 2 W-5/W6W-W5OW8‫و‬C‫אز‬W
C0
'WC.W:W‫ن‬W5‫ذא‬1 <
W7@34-M0@O'()‫א‬
‫@ن‬.6-/i‫א‬0M‫א‬O[‫א‬c4g5‫ن‬34WDE|‫@א‬OC.'‫א‬O;/‫אنא‬/
‫نא‬5‫ذא‬1–1
WE
‫א‬.l‫א‬O5F;‫
د‬CQE1O

W4g5W‫ن‬W.6‫ذ<و‬WEW W-,lW‫א‬FWC.'W‫جא‬/WG[W‫א‬W4g5;WW %-
‫ن‬.6‫و‬
WQ B '()‫א[א‬
B = B1 − B2 ‫و‬% B = B2 − B1
WW0M‫א‬O[W‫א‬c4Wg5‫ن‬3W4WlW‫א‬W@Wh‫و‬DWE|‫א‬W@OC.'W‫א‬O;/W‫אنא‬/W
‫نא‬W5‫ذא‬1–2
W-4'‫א‬X
O-
‫ن‬.6
‫
د;و‬CQE1O‫و‬C
‫@ن
'و‬.6-/i‫א‬
W‫ن‬.Q?‫א
دل?و‬M0@?W'6‫'و=و‬6
B1 = B 2 ⇒ B = B1 − B 2 = 0
-/i‫א‬0M‫א‬O[‫א‬c4g5‫ن‬34WW;‫
د‬CQE1OC.'‫א‬O;/‫אنא‬/
‫نא‬5‫ذא‬1–3
WE
‫א‬.l‫א‬O5FDE|‫@א‬O‫@ن‬.6

W4g5W‫ن‬W.6‫ و‬4W6W W-,lW‫א‬FWC.'W‫جא‬/WG[W‫א‬4g5;5%-
‫ن‬.6‫و‬
WQ B '()‫א[א‬
B = B 2 + B1

108 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
GGr‫دא‬XO8-5/
'()‫لא‬Z‫א‬Wً @+GG

g@-5/678r‫دא‬X;<0'()‫طא[א‬MG. :‫א‬/7@34J:5‫و‬
Wr‫دא‬XW7W zW0‫قא‬/W‫;א‬WW04%vWmMW:W?w‫;אدא‬5
j (?v‫قא‬M@`+l‫א‬x+-5/678‫ًو‬:%/D‫ن'
א‬.
5y6z6E'()‫طא[א‬MG
‫و‬Fw‫نאدא‬%BP4G
W0‫א‬.l
‫ط‬WMG‫ن‬%%7W^/GW?J
6‫و‬X‫א‬G‫
א`دא‬6‫و‬r‫?;دوא‬/J?‫ن‬.6–1
KX‫?א‬4;5‫ل‬-
r‫دא‬06'()‫א[א‬
/‫ل‬0>0MO‫و
אز‬0
'‫ط‬MG;?/J?‫ن‬.6‫د‬.6–2
DFWWQO'WW()‫لא‬WWZ‫نא‬%WW?‫ل‬WWWW~ED‫'
א‬WWWW?WW
‫و‬FXWW‫א‬
Kò
‫ل‬V0M‫א‬
KGKM0@;'()‫א[א‬4g5X
Y–3
+_-5/678F‫א‬r‫אא‬X‫نא‬%BP_@0‫א‬.l‫و;א‬G
K‫ن'
אن‬JM 7x‫ ص‬qQ?()
7JlW‫ن‬%%G‫א‬7^‫א‬OG6`+X‫א‬-^‫و‬%;‫ج‬Y'()‫طא[א‬MG‫ن‬%BP_‫و‬G
7-^‫ً;و‬P5OyM0‫@عא‬4 ‫و‬X‫א‬-^‫و‬Q7JM * ()'()‫لא‬Z‫*א‬J51
W%W1Wo‫א‬W 4?K??'‫<א‬/0?? ?W'_‫@'
م‬
ًJM mJ7@34?'‫<א‬/0?DE1O748/
‫نא‬5‫و‬C-^‫א‬
‫ن‬WW5‫و‬C-^WW‫א‬WW%WW1WWo‫א‬WW 4KKKmIWW=WW. ‫وא‬KKKً W^
?ً ً JM mJ7@34?'‫<א‬/0?DE1.?O748/
‫א‬
K0‫א‬.lCJ_Q5
W
‫?א אא‬X
6r‫אא‬X‫א‬5? B '()‫א[א‬4g5‫ن‬%]^_‫و‬0‫و‬G
W‫و‬%j‫ ً(د ً?دא‬J:6'()‫א[א‬4g5y:
4W N X‫א‬j‫–?د‬1
B ∝ N → 1
W‫و‬%-.‫א‬/
‫ ً(د ً א‬J:6'()‫א[א‬4g5y:
4W I -.‫א‬/
‫– א‬2
B ∝ I → 2
W‫و‬%DM X@ً '.?ً J:6'()‫א[א‬4g5y:
4W r X‫א‬M X@–3

1
B ∝ → 3
r
W‫ن‬%3‫و‬2‫و‬1;
NI NI µ NI
B ∝ ⇔ B = const . ⇒ B = → 4
r r 2 r
109 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
?W‫א‬W8‫א‬W? ?WW'W6WWW? 9FW‫

م‬WW'W_'W(WWW)‫[א‬WWW‫طא‬MGDE1C
‫و‬G
DE1*l_X‫א‬5?‫א‬En‫وو‬P /'F8Et/F‫אن‬/‫??دو‬7@%?6c‫وא‬
‫ل‬Z‫א‬DE1F'()‫طא[א‬MGDE1?‫ل‬-?4@1DE1‫ن‬3474-.‫א‬/
‫א‬DE11-@‫א‬/‫دو‬
K?X‫א‬5?E'()‫א‬

yWM0‫א‬rW+?7W?WM_W4W.W-5/W67WW8FW‫א‬r‫א‬W‫א‬XW‫نא‬%W1W@JW:~G
yWM ‫و‬%‫د‬WWyWM W^#ًPgW4‫د‬W'W()<WM %W^6# JM‫א‬4K?'()‫א‬
yWWM rWW+;WW?/WWJ?WW^W5‫ن‬%WW‫א‬WW^K‫;א‬WW*JWW5‫د‬WW?W1ً'WW()`'WW06WW4‫د‬WWW^
CWOEW
‫א‬.l‫א‬O5F S ^G‫ وא‬N Q%‫ن‬JM 7^5ًr‫א‬4 '()
K‫ و‬JÎ ‫و‬%‫ و‬J:I ‫;و^د‬.‫د;א‬-5<M % JM‫א‬O^

Wg%GG
[W‫א‬W4g5y'W34KW507W6‫د‬W?‫`و‬W:22DM r‫دא‬XO*J%0.776 -5/6–1
‫؟‬EzC*J%L‫ و‬4π × 10 −7 Z‫א‬-'()‫אذא‬FX‫א‬5?'()‫א‬
I = 0.7 Amp . G N = 50 turns G 2 r = 22cm = 0.22 m G µ = 4π × 10 −7 Weber / Amp . × m
Ww‫א‬
µ NI 4π × 10 −7 × 50 × 0.7
⇒ B = = = 2 × 10 − 4 Tesla
2 r 0.22
[W‫ א‬W4g.W W DW5OW
4*JW%576W /W67WW8W‫ن;وא‬.r‫دא‬X–2
WM0@W?[W‫א‬W4g5W@7W?,lWW`0
'W9W:O8F‫א‬/
‫ א‬y'1K'()‫א‬
‫؟‬X‫א‬M X@‫'و‬9'‫א د?;א‬Q _
I 1 = 5 Amp . G N = 1 turn G B1 = B2 G d = r
Ww‫א‬
µ NI 1 µ I2
Q B1 = , B 2 = & B1 = B2
2 r 2π d
µ NI 1 µ I
⇒ / = / 2
I I
⇔ NI 1 = 2 ⇒ 1 × 5 = 2
2/ r/ 2/ π d/ π 3.14
⇒ I 2 = 3.14 × 5 = 15.7 Amp .
110 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
GGsXO8-5/
'()‫لא‬Z‫א‬Wً g+GG

‫ل‬WWZ‫*א‬JWW5WWWW17JlWW'WW()‫ل‬WWV7WWG‫وא‬7WWWW
sWWXWWOWW-5/WW6WW8WW?
W
‫لא‬. K‫א‬OCJ_Q5‫و‬K'()y0'()‫א‬

‫ط‬Md‫א‬DFQ‫ن‬.6X‫جא‬/G‫و‬G‫دא‬70)‫
و‬j‫א‬/'g_6'()‫طא[א‬MG‫ن‬%BP_@
‫ن‬W.W0M‫א‬DFWQO'W()‫لא‬WZ‫نא‬%%W‫ط
אز‬MGqQ?7<0‫و‬s‫א‬X‫א‬/?
Kًo

W
‫?א אא‬X
6s‫א‬X‫א‬5? B '()‫א[א‬4g5‫ن‬%]^_‫و‬0‫و‬G
‫و‬Oj‫ ً(د ً?دא‬J:6'()‫א[א‬4g5y:
4W n ‫(אل‬K‫وא‬Oj‫–?دא‬1
W‫و‬%‫(אل‬K‫א‬
B ∝ n → 1
W‫ن‬%% n 7‫(אل‬K‫وא‬O‫א^د‬j‫?دא‬OC l X‫(لא‬Z N X‫א‬j‫?د‬W‫ن‬,` ‫א‬
N
N = l×n ⇔ n =
l
W‫و‬%-.‫א‬/
‫ ً(د ً א‬J:6'()‫א[א‬4g5y:
4W I -.‫א‬/
‫– א‬2
B ∝ I → 2
W‫ن‬%2‫و‬1;
NI
B ∝ nI ⇔ B = const . nI ⇒ B = µ n I ⇔ B = µ → 3
l
;WWM _XW‫ن(لא‬34 r Q‫א‬M X@‫ و‬N 76‫?د‬sX‫ن‬5‫ذא‬1WnIGG
K‫אא‬7‫(لא‬C N j‫?دא‬Z l X‫(لא‬W P ‫א‬
W‫ن‬%%K 2π r -MQh(‫ن‬.4r‫?;دא‬/J?‫نא‬%‫و‬
l
l = N × 2π r ⇒ N =
2π r
X‫نא‬%/J
?30'‫א?א‬8‫? ?א‬9F‫
م‬WW'_ '(WW )‫[א‬WW ‫طא‬MGDE1C
‫و‬G
K5‫א‬I
r‫دא‬j?V;‫ن‬.
s‫א‬
111 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
K'‫א‬yJ'‫<א'??א‬/0?? ?‫@'
م‬7-^‫ً;و‬P5OyM0‫@عא‬4 ‫و‬G
‫ن‬.'()‫طא[א‬MG7‫ج‬YF‫א‬X‫א‬H(‫ن‬34'()y0J'‫ل‬w‫א‬Q5‫و‬G
W‫א‬yWM0‫نא‬W.4'W()‫[א‬W‫طא‬WMG7W4GW6FW‫א‬HWM‫א‬%KXl‫א‬yM0‫א‬Q
KX
Wg%GG
‫ل‬W(‫ن‬W.?7G‫وא‬E@‫و‬FsX/?M0@?'()‫א[א‬4g5y'1–1
‫*؟‬J%0.246 -5/678‫و‬2076‫`و?د‬:24X‫א‬
l = 24 cm = 0.24 m G N = 20 turns G I = 0.24 Amp .
NI 20 × 0.24
⇒ B = µ = 4π × 10 −7 × = 2.512 × 10 − 5 Tesla
l 0.24
KzK*J%L‫ و‬2 × 10 −3 7'()‫وعאذא‬M‫א‬w‫;א‬y '‫א‬X‫א‬G‫ذאو_>]دא‬1–2
‫؟‬0'‫א‬M0‫א[?@א‬4g5^‫و‬34
µ = 2 × 10 −3 Weber / Amp . × m
NI 20 × 0.24
B = µ = 2 × 10 − 3 × = 4 × 10 − 2 Tesla
l 0.24
W4g5y'W34K*JW%4076W /W6W-ًPW5Wu‫`و‬W:3W-W _J‫ن
אزنא‬0
'‫ن‬.:–3
W;/
‫نא‬.?`:1Q%;? J6‫و‬C.'‫א‬CM0@?'()‫א[א‬
K;‫
د‬CQE1OL<KDE|‫@א‬OL%
WjM ‫א‬
I 1 = I 2 = 40 Amp . G d 1 = 1 cm = 0.01 m G d 2 = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Ww‫א‬
W?9:. A M0‫א[א)('?א‬4g5Wً#‫و‬%
µ I1 40
B1 = = 4π × 10 −7 × = 8 × 10 − 4 Tesla
2π d1 2π × 0.01
µ I2 40
B2 = = 4π × 10 −7 × = 4 × 10 − 4 Tesla
2π d2 2π × 0.02
W‫ن‬.J:~‫و‬DE|‫@א‬O@.?Wً@+
B = B1 − B 2 : B1 > B 2 ⇒ B = B1 − B 2 = 8 × 10 −4 − 4 × 10 −4 = 4 × 10 −4 Tesla
W‫ن‬.;‫
د‬CQE1O@.?Wًg+
B = B1 + B 2 ⇒ B = B1 + B2 = 8 × 10 −4 + 4 × 10 −4 = 12 × 10 −4 Tesla
WW W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WW WW WW WW WW WW WW WW WW W W W W W W

112 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
GG-5/6789:?'()‫ل‬V-+c‫א‬0‫א‬GG

sM Cً‫?د‬-5/678`0
'9:>_?
WW0‫א‬DFWWQKCWW DWWE1O7WW5WW0+,
WW:7WW@34(WW)
EWW-.‫א‬/WW
‫א‬F`0
'WW‫א‬9'WW‫;א‬WWًPW 5WW?WW‫ن?د‬WW.6
.l‫א‬OCJQ5F()‫א‬sM C'()‫لא‬Z‫وא‬
KE0‫א‬
'WWW()‫لא‬WWWZ‫א‬DWWWE1‫ن‬%WWW?‫ل‬WWW ⊗ WWW‫א‬WWWWnIGG
Kً0:5G‫א‬I‫?د?א‬
‫ن‬3WW4`0
'WW‫א‬9'WW‫א‬O/WW‫א‬WW-.‫א‬/WW
‫א‬DWWE1. WWWW?‫و‬
K‫ول‬K‫א‬DEX‫א‬DE|‫א‬O`0
'‫א‬9'‫א‬I

‫ًو‬%. :q ‫א‬5i‫א‬0‫א‬DE1
‫ل‬WZ‫א‬DWE1‫و‬9'W‫א‬O/W‫א‬W-.‫א‬/
‫א‬DE1;ًP5?‫?د‬5i‫א‬0‫نא‬.6‫אل‬K‫א‬5O‫و‬
K()‫א‬sM C'()‫א‬
'W()‫لא‬WZ‫א‬W-+WcW‫א‬W0‫א‬DWE1I
‫و'
م‬G
'6? -5/678F‫`א‬0
'‫א‬9'‫א
?א‬
WW ^WW??7WW@%WW?WW6cWW‫?وא‬RWW'WW_ ‫א‬WW‫א‬WW? ?WWW
W
EMW:‫وא‬J'W‫موא‬W-|‫א‬FPgW‫'א‬W_‫א‬W‫=א‬%
'()‫لא‬Z‫א‬DE11J'‫*א‬l_6[ J‫א‬- ?
1Fr?*l_‫م‬-|‫نא‬34-.‫א‬/
‫א‬DE11M:‫*א‬l_6‫و‬
?`0
'WW‫א‬9'WW‫א‬WWcWW‫وא‬qWW ‫'א‬WW()‫א‬WW0‫א‬DW E1
KE0‫א‬.l‫א‬OCJ_Q5F
W-5/W67WW8F‫`א‬0
'‫א‬9'‫لא)('א
?א‬Z‫א‬-+c‫א‬0‫نא‬%^‫و‬0‫و‬G
WQ‫???א‬X
6
W‫و‬%9'‫ً(د ً(لא‬J:6'()‫א‬0‫א‬y:
4W l 9'‫–(لא‬1
F ∝ l → 1
W‫و‬%-.‫א‬/
‫ً(د ً א‬J:6'()‫א‬0‫א‬y:
4W I -.‫א‬/
‫– א‬2
F ∝ I → 2
W‫و‬%'()‫א[א‬4g5ً ‫ً(د‬J:6'()‫א‬0‫א‬y:
4W B [‫א‬4g5–3
F ∝ B → 3
W‫ن‬%3‫و‬2‫و‬1;
F ∝ B I l ⇔ F = const . B I l → 4
9:?;6@1Q/ 0EP'
‫א‬F'()‫א[א‬4g5‫و‬+6‫ن‬%?6%0‫و‬
113 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
%mI‫'وًאא‬xg‫א‬/‫א‬0‫א‬mJFr?‫و‬K*J%176 -5/678z17(`0
'
W‫ن‬%
F
F = B I l Newton ⇒ B = Tesla = Newton / Amp . × m
I l
9W:W?;6W@1Q/‫א‬0 6c‫א[א)('א‬4g5?-@%??P'
‫?א‬X 6;.8-‫و‬
K?'()‫طא[א‬MG?ً‫ن?د‬.?*J%176 -5/678z17(
‫؟‬P'62ZM0@?'()‫א[א‬4g5‫ن‬% GG
*JW%176W W-5/W67WW8zW17W(`0
'W9W:WM0‫א‬DFWQW?W>_‫ذאو‬17W@%9‫ ذ‬
K;6@2Q/‫א‬00+,
7@34E'()‫لא‬Z‫א‬F'()‫طא[א‬MG?ً‫?د‬
-.‫א‬/
‫א‬DE1?ً‫لא)('?د‬Z‫نא‬.?‫א‬FQ J
‫ אو‬B '()‫لא‬Z‫א‬8?%K`0
'‫א‬9'‫א‬O/‫א‬
mW>WQW5`0
'‫א‬9'‫א‬O/‫א‬-.‫א‬/
‫א‬DE1? θ
1 B '()‫א[א‬4g5`
:7@34K0‫א‬.l
W WWW-.‫א‬/WWWWW
‫א‬DWWWWWE|WWWWW‫אز‬Q‫א‬WWWWW1C6WWWWW
C
J5WWWWW
K9'‫ ?א‬,+6#DFQ‫ و‬B cos θ Q‫و‬
J5‫א‬DFQ‫ و‬B sin θ Q‫و‬-.‫א‬/
‫א‬DE1?‫?د‬GK‫وא‬
WEG‫א‬I‫?د?א‬-QE1‫و‬F F 09'‫?א‬+6c‫א‬Q
F = Il ( B sin θ ) = BIl sin θ
W‫ن‬%%‫
م‬: F 0‫نא‬34C‫لא)('
אز‬Z‫وא‬-.‫א‬/
‫نא‬.?7@%BP_@-‫و‬
F = 0 at θ = 0 o
>>>;/6‫ن‬Pu‫و‬C‫
אز‬C0
'C.:Cq ‫א‬0‫א‬GG
W-W5O8‫و‬C‫
אز‬C0
'C.:‫ن‬5‫ذא‬34
‫ن‬5‫ذא‬1‫ن^ذ‬.6 -,l
:7@34 I 1 ‫ و‬I 2 -5/6
;‫
د‬CQE1O@5‫ذא‬146‫و‬DE|‫@א‬O;/
‫א‬
K‫ن‬%‫و‬J:5
9'‫?א‬C.'‫א‬%‫ل‬V-+c‫א‬0‫'<א‬w‫ و‬J
W
‫א‬.l‫ضא‬z@G‫א‬
/‫و‬WW;WW?WW ‫ א‬B2 'WW()‫[א‬WW‫א‬WW4g5WWM _67WW4‫و‬
4'W7W?W_ J6cW‫ وא‬x WM0‫א‬W?29'W‫א‬O I 2 /
‫א‬
W P ‫;א‬z d Q/ ‫?د‬
µ I2
B2 =
2π d
114 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
WQ'W()W0+,
H:7@34 x M0‫ ?א‬I 1 D/ -5/678F‫وא‬19'‫و?و>א‬
W29''()‫لא‬Z‫?;א‬E@ F1
µ I2 µ I1I2l
F1 = B 2 I 1 l ⇒ F1 = I 1 l ⇒ F1 =
2π d 2π d
'W()‫لא‬WZ‫א‬W{
@W-5/W6Wu9W:W?+W6cW‫'א‬W()‫א‬0‫?;א‬/J?Q F1
K7‫?د‬4'?‫>ع‬-5/678G¡9:;? ‫א‬
Wg%GG
‫ل‬WWVW*JWW%2.5D/W W-5/W67WWW8‫`و‬WW:407W(`0
'WW9W:-WW cW‫א‬WW‫אאو‬y'W1–1
‫;؟‬6@0.005Q/ 0+,
?P'6 10 −2 744g5ò
'()
WjM ‫א‬
l = 40 cm = 0.4 m G I = 2.5 Amp . G B = 10 −2 Tesla G F = 0.005 Newton
Ww‫א‬
F 0.005
F = BIl sin θ ⇒ sin θ = = −2 = 0 .5
BIl 10 × 2.5 × 0.4
θ = sin −1 0.5 = 30 o
‫ذא‬34[ J‫א‬- ;`:14 _?‫א‬h‫א‬O`:75-ًP5‫ن(ل‬P(‫ن
אزن‬.:>‫–و‬2
W?%W1W-QE1;/W
‫א‬PW5‫ن‬W5‫@و‬Wg‫א‬O*JW%1076W /W6‫ولو‬K‫א‬9'W‫א‬O*JW%2076W /6
‫؟‬G‫?א‬C.'‫א‬%-+c‫א)('א‬0‫ א‬y'34
µ = 4π × 10 −7 Weber / Amp . × m WjM ‫א‬
l = 75 cm = 0.75 m G d = 14 cm = 0.14 m G I 1 = 20 Amp . G I 2 = 10 Amp .
Ww‫א‬
W‫ن‬.‫א‬FK‫ول‬K‫א‬9'‫?א‬+:F‫א‬Q@g‫א‬9''()‫لא‬Z‫نא‬%
@
µ I1 I2l 10 × 20 × 0.75
F1 = = 2 × 10 −7 = 2.1428 × 10 − 4 Newton
2π d 0.14

GG-5/678M
'X?'()‫ل‬V-+c‫وא مא‬0‫א‬GG

M
'WWWW.WWWW WWWW?XWWWWWWWW‫ن‬%‫ض‬WWWW
ò
WW'W()‫ل‬WVO‫ع‬W>E abcd F
D‫'
א‬WWW‫ن‬WWW.WWWP'WWW6 B 7WWW4WWW4g5
WWQWW5F'WW()‫لא‬WWZ‫طא‬WWMdًW ‫אز‬
KE
‫א‬.lm>

115 rhomio_
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L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫
א א‬
[W‫طא‬WMdC‫אز‬W bc ‫ و‬ad C W‫;א‬WًPW5‫ن‬W.*JW% I 76W W-5/W6XW‫א‬O8 4

K‫ن‬%‫و‬J:5ً‫'و‬-ًP5?+‫א‬0‫نא‬.6
‫א)('و‬
O‫و
'و
ن‬C
‫
אز‬C60‫אن‬+,
6
‫طא[و‬MG?;
‫@ن‬.4 cd ‫ و‬ab C ‫א‬%
KDE|‫א‬OC6‫و
د‬/‫א‬0‫א‬
'WW‫א‬W‫א‬W?0ًW J6FW?KW-QE1‫ و‬BIl ab W-
‫ و‬Fab WWQ ab W‫א‬W?+W‫א‬W0‫نא‬W.6W
E?0‫ ً@א‬J6F:K-QE1‫ و‬BIl cd -
‫ و‬Fcd Q cd ‫?א‬+‫א‬0‫نא‬.6ER
KE l ab = l cd WnIF
‫_ א د‬J‫نא‬%‫و‬K?'‫<א‬/0?DE1OD/‫ل‬X‫אنא‬/‫زدوא^ً ?دو‬1‫@ن‬.6_ ‫ن‬60‫نא‬6Q
W1W ;W?/WWWWJ?WQFW‫وא‬E τ W7W_‫و‬F?‫??مא|زدوאج‬M _‫א‬F l bc ‫و‬% l ad QC60‫א‬C
W P ‫;א‬-‫_ א د‬J‫א‬CC60‫א‬
let Fab = Fcd = F
and l ab = l cd = l
⇒ τ = F × l bc = BIl × l bc
W‫ن‬.
‫و‬KE l bc ‫א ض‬C l ‫ل‬M‫א‬F A X‫?;'א‬/J?QE l × l bc F/‫א‬0‫;א‬.‫و‬
τ = BIA
. Newton × meter zC;6‫سא‬0_‫ن?مא|زدوאج‬%BP_@-‫و‬
W/‫?א‬mJ7.‫نא مא‬34j‫ ;א‬N ‫
??د‬uX‫نא‬5‫ذא‬1‫و‬
τ = BIAN
r
m d 7_F‫א)('?وא‬yM0‫א‬r+‫??م‬WH _g_E IAN F/‫א‬0‫نא‬%BP_@-‫و‬
W‫ن‬%%K'‫?دً?א‬-QE1-{
5Q‫و‬
r
τ = BIAN = B × m d
‫ل‬WZ‫طא‬WMdًW‫אز‬XW‫'
א‬W‫ن‬W.W?t04‫ن‬.60'‫وא
{א‬
7W{
‫א‬DWE1W? θ W‫ אو‬B 'W()‫لא‬WZ‫א‬W8W?W%'W()‫א‬
.lWW‫א‬FE'WW()‫א‬yWWM0‫א‬rWW+‫م‬WW?DWWE1FXWW‫'
א‬WWWW?‫د‬WW ‫א‬
/‫א‬W0‫;א‬W?/WJ?‫ن‬W. Fcd ‫ و‬Fab C6W0‫א‬CW x ‫د‬W ‫א‬W _J‫نא‬3W4E0‫א‬
W P ‫?مא|زدوאج;א‬M _‫و‬Eً:QF l bc sin θ
τ = F × l bc sinθ = BIl × l bc sinθ
⇒ τ = BIAN sin θ
'()‫لא‬Z‫א‬DE1‫ن‬.?‫ن‬.6‫ مא|زدوאج‬%‫ن‬%-‫و‬
K θ = 90 o ‫ن‬.6?%'()‫א‬yM0‫א‬r+‫?م‬DE1?ً‫?د‬
WW W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WW WW WW W
GGKKK ‫! אو‬KKKGG
116 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
?
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&' ‫*&א )سא‬+
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K)‫د‬AB&' ‫אمو‬D .E‫א‬
F&' ‫و‬F‫د‬F5I+
F,‫و‬KF&7‫ نو)سא‬2 ,H‫و‬6‫א‬H) ‫א‬5W 4AB‫*&س‬+–2
K2J/‫*א‬0‫ ج‬L

2TU‫א‬A#S ‫
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F&' ‫א‬PF
2FTU‫א‬A#SF ‫
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F/‫زدوאج‬0‫م‬#S `"dR
2TU‫ل‬cN‫אن‬P‫ و‬:N
&IP3bR
K`RP‫א '&
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WE'h -4i,IF`4I3GG
eF‫ولو‬F‫م‬F >‫وא‬+‫س‬F9 ‫א‬kFFRPl.k/P4/H 2:–1
K,Pm‫אنل‬P‫&א و‬."‫א‬H.+'
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א‬/:‫'א‬3–2
wFFF ‫א‬FFFI3‫و‬1FFFv3
FFF 0‫د‬tFFFFFF=‫אن‬FFF)‫ن‬uFFF) ‫א‬VFFF4H
‫س‬FFF ‫אא‬MFFF
K&
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.yz‫وא‬/,+EIx" ‫א‬F4 ‫א‬J‫א‬k‫–*زوج‬3
W
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א‬0
&' ‫א‬P ‫{א‬3L+
VF_0rF'/NF‫زدوאج‬0-IxF" ‫א‬N‫د‬F*‫
א‬F ‫א‬FkF/ShFpFW:‫א‬IN1'9 ‫א‬L}
K:‫א‬N
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K`/P ‫א‬H/
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117 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein00
einstein007 yahoo.comG0107198282G
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
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K1v P3
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‫وع؟‬H‫א‬o‫א‬k"‫א‬H.+
24i
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2TU‫א‬w ‫طא‬Hy‫'ن‬3Ql ‫وذ‬
89 M ‫א‬o‫א‬N` #w ‫א‬R5I‫'ن‬3ZM[/‫
و‬2TU‫א‬w ‫طא‬H|ً‫\אز‬+N:‫א‬
K:‫א‬NP‫א‬P ‫ א‬4. t‫א‬e‫א‬0‫زאو‬VP‫אو‬M,‫و‬:‫`א‬R
W`/ GG
N:F‫אنא‬P‫
دو‬F/F‫زدوאج‬0‫م‬F/ 3_ ‫א‬2TU‫نא )א‬dR:‫א‬N
&' ‫א‬P ‫א‬b/–1
K/2 ‫}א‬P)/IV_0Nk' ‫و‬-V_0
KV_E‫א‬r"N:‫ א‬t‫א‬89 –2
JFF‫א‬N
FF ‫א‬FFkFF/~FF "FF,‫و‬/2FF ‫}א‬PFF)/FFIVFF_0rFF'/VFF_0NFF‫زدوאج‬0‫م‬FF/FF –3
KIx" ‫א‬
‫א م‬2TU‫א )א‬k/3 ‫زدوאجא‬E‫مא‬/‫ ن‬/-\N t‫و
א‬:‫ )א‬2–4
K
‫א‬k/3 ‫א‬
K‫א>ول‬V_ : D‫א‬V_E‫א‬N‫אن‬P‫ و‬t‫و
א‬:‫نא‬dR:‫א‬NP ‫א‬V_0r'//–5
KP‫א '&
א‬P ‫
א‬/P ‫
א‬/ t‫لאא‬3–6
W6"7‫א‬.2GG
K? ‫`א‬3
&IP3:‫א‬Nb/ t‫א‬e‫א‬0‫زאو‬P‫?)א‬F?6"7‫א‬.2?‫)س‬i3
W‫ن‬++
θ
E deg / µ Amp . F‫و‬+EA4+‫'و‬L*P‫د‬F Z6"7‫א‬.2
I
J‫א‬PFF ‫>نא‬6"FF7‫א‬NPFF‫א‬PFF ‫א‬FF ‫س‬FF) FFIA4FF+‫و‬FF'‫א‬FF‫אمو‬D FF.0WFF9G
K ‫א‬VM&‫)س‬i3ً4 B ‫א‬
‫؟‬A4+‫'و‬L*P‫د‬0.2Z6"7‫א‬.2W‫ن‬+GG
0.2,PFe‫א‬0‫"`زאو‬dRA4+‫'و‬1`3
&IP36"7‫א‬Nb/`"+l ‫ذ‬
K*P‫د‬
a3‫م‬v"‫>ن‬l ‫א وذ‬h ‫א‬J‫ذא‬J‫א‬P ‫^ )سא‬89 ‫א‬:‫ذوא‬6"7‫نא‬+a4.=
P‫א‬9 ":‫א‬l.P&"0ً+‫&و‬/ 2Q ‫[א‬I ‫א‬: 3‫ `و‬A4' ‫א‬e‫א‬E‫ " א‬:‫א‬
K` uyh ‫
א‬/P3P‫و‬/`R ‫א‬

FF ‫א‬FF‫ ل>ن‬FF.E‫א‬kFFFF J‫א‬6FFRFF8FF9 ‫א‬:FF‫ذوא‬6"FF7‫א‬FF‫و‬+"FF{fFFFFI
K‫ ل‬.E‫א‬5')3-Ix" ‫א‬-‫א‬N" D‫א‬

118 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein00
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007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W6"7‫
א‬/J)4H3G
GG 2‫א‬P ‫א‬6+GG

[‫א‬F ‫א‬NF{`F"+FIً F 4 ‫א‬h ‫א '&
ذوא‬P ‫م )سא‬D 2‫*&ز‬6>‫نא‬+e‫אو‬k
K
‫
א א‬/&' ‫א‬
k/P4/6>‫א‬P4 /0k'b‫א‬M ‫א‬J‫א‬P ‫م )س א‬D 289 ‫א‬:‫ذوא‬6"7‫نא‬+p‫و‬
K89 ‫`א‬.2q‫ود‬mE6"7‫א‬+FV‫نא‬+AB89 :‫ذو‬6"*
:F+F`FF{E6F+
F 0`FL+FF ‫א‬J‫א‬PF ‫א‬F r)`*‫و‬6"7‫و دא‬
K Rs ‫?و‬P ‫א‬c?F
23‫
א אز‬/‫*ًא‬AU{‫)و‬E6"7‫א‬
:FFF‫ذو‬6"FFF*kFFFfFFFI66FFF>‫نא‬dF FR
FFF ‫ و‬J
K'h IP c‫
א אز‬/`{89
WP ‫א‬c[RG
{ً‫*א‬AU{‫)و‬k/P4/P ‫א‬c‫ن‬+p J
4F3i ‫א‬MF 8F9 ‫א‬:‫ذوא‬6"7‫
א אزא‬/
F NF9F*P#tF^MF ‫א>א‬E‫)و‬U{+kU{+F‫*ًא‬AU{6 ' ‫א)وא‬
K
‫
א א‬/[‫א א‬N6>‫{א‬/`.‫אאد‬P ‫א‬

F4 ‫א‬Fb‫و‬F‫א‬N I s k'F ‫`و‬F1Fv/>‫א‬F7‫א‬Fb‫و‬PF ‫א‬+F ‫א‬M ‫
א אز‬/{ ‫نא‬+p J
:‫نא‬I=xI+ J‫ذא‬J‫א‬P3‫ً )س‬o{‫&ز‬7‫א‬4
‫و‬6"7‫א‬:N I g k' ‫و‬
K‫&د‬9
KxI+ J‫&ذא‬IJ‫א‬P3‫א` )س‬D .0k'+I6>‫א‬NP ‫א‬c‫ )و‬I J
W‫ن‬+u"a2 ‫'א‬h ‫א‬k‫و‬a4.=G
W, I k' ‫א '
و‬P ‫ א‬E1F
I = I s + I g ⇒ I s = I − I g
KP ‫
"&א‬0e96"7‫ א‬t7‫زم‬u ‫א‬P ‫א‬, I g ‫אو‬NP‫א‬P ‫א‬, I s p
- ‫و‬F)kF/PF4/F,‫و‬6
"F7‫א‬:FF‫
)و‬F, R g ‫و‬PF ‫א‬c‫
)و‬, Rs ‫ن‬+‫ وض‬E2F
W‫ن‬++ً‫&وאא‬RT-&7‫قא‬R‫א'ن‬M ‫
א אز‬/-
I g Rg
I s R s = I g R g ⇒ Rs =
Is
W ‫א‬u ‫
א‬/ I s k/w ‫و‬
I g Rg
Rs =
I − Ig
r)6+
0‫ل‬9 6"7‫א‬:
0& R\0‫م‬Q ‫ א‬Rs P ‫א‬c‫)و‬-3k'b&‫و‬
KA4+ I `3 P3
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‫ אא‬
NPF‫א‬PF ‫`א‬2F"F,`FRPF‫א‬PF ‫نא‬F'QF

‫א‬F ‫
א‬/&' ‫א א[א‬N6>‫{א‬W9G
K`.}H‫א‬P ‫ א‬N#t3^Qً‫*א‬AU{‫'ن‬3‫ن‬+f6>‫ن)وא‬+IK[‫א א‬
W‫ل‬m‫ل‬5GG
F
,RKA4+
5`3 P3P‫`و‬P3&"
0`R‫א‬0fH ‫وم‬+2`‫)و‬6"*
‫؟‬A4+10`P
v ‫א &א‬6+
0‫ل‬9 ` 0& R\0‫زم‬u ‫א‬P ‫א‬c
WJH‫א‬
R g = 2Ω G I g = 5 m Amp . = 5 × 10 −3 Amp . G I = 10 Amp .
Wo‫א‬
I g Rg 5 × 10 −3 × 2
Rs = = = 0.001Ω
I − Ig 10 − 0.005

GG 2‫א‬P ‫א‬6 RGG

F&' ‫א‬FR‫א א‬F) ‫سא‬Fً+‫&و‬I[‫دא‬N- H)"+-&7‫قא‬R‫ )س‬6 ‫مא‬D 2
KPH‫و‬+‫ د‬
‫'ن)و‬3‫ن‬+f‫א‬M `RT-&7‫قא‬R‫}س‬H‫א{א‬NT-‫
א אز‬/6 ‫و{א‬
ً F9ً‫א‬#SF3F&RPF‫א‬PF ‫א‬F #S 3uR{>‫א א[א‬kً‫א‬A4Iً‫א‬P3f92^Q /6 ‫א‬
K`.}H‫&א‬7‫قא‬RNAU3^
‫و‬
`F"dRPF ‫א‬F&"
F 0VF te‫א‬F0FQFً‫*א‬AU{6"7‫א‬:NT-&7‫قא‬R‫ن‬+p‫و‬
F‫)و‬E6
"F7‫א‬:F+F`FF{‫ن‬+fF6 FR
F 08F9 ‫א‬:F‫ذوא‬6
"F7‫א‬9
K Rm ‫&?و‬7‫א‬:/?F
23
‫
א א‬/‫*ًא‬A4I
:F‫ذو‬6
"F*kFfI66 ‫نא‬dR
‫ و‬J
FFIF & :/FF
‫א‬FF ‫
א‬FF/`FFFF{8FF9
K'h
W&7‫א‬:/[RG
‫ًא‬FF*A4FFIFF‫)و‬kFF/PFF4/FF&7‫א‬:/FF‫ن‬+pFF J
‫א‬M 89 ‫א‬:‫ذوא‬6"7‫
א א
א‬/{
NT-&7‫قא‬R‫و
'ن‬E‫)و‬xI+kxI+F‫*ًא‬A4I6 ' ‫א)وא‬4i3
Kً4)3ً #
)4M ‫`א‬.‫&אאد‬7‫وً قא‬26 ‫א‬
F& F&*‫وق‬FR‫س‬F) `‫א‬D F.0kF'+FI6 ‫א‬N&7‫א‬:/‫)و‬J‫زאد‬I J
KxI+
Wa2 ‫'א‬h ‫א‬k‫و‬a4.=G
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L‫אد‬
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‫ אא‬
6"FF7‫א‬FF tF7‫زم‬uFF ‫א‬FF&7‫قא‬FFRFF, V g ‫و‬:/FF‫א‬NFFT-FFFF&7‫قא‬FFRFF, Vm ‫ن‬+‫ض‬FE1F

WpP ‫
"&א‬0e9
Vm = I g Rm , V g = I g R g
- ‫)و‬k/P4/,‫و‬6"7‫א‬:‫
)و‬, R g ‫&و‬7‫א‬:/‫
)و‬, Rm ‫ن‬+‫وض‬E2F
P4/`.}H‫&א‬7‫قא‬R‫ و'ن‬I g k/P4/,M ‫א‬P ‫א‬r"&Rb‫א‬M
‫
א א‬/-
Wk/
V = Vm + V g ⇒ Vm = V − V g ⇒ I g Rm = V − V g
V − Vg
Rm =
Ig
6 R
0‫ل‬9 6"7‫א‬:
0& R\0‫م‬Q ‫ א‬Rm &7‫א‬:/‫)و‬-3k'b&‫و‬
K R V VP‫ق*&)א‬Rr)
Wk/P4/6 ' ‫א)وא‬W9G
R = Rm + R g ⇒ V = I g ( Rm + R g )
K
‫
א א‬/- { Rm ‫ و‬R g kًuI‫>ن‬
50E6"7‫א‬:F`‫")و‬I‫ذא‬dRKV te‫א‬0&"/ R150‫ )א‬i 6 R
‫&א `؟‬7‫א‬:/‫)و‬f2dRKA4+ 4 × 10 −4
,`RP‫א‬P ‫ومو א‬+
WJH‫א‬
V = 150 Volts G R g = 50 Ω G I g = 4 × 10 −4 Amp .
Wo‫א‬
Q V g = I g R g = 4 × 10 −4 × 50 = 0.02 Volts
V − Vg 150 − 0.02
⇒ Rm = = = 374950 Ω
Ig 4 × 10 − 4
W6 ‫وא‬6>‫א‬-"P)GG

6 ‫א‬ 6>‫א‬ "P)‫و*`א‬
K R
‫وא‬+ ً 4&7‫قא‬R‫ س‬KA4+
‫وא‬+A4>ً 4P ‫س א‬ ‫א‬
K‫
א אز‬/ K
‫
א א‬/ [‫א א‬N{ ‫א‬
KE&7‫א‬:/F
‫
א א‬/A4I‫)و‬ KEP ‫א‬cF‫
א אز‬/AU{‫)و‬ 6"7‫א‬:{
Kً‫*א‬A4I Kً‫*א‬AU{ ‫א)وא ' &ز‬
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‫ אא‬
GG6=>‫א‬GG

‫א)و‬VM,NTx/&7‫א‬N‫ض‬E‫
א‬/‫א א[و‬N23Q ‫א‬P ‫
א‬/Z‫ س)و‬
K‫وم‬+‫"ن‬k& -3T24k'b`"dR‫א)و‬NT-&7‫قא‬R‫و‬P‫א‬P ‫ א‬/‫ذא‬dR
F
FH 6
"F7‫א‬F‫א[و‬F ‫א‬k6 ‫א‬RP'R/&7‫قא‬R 4#‫ذא‬0‫و‬
KE&7‫قא‬RJ4#/F[‫א א‬NP‫א‬P ‫) א‬3‫"`زدא)و‬+pً 4 &c‫)و‬
K 4[‫*אא א‬+k*+‫ل )س)و‬89 :‫ذو‬6"*k/P4/6=‫نא>و‬++
W6=‫א>و‬fI3G
fFI66F=‫نא>و‬+FF)‫'א‬hF ‫א‬NF\,'R
Wk
‫א‬F
F+‫ومو‬+250& R g ` ‫)و‬6+‫ 'و‬E1F
KA4+‫'و‬400E I g F`
K6‫'وא‬k/P4/6"7‫א‬P4 /0k'bW9
K‫وم‬+3000& Rc k' ‫و‬E` #FP/‫ )و‬E2F
FF{kFF,‫א‬F Rr k' FF ‫و‬EJ F.PFAU FFF‫ )و‬E3F
6FFF=‫א>و‬FFF‫)و‬AFFFU3N‫م‬D 2FFF3‫و‬K‫وم‬+5656
FFF 0
K`P3&"
0V te9Q' ‫א‬
KE r = 0 Fy‫ل)و `א א‬,0 R1.5& V B k' ‫א '&و‬R‫`א א‬3
&I‫د‬/ E4F
K'h -4,I‫ &ز‬P4 yE‫א‬NT-& ‫د‬0}H‫ א‬R x &‫{א)وא‬3 E5F
W6=‫א>و‬G
N
F&IPF3FbZMF[/‫ز‬F& PF4 yE‫א‬NFTru FFlF ‫وذ‬F‫)و‬+F"‫ن‬+‫ون‬F[‫א‬F ‫א‬aFU" E1F
K[‫א א‬
400F6F+‫و‬F'‫א‬NPF3
F+FbZMF[/‫و‬PF ‫
"&א‬0 t‫א‬e9QAU ‫ "لא)وא‬E2F
VMF,N‫ و‬R x = 0 F &‫א‬F‫>نא)و‬lF ‫وذ‬6=‫
{ و‬,VM,P ‫"&א‬x 3‫و‬EA4+‫'و‬
W‫وم>ن‬+500ZJ . ‫'ن)وא‬3 o‫א‬
W‫ن‬++P ‫ א‬DR‫א )א א‬Z‫א)وא ' &ز‬
1 .5
R= = 3750 Ω
400 × 10 − 6
{‫وم‬+500Z3250–3750ZJ . ‫'ن)وא‬3‫و‬
+ t‫و'نא‬P ‫) א‬3
‫دאدو‬3[‫نא)وא ' א‬dR‫&ز‬7‫ذאو{)و‬0 E3F
W
‫ولא‬7‫א‬f2l ‫وذ‬y‫د‬0Q ‫&ز^ א)وא‬7‫א‬k'b)H ‫א‬VM&‫و‬KًR‫א‬0
R x ( Ω ) I ( µ Amp .) R x ( Ω ) I ( µ Amp .) R x ( Ω ) I ( µ Amp .) R x ( Ω ) I ( µ Amp .)
0 400 3750 200 11250 100 ∞ 0
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‫ אא‬
W6=‫א>و‬P3G
PFFFF3‫ن‬+FFFFui"FFFF)‫'א‬hFFFF ‫وא‬a2FFFF ‫ولא‬FFFF7‫א‬kFFFF
W‫>ن‬l ‫وذ‬6+‫א'و‬P3r'/6=‫א>و‬
ZP ‫ن א‬+
/‫ل‬A4+‫א'و‬P3
/ ‫–א‬1
KE&"^Fk'bxI+‫'نא)و‬3ZM[/‫{و‬
F&"PF ‫א‬F ‫ن‬+
/‫ل‬36+‫א'و‬P3&"–2
KEً‫{א‬F‫'نא)و‬3ZM[/‫
و‬v/
K t‫א‬e‫א‬0)
‫و‬P ‫א)و א‬J‫زאد‬I–3
K2 ‫&א‬7‫א‬N}P) 3‫&א و‬7‫א‬N/4 3pW‫و‬2 2 6=‫א>و‬P3‫م‬2+–4

&*>‫א‬kyz‫א عא‬+? ‫?א>*&א‬F t‫
אא‬/ 3Q ‫*&א )سא‬+
23‫אو‬M,G
JF"‫و‬6' E‫
א‬F/F 3
F,‫?و‬F ‫א‬F&*>‫?א‬F
2 RAU{
/‫אد‬/>‫
אא‬/ 3Q ‫وא‬
P ‫א‬k¢I‫&زوא&س‬£k'bp‫אض‬B>‫"& دא‬S&*>‫א‬k‫אא ع‬M,‫ ز‬b‫א و‬
K‫&وא)و‬7‫وא‬


0`3P¤+‫ذא‬dRKA4+0.02`3 P3`‫ذא‬0`P3&"
0V t‫وم‬+25` ‫)و‬6"*
Z‫م‬D 2‫א '& دא‬R‫نא )א א‬Sً/&‫א‬D .0fQ ‫א‬P ‫א)وא‬P‫)א‬R6=‫و‬+
‫؟‬A4+
10
0e9 t‫_א‬6=‫א>و‬H.‫&א‬./Q ‫א)وא‬P‫ ؟و)א‬R1.5
WJH‫א‬
V B = 1 .5 Volts G R g = 25 Ω G I g 1
= 0 .02 Amp . G I g 2 = 10 × 10 −3 Amp .
Wo‫א‬
K R '
,*Py‫)و‬+R\0‫م‬/ N[‫ وא)وא ' א‬Rc
,P ‫نא)وא‬+‫ض‬
VB 1 .5
⇒ R ' = = = 75 Ω
I g1 0.02
Q R ' = Rc + Rg ⇒ Rc = R ' − R g = 75 − 25 = 50 Ω → 1
K R "
, R k' ‫*و‬Py‫ و*د)و‬N[‫نא)وא ' א‬+‫وض‬
VB 1 .5
⇒ R " = = = 150 Ω
I g2 10 × 10 − 3
Q R " = Rc + R g + R ⇒ R = R " − Rc − R g = 150 − 75 = 75 Ω → 2

FF F F F F F F FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF F F F F F F
GGKKK ! ‫ אو‬KKKGG
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‫ אא‬
?
&'(‫*و‬+ ‫א‬,‫?א‬W#"‫א ! אد‬L‫א א א‬

&'(‫*و‬+ ‫א‬,‫א‬
W-G
89:‫@? >=ً('&ًل‬AB C/83‫*
"و‬+ ‫א‬3 ‫نא‬1 23‫و‬14 ‫א‬5671‫م‬1819‫"م‬/
K C‫א‬
3L L/
&'(‫لא‬K‫אمא‬G 2HI+J?@15671,{E+ ‫אدאא‬3B4 ‫א‬5671-B‫م‬1831‫"م‬/1
*QR‫א‬ST (#L‫" و‬+B?"U6OL9 ‫*و('&
א‬+ ‫א‬,NO:‫و‬-(P‫دא‬/
*M
K*+ ‫א‬V=W‫وא‬V‫ א‬M*+ ‫א‬

GG‫אدא‬3BXGG

/?YY[3L‫&س‬YY]@YY^?YYC ‫م‬YYSYY7‫س‬YY_ ‫א‬IYY‫ول‬YY`YY2IYYZYY‫אد‬YY"A‫אدא‬3YYB‫م‬YY–1
KZ! ‫א‬
VYYY ‫ن‬AYYYBZYYY‫א‬/E'YYY(‫لא‬YYYa‫د‬HYYY"–2

&YYYYY'(‫א‬dYYYYY ‫طא‬YYYYYcaYYYYYc-L`&YYYYY ‫א‬
ًY YYB‫א‬gH]@YYYYj‫א‬YYYYefN‫א‬YYYYgHhYYYYiO‫و‬
Kk8XH/ًT
VYY ‫ن‬AYYBZYY‫א‬IYYE'YY(‫אجא‬YYaHYY"–3
ً mY1
&Y'(‫א‬dY ‫طא‬cac-L`& ‫א‬
ًY YYB‫א‬gH]@YYYYj‫א‬YYYYefN‫א‬YYYYgHhYYYYiO‫و‬
K‫د‬m‫א‬8Xn‫א‬/ًT
YYgZYY‫`א‬YYp‫و‬E'YY(‫א‬5YY6oLYY"–4
KqP ‫א‬E@
" !?"ً‫وא‬1E'(‫א‬
Wr62sq &@GG
?o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫?א‬Y
&L*MB‫ دא‬C‫א‬/ ?@ABً&'(ً=> Cc‫ذא‬H?@1
?YY:YT ‫א‬89Y:
&YL‫?و‬,_ &Y3YL?YY
&Y
Y*M3YL C‫א‬/JME emf F uO
K?
&'(‫*و‬+ ‫א‬,‫א‬
c-" C/,_ &
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&'(‫*و‬+ ‫א‬,‫?א‬YB
K?
&'(‫א‬d ‫طא‬ca

124 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
GG‫אدא‬3B‫@ن‬GG

o_ &Y‫א‬YB‫א א‬Y- ‫א‬3‫א‬Y-Y*"ZY yY ‫ א‬Y‫
א א‬Y HuiaIza{3| ‫א‬I‫אدאد‬3B‫م‬
W
: ‫א א‬89:K C/ ‫א‬
dYY ‫طא‬YYca‫د‬YY"/}YY(L~‫א‬YYH
YY" YL,YYW
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א‬
K?Bo_ &B‫ دא‬L‫ن‬1‫د‬f9 ‫א‬R‫א('&
א‬d ‫طא‬ca C‫?א‬c-
d ‫طא‬ca C‫?א‬c-9 ‫א‬U ‫ً'دًאلא‬62Lo_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬89:3‫א‬-2 ‫و‬
W‫ن‬11K
&'(‫א‬
∆Φ m
emf ∝
∆t

"‫אאل‬9:Z ‫و‬K ∆ t ‫א ]א‬/"c-‫א('&
א‬d ‫طא‬ca/}( ‫א‬: ∆Φ m ,
KE'(‫א‬M"2‫א('&
و‬d ‫א‬BoMIًiM
K C‫א‬M8XH
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W‫ن‬11Kd ‫طא‬ca
emf ∝ N
Wi ‫א‬Ik o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬3‫א‬-‫ن‬1r62s
∆Φ m
emf = − N
∆t
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Y"z9 ‫*و('&
?وא‬+ ‫א‬,_ ‫אدא‬3B‫?@ن‬YNO
:‫و‬
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&'(‫*و‬+ ‫א‬, C/ ‫א‬
K?d ‫א‬
:‫ ?و‬6&‫א (}א‬EMO3 ‫א‬8XH
‫و‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬8XH‫ن‬1
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K? "?YNO
GG "GG

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WًioBK??
k8XH/J,_ &
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125 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬

‫د‬m‫א‬8Xn‫א‬/J,_ &
*M3L?B ?@ABZ‫א‬I"E'(
# ‫א‬c- ‫دא‬H"1–2
kX ‫ א |ذ{א‬BE'(
# ‫א‬c- ?Q‫אא‬Z‫א‬N'"
Qc‫ن‬+ ,
KE,_ &‫א‬3 6&‫א (}א‬:‫و‬F7f‫א‬c- ‫אא‬9:‫د‬HM‫و‬-
"k G‫א‬k6c- ‫א‬

GGS- &`2/,_ &‫*
א‬+ ‫א‬3 ‫א‬8XHGG

YNO‫אم‬G 2AS- &`2/ ‫א‬,_ &‫א‬3 ‫א‬8XHkLI+
W?@1
"zLy ‫?وא‬q UO ‫?"א א‬

" E
c2 ‫وא‬6& ‫*موא‬n‫א‬F~io ‫א‬UO ‫א א‬C1 Q"?
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و‬Y'(‫لא‬YK‫א‬8YXH
H6& ‫}א‬#OL,d6 ‫*א‬m

Y*+ ‫א‬3Y ‫א‬8YXH
Y H9YP"}#YOLO
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H
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KE -‫ א‬+# ‫א‬/k6O:MF

GG‫دل‬6 ‫א‬,‫א‬GG

/o_ &B‫ دא‬:1/3‫א‬3 ‫א‬e}(L‫ن‬AB?{- ‫و‬1a‫ א‬a‫دא‬:1‫ن‬O‫ذאو‬H
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&` 9 a‫א‬/*ًiM7fk‫نא‬11Ka‫א‬
W,
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∆Φ m
emf ∝
∆t
126 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W,3‫*
א‬+ ‫א‬3 ‫א‬eً‫ً'د‬62Lm12
&'(‫א‬d ‫نא‬1M
∆Φ m ∆I
∝
∆t ∆t
3‫*
א‬+ ‫א‬3 ‫א‬e/}( ‫'دًلא‬2 L
@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬/ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬AB‫א‬9
W‫ن‬11K‫ول‬R‫א‬Z‫א‬/
∆ I1 ∆ I1
(emf )2 ∝ ⇒ (emf )2 = − M
∆t ∆t
o_ &Y‫א‬YB‫א א‬Y- ‫א‬3‫א‬Y-?IY"3Y6":‫?و‬k‫א‬k‫دل‬6 ‫א‬,‫&
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K "&u6&‫א (}א‬EMOLo_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬1
"‫ل‬L6 & ‫א‬3en‫وא‬
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?א‬L‫س‬-Ok‫א‬k‫دل‬6 ‫א‬,‫و א‬
∆t
M = − (emf )2
∆ I1
W‫ن‬11
Henry = Volt . sec / Amp .
‫دل‬Y6 ‫א‬,Y‫@?? א‬1
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127 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W| ‫א‬GG
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K?‫د‬c ‫א‬3 ‫?א‬Y,_ &‫א‬3 ‫אא‬9:

128 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
GGZ
L‫א‬9 ‫א‬,‫א‬GG

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∆Φ m
emf ∝
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W,Z‫א‬/3‫*
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∆Φ m ∆I
∝
∆t ∆t
K?B3‫*
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129 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
∆I ∆I
emf ∝ ⇒ emf = − L
∆t ∆t
‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬3‫א‬-?I"36":‫?و‬Z
L‫א‬9 ‫א‬,‫&
? א‬573‫א‬- L ,
K?@o ‫א‬/}611‫?ل‬B3‫א‬3 ‫א‬e}( L"Z‫א‬/
K "&u6&‫א (}א‬EMOLo_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬1
"‫ل‬L6 & ‫א‬3en‫وא‬
W‫ن‬1-& ‫א‬i ‫א‬I‫و‬
∆t
L = − emf
∆I
K? Henry u‫ً?א‬m1‫س‬-OZ
L‫א‬9 ‫א‬,‫ن א‬11
Z
L‫א‬9 ‫א‬,‫@?? א‬1
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eiOB8Xn‫א‬/I‫د‬m ‫א('&ن &ونو‬
K,‫א‬J"‫و‬-‫نא‬1‫ل‬-O‫
و‬CR‫א‬3 ‫}"
א‬7L1? ‫ن‬+
‫*"א ؟‬M3‫א‬e~p
*ME'(P‫ دא‬B" J2
‫ن‬Y+LY‫'د‬o_ &YYB‫دא‬YP‫א‬Y ‫א‬/Y B"&Y
&Y'(‫א‬dY ‫א‬zY P‫א‬Y ‫ א‬YB"?@R
K*+ ‫א‬3‫א‬# ‫ א‬B ‫א"א‬u‫وא‬-
"( u&Ly ‫א‬Q3 }6M

130 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
GG‫א وא‬V‫א‬3 ‫א‬GG

/}( ‫نא‬ABE‫]دد‬3LI" e ‫لא('&
א‬KMF}(
&'(‫>ل‬/@c‫"و‬
‫ن‬Y+LY*Bo_ &YV‫א‬3YLY L
Y" YY@‫א‬Yc- ‫א‬89:‫¡]ق‬y ‫א( '&
א‬d ‫طא‬ca‫"د‬
K‫ وא‬MP‫دא‬V‫א‬3&/}&L*@R?‫א وא‬V‫א‬3 ‫?א‬Y
&L‫لو‬K‫א‬8XH
"‫"د‬
K?,‫אنא‬B1?
&LV‫אن !*א א‬B1C/‫א وא‬V‫א‬3 ‫א‬89:I‫و& د‬

GGS- &`2/o_ &‫*א‬+ ‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬GG

‫ن‬6mYY
YY"rYY ]YY l ?YY 'ً+YY2YY ‫ن‬1‫ض‬YY J
ST YY
&YY'(‫ل‬YY>
YY"ًY ‫ع"د‬YY‫و‬YY@
_!YYY ‫
א‬YYY"ًY Y‫?"د‬YYY:XH‫و‬i&YYYL B ?mYYYBYYYBoM
KE -‫ א‬+# k6:MF a‫ א‬
]Y ∆ x :3YB&k ‫א‬g`& ‫א‬¢p‫ذא‬AB J
∆ A &‫א‬/}( ‫نא‬AB@7 ∆ t :3‫]ز‬B/
Wi ‫א‬I
cO
∆ A = l ∆ x
WI"36"
&'(‫א‬d ‫א‬/}( ‫نא‬+
‫و‬
∆Φ m = B ∆ A = B l ∆ x
W
:S- &‫א &`א‬/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬I+ ‫و‬
∆Φ m
emf = −
∆t
W‫ن‬+
‫و‬
∆Φ m Bl ∆ x ∆ x
emf = − = − = − Bl ( )
∆t ∆t ∆t
∆ x
but v = ⇒ emf = − B l v
∆t
K`& ‫*א‬¢_ y ‫
א &"א‬: v ,S- &`2/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫! "
א‬g*‫و‬
W‫ن‬ABEr& ‫ א‬+# ‫א‬Fd ‫א‬BoM8XH
" θ ‫א &`אو‬M"28XH J"1 J
emf = − B l v sin θ
‫א‬9:M8XH‫ن‬+‫ن‬1iBٍ C/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬-
!1
"‫@? _!ل‬1hiO@*‫و‬
KE θ = 90 o F
&'(‫א‬d ‫طא‬ca8XH
"ً‫ "د‬C‫א‬

131 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W
:S- &`2/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫"*א‬Z Ly ‫نא א א‬11G
K`& ‫א‬M"2–3K`& ‫–'لא‬2K
&'(‫א‬d ‫א‬BoM–1
Kd ‫א‬BoM8XH‫א &`و‬M"28XHk3!W‫–א אوא‬4

GG‫
א]دد‬YY*+ ‫א‬3 ‫ א‬GG

‫ل‬Y>/?Y‫אن‬3‫دو‬Y"Y*MY'
Y HY+@+‫א‬Yc ‫ א‬Y_ ‫ز‬Y*Q?Y: ‫وא‬1
*+ ‫א א‬
K?
&'(
YB‫?دא‬B'k ‫א('&
و‬d ‫طא‬cac-?@ABE'(¤ckZ‫אن‬3‫دو‬B
K8Xn‫وא‬# ‫ (}א‬,_ &
*M3L
"‫א!ل‬I+Jo_ &*M
WIE +# MF ‫א‬M]W?6MLG
ً‫א‬QE'(I"36":‫و‬W57E'(–1
‫ن‬1YYHYY:‫و‬K‫ن‬iYY- 8YY6c‫س‬YY ‫אא‬9YY +YYe
YY"
K
*ME'(‫و‬1SP‫دא‬E'(‫ن‬+
ZI"36":‫*
و‬+ ‫@ جא‬n‫א‬m":‫و‬WZ–2
‫ن‬1IYY+JYYME'YY(‫א‬¤YYckYYrYY c &YY
KV "‫و‬1‫ وא‬I‫ن‬+
‫אن‬3‫و‬L:‫و‬Z‫א‬/c‫ن‬i! LW‫@=ق‬H -–3
K
&'(‫لא‬K‫א‬/Z‫א‬
i
ً Y M‫ن‬YY+ ‫א‬IYY‫ن‬YY 7‫ ن‬YYeBYY:‫و‬W‫ ن‬YYeB–4
KQ3‫א‬P‫ن א‬i! L‫و‬k - ‫א‬k -‫א‬HEiL*
W ‫א‬Z/ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫&{א‬G
K B
:
&'(‫א‬d ‫א‬BoM‫ن‬1‫ و‬l :Z‫ن'لא‬1‫ وאو‬I‫ن‬+ Z‫نא‬1‫–אً@]ض‬1
IYY v YYc‫" ?א‬YY2
YYcOL
YY ‫ و‬r YY:cZ!YY@YYP‫!دא‬YY?YY@AB83YY¥‫ل‬YYZYY‫א‬3‫و‬YYYY"–2
Wi ‫א‬
v = rω
Wi ‫א‬I
cOL
:‫
א &"א אوو‬: ω ,
ω = 2 π f
K‫א ]دد‬: f ,
‫א‬9Y:
&Y‫و‬F
&Y'(‫א‬dY ‫طא‬Yca
Y"ًY‫"د‬8‫& א‬Y‫ن‬YMY"‫אن‬3‫و‬Y ‫א‬1YZ‫نא‬1‫–وض‬3
"& ‫א‬8XHk3!W‫א אوא‬5@M,Q
H?@‫א‬3‫دو‬71 C‫و‬S7E?! ‫?وא‬Y ‫א‬
W‫ن‬+Lً-2@M‫ذ‬M‫و‬9P"‫ و‬θ ‫
א אو‬: B
&'(‫א‬d ‫א‬BoM8XH‫ و‬v c‫א‬
132 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W
:Z‫א@א‬Q1/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬
emf = B l v sin θ
K7sB‫دא‬Z‫א‬I -‫@א‬j‫א‬/ ‫و‬
WI"36"Z‫א‬/ ‫א‬+ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬+L
‫و‬
emf = 2 B l v sin θ
W
" !g v I"d ‫و‬
emf = 2 B l v sin θ = 2 B l r ω sin θ = ( 2 l r )B ω sin θ
W, A Z‫א‬c2&I"36" ( 2 l r ) 3‫א‬-‫א‬I+ ‫و‬
A = l × 2 r
Wi ‫! "
א‬g
‫و‬KZ‫"ضא‬: 2 r ,
emf = B A ω sin θ
W
:?B ‫א‬T_ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬+L N ‫"د‬Iً@+Z‫نא‬+"‫و‬
emf = N B A ω sin θ →1
KI ‫ًא‬6Q}( Lo_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬1hiO@*‫و‬
Y6L:Y"‫ و‬sin 90 o = 1 ‫ن‬AYB 90 o :3YY‫אو‬ZY‫א‬3‫و‬Y"‫–و‬4
YY-
YYT ‫א‬YY* ‫نא‬11K
YYT ‫א‬YY* *@ o_ &YY‫א‬YYB‫א א‬YY- ‫א‬
W
:o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬
emf max = N B A ω → 2
W
:o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬-
T ‫وא *א‬T_ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬ki ‫نא‬1hiO@2‫و‬1I
emf = emf max sin θ
Wi ‫א‬I
cOL θ ‫نא אو‬1Ti[‫و‬
θ = ω t = 2 π f t
Wً‫ذא‬H
emf = N B A ω sin θ ⇔ emf = 2 π N B A f sin ( 2 π f t )
emf = emf max sin θ ⇔ emf = emf max sin ( 2 π f t )
W ‫"
א א א‬Z L ‫א‬/ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬11S3 ‫אد‬I‫و‬
K
&'(‫א‬d ‫א‬BoM–2KZ‫א‬V ‫–"د‬1
KZ‫*א‬3‫و‬y ‫–א &"א אوא‬4KZ‫?א‬Q‫–&و‬3
K‫ل‬K‫א‬8XH
"ً‫"د‬8‫ن& א‬M"?‫وو‬T/?‫و‬kZ‫*א‬y ‫–א אوא‬5
W‫ن‬1hiO@r62s‫و‬GG
Y‫א‬¤Yj‫א‬U_Y?YoI+J‫א‬9:8}(L‫ن‬1‫و‬3‫دو‬Z!@ M?:XH}(Q3‫א‬P‫א א‬/3‫א‬3 ‫א‬
/! ‫
א‬Hz LS7
T"*@
H! ‫א‬I3 ‫א‬e‫دאد‬LM3‫لدو‬ia?@1,Kً-2
a1! ‫
א‬Hz LS7
T"*@
HCI‫دאد‬L‫?و‬:XH}( S73‫א و‬I‫ول‬R‫א‬Z! ‫א‬
133 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
K3‫دو‬/` ‫ذ‬3+ ‫و‬3‫א و‬I

@o ‫א‬Z! ‫א‬/
?:XH}( 9 ‫א‬3 ‫?א‬:?‫א]دد‬3 ‫ن?א‬11K?‫א]دد‬3 ‫?א‬Y-c ‫א‬89*}( 9 ‫א‬3 ‫و&
א‬
K?I ‫א‬3‫!دو‬
WE‫א]دد‬3 ‫ א‬F ‫" א‬zGO
‫ولא‬j‫وא‬
emf T_ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬ sin θ θ ‫אن‬3‫زאوא و‬ d ‫طא‬c6& Z‫وא‬ ‫م‬
0 0 0o 1

+ emf max + 1 90 o 2

0 0 180 o 3

− emf max − 1 270 o 4

0 0 360 o 5

W I ‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬eGG

T ‫@* *א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬6L"
T ‫@* *א‬6L,_ &‫א‬3 ‫א‬e‫ن‬1r62B13
ً ‫'د‬2 L,_ &‫א‬3 ‫א‬e‫ن‬11Ko_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫مא‬L",_ &‫א‬3 ‫א‬e‫م‬L‫و‬
YB‫א א‬Y- ‫א‬I"‫א‬k@‫א‬- 7sk@‫א‬- I 3 ‫א‬eI"}6 ‫א‬I+J‫א‬9 Ko_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬
W‫ن‬+
‫و‬o_ &‫א‬
I = I max sin θ ⇔ I = I max sin ( 2 π f t )

GG‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬- ‫א‬GG

‫ن‬Y+ BWkLY
YT ‫א‬Y* *@
Y H‫]دد‬Y‫א‬3Y ‫א‬Ye !LZ‫א‬V‫א‬3‫دو‬I3‫ دو‬M/?@1r62sT=
3‫لدو‬iYa?Y cY2 ‫א‬Y- ‫نא‬Y+L
Y ‫و‬3‫و‬Y ‫א‬IY
@Yo ‫א‬Z! ‫א‬/ − I max ‫ولو‬R‫א‬Z! ‫א‬/ + I max
KCZM
9 &OL,3‫א‬3 ‫א‬8XH
"Z L= ‫א‬3‫אא‬M‫ن‬ABٍ C/‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬3‫"و‬I+ ‫و‬
‫نل‬1MKE8Xn‫א‬I"T ‫א‬d(F*+ ‫א‬V_# ‫א‬M| @3‫א‬cM*+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬
K3‫א‬3 ‫א‬eً‫'د‬2 L9 &‫*א‬+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬
&‫א‬F8Xn‫אא‬3 ‫[دא‬H
:‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬# ‫א‬- ‫سא‬- -' mB15@M‫א‬9
K‫و‬-/‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬: y ‫א‬3- ‫א‬E@ 9 ‫وא‬13‫אא‬ME@ 9 ‫א‬E
W‫ن‬11K I max 3
T ‫א *א‬I0.707Z I eff ‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬# ‫א‬- ‫نא‬1QO‫و‬- ‫و‬
I eff = 0.707 I max
W‫ن‬11Ko_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫ א‬o‫و‬
emf eff = 0.707 emf max
134 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
YMEY@Y 9Y ‫& א‬Y‫א‬3 ‫א‬e?*@?‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬# ‫א‬- ‫?א‬ZLI+Jً‫ذא‬H
K?I ‫א‬E@/‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬: y ‫א‬3- ‫א‬E@ 9 ‫وא‬13‫אא‬
‫}؟‬612Z‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬# ‫א‬- ‫نא‬1UGG
2?Le &3L: y ‫א‬3‫אא‬c ‫&وא‬L3 ‫אא‬9:: y ‫א‬3‫אא‬c ‫نא‬1` ‫ذ‬U
KI ‫א‬E@‫ل‬ia‫ و‬C‫א‬E@/}61
W ¥o1GG

&Y'(‫ل‬Y>
Y"
Y"ًY‫"د‬Y‫و‬Y 200
Y"Y SY210‫و‬58‫د‬Y1 +# ‫ א‬c &Z–1
‫ذא‬ABKi&L 4 × 10 −3 ?mBBoMST
‫?؟‬B ‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬3‫א‬-BK@70.1/Z‫א‬
WVc‫א‬
A = 5 × 10 = 50 cm 2 = 50 × 10 −4 m 2 G N = 200 Turns G B = 4 × 10 −3 Tesla G ∆ t = 0.1 sec
W ‫א‬
W:Z‫¦]قא‬9 ‫א('&
א‬d ‫ א‬J
Φ m = B A = 50 × 10 −4 × 4 × 10 −3 = 2 × 10 −5 Weber
/}( Y ‫א‬3‫א‬Y-‫ن‬Y+‫א‬9Y EMY‫א‬8YXn‫א‬/IY+ ‫&
و‬Y'(‫א‬d ‫א‬E@?]¦Z‫א‬-O"‫ و‬J
W:d ‫א‬
∆ Φ m = 2 × 10 −5 − ( −2 × 10 −5 ) = 4 × 10 −5 Weber
Wi ‫א‬IZ‫א‬/ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬3‫א‬-
cO
‫ و‬J
∆Φ m 4 × 10 −5
emf = − N = − 200 × = −0.08 Volt
∆t 0 .1
- ‫א‬/3‫دو‬1800:3‫א‬-T "&3‫و‬S215‫و‬258‫د‬1‫ و‬300?L ‫ "د‬c &Z–2
3‫ل‬ia?B ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫§א‬2 &ABKi&L0.365mBBoM
&'(‫>ل‬/
‫؟‬3‫دو‬
WVc‫א‬
A = 25 × 15 × 10 −4 m 2 G N = 300 Turns G B = 0.365 Tesla G f = 1800 cycle / min .
W ‫א‬
Wً‫ذא‬HK@o I ‫א‬DV‫א‬3‫"دא و‬Z‫א ]دد‬W‫ن‬1,
1800
f = = 30 cycle / sec .
60
W,+ ‫א‬3‫א و‬I‫ز‬Q@*‫و‬
1 1 1
f = ⇒ T = = sec .
T f 30
W:3‫دو‬3I‫نز‬+
‫و‬
1 1 1 1
t = ×T = × = sec .
4 4 30 120
135 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
W:Z‫¦]قא‬9 ‫א('&
א‬d ‫نא‬1,‫و‬
∆ Φ m = B A = 0.365 × 25 × 15 × 10 −4 = 136.875 × 10 −4 Weber
W:3‫دو‬3‫ل‬iaZ‫א‬/ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫§א‬2 ‫ن‬+‫و‬
∆Φ m 136.875 × 10 −4
emf = − N = − 300 × = − 492.75 Volt
∆t 1 / 120
‫ل‬Y>/Y- ‫א‬/3‫دو‬600‫ل‬Y3‫و‬YY]0.25?*Q‫ &و‬800I‫ن‬+ ‫د‬Z–3
Y 30 o :3YY‫!زאو‬YY"o_ &Y‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬Q‫و‬HKi&L 10 −3 ?mBBoM
&'(
‫א('&
؟‬d ‫א‬
WVc‫א‬
A = 0.25 m 2 G N = 800 Turns G B = 10 −3 Tesla G f = 600 cycle / min . G θ = 30 o
W ‫א‬
600
Q ω = 2π f = 2π = 62.8
60
⇒ emf = N B A ω sin θ = 800 × 10 −3 × 0.25 × 62.8 × sin 30 o = 6.28 Volts
&ABK5 B122
:‫*
]دد‬M IX ‫*א‬+ ‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬- ‫א‬5@M‫ذא‬H–4
‫ ؟‬50 o :3‫אو‬Z‫א‬3‫"و‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬
WVc‫א‬
emf eff = 122 Volts G θ = 50 o
W ‫א‬
Q emf eff = 0.707 emf max
⇒ 122 = 0.707 emf max ⇒ emf max = 172.56 Volts
but emf = emf max sin θ
⇒ emf = 172.56 sin 50 o = 132.18 Volts

:BK5 B240:‫*א ل‬j‫قא‬B‫}و‬6110
:P‫دא‬/ ‫א‬3 ‫א‬e5@M‫ذא‬H–5
‫؟‬B‫א א‬- ‫وא‬3 ‫א‬Iًi+
T ‫א *א‬
WVc‫א‬
I eff = 10 Amp . G emf eff = 240 Volts
W ‫א‬
Q I eff = 0.707 I max
10
⇒ I max = = 14.14 Amp .
0.707
Q emf eff = 0.707 emf max
240
⇒ emf max = = 339.5 Volts
0.707

136 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
GG‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬S-LGG

K &3L?Q1‫وא‬8XH/J?Q?‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬S-L?Y!-O
W o‫]دد‬3LI &3L
"‫א!ل‬c Lo‫א‬V-6c ‫א‬I}o+ ‫نא‬R` ‫وذ‬
K*L6M
*+ ‫لא _ א‬iaIV‫א א‬d}mp–1
KV-6c ‫א‬I:}‫و‬K W‫א‬V@ ‫א‬I_e–2
:8Xn‫אא‬3 ‫א‬3 ‫ودא‬1 &‫א‬3 ‫و א‬
‫אل‬6 YY2HYY:‫&§و‬YY YYLYY‫]دد‬YY‫א‬3YY ‫א‬YY‫&?د‬YY@
9YYY ‫?وא‬3YYY ‫مא‬YYY-?YYYY
&YYYOYYYk @YYY‫א‬k YYY-‫א‬
WIE +# MFM]

Y"‫ ن‬6ok!@
H-#BQ@@‫א‬c2H J
d6 ‫*א‬mI"‫=ن‬OM?"‫אنوو=ن‬3‫א و‬3¥
EY@‫ل‬YZY‫א‬Y‫אن‬3‫و‬Y‫و‬Y*r#Y ‫©א‬Y ‫د"ز‬

YY"ًY ‫"د‬r#YY ‫& א‬YY‫ن‬YY+‫ن‬1
YY"‫א‬O‫אنو‬3‫و‬YY ‫א‬3YY¥
YT_ ‫א‬/ ‫ نאدא ز‬e ‫א‬EiOLyZ‫& א‬
B‫א א‬- ‫*א‬B‫ن‬+Ly ‫א‬T_ ‫א‬1
"ً‫"د‬Z‫*& א‬B‫ن‬+y ‫א‬
Kً‫א‬CZZ‫א‬/ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬
W &‫א‬3 ‫" دא‬eG

"ً‫"د‬Z‫*& א‬B‫ن‬+y ‫א‬T_ ‫א‬I‫אن‬3‫א و‬1Z‫نא‬1‫–ض‬1
Kً‫א‬CZZ‫א‬/ ‫א‬o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫*א‬B‫ن‬+Ly ‫א‬T_ ‫א‬1
e ‫نא‬+ 23‫ول و‬R‫א‬Z! ‫لא‬ia?@1hiO@‫א‬9 +# ‫א‬/‫א‬8Xn‫א‬/3‫و‬2Z‫نא‬1‫–وض‬2
3Y ‫א‬YJ
Y ‫و‬2SY3@‫א‬cY2R‫א‬Z!Y &YiE2FNYe ‫وא‬1SY3@‫א‬c2R‫א‬Z! &iE1FN
KE2FN
HE1FNI8Xn‫א‬/Q3‫א‬P‫א א‬/3 ‫א‬J‫ن‬1?"L]k8XH/Z‫א‬/
*+ ‫א‬
Z!@E1FNe ‫א‬EiO Bk e 6& @‫א‬c2R‫و@!
א‬E+&B3‫@
و‬o ‫א‬Z! ‫א‬/1
ZY‫א‬/3Y ‫א‬3‫و‬Y8YXHE+Y
Y ‫و‬1SY3@‫א‬c2R‫א‬Z! &iE2FNe ‫وא‬2S3@‫א‬c2R‫א‬
I‫ول‬R‫א‬Z! ‫א‬/3 ‫א‬8XHE@:‫و‬E2FN
HE1FNI8Xn‫א‬/Q3‫א‬P‫א א‬/3 ‫א‬J` 9‫و‬
‫א‬I‫ج‬3‫א‬3 ‫نא‬11ًP‫دא‬6 2E2FNe ‫ًوא‬P‫دא‬6QE1FNe ‫نא‬+L` 9‫و‬K3‫א و‬
K8Xn‫نא‬+
5_6C1*@1IS ‫*"
א‬+ ‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬1Ti[‫و‬GG

T"*@
HCI* }( L,- ‫ א‬75& *@1=H8Xn‫א‬
KE +# k6O:MFZ‫א‬V‫א‬3‫دو‬I3‫دو‬Z!@ MC
HS7

137 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬

Y ‫(}و‬C‫*زوא‬V‫א‬I‫م"د‬G &@ً6-L# ‫א‬57‫و‬8Xn‫א‬3L
"‫و _!ل‬GG
Kk- kP^Z M C,V‫"دא‬Z‫א&و‬QR‫א‬I‫
"د‬H3 ‫مא‬-S&-O
‫ن‬1IY{Y‫و‬ª Y ‫א‬/3Y ‫}א‬Y(L
Y"‫אل‬Y ‫@
א‬Y6 ‫א§א‬/‫ א ج‬G &‫א‬V‫"دא‬V‫زאد‬M‫و‬
KE &3LFً6-L# ‫א‬576!‫א‬3 ‫نא‬11Kً- &ًca‫ن‬+

GG
*+ ‫لא‬W‫א‬GG

‫دل‬6 ‫א‬,‫*א]ددو "?"
א‬+ ‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬da‫و‬1B ‫م‬G &O‫*ز‬Q:
*+ ‫لא‬W‫א‬
Kkk
WI +# MW?6MLGG
‫ول‬YY
@YY`YY2IYYZYYIYY"3YY6"YY:‫و‬W
P‫א‬YY HZYY–1
K*ma‫و‬1*B3‫א]ددאאد‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬3!8B' !
ًmY1‫ول‬Y
@`2IZI"36":‫و‬W@7Z–2
KX ‫א]ددא‬B‫א א‬- :‫אد‬H‫אאد‬P‫ א‬8B' !
Y-3PYCY"Yª:
Y"!YOW‫وع‬Yc‫א‬Y‫א‬IY–3
K‫א وא‬V‫א‬3 ‫א‬I‫دوא‬-‫*א‬+ ‫א‬c ‫ א‬- d6 ‫*א‬mI" ‫و‬
K‫א‬- ‫@لא‬o ‫
وא‬P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬Z‫و‬
W ‫א‬+BGG
Y‫&
و‬Y'(‫ل‬Y>?Ya‫?وא‬Y Y B
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/‫]دد‬3LJ@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬P‫دא‬r"
o_ &B‫ًدא‬m1?B B@o ‫א‬Z‫ א‬a‫א('&
دא‬d ‫طא‬caX
"‫א‬- ‫א‬
EY@8‫دد‬YL‫ن‬Y+@Yo ‫א‬Z‫א‬P‫دא‬/‫*
]دد‬M3LJ‫و‬3! B‫א א‬- ‫א‬I 1‫و‬1M1‫]دد‬
K
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/3 ‫ددא‬L
W‫ل‬W‫
א‬/k *+ ‫א‬k B‫א א‬kL- ‫א‬ki ‫א‬GG

P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬I"qL ‫א('&
א‬d ‫نא‬11F
&'(‫א‬d ‫א‬/-B1‫د‬Q‫–אً@]ض"مو‬1
K N s :@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫ و"د‬N p :
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫ن"د‬1‫و‬E@o ‫א‬Z‫
א‬H?MJ
YB‫دא‬YE@Yo ‫א‬1F?YB ?@AB@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬P‫دא‬r‫
و‬P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/‫א]دد‬3 ‫א‬3‫–"و‬2
Wi ‫א‬I?LI+J V s ,_ &*Q‫ق‬B‫و‬1o_ &
∆Φ m
Vs = − N s →1
∆t
YB‫دא‬Y
P‫א‬Y n‫א‬ZY‫א‬/Y L?Y@AB3!Yًi!
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬-‫@و‬o ‫א‬Z‫א‬P‫ دא‬B"–3
YoM1‫=دאد‬,3 ‫א‬p
" L‫و‬3! B‫א א‬- ‫ نא‬L V p
L‫א‬9 ‫א‬,o_ &
Wi ‫א‬I
cOL
:‫
و‬P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫_]قא‬B‫زم‬i ‫א‬I
138 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
∆Φ m
V p = − N p → 2
∆t
W
" !g2‫و‬1kL=‫&אد‬-‫و‬
Vs Ns
= → 1*
Vp Np
K V p
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z B‫א א‬- V s @o ‫א‬Z B‫א א‬- ‫طא‬6L3HMk6OLi ‫א‬89:‫و‬
W‫ن‬11 N Z‫א‬V ‫ً'دً"د‬62L2 L V o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫نא‬1hiO@M
V ∝ N
W:V=W‫א‬I‫@"ن‬¢:‫ن‬1hiO@ًm1*‫و‬G
‫ن‬+L
‫
و‬P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫"د‬IM1@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫ن"د‬+?B‫و‬W*| B‫لא א‬W‫–א‬1
W,
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬IM1@o ‫א‬/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬
Ns < N p ⇒ V s < V p
‫ن‬+L
‫
و‬P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫"د‬I 1@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫ن"د‬+?B‫و‬W*| dB‫لא‬W‫–א‬2
W,
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬I(C1@o ‫א‬/o_ &‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬
Ns > N p ⇒ V s > V p
W‫ل‬W‫
א‬/I3 ‫
א‬Leki ‫א‬GG
W‫ن‬1N‫אو‬I
t I ‫א‬C I 3 ‫א‬eC V *j‫قא‬BZ*+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬
W‫ن‬+c ‫א‬-‫@ن‬- ً6L?@AB*+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬/-B‫د‬Q‫وض"مو‬
@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬/9 &‫א‬c ‫א‬Z
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/9 &‫*א‬+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬
W‫ن‬11
Vs Ip
V s × I s × t = V p × I p × t ⇔ V s × I s = V p × I p ⇒ = → 2 *
Vp Is
W ‫א‬i ‫! "
א‬g 1 * ‫ و‬1 * I
Ip Ns 1
= ⇒ V ∝ N ∝
Is Np I
Z‫א‬V ‫ن"د‬M‫ذא‬H?@1` ‫ذ‬U‫و‬K?L ‫& ً"د‬+"2 Lk‫א‬IZ1/3 ‫א‬eW‫ن‬11

HB‫א א‬- ‫?א‬BLL‫و‬Z! ‫
א‬HdG@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬3L‫ن‬AB
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫"د‬Z@o ‫א‬
KZm ‫א‬
Y
Y HY*j‫א‬YB3Y"?Y@R`Y ‫وذ‬Y*+ ‫ א‬LVc¥"B‫א‬3V=¥‫אم‬G 2H:1k6 @*‫و‬
I
cOLy ‫*وא‬+ ‫א‬3- ‫א‬/- ‫ لא‬-
‫אًو‬QmGS
H3 ‫א‬e -Lً‫א‬Q "
W ‫א‬i ‫א‬
I 2 3 ‫א‬eC R ‫و‬-‫א‬Z I 3 ‫א‬eC V *j‫قא‬BZ*+ ‫א‬3- ‫א‬
139 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
‫ن‬ABCR‫ ?א‬I 1 / 100 3‫א‬-B‫لא א‬W‫א‬c2‫ א‬- ‫א‬¢i21/3‫*

א‬+ ‫א‬3 ‫א‬da¬B
?LYeE
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/3 ‫ א‬x‫ذא‬H‫د‬-‫א‬c ‫א‬I 1 / 10000 3‫א‬- - 2‫د‬-‫א‬c ‫א‬
K
‫و‬R‫א‬
W
*+ ‫لא‬W‫א‬V‫א‬G 2HGG
K‫אس‬QR‫وא‬VQio ‫ نوא‬M ‫*א‬QR‫א‬d (#L–1
¢iY2R‫א‬Y"YVB&Y
"*Mi* 2HIM1
H*+ ‫ א‬LVc¥I*+ ‫א‬3- ‫ א‬-@–2
K*+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬/M9O-B‫א@دون‬
IMY1Y"Y*| mBaV=¥‫م‬G &OL ‫א‬Vc¥"*| B‫א‬3V=¥‫م‬G &L,
K3 ‫א]ددوزدא‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬d¢i* 2n‫א‬
W
*+ ‫لא‬W‫א‬MGG
‫&و‬YL
P‫א‬Y n‫א‬ZY‫א‬/9 &Y‫א‬Y*+ ‫א‬Yc ‫نא‬1U‫ل‬W‫א‬/*+ ‫א‬c -B¢:I+4‫ذ‬H
‫د‬YQ}Y‫ل‬YW‫אא‬9Y: YoIY+ ‫ و‬100 % ‫ن‬+L‫ل‬W‫א‬M‫ن‬AB@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬/9 &‫*א‬+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬
Z‫א‬/*+ ‫א‬c ‫@وא‬o ‫א‬Z‫א‬/*+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬k6& ‫?א‬I"36"
:?‫ل‬W‫א‬M?YBKً"
W‫ن‬11K η uO‫
?و‬P‫ א‬n‫א‬
Vs × I s × t Vs × I s
η = =
Vp × I p × t Vp × I p
W1ª‫א‬6& ‫ _!ل"
א‬100/i ‫א‬89:{mOL‫و‬
Vs × I s
η = × 100
Vp × I p
W ‫{א‬62© c -B~?@1: 100 % ? PM‫ل‬¥‫د‬Q‫"مو‬62‫و‬G
IY¢iY2R‫!א‬YL` ‫جذ‬i ‫و‬W¢i2R‫وא‬-6&3‫
'א‬H*+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬IQ‫ل‬p–1
K}(C* ‫و‬-‫ن‬+LyT‫ن‬+L‫ن‬1[‫א _سو‬
i ‫و‬W‫א‬- ‫א‬/‫دوא‬V‫א‬3L L| @3‫
'א‬H*+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬IaQ‫ل‬p–2
ً YLً=Y"*mYIY"‫ل‬YOL‫@
و‬+&Y ‫وعא‬Yc‫א‬Y‫א‬Iً‫א‬Q-3P‫א‬eI‫א‬- ‫ذ `!א‬
K‫א وא‬V‫א‬3 ‫א‬IZmO9 ‫א‬R‫א‬- ‫وא‬- B
- &'(‫א‬Vªj‫`א‬p/9 &OL+@+'
H*+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬I, 7Q‫ل‬p–3
K?LªQM *& ‫وع‬c‫אא‬I‫א‬- ‫!א‬O‫א‬9 W‫א‬
‫א[و‬9 W@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬V c-LiB‫א‬- ‫جא‬3a
&'(‫א‬d ‫طא‬cad{&L–4
K?ً6‫و‬1@o ‫א‬Z‫ א‬a‫
دא‬P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬
W ¥o1GG
/*+ ‫א‬B‫א א‬- ‫א‬5@M‫ذא‬H5 B8
cO٪80?LM
*M‫ل‬¥
"MO
*M‫س‬Q–1
3 ‫א‬e
:‫ ؟و‬1100
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫ن"د‬M‫ذא‬H@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬V ‫"د‬BK5 B220‫אل‬
‫}؟‬610.1
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/3‫א‬3 ‫א‬e5@M‫ذא‬H@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬/
140 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
WVc‫א‬
η = 80 % G N p = 1100 Turns G V s = 8 Volts G V p = 220 Volts G I p = 0.1 Amp .
W ‫א‬
Vs × I s Ip Ns Vs × N p
Q η = × 100 and = ⇒ η = × 100
Vp × I p Is Np Vp × N s
Vs × N p 8 × 1100
⇒ N s = × 100 = × 100 = 50 Turns
Vp ×η 220 × 80
Ip Ns I Np
= ⇔ s =
Is Np Ip Ns
Np 1100
⇒ I s = ×Ip = × 0.1 = 2.2 Amp .
Ns 50
e&AB5 B48:@o ‫*?א‬Q‫و‬5 B110:dBa‫ل‬¥/
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫*א‬Q‫ن‬M‫ذא‬H–2
/Y*+ ‫א‬Yc ‫}"ًنא‬615.5@o ‫א‬Z‫א‬/3 ‫א‬e5@M‫ذא‬H
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬/J9 ‫א‬3 ‫א‬
‫@؟‬o ‫א‬Z‫
א‬Hu- @H"٪4-L
P‫ א‬n‫א‬Z‫א‬
WVc‫א‬
V s = 48 Volts G V p = 110 Volts G I s = 5.5 Amp .
W ‫א‬
η = 100 % − 4 % = 96 %
Vs × I s V × Is 48 × 5.5
Q η = × 100 ⇒ I p = s × 100 = × 100 = 2.5 Amp .
Vp × I p Vp ×η 110 × 96

GGE3L‫א‬F &‫*
א‬+ ‫א‬3 ‫א‬¢¥GG
‫م‬G &YO‫ز‬Y*QY:3 YL‫وא‬1 &‫*

א‬+ ‫א‬3 ‫א‬¢¥
KEMF+@+'
H*+ ‫א‬c ‫ _ א‬
W?6MLG
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H?6#3L‫א‬ML
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‫אن‬-‫א‬86c‫אא س‬9 +e
"E'(–1
K‫ن‬i-
‫ول‬Y‫سא‬Y_ ‫א‬IY`Y2IY +#Y ‫ א‬c &Z–2
YY‫א‬IYYYY‫ل‬YYً Y 'NYY‫}و‬6YYM?YYL ‫د‬YY"
V‫א‬3YY ‫ א‬Y - YY ‫و‬YY-3PYYCIYY‫ن‬YY+‫وع‬YYc‫א‬
‫אن‬3‫ن و‬i‫א‬- ‫و?א‬Z‫وא‬K‫א وא‬
141 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
KE'(‫א‬¤ck
‫אنوو=ن‬3‫א و‬3¥
"‫ ن‬6o
!@
Hً '-#2g@‫א‬c21
!Z‫א‬B' ! –3

YY"ًY‫א@"د‬cY2R‫!
א‬YY YC ‫א‬r#YY 3Y‫& א‬YY‫نא‬Y+‫ن‬1
YY"‫א‬O‫و‬Y ‫د"ز‬Y*mYIYY"‫?و‬Y"
KZ‫& א‬
3L‫( א‬#L"‫ن‬iCL‫א@*و‬3‫دو‬71@‫א‬c2R‫&ن@!
א‬iOL‫ نو‬7‫وאن‬1‫ن‬+ ‫א‬I‫ ن‬eB–4
KQ3‫א‬3c6 ‫א‬¤c-
W?"+BG
`Y2/
Y*M3YLY‫ذא‬H?Y@1,Y¢Y_ ‫א‬ZY‫]ذوא‬
@Yj‫ א‬Y"+B*&@
:3L‫" א‬+B‫و‬
i
ً YM
Y"‫"د‬8XH/?+p
" L-7 2`& ‫نא‬AB
&'(‫ع"دً"
>ل‬
K
&'(‫لא‬K‫א‬8XH‫و‬3 ‫א‬8XHI
‫ن‬1?Y"q 9 ‫א‬R‫א‬8Xn‫א‬E@/‫אن‬3‫א و‬/ &‫ن‬1[
*+ ‫א‬¢W‫א‬Z‫ن‬1*‫א ق‬I+ ‫و‬
K3‫دو‬Z!@ M?:XH¢W‫א‬Z/3‫*
א‬+ ‫א‬3 ‫א‬E+
W`& ‫א‬M8XHkLG
Kr& ‫א ! א‬/:M‫ذ‬r& ‫?א‬q & ‫אم"?א א‬G 2A`& ‫א‬M8XHkLS
WZ M3‫لدو‬ia¢W‫" א‬eG
Z!Y &YiE1FYe ‫نא‬Y+L
&'(‫א‬d ‫طא‬cً‫אز‬1ً-B1Z‫ن& א‬+"–1
‫"א‬r6c ‫ و‬abcd 8Xn‫א‬/3 ‫א‬J9P"‫و‬2@‫א‬c2R‫א‬Z! &iE2Fe ‫وא‬1@‫א‬c2R‫א‬
- cd `& ‫א‬7
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H-7 ab `& ‫نא‬1hiO@k+& ‫א‬IًiM
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‫و‬r& ‫ א‬+# k6‫א‬8Xn‫א‬/Z‫אنא‬3‫زدوאج "
دو‬HkL- ‫א‬kL:I"#‫ و‬21
H
KM'Z‫א‬
Y"ًY‫م‬YyYً[3YL‫زدوאج‬n‫ "مא‬-
‫و‬kL- ‫א‬k‫א د‬O6 ‫ א‬-Z‫אنא‬3‫–و‬2
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L‫א‬9 ‫א‬83!}7L5p‫אن‬3‫א و‬/ &?+ ‫א('&
و‬d ‫طא‬ca
"ً‫"د‬Z‫ن& א‬+
KE*6& MHy ‫א‬M‫'א‬I"qL ‫א‬
*@‫א‬c2R‫دل@!א‬6 L‫א‬89:/I+ ‫و‬a1ً-B1Z‫& א‬6!‫אن‬3‫א و‬3‫ א‬2A–3
& ‫ א‬qB"r6c ‫ و‬dcba 8Xn‫א‬/J‫و‬Z‫א‬/3‫א‬3 ‫א‬8XHE+B‫ ن‬e 6&
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دو‬HkL- ‫א‬kL:
K
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T"
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‫و‬a1
142 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫ אא‬
Y ‫א‬89Y:3+ L‫و‬KM3‫¬دو‬1Z‫نא‬+` 9‫א('&

و‬d ‫طא‬cً‫אز‬Z‫& א‬
K3c6 ‫א‬I &‫*א‬+ ‫א‬c ‫א‬I+@+'
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K*+ ‫א‬

GGG ‫ אو‬GGG

143 rhomio_
rhomio_einstein007
L‫אد‬
007@yahoo.
‫" ﻣﻨﺘﺪي اﻟﻤـﻮﻗـﻊ اﻟﺘﻌـﻠﻴـﻤﻲ ﻟﻠـﻔﻴـﺰﻳﺎء "‬
‫‪http://www.hazemsakeek.com/vb/index.php‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬‫אא
‪L‬אא‪"?W‬زدوא א وא
?‬
‫"زدوא א وא
‬
‫‪ W #G‬‬
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c‬م‪.‬א
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‫‪
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‪ K‬‬
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=F‬אص وא‪zL‬‬
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‪ KE $‬‬
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א‪'c‬د‪ GG‬‬
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4,-^?2%k‬وא'‪^<N‬‬
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+ ً S0E‬א‪A8‬و‪F
X*1‬و=]>>‬
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‫א;‪$‬א‪l,‬א[‪,‬א‪= 0oc=k‬قא‪">C
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‫و(‪FE 0o‬א‪8‬א‪ KE7‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪144‬‬
‫" إﻋﺪاد اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ‪ /‬رﺟــﺐ ﻣﺼﻄﻔـــﻲ "‬
‫‪rhomio_einstein007@yahoo.comG0107198282‬‬
‫(^د?א[‪*77=,‬ع=‪ WA*$‬‬

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‫*‪ #S‬א‪= 0oc‬قא‪F
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+c‬‬
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‫‪
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‫ ‬
‫‪$.=KKK‬ذא"ذאً>‪o#‬א‪0of‬ع*א‪V‬ددא‪L‬א‪ {{{>>> 0‬‬
‫‪145‬‬
‫‪K%$7'"GG‬אא;ل‪(C‬وא‪a‬א‪0‬م‪*1900‬وא‪(?G94?t0‬نא*‪J‬א

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‪ *a‬‬
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%?27\4‬א‪0of‬عאد?^א‪KKKFa(]0>l$‬و‪Q‬אً‪c‬ند? ‬
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‫'‪S‬دא‪'(.a‬دو‪-0‬ول‪<Q>CF?4‬د?< א?><]‪K<E]<74l‬א=<\ن(‪F‬‬
‫"‪0<o‬ع‪a<+‬א‪{<i<<+7‬א‪?<<Y<Q+<<#‬אً‪4‬א‪<07+h<<]<.a‬ض‪L<<'80f‬‬
‫‪. 77‬א?אنאא‪ <7ً|?<>]<7)X<#=i<+7. <.a‬א‪<7c‬ص‬
‫)‪(<<2‬ن‪<<£‬ج<<^א‪]<*s<O,-<<<<#‬و‪0<<o"?<<<4$
<<+ <<<<%‬عא<<
א‪<<'c‬د?‬
‫و‪\=74‬نא‪#‬א‪ 4¤{70+_1‬א
א‪'c‬د‪ K‬‬
‫‪GG‬و‪0o"_
7‬عא
א‪'c‬د"=‪V‬ض?‪=?G94‬وض(‪ WA$%‬‬
‫‪(–1‬نא‪0‬عא‪A8‬و‪îm7+
X*1‬وא‪_1jL‬אً(ود=‪^<L<0‬א‪ <)S‬‬
‫><<
‪?<<<4$‬א‪(?<<8‬و?א><<ن?‪F‬وא‪<<Y <<$E]<<4<<#+9S<<j"<<8‬ود`>‪<<2#‬‬
‫א‪^8} $E1j($>A($E k-7‬ود‪E%‬و‪\=74‬نא‪0of‬عאد?^‬
‫‪146‬‬
‫א
א‪'c‬د‪DK%^'^?2‬א>‪ KL‬‬
‫‪E )X–2‬و(ود=‪X'*7> E 0‬د‪>Nً +‬ددא‪0of‬ع ‪#4 ν‬ن?‪?G94‬א‪ W7‬‬
‫) ‪ E = hν ( 1‬‬
‫و ‪ K h = 6.625 / 10 34 Joule . sec hG94Z4l% h‬‬
‫‪–3‬א‪0of‬عאد?^א
א‪8+%7‬ن‪K4K> 7‬ذ?א>]‪Eً#`¥7'$EF‬و‪DK% )X‬א‪?K‬א‪L‬א‪ً[+($8 4K4K7‬‬
‫(‪K .7_F‬و>‪^F7
E )XS0‬א‪ W )90‬‬
‫‪ E = nhν : n = 1 ,2 ,3 ,......‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪GG‬א‪_lm7‬א‪A8‬و‪ GGkO‬‬
‫ ‬
‫^א‪0‬و(نא<‪?K‬א‪F(L‬ذ?א‪<87>L‬ن<^<א‪ <2‬و"‪V8‬و<‪<> 2<'L‬و?‪<z‬و‪ <M‬א‪-<.‬א‪(L‬وא‪<0‬دن<(ن‪DK<%‬‬
‫א‪V8f‬و‪L‬א;‪ E‬دא‪a‬א‪0‬نو‪(NS7
>À*8‬ن>‪1‬د?‪F)2
4D‬א‪7‬ذא‪8>C‬ندא‪<.ً<$k‬א‪_lm<>Z<Fa‬‬
‫‪K‬א*א‪Ez‬و‪A-?<4$
+%‬א
‪K?S‬و‪K%^8‬א`}*‪(N‬ن<ج‪DK<%‬א‪V8f‬و<‪S<'^<L‬א‪<0‬ن"ذא<‬
‫(¦‪^ 2'* $EZS‬א‪' )S‬א‪ )X?jMZE,‬א?‪( +‬و‪ K kO )X‬‬
‫‪ 0o( 42(? MWً9$=G‬א‪l8‬د?אد‪ ooM‬א‪+-.7‬نوא‪8>>2$8‬نא‪ )S‬א‪?jMS0‬א?‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J‬א‪WEV‬و>‪DK%EV‬א‪^ 42c‬و‪,‬زو‪X‬א‪8‬غ‪^ًu‬א‪1‬زא‪^<F<.F<7L‬א<
?"<‬
‫א‪ .7=E&$‬א‪–&w
7‬א‪l8‬د–א‪– 82‬א‪c‬د‪F‬و‪8>DK%‬ن‪?<4$
+‬א=‪N‬א‪V8f‬و<?‪–E‬زوج<^א‪<c‬אא‪ <#=c‬‬
‫‪– Y‬زوج^א‪c‬אא(' ‪F X‬وزوא‪c‬א‪?<40>DK%‬א‪c‬אא;?= ?‪ KE‬‬
‫‪8= J‬א‪&w
>7+W$0‬א‪l8‬د‪4‬א'‪ .7= S‬א‪]*.S7*7=&w
7‬א‪V8f‬و‪L‬א‪4A.0>7+C‬א'‪ S‬א‪c‬دא‪FK‬‬
‫‪8+‬ن‪M+&j) s%.‬و'‪<J._1<j<#l<$A*ً9E‬ل‪0<o<.‬ع"‪V8‬و<د)<‪S<+<0‬م‪ o<4‬‬
‫א‪S#4 .7‬א‪.‬א‪k‬א ? {=?‪,O‬אً‪o
Fa(" S#^]>oi.7‬א‪?of‬א'‪ K .‬‬
‫‪7+$E‬א‪oM8J7‬א‪?7‬א‪V8f‬و‪F‬و‪74‬دא‪V8f‬و‪L‬א*‪4E #.S‬א'‪ S‬א‪F 82‬א‪8>C‬ن‪l84 .7‬د‪E‬‬
‫אد‪&4‬א‪l8‬دوא‪c‬د‪ K‬‬
‫(>]‪0o‬عא‪V8f‬و‪47=L‬א'‪ S‬א‪c‬אא;?= ‪NF‬א‪m4.0‬نא‪c‬אא‪ #=c‬א*‪ S#‬א[‪ s‬و‪74‬א‪0‬ع‬
‫א‪V8f‬و‪M‬א‪D@f‬א('‪]=$*4‬א‪c‬אא(' ‪M‬א‪D<@f‬א‪E<#=c‬وא<
‪ <4AEL`<p<A..‬و‪
<X*1‬‬
‫*'‪
}h§ 2‬א‪0‬عא‪]74l
4ً#=( o‬و‪D@"M‬وא‪0+l‬د"‪NO‬א‪2‬א‪M +‬ز^;‪Q‬و‪K<%$7
+‬א‬
‫א
دو?‪ً+‬و‪$78>C S# S#‬א?‪ K‬‬
‫وא‪8‬א‪¨(O+7‬ذج(‪ 0o( 42‬א‪l8‬د‪ W‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪147‬‬
‫‪.,O#
+*(G‬א‪l8‬د‪\=]*w
>^ً`4‬نא‪9aً[+(}?7‬لאא‪k‬و‪0‬ذ<‪(G‬نא‪V8f‬و<‪L?<L‬‬
‫‪04‬א[‪,‬و>
‪DK%M$‬א; ‪?<4‬א‪V8f‬و‪L‬א‪A8‬و‪? kO‬و>
‪$‬א‪?<48E%Q‬א‪_lm7‬א‪A8‬و‪K?kO‬‬
‫=<?א‪_lm7‬א‪A8‬و‪e<02"%<I?%?kO‬א‪V8f‬و<‪S<'^<L‬א‪_lm<>Z<-<.‬א<[‪,‬א<
)‪K?]<.‬و?א'< ‪DK<%‬‬
‫א‪w7
%Q‬مא‪A‬زא‪84&2‬א‪ K4#‬‬
‫و)‪Z*4‬א*‪k7‬وא‪%‬א‪L‬א‪( .$0‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪oª*%–1‬ط('';ل‪DK%‬א‪%Q‬و‪(%‬ن‪8+‬ن>دد‬
‫א‪0of‬عא
)(‪?<4$
> *0 $)^{E‬א<‪V‬ددא;<ج‬
‫‪<<^<<8}9<<={? ν c‬و‪<<oZ<<E<<$AAl‬א‪0<<of‬عא<<
)‬
‫‪-+t‬د>دد‪ K νc ^D‬‬
‫‪9S"–2‬قא‪V8f‬و‪FL‬و‪A7)X74‬א;‪<'*7+E E‬‬
‫‪>N‬ددא‪0of‬عא
)و](‪ K]>4 )9F‬‬
‫‪9S"–3‬قא‪V8f‬و‪8+L‬ن;‪oZE$Aً Q‬א‪0of‬ع‬
‫*‪ K [w‬‬
‫‪<<<<<<<<<<'*7+–4‬دא‪V8f‬و<<<<<‪L‬א*‪F <<<<<#.S‬و‪<<<<<74‬א‪?<<<<<7‬‬
‫א‪A8‬و‪XEkO‬د‪oNً+‬א‪0of‬عא
)"ذאزאد>دد‪^D‬א‪ $#‬א; ‪ K‬‬
‫‪G‬و‪DK% )*¤‬א*‪9a^k7‬لא*‪ +Q‬א‪F,[. 8'98‬א‪({70>C‬نא[‪(<E<#=L<^?2,‬ن‪ª<*%‬‬
‫>*)[ًوא‪ Wً9$=ًJO‬‬
‫‪E–1‬ن"‪7‬صא‪V8f‬و‪\<=$7
<8<47+ )S.L‬ن‪V<8"<E‬ون|‪N<$‬א‪+?<74 <)S‬و`‪<.2>C<?<J7+‬‬
‫‪^D+J7 =E $)]7)X‬א‪{-.‬و‪E‬ن‪K%‬א‪(ًJJj‬نא‪_lm7‬א‪A8‬و‪8>*kO‬ن‪o‬א‪0of‬ع‬
‫ ‪y14‬א*‪>^Q‬دد‪D‬و‪K%‬א‪iw+‬א‪%‬א‪c‬و‪ K‬‬
‫‪–2‬و*א
‪"12*+]\={2‬زد‪+‬دא‪ )S‬א;‪V8 E‬و‪L‬א*‪+-4 #.S‬د‪o‬א‪0of‬ع‬
‫و‪K%‬א‪iw+‬א‪%‬א ‪ K‬‬
‫‪«'2'E–3‬د‪am>"F‬ز‪e02"M‬א‪V8f‬و‪L‬و‪8>* ja‬ن‪o‬א‪0of‬ع‬
‫*‪ [w‬و^>
‪$87‬א‪V8f‬و‪L‬א‪ )S‬א‪Â. =8‬א‪0‬ن"`‪ <.+XV<=<04‬و‪K<%‬א‬
‫‪iw+‬א‪%‬א ‪ K‬‬
‫‪M(G‬م‪)#=1905‬مא‪_
>?^+7*+(?t0‬אً‪%Q‬א‪_lm7‬א‪A8‬و‪,<*4kO‬אً‪<.‬‬
‫=ض‪G94‬و‪DK%~w.7+‬א‪ W.+$=_
7‬‬
‫??*‪ٍ-.=S'. hν ]7)Xً>=#
+‬و‪DK%ZE‬א‪
)S‬و‪ *0 $# +‬‬
‫>
‪?<4$‬دא א‪F? EW 1‬دא א‪(1‬و‪ )X‬א(و‪ )X‬א‪>LJ.SA.E4‬ل‬
‫‪+J7 =E )X)(.‬א‪V8f‬ون^א‪(?K‬و^'‪S‬א‪0‬ن‪ WhE‬‬
‫‪ EW = hν c‬‬
‫=\ن‪K%‬אא>ن‪84NS7
+‬د(ن?א‪V8f‬ون^'‪S‬א‪0‬نو‪8+‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪ hν = EW‬‬
‫و‪"].‬ذא‪( EW ^)( hν ZE‬و‪\= ν < νc ZE‬نא‪V8f‬ون`‪(NS7
+‬ن‪oZE$A?J7+‬א‪ K,Of‬‬
‫‪148‬‬
‫("ذא‪E‬ن>ددא‪0of‬عא

) ‪^{E( hν‬א‪V‬ددא;ج(‪(F‬ن‪^{E(]7)X‬دא א‪0$.1‬ن=\نא‪V8f‬ون'‪?J7‬‬
‫(=قא‪w= )S‬ج‪V8 E )X?jM‬و‪L‬א*‪ #.S‬و‪8+‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪hν = EW + K .E . = hν c + K .E .‬‬
‫و>‪-‬دאد‪ )X‬א;‪+-4DK% K .E . E‬د>ددא‪0of‬عא
)‪^]c‬א‪0‬د א
‪(9 #4‬ندא א‪1‬ذא‪ {]74l $)L‬‬
‫‪(9$E‬نא‪V‬ددא;ج ‪0$.-¢ ja% ν c‬نو‪\=].‬ندא א‪0î.7 EW 1‬ن‪`<A(<$EaB‬‬
‫>‪o.$70‬א[‪,‬א
)(وز^א‪07‬ض](و‪=C‬قא‪&4A‬א‪2A‬وא‪ K0‬‬
‫وא‪0‬د א<
‪0?<% #4‬د< (‪M^+7<*+‬א‪_lm<7‬א‪A8‬و‪?k<O‬و<^‪_
<>^<8}<z9a‬א*‪&7<7‬א‪c‬و<وא< ‪<(K‬‬
‫‪#7 2
*4‬لא‪V8 B‬و‪\=L‬ن(‪V8"F‬ون}‪L>=^ً>=~7‬א‪0of‬عא
)‪?=?J7+‬אًو`‪7‬ج"ز<^‬
‫‪N$7+X‬א‪K <)S‬و‪ <7*. 2
<*4‬אא‪\<= <04‬ن‪<o‬א‪0<of‬عא<
)>‪<N<<'*7‬دא><‪L‬א<
)‪" S‬ذא‪<E‬ن‬
‫א‪0‬عوא‪.‬ن‪(F(F‬ن]‪X‬لوא‪ $#‬و‪87+74‬ن^=>‪L‬ذא‪
7 )XL‬و‪9U +‬א[‪,‬א‪y4c‬‬
‫=\]‪X(.F7‬אل ‪ .7‬و‪L<>=<.74‬ذא‪K<E <.7L<)XL‬א=\‪<N<<'*7><A‬دא‪V8f‬و<‪L‬‬
‫א*‪ K?? 02‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪72EE_lm>F%IGG‬ن‪ GG‬‬
‫(‪%IZS‬א‪_lm7‬א‪A8‬و‪Em>kO‬אً‪+‬אً‪ +Q*.‬א

‪0o $‬ع(‪ +QF‬א>‪L‬א‪c‬א‪FK‬د=‪N‬א‪",$.0‬‬
‫"א‪<"Z<E<+?<@,‬א‪Z7<>? <4@%‬א‪ 0<oc‬א<
* ?‬
‫وא‪0‬و= ‪72E_lm>?<4‬ن?‪F‬א‪8‬א‪ KE4#‬‬
‫=‪<<`<<#‬א‪<<72E?t<<0‬ن?‪DK<<%M‬א‪( <<47‬نא‪ 0<<oc‬א‪ 77<<7‬‬
‫>‪8‬نذא‪>L‬دد(‪^<ً9.)1j‬א‪ 0<oc‬א<
)‪#<'<*0={ S‬ط=><ن‬
‫א‪V‬دد‪L>=(F‬א‪ 0of‬א
* (و(‪V8".E 0o‬ون‬
‫=<\ن><دد‪K<%‬אא><ن‪<#+‬و‪]<%@"_17<+‬و‪<M‬א)<‪-<>Z‬دאد‬
‫' א‪V8f‬ون‪ Kً[+(]%@"_1>N‬‬
‫و`}‪_
>^8‬ذ‪,OMG‬א*‪ <+Q‬א‪{ 8<'98‬א‪<c‬א<‪<FK‬א‬
‫‪<72E?t<04‬ن?"<<"'<‪w7‬אمא<<?א<
‪0<<o $‬عو"‪DK<<%?<27‬א‪S<j" <<JE%<Q‬אم‪L<>=&<<4‬א‪ 0<<oc‬‬
‫א
)‪ S‬وא‪V8f‬و‪L‬א;‪M‬אد‪S>$Eً u‬م‪E‬א‪L‬א‪?.2‬دو{و‪\=].‬نא>ن‪DK%M‬א; ‪]<ً$
<{<70+‬‬
‫‪ E )X‬و‪ PL E $E‬و‪ .7E74‬و' و(‪8+ً[+‬ن‪V8 ‬ون' و‪ .7E‬و‪ E $E74‬و‪ K )X‬‬
‫و‪)2S74‬ن‪,#4‬א‪ )S‬א‪8>FK‬ن=]‪ )XF‬א>ن‪ )XH‬א‪V8f‬ون‪2)E‬א‪7‬دم‪ )XFZ‬א>ن‪ )XH‬א‪V8f‬ون‬
‫‪04E‬א‪7‬دمو‪KE‬א>‪)2S‬ن‪ $E,#4‬א;‪ E‬א‪ $E]=FK‬א;‪2) E‬א‪7‬دم‪ $EZ‬א;‪04 E‬א‪7‬دم‬
‫"'‪S7‬ع‪72E‬ن(ن‪N4S7>k7.‬א‪%‬א‪L‬א‪ K 2+7‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪aGG‬אصא>ن‪ GG‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪("2'¢‬نא>ن‪ W‬‬

‫‪Ê%L1‬א‪_1j-M-E )S‬אًو`‪2#+‬א‪ .EE7+A= k-7‬و>‪^]7)XS0‬א‪0‬د ‪ KE1F‬‬
‫‪ '%]74l
4ªJ7+L2‬א[‪E$A c ,‬ن>دد‪ KD‬‬
‫‪ m .7E]L3‬و]' ‪ c‬و‪8>74‬ن]‪ K PL %ª $E‬‬
‫‪149‬‬
‫‪ J‬و^ ‪?M?^+7*+(?Z2l(#=KKKFa(P‬א*‪ +Q‬א*

‪2>?"? 2‬طא‪ .78‬وא‪ )904 )S‬وא‪ W%‬‬
‫) ‪ E = mc 2 ( 2‬‬
‫وא‪(&2>C‬نא‪ .78‬وא‪ )S‬و‪A‬ن‪ <.$0‬وא<و}‪($%<c^<8‬ن‪<J7+‬ل"<א‪(F(KKK<aB‬نא<*‪(~#‬وא‪M<#‬א‪ <.78‬‬
‫‪J7+‬ل"‪KK )X‬و‪K%‬א‪'(%‬سא‪ .2*#‬א*و‪ KK +‬‬
‫=‪#‬و(]‪9a‬لא‪?Sf‬א*و‪M~#eF‬א‪#¤ .78‬א?‪ًsO‬א‪J7+‬ل‪ )90.ً02>F‬א
‪ .k% $E"E #4‬‬
‫<^א‪ <<)S‬وذ<<‪cG‬ن<<א‪ <<'N<4<<%<<+J7‬א<<[‪ c 2 F(,‬وא<<‪<<#]<<(F(E 9 × 10 16 m 2 / sec 2 F<<.2+FK‬א?‬
‫‪_2E‬אً‪ K‬‬
‫و‪K%W.0.‬א‪J7 2
*4‬لא‪J7 2
*4(KKKK )X" .78‬لא‪7"?<4$
> .$MeJ= .7E" )S‬جא‪-‬وج?‬
‫=‪J7>A‬لא‪V8"F .7E"E 0o(F )S‬ونو‪4‬ز‪V+‬ون‪ KE‬‬
‫و‪(04‬ن>‪ 8"&2‬א‪J7‬ل^‪ .7E" )X‬وא‪\<=<80‬ن)<ن‪,<#4‬א‪ <.78‬و)<ن‪,<#4‬א‪ <)S‬א*<‪M&.‬א‪,<+-‬‬
‫א‪p*+ 8'98‬ن‪Mً 0‬א*‪ +Q‬א*
‪)M 2‬نوא‪)?%‬ن‪,#4‬א‪ .78‬وא‪ K? )S‬‬
‫‪0 J‬د‪" l‬א>نذوא‪0
]\= E = hν )S‬د (‪^+7*+‬א
‪^S0> .7E]7E,*l(G.} #4‬‬
‫א‪ W )90‬‬
‫‪hν‬‬
‫= ‪ E = hν = mc 2 or m‬‬ ‫) ‪ ( 3‬‬
‫‪c2‬‬
‫و‪8>74‬ن‪F PL ]7E $E‬و‪Oj%‬א‪M .78‬א
‪ W%E‬‬
‫‪hν‬‬ ‫‪hν‬‬ ‫‪hν‬‬
‫= ‪ PL = mc‬‬ ‫= ‪2 ×c‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫= ‪PL‬‬ ‫) ‪(4‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫(<*<<‪0<<o#
<<+‬ع<<^א><<‪<<0¤<ٍS<<'<<.L‬ل ‪\<<={ φ L photons / sec‬ن‪<<>=<<E‬ن‪<<.#
<<+‬א<<
‪S‬‬
‫و‪_1>0+]*80*+‬אً‪ $EM‬א;‪#¤ E‬א? ‪ K ∆PL = 2 mc‬‬
‫و‪0.‬ع‪8+8E‬ن ‪$> φL h ∆PL = 2 mcφ L‬دא>‪L‬א
)‪M S‬א ‪ K‬‬
‫و‪\=74‬نא‪#‬א‪0oA4l«+C‬عא>‪.L‬א
‪8>S‬ن‪^?2‬א‪ $EM_17‬א‪0.ªJ7‬ع‪(F( l8‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪∆PL‬‬ ‫‪hν‬‬ ‫‪hν‬‬
‫= ‪ F‬‬ ‫(‪= 2 mcφ L = 2( 2 )cφ L = 2‬‬ ‫‪)φ L‬‬ ‫‪: ∆t = 1 sec‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫(‪(F‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪2 PW‬‬
‫= ‪ F‬‬ ‫) ‪ ( 5‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪% PW h‬א‪?<4?#‬אא‪ )S.? Watt L‬א[‪ k‬א
)‪. S‬א
‪ KS‬‬
‫‪GG‬ل‪
"W‬א‪#‬א‪0oA4l«+C‬ع)?>]‪1‬وא‪kS'.L‬؟ ‬
‫^א‪#‬نא
‪8+4‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪2 PW‬‬ ‫‪2 ×1‬‬ ‫‪0.67‬‬
‫= ‪ F‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪8‬‬ ‫‪Newtons‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪3 × 10‬‬ ‫‪10 8‬‬
‫و‪DK%‬א‪_1j#‬אً=‪{lm>l«>9‬אً‪S'.ًIJ.‬א;‪{k‬و‪(^8}^8‬ن>«‪V8"._2E ?4l‬ونوذ‪G‬‬
‫‪04]=K#7=]7.7E1‬אً‪KKK‬و‪K%‬א‪72E?%I
+‬ن?‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪GG‬א‪&4 )90‬א‪S‬لאو‪ $E‬א‪ªJ7‬א ‪>. S‬ن‪ GG‬‬

‫ ‬
‫"‪8*%‬ن)")‪m4*0*7‬نא>ن]‪- 02X‬دو ‪^{0=KE

L F‬א‪N4S‬א
‪0¤]$‬د ‪ WG94‬‬
‫‪ E = hν‬‬
‫(א‪N4S‬א=‪MAQ‬א‪0‬د ‪ W‬‬
‫‪ c = λν‬‬
‫‪X λ %h‬لא א ص‪]4‬و ‪> ν‬دد‪D‬و ‪"KD?7" ' c‬ذאً‪ W‬‬
‫‪c c h‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫= ‪ λ‬‬
‫= × =‬
‫‪ν ν h hν / c‬‬
‫‪hν‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫= ‪ but PL‬‬ ‫‪so‬‬ ‫=‪λ‬‬ ‫) ‪(6‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪PL‬‬
‫وא‪0‬د ?)‪%6‬א‪ )90‬א‪&4N$@C‬א‪ 02S‬א‪-‬دو ‪F‬א وא
‪>.E $‬ن‪K‬و>‪DKzً02‬א‪0‬د ‪ W‬‬
‫"ذא‪E‬نא‪S‬لא ‪^_84{E( λ‬א
=‪L‬א‪?K *2‬א‪L‬א
‪\=S‬نא>‪K<%<0>L‬אא<
‪<7S
<ES‬‬
‫و‪ +Q*.ً#2X]*80*>74‬א ‪ K‬‬
‫("ذא‪E‬نא‪S‬لא
و‪L=
$.ً+‬א‪\= *2‬نא>‪9a^K*>L‬لא‪?K‬א‪ M$EًuL‬א‪ 0oc‬א
* ‪ K‬‬
‫‪GG‬ل‪ .7E
"W‬א>نو‪"]7E $E‬ذא‪E‬ن‪X‬ل‪V380]7‬؟ ‬
‫א‪ WLS0‬‬
‫‪ λ = 380 nanom. G c = 3 × 10 8 m / sec 2 G h = 6.625 / 10 34 Joule . sec‬‬
‫"ذאً‪ W‬‬
‫‪c 3 × 10 8 × 10 9‬‬
‫‪ c = λν‬‬ ‫= = ‪>>> ν‬‬ ‫‪= 7.89 × 10 14 Hz‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪380‬‬
‫‪hν 6.625 / 10 × 7.89 × 10 14‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫‪ but‬‬ ‫= ‪m= 2‬‬ ‫‪= 5.81 / 10 36 kg‬‬

‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪9 × 10 16‬‬
‫‪hν 6.625 / 10 34 × 7.89 × 10 14‬‬
‫‪ and‬‬ ‫= ‪PL‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪= 1.74 / 10 27 kgm / sec‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪3 × 10‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪GG‬א‪ 02S‬א ‪ GG

.‬‬
‫ ‬
‫د?سא‪k+-‬א
?‪+‬د‪4F‬و?א‪ 02S‬א‪-‬دو א‪A4i7+C‬א‪0of‬عو(‪I*74‬א‪Mk#‬א‪8‬نو>
‪m‬ل‪W‬‬
‫"ذא‪$.= $
02XL$.ZE‬ذא`‪8+‬ن‪F
.‬و‪$.74‬د‪ 02XE‬؟>>> ‬
‫‪K‬א=‪?7E.]7'?MV)"#‬אم‪V)"1924‬אًد‪(D‬ن‪$.‬د(‪A702X" =Of4 02Xً[+‬א
‪ K $‬‬
‫=‪($8‬ن‪0o ‬عذ‪F‬א‪S‬لא ‪^S0> PL Saª $E λ‬א‪8+ PL = hν / c )90‬ن‪<< << << << <<
.‬א<‪$‬د‪F‬‬
‫‪V8"F‬ون(و‪4‬و>ن(و>ون(و(‪
F‬د)‪E‬ذو‪ $E‬א‪ªJ7‬א ‪X P S‬ل ‪^S0+ λ‬א‪ W )90‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫= ‪ λ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪(7‬‬
‫‪P mv‬‬
‫و‪$
+‬א‪S‬لא ‪DK%M λ‬א; ‪X?<4‬ل د‪4F‬و‪ K?
.‬‬
‫و‪,*4‬אً‪K%.‬אא‪I*7‬وא‪l$7‬אد‪&4‬א‪L‬وא
‪KKKL$‬و‪(h‬نא‪0‬عא<[‪<8k‬ن<^‪^< <.k% <$p‬‬
‫א>‪XzL‬ل ‪AE.'i+‬א‪h^$‬א‪?7f‬وא‪80f‬سوא‪?
8f‬وא‪7‬א‪a‬وא;د‪ K‬‬
‫‪151‬‬
‫‪oi>$E‬א >‪-E‬א>‪(0¤L‬نא>ن‪$‬א‪L‬א?א‪h<^< <$. <l‬א<‪V‬ددوא‪<S‬لא<‬

‫وא
‪ K‬‬
‫=\]}‪2S>**8‬א*‪.S‬א
‪(0¤KKKL$‬ن‪0o‬عא‪V8f‬و‪^8}L‬א*‪^ ً8](.]"Q‬د‪_2E‬‬
‫אً^א‪V8f‬و‪XzL‬ل‪AE.'i+‬א‪KKK$‬و‪\=4‬نא‪V8f‬ونאא‪$‬א‪L‬א?א‪ l‬‬
‫‪0.‬ع‪h^].E‬א‪ *J‬وא‪ .78‬و‪ $E‬א‪KKªJ7‬و(‪>KKً[+‬ل‪o‬א א‪-E>. 2‬א‪V8f‬و‪ KL‬‬
‫‪8+$E‬ن‪DKz‬א א‪a 2‬אصא‪L‬א‪?7"^ +.#7‬و"‪80‬سو"‪?
8‬و>א‪a‬ود‪ K‬‬
‫و‪27+*%‬د?"(ذ‪«'KK*%‬אل‪ >>>KK‬‬
‫‪w7'"^8}](2'0%‬אم‪0o‬ع^א‪V8f‬و‪w7
$EL‬م‪0o‬ع^א[‪,‬؟؟؟؟>>> ‬
‫وא‪ WWW0WWW% 4f‬‬
‫و(‪{E‬د‪.‬ذ‪?%G‬א‪8‬و'‪8‬א‪V8f‬و?‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪GG‬א‪8‬و'‪8‬א‪V8f‬و‪ GG‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪{70+‬א‪8‬و'‪8‬א‪V8f‬و^א‪-<Ac‬א‪ <.$0‬א<‪<.<$70>C‬א‪ <02S‬א< ‪V8 ‬و<‪KL‬و‪]2<+<%‬א‪8‬و'<‪8‬‬

‫א[‪Mk‬אٍ‪(FA*_E‬ن@‪N$‬א‪0‬عא‪V8f‬و(وא‪ 0oc‬א[‪( k‬و>‪47+A#+‬א'‪$E{ 2'*L' S‬‬
‫‪Cja$A*8e‬א‪7‬א‪a‬وא;د‪ KE‬‬
‫(א‪97af‬א‪?M^$8=$A*4
k‬א‪.?#‬א‪7}h{?.J7‬زא‪8‬و'‪8‬א‪V8f‬و‪ ..?#4‬אً‬
‫و(‪-uً[+‬א‪j7‬א)‪ K #‬‬
‫وذ‪^<[<7+<$EF]<.$M<$70+]cG‬א`'<‪<.E‬א<‪0‬عא‪V8f‬و<{و‪<$E‬د?'<*'<‪\<=ً#4‬نא‪V<8f‬ونא‪ª<J7‬‬
‫>‪]2J‬دא‪ <)X<.zXi)7+Lً$k‬א‪V<8f‬ون=‪<$.8‬زאد‪DK<%L‬א‪<)<$.E <)S‬א‪<S‬لא<‪V<8 ‬ون>‪ً <02‬‬
‫‪ )90.‬א‪ W 7‬‬
‫‪hc‬‬
‫= ‪ E = mc 2 = hν‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬
‫و‪(h‬نא‪V8f‬و‪(^8}L‬ن>‪ E )S4$J‬אًو^‪8+l‬ن‪X(z‬אل )_אًو‪8+].‬ن‪<0‬‬
‫א‪8$._287‬و'‪8‬א‪V8f‬و‪_2E‬אً§‪(NS7
+h‬ن‪NS7
+`_1jً
(j+‬א[‪,‬א‪(k‬ن‪c%j+‬ن‬
‫א‪S‬لא‪0.‬عא‪V8f‬و‪8+‬ن()(‪.i‬א‪^)c‬א‪S‬لא‪,[.‬א‪ Kk‬‬
‫(א‪L'0‬א
‪0o-E>.$0>
X*1L'A=]= w7‬عא‪V8f‬و‪ K *0 S#ML‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪88GG‬א‪ GG8‬‬

‫ ‬
‫<<‪4N‬א‪ <<+‬א‪<<#‬نא‪^+<<0‬و(‪,<<*l‬د?א'<< א<<*‪Q‬א«<< <<^<<

‪M <<%*7L$‬א<<‪<<IZ<<7E¦(1‬א‪L-<<%‬א‪,<<+-‬‬
‫א‪"ZO¦(LO=LAQ={%_
>^ +.#7‬א‪,+-‬א‪DK%'*7 +.#7‬א‪Q‬א‪%‬و(‪A7‬א‪_a(c‬אً"‪ +Q‬‬
‫'‪88?<4Z$‬א‪ K?8‬‬
‫‪ .87‬‬
‫و)‪DK%Z*4‬א‪=.88‬وض('' ‪Aj‬א‪k+-‬א*‪
$‬و‪?"?F‬و‪o^+‬ود?‪.‬א*‪J‬א‪ W7‬‬
‫‪+L1‬و?א‪V8f‬ونلא‪M?K‬א?א‪L+7
?<4$
> *0L‬א‪8>? )S‬ن=‪ )XA‬א‪V8f‬ونذא‪ K 74l)L‬‬
‫‪h02*>`L2‬א‪^ )S‬א‪"`"?K‬ذא"‪#7‬א‪V8f‬ون^
‪(F7
"&0F7‬د*]‪ K‬‬
‫‪DK%?>L3‬א‪>= s%. )S‬ن‪ hν ]7)X‬و‪
>%‬و‪=F‬قא‪&4 )S‬א
‪&+7‬و>
‪DK%$‬א‪?<4 .$0‬א‪ K?,aV'f‬‬
‫‪152‬‬
‫‪#7*+L4‬א‪V8f‬ون^
‪~7u*]*.(F7
"&0F7‬א‪^ $E?K‬א‪<>= <s%.F )S‬ن(‪Eً [<+‬‬
‫
و‪ +‬قא‪&4 )S‬א
‪&+7‬و>
‪DK%$‬א‪?<4 .$0‬א‪ K??7'f‬‬
‫‪"L5‬ذא‪ )XZE‬א>نא
)(‪ )X^{E‬א‪\=?K.^+m7‬نא‪V8f‬ون‪^?J7+‬א‪ًE?>ًkA?K‬א‪^<?2?K‬‬
‫‪+q‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫‪ .$L6‬א‪?7'f‬و‪ .$‬א‪7.$,aV'f‬ن‪97‬ز‪7‬ن‪KKKK‬و‪ M‬א‪->f‬אنא;א?‪8>F‬نא‪ K#7
?K‬‬
‫‪ª*%L7‬دא >‪ i‬א‪V8f‬وندא‪a‬א‪?<4$
>?K‬אא א ‪DK%? ψ‬אא >‪ $7"^{0‬ودא‪V8f‬ون‪M‬‬
‫‪8‬نٍ‪?<=K *0P Q;M‬א‪#%? $7f‬א?>‪V‬אو)‪ MFj&4]7$‬א‪Êm7‬مودא
‬
‫‪M‬ذ‪G‬א‪8‬ن*>‪G.‬א‪ $7"ً9$= QJ.‬و<دא‪V<8f‬وندא‪<a‬א<‪^<#<4?K‬א*<א><
و‪<jF‬و"`‪M#
<+‬‬
‫א*אو‪+‬א‪8‬ن{و(‪ $7"ً[+‬ودא‪V8f‬وندא‪a‬א‪04?K‬א¦^א*א>‪^<V#‬א<وذ<‪K<_lm<>2
<4G‬‬
‫א*א]و‪\=74‬نא‪V8f‬ون‪ً'2YQ+‬دא‪a‬א‪E?K‬و‪&4‬אא‪&F‬א‪-‬م‪m4‬نא
‪8M+‬ن‪ Q;M&0‬‬
‫‪ KE *0‬‬
‫‪K%‬א‪KKK‬و)و(ن=وض‪88‬א‪NAk77>8‬א‪%‬א‪L‬א‪L$
47+EM .$0‬א‪-<M '2‬‬
‫‪(F<<O‬وא<<
‪L$‬א‪"<<(KE<<#‬ذא‪<<E‬نא;<<‪w7<<'"^<<8}PK<k*0=E
<<. 2
<<*4F(Fً2
<<_2<<E-‬אمא‪<<88‬‬
‫א‪ K 8'98‬‬
‫< < < < < < < < < < < < < < << < < < < << < < < < << < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < ‬
‫‪GG‬ل‪
"W‬א‪S‬لא‪40
<4ª<J7>E140A7.7E8‬م‪
<"<l{eL‬א‪<S‬لא<‪V<8 ‬ون"ذא‬
‫‪E‬ن‪*4ªJ7+‬א
؟ ‬
‫א‪ WLS0‬‬
‫‪ m = 140 kg G v = 40 m / sec G me = 9.1 / 10 31 kg G h = 6.625 / 10 34 Joule . sec‬‬
‫(و`ً‪W‬א‪S‬لא‪ W8.‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪6.625 / 10 34‬‬
‫= ‪ λ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.18 / 10 37 m‬‬
‫‪P mv‬‬ ‫‪140 × 40‬‬
‫‪Wًl‬א‪S‬لא‪V8 ‬ون‪ W‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪6.625 / 10 34‬‬
‫= = ‪ λ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪= 1.82 / 10 5 m‬‬
‫‪P me v 9.1 / 10 × 40‬‬
‫و^‪9a‬ل‪K%‬אאل}‪«'X^8‬אل‪%‬مو‪W%‬ذא`>‪AQ‬א אصא
مא‪*4 S‬؟؟؟ ‬
‫‪K%N+‬אא‪("c‬ن‪X‬ل א‪
<c‬مא‪ <EJ7‬ذא‪L‬א‪ <.78‬א‪<8+ً2
<_2<8‬ن‪_1<j‬אً<ًא‪M<*+(?<$8=KKK‬א<ل(ن‬
‫א אصא ‪8.‬א
‪(^8} #4‬ن>‪S>*#=AQ‬م‪ 824‬د‪.2+‬ض=‪V 1.18 / 10 37 A7J7‬و‪^8‬‬
‫‪DK%‬א
= (‪04(^_841j‬دא‪04(^1j(A($EE V 1 / 10 10 F?K‬دא*א‪ً[+(EV 1 / 10 13 F‬و‪^8}`].‬‬
‫(ن >‪AQ‬א אصא ‪Sj"F8.‬א‪
m4A‬م‪ 2
*4(K ##‬א‪V8f‬و<‪ <Q9^<8}]<\=L‬د‪<%‬‬
‫*"‪Sj‬אمא‪V8f‬و‪?K4L‬א‪L‬א‪?.2‬א‪ KKKL‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ ...‬ﺗﻢ ﺑﺤﻤﺪ اﷲ وﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ ‪...‬‬
‫‪153‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬‫אא
‪L‬אא‪?W‬אא ?‬
‫אא ‬
‫‪ W G‬‬
‫ ‪6‬ن*)"‪"4‬مא""
‪'"%(")*+","-.'"/ً"1-.2‬א&‪!"%‬وא‪"{!"#‬א< "‪";"9".‬و‪+"89:‬‬
‫<‪98‬و‪I‬ذج(‪H‬ولא=<‪DEF‬א‪%-‬ذجא? ‪@A‬وא?>)‪9‬א=‪K 1J‬و‪LMN‬א‪%-‬ذج‪ W‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ﻧﻤـﻮذج ﻃـﻮﻣـﺴﻮن‬
‫ ‬
‫‪=6/>E J‬א‪A&P‬ون‪N&R‬א‪?'Q#‬جج

ن?‪UNVEWX/Y‬سא‪ -S‬‬
‫א‪A&Z -‬ون‪]F‬و\
‪ 1
^?"E'%‬א‪'/ -S‬א&=( ?‪ K e / me EV‬‬
‫و(‪V‬و‪I+8‬ذ‪A</(ً.‬ض<‪]V‬نא‪NV=%6N c‬دذא‪ 1. -Sa9‬‬
‫*=زعدא‪4(d‬א‪A&P‬و^‪ 1h9‬א‪ Kg)=-&E -S‬‬
‫و<‪&*ًj]V‬نא"‪ -S‬א"
‪ 1‬א&(" (""
و=ً("‪ -S‬א?‪K"i "1.‬نא"=>د" ‬
‫‪ KًE46‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ﻧﻤـﻮذج رذرﻓـﻮرد‬
‫ ‬
‫‪Y‬م‪?X.]1911‬ذ<د?‪V=EW‬א‪] >a]k=*Y24‬وא‪>\*l‬د‪'(ً>Uًm‬م‪I mn‬ذج?

ن‬
‫?<>‪ 24 He "]9%
".N" "#V.*-‬א"
> ‪". " U o"a'"/‬אً"‪N‬א"‪""4&pF,M‬א' ‪Eg"h 1 / 10 4‬‬
‫‪q:‬ذ<دא‪ W'*r‬‬
‫‪md-*]9%
.gs>–1‬لא‪ o‬دون]ن \*\>^']‪v/X‬א\‪t>uM
Y6‬‬
‫]ن>‪gs‬א<غ‪ K‬‬
‫‪LMN ((U 1
^S-*–2‬א‪M
N9%
x‬אول‪#E‬وא‪u2yn‬ل('‪AU/‬א‪4E‬‬
‫‪Yizuً1
^216g
.N‬א‪ K -S‬‬
‫‪LM{>E–3‬א‪#ES-9%
x‬وא‪"n "4.|"^'/216‬و‪/"E{M‬ن"دאً‪"*"4-‬‬
‫‪#E‬אو ‪ً1 * 180 o‬אא‪)n/t>X‬א‪Yizuً1
^216g
}4‬א‪ K -S‬‬
‫‪G‬و‪!-E‬אً('‪LM‬א?‪9sm‬وא‪~Q=-‬و‪?+8‬ذ<د?‪I‬ذ‪,6AV.‬א('א‪S-‬א='‪ W‬‬
‫‪ (=6gs>#6A*–1‬א‪.2yngJY‬אً‪?"E'%
\4-‬א‪-‬א?א‪%Hl‬א‪ -S‬א?‪ K 1.‬‬
‫‪*–2‬وא‪A&P‬و^‪Y216
E9‬א‪!j‬א‪+h‬لא‪-‬א{^‪-(kE: -6hk^64‬א‪ K‬‬
‫‪–3‬א=>د ‪ًE46‬و‪<'=E‬ندא‪A&P‬و^‪9‬א
‪d 1‬جא‪-‬א‪Z‬دא‪9-S‬א?‪ 1.‬دא‪ K4(d‬‬
‫‪gJgs>–4‬א<אغو‪<'=E‬نא‪gJ‬א‪V(y*X‬א‪-‬אوא‪A&P‬و^‪.89‬אً ^ ً‪gJ‬א‪ K&6‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪154‬‬
‫ ‬
‫* اﻟـﺼﻌـﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﺎدﻓﺖ ﻧﻤـﻮذج رذرﻓـﻮرد !!!‬

‫ ‬
‫‪]>E‬ن‪ =h/‬א]‪%=/'(X‬د‪I‬ذجذ<دو\‪{>EV/k4.‬א‪ =^P‬دא‪9‬א ‪ =hE n‬אאو*

‪)d2‬طא)‪ K‬‬
‫‪] J‬و‪ =hP 1
-EWً:‬אא‪ W‬‬
‫<""ذא""‪]-""8A</‬نא‪A&P‬و^""‪""*9‬و""لא‪""-‬א‪""<21""6
""E‬ن‪""M‬אא‪""s-‬م‪""1‬و""
= אً""‪N‬א‪ ""-‬א?&^&"" ن‬
‫א‪A&P‬ون‪&h‬ن=‪.U2z*kHً^#‬א‪-‬אא?‪ 1.‬א ?>د ( א)دא?‪ #6‬א‪N" W-‬دوאنא‪A&P‬و^"‪"9‬ل‬
‫א‪-‬א‪Y‬אא‪9‬دא‪ K Q‬‬
‫و&‪MN‬א‪o:‬א?&( ذنא‪A&P‬ونو‪M‬ولא‪-‬א‪KKK #6 (J,
=&h‬و]‪"E: (J>ES=* -SaX‬‬
‫‪ s-(ً>1*??i‬א&‪4‬و‪]N??
-y‬ن \*‪46 U‬و‪>a/F
-y‬ع‪46‬و‪ K%=
&EE'
-y‬‬
‫و*&ن‪LM‬א)‪ U‬א? د('
א)‪ U‬א&( ‪A&Z‬ون‪Y‬א‪KKKL‬אא‪A"U/Y,1
=X‬אא‪A"&P‬ون"‪N‬א‪"-‬א‬
‫‪'*&E‬و=
אً(‪#‬و^ً‪'(
l‬א‪-‬א<=‪4-‬אو‪t‬א&ن‪KKK‬و&‪MN‬א‪Yo:‬אא‪ K+U‬‬
‫‪)d2
= 1
-EWً^z J‬طא)(>‪ Wn-‬‬
‫و‪M‬א*‪2
=E1‬א
‪]S<KKKFE‬نא*‪+‬א)‪%="hE "U‬א‪"KKK‬א<^"‪],"V‬ن‪X"=o‬א‪>"aP‬عא‪"6'"(~*"-‬‬
‫א‪A‬ددא‪9‬א?‪]X] -&%‬ن*א?ً
=‪ً%‬א?‪ K‬‬
‫و&""‪""MN‬א\""א?""‪M‬א‪9‬א>‪/{ ""(%‬ذ]ن""א>‪""&""n-‬ن?""‪"")dF?'"")d‬ط"" = )>"" ‪ ""M'""(X]E‬‬
‫‪)d‬طذא‪]9‬אل‪; .‬د‪N-6#R‬א‪ Kdr‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ﻧﻤـﻮذج ﺑــﻮر‬
‫ ‬
‫‪6]N‬א‪%-‬ذجא‪S="h/l‬ذ‪"J/'"(9‬א>(‪!"%‬و* "‪"I"MgM‬ذج?‪? "E‬א"‪"I'"(?"E?"%=/V"<KX‬ذج?‬

‫ذ<د?א
‪FE‬وא‪)=h‬ع‪W‬وز*‪%>=hEV*jU-‬ل<&?א&‪?g‬א‪?^mE?Nًm64=h/l‬و?]‪ {1UN?N=-‬‬
‫و‪M98<kÛ‬אא‪%-‬ذج('‪ W‬‬
‫‪ (=6gs>#6A*–1‬א‪.2yngJY‬אً‪?"E'%
\4-‬א‪-‬א?א‪%Hl‬א‪ -S‬א?‪ K 1.‬‬
‫‪–2‬א=>د ‪ًE46‬و‪<'=E‬ندא‪A&P‬و^‪9‬א
‪d 1‬جא‪-‬א‪Z‬دא‪9-S‬א?‪ 1.‬دא‪ K4(d‬‬
‫‪*–3‬وא‪A&P‬و^‪Y216
E9‬א‪!j‬א‪+h‬لא‪"-‬א‪"Y‬אא‪";9‬د*\>"‪?""E‬א(" ?&"‪X=
""4-‬‬
‫‪{D> U‬و‪*:‬א]‪>a/X‬ع?‪6‬نא‪A&P‬ون‪X=
Y‬א)‪ U‬א ص‪ KVE‬‬
‫‪G‬و‪LM,^.'/‬א‪98‬و‪?E?+8‬אوضא‪ zm‬א= ‪ W‬‬
‫‪>1-*:–4‬א‪9>aP‬א&‪4‬و‪F
-y‬א*^‪NE9‬א‪A&P‬و^‪# -:/9‬א‪A&P‬ون‪FD">X=
N‬و"=&‪N‬‬
‫‪'/E E 2 V=U‬א?
=‪X‬אد^'‪{Eًm E1 V=UFV-‬و*&ن‪ U‬א*نא?‪
hν >1-‬و (ق‪ UDE‬א?
=‪ KD‬‬
‫<ذא‪< E 2 > E1 k^6‬ن‪ U‬א*ن*\>)'‪N‬א>‪ W Um‬‬
‫‪ hν = ∆E = E 2‬‬ ‫‪E1‬‬ ‫) ‪(1‬‬
‫ ‪*M ν‬ددא‪>aP‬عא?‪ K>1-‬‬
‫‪–5‬א א&‪UF E4‬א=‪J‬ذ‪DE‬א‪-‬אوא‪A&P‬ون‪E‬وא א?&^& ‪UF‬א)دא?‪&*EX#6‬ن‪'(F1)=( (EU‬‬
‫א?
=א‪ KX‬‬
‫‪ U
N&–6‬א?א* ً‪]1=E‬نא?‪ .‬א?‪A&Z 1‬ون‪ K <U .‬‬
‫‪GG‬وא&א='‪8‬אق‪&aDE‬א‪!8Y‬א‪%-‬ذجא‪m‬א
‪ W E‬‬
‫‪155‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻴـﻒ اﻟـﺨﻄﻲ ﻟﺬرة اﻟـﻬﻴـﺪروﺟـﻴﻦ‬

‫ ‬
‫‪N %,
=&*-L1‬ذא‪9‬א‪i‬و‪N %6D.‬א)‪|-E4(6\*:4^< U‬א‪]{ .‬نא‪A&P‬و^‪9‬‬
‫א?‪"".‬د‪Y‬א?""
=‪X‬אول‪F‬א?""
=‪X‬א‪""(=E n = 1 ""'""8‬א""א‪""'""(] ""(=9=
""'""/"" =-*9‬‬
‫‪ n = 2 or 3 or 4 or ....‬وذ"
‪ "%6,‬א)‪ "U‬א"‪A"&/"6"M (=l‬ون‪"6Y‬ذوא"‪],"l‬ن*&"ن‬
‫
و (ق‪ UDE‬א?
=‪X‬א‪ n 'Q4-‬و‪ U‬א?
=‪X‬אول]‪ KE E1 U^ En FX‬‬
‫‪' 1*:L2‬א‪ Y‬א‪ً.2UA:/zP‬א‪F‬א' ‪>*gzE ^z 1 / 10 8‬د‪ '/M>E‬אول‪K‬و>‪Wdt‬‬
‫‪' 1*:‬א‪A&P‬و^‪Y9‬א?=
‪9‬א>(‪.2UA:/‬אً*‪=
'/M>E14‬א‪M‬א‪ KXd]'8‬‬
‫‪L3‬و‪F1h%6‬و]ن‪<KKK-E‬نא‪A&P‬ون‪N14-‬א?
=‪X‬א)‪ U‬א('‪]X=
'/‬د^"'<"ن<"قא)‪" "U‬ج‪Y‬‬
‫‪>a/&a‬ع‪46‬و‪*'
-y‬دد‪ ν L‬و‪
*V=U‬و‪ W hν X‬‬
‫‪ hν = ∆E = E2 E1‬‬ ‫‪and λ = c / ν‬‬
‫‪L4‬و و‪"z/"-V^]KKKً (%.‬ذא‪"i‬و‪N"9"%|"'")>\*"4^<D.‬א )""طא)""" א"‪?""E">\*l‬‬
‫א?=
(
‪; UE *\ 4- %6?9m‬دو‪*'=E‬دد;د‪ K‬‬
‫‪G‬و‪LM‬א?=
(
‪ W'M9m‬‬
‫‪%? (
(
=–1‬ن?‪W‬و*‪ =--~=-‬א‪A&P‬ون‪NٍX]N‬א?
=‪9‬א>(א‪'/ n > 1 il‬א?
=‪X‬אول ‪ K‬‬
‫‪ K n = 1‬‬
‫و* ‪LM+‬א¡‪ )-Y %‬א‪< >a‬قא‪ J
-1‬ذא‪9‬א‪A‬ددא‪9‬א> { ‬
‫‪W??E? (
(
=–2‬و*‪ =--~=-‬א‪A&P‬ون‪NٍX]N‬א?
=‪9‬א>(א‪'/ n > 2 il‬א?
=‪X‬א^' ‪ L‬‬
‫‪ K n = 2‬‬
‫و* ‪LM+‬א¡‪ )-Y %‬א‪!j‬א?‪ K'Q‬‬
‫‪W?NaE? (
(
=–3‬و*‪ =--~=-‬א‪A&P‬ون‪N"ٍX]N‬א?"
=‪9‬א>("א"‪'"/ n > 3 "il‬א?"
=‪X‬א" ‪M‬‬
‫ ‪ K n = 3‬‬
‫و* ‪LM+‬א¡‪ )-Y %‬א‪kH >a‬א‪%‬א!‪ K‬‬
‫‪E? (
(
=–4‬א‪W?k6‬و*‪ =--~=-‬א‪A&P‬ون‪NٍX]N‬א?
=‪9‬א>(א‪'"/ n > 4 "il‬א?"
=‪X‬אא‪N +"E‬‬
‫ ‪ K n = 4‬‬
‫و* ‪LM+‬א¡‪ )-Y %‬א‪kH >a‬א‪%‬א!]‪ Kًj‬‬
‫‪W?Ê? (
(
=–5‬و*‪ =--~=-‬א‪A&P‬ون‪NٍX]N‬א?
=‪9‬א>(א‪'/ n > 5 il‬א?"
=‪X‬א "| ‪O‬‬
‫ ‪ K n = 5‬‬
‫و* ‪LM+‬א¡‪¢U]Y %‬א?‪kH )-‬א‪%‬א!و‪=R‬ز‪£6]4Ê‬אאلא?‪ K .‬‬
‫‪156‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟـﻤـﻄـﻴـﺎف‬
‫ ‬
‫‪E J‬א ً‪?>*N&W‬א)?(']^‪^?V‬א*~‪(H‬א‪V*^&'/!j‬א?‪ Q‬و‪2‬א?‪ K? Q‬‬

‫‪ND-z/D^.6 J‬א)‪%=
W%M‬و‪ K')d‬‬
‫‪ K?m‬‬
‫<"?א)א?
=‪?M?%‬א)א‪6'(%=X‬אאلא?‪D>XY .‬ز *ز>ً
=‪%‬אً]و= ً‬
‫]?א)א )'?<‪?4‬א)א‪{>E'(%=X‬אאلא?‪ .‬ز *ز>ً‪ K?=2‬‬
‫‪=h/G‬א‪=
WV‬مא?)‪Y‬אل('א)א‪ Kn->(' -‬‬
‫‪,6AWV16*G‬א?)‪#.]mzN‬א!‪ W'M
Q‬‬
‫‪–1‬א?‪W+%J‬و‪'(%=M‬א‪!j‬א‪N& 8 ()=
S=<V].X‬א=‪E4
*/Yg&S‬א‪%
)h‬‬
‫;‪X‬و*‪LM1j‬א=‪&*l S‬ندא‪ K E; hcEYً%Q‬‬
‫‪( (EUj-–2‬وאن‪N'zmz-4(+8‬א‪".#‬ج‪"E‬ط]ن&"ن‪Y‬و‪+"8‬א‪ "4-‬א"‪"vZy‬א‪N"&F‬‬
‫א‪d >.‬אص‪M‬אא‪<Y+8‬א‪ KE!j‬‬
‫‪–3‬א=(
&‪W‬و‪&=M‬ن‪%MD=hN‬א>‪ h‬א وא>‪ h‬א>‪{ -‬و مא=(
&‪"nN"&=E‬א)"("'‬
‫א&‪a‬א‪&X‬ن‪*<@N1‬א‪
Y‬س‪ K‬‬
‫‪ G‬א>‪ W%‬‬
‫‪>a
L1‬ع‪N‬א‪!j‬א‪{E‬א?=‪'(F‬א=‪ S‬א?
=)( و‪'(gzN‬א?‪ K-‬‬
‫‪V.\L2‬א=(
&‪1 =hP‬لא‪ >a‬א?‪md‬لא?‪{-‬و"‪] "sm\,‬ن]‪""6 >"a‬ن*&"ن=אز" <‪"4-E"%‬و"‪2‬‬
‫אز ‪ >a‬אאنא‪ KXd‬‬
‫א*>‪%‬א>‪ h‬א ('‪6+%W‬ن‪'(VE ndcEY4-‬א?"
=‪X‬א‪L"iXc"1‬א>‪K "h‬א"‪"4=¤N"&l‬‬
‫‪E‬א‪ )h‬א>‪ h‬א>‪ K -‬‬
‫و‪g=E‬אل('^ '‪ K‬‬
‫* أﻧـﻮاع اﻷﻃـﻴﺎف !!!‬
‫‪E‬א‪] h‬א?אدא?=( א‪4>*l‬ذא*‪4‬א?]^‪LMg
*N&V‬א‪ W%MD
QD^'/‬‬
‫‪–1‬א‪W>1^P‬و‪M‬א)"א‪" =^/N"~*"-‬لא"א‪9‬א?""‪N‬א?"
=‪9‬א>("‪'"/‬א?"
=‪9‬א"\^‪K‬و‪"&"U‬ن‪"M‬א‬
‫א)
=‪ً%‬א‪)6‬א?=‪N‬א‪
.‬مא(‪ 1‬א?=‪'/ JM‬د‪ .‬א‪1‬ض*‪F-V<4s‬א)=" ( ‬
‫‪4j>1E‬دون]‪]K4-En<X‬و&ن‪]d&a'(ً )d‬و‪)d‬ط<> (^ ‪N4>8,
(=¥‬א)‬
‫‪hF-4-E‬دא!وذ‪)6‬א‪N~*-‬א‪y‬زא‪9‬وא¦א?(=‪ K 14‬‬
‫‪–2‬א‪=P‬ص‪W‬و‪M‬א)א‪A/N§a-‬אضز]و¦(‪!j‬א‪F{E‬א)א?
=‪="E%‬א‪"y‬ز"‪N‬‬
‫]""אنא)""א""אلא?‪ "".‬א ‪V"")E ""n‬א ) "'و‪"")d""4^&""4s‬ط‪""h‬אد!""א""
‪""M'%‬אא‪""-‬ع‪""?"""E‬‬
‫א‪=P‬صא )'?‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪157‬‬
‫و?‪)d‬ط<אو^‪? <4‬א?‪.‬د‪Y‬א‪=/]%\*|%‬ص‪n->( )d‬א?‪.‬د‪.Y‬א‪{|%‬אא‪X‬‬

‫]‪k1z‬و‪.‬د‪X-‬א‪(i‬موא‪i‬و‪YD.‬א‪ K|%‬‬
‫‪?'%
*W M ¨S(G‬אא ) ?‪?"E‬אא ?^‪ Um.*V‬و‪DE z‬א)א )'>‪ٍ-‬و‪DE‬‬
‫א‪,6A‬א‪V#u')d-&(<KVX‬و>=‪M9nN n£‬אא>‪ K-‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬א‪ >a‬א

‪46 >a]'MW -‬و‪
-y‬א)‪i{ U‬א?‪DE+ 2U'.‬אאلא?‪< >a© .‬ق‬
‫א‪ J
-1‬و]‪ K. >a‬‬
‫«‪LM=6/‬א‪E >a‬א‪ )h‬א>‪?ª‬و^"=‪"?NJ‬م‪!"-z]1895‬دא‪" V="h‬אصא="¬א&‪"y('"E4‬زא‪{9‬و^‪"s‬אً>"م‬
‫><=‪LM MV‬א‪ >a‬א‪4(F(] <x‬א‪ >a]?"Eًj]'%
*%6{?|6/ >a]?gh‬و^=‪ K?NJ‬‬
‫* ﺧﻮاص اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ !!!‬
‫‪=R‬ز‪LM‬א‪ W4Ê >a‬‬
‫‪–1‬ذא‪Ad/'(216U9‬אقא?אد‪ K‬‬
‫‪–2‬ذא‪D*'(216U9‬א‪y‬زא‪ K9‬‬
‫‪YH–3‬א‪(1‬א‪ K9‬‬
‫‪'(zc*–4‬אא@א*א< א
‪ K h‬‬
‫‪ ^S2–5‬و*
‪)dY2‬ط
= ‪ K %‬‬
‫* ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ " أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﻮوﻟﺪج " !!!‬
‫‪8‬א&א='א‪4x‬زא‪V=h/X‬א>‪6?ª‬وج?=‬
‫א‪ >a‬א
‪ -‬وא‪X‬زא‪=
*V*&<k‬م‪l‬א‪r‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫<>‪D
*-‬א=( ‪F‬א&‪z‬د‪4->1-*E‬א‪A&P‬و^‪9‬و‪2z"*k"H‬‬
‫א¡لא&‪'E4‬א>'‪ً.‬א‪<F‬قא‪DE4x‬א^دوא&"‪z‬د‪,
"=&*E‬‬
‫‪LM‬א‪A&P‬و^‪21"6 "6 "U9‬و*‪"vF"()-‬א^"د‪F‬א‪E"i‬‬
‫<=)م‪VE‬و=‪S‬ل‪]4=UN!#.‬و>‪ K|6/ >a]'/4%s‬‬
‫* ﻃﻴﻒ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ !!!‬
‫‪E‬א‪ h‬א‪ >a‬א
‪ -‬א"د"‪"'"("v""MN‬‬
‫=&ن‪ WE&E%6FD=16N‬‬
‫‪YW%=
–1‬ود>‪ -‬و‪'(%=>:M‬دא‪ Ki‬‬
‫‪W'"")d""–2‬و""
‪?"""E'%‬א)""א?‪ >""a©#""%‬א""
‪""? -‬‬
‫\ ‪]E‬אل‪#R -> .‬א>‪-‬א?‪?#%‬دא‪ Ki‬‬
‫* ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻃﻴﻒ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ !!!‬
‫]و‪)( 1
-EWً:‬א?
=‪ W%‬‬
‫<‪-‬א)א?
=‪N%‬א‪>aP‬عא&‪4‬و‪'
-y‬א?‪N>1-‬א‪A&P‬و^‪9‬א‪ -E4=h2y* J=^ (J,
=&*l‬ن‬
‫‪-‬و‪ ^]N EM‬ذא‪9‬دא‪Fi‬وذ‪ s-(ً 1‬א&‪4‬و‪]
-y‬و^‪>aZ#*ML
6 s‬ع‪E‬‬
‫و
‪M'%‬אא‪-‬ع‪N‬א‪>aP‬ع‪?"E‬א‪>aP‬عא?
=‪]?%‬و?א‪>aP‬عא‪]?g-‬و?‪>a/‬عא( ]وא&‪ K?1‬‬
‫‪158‬‬
‫وאق‪ UDE‬א‪A&P‬و^‪9‬א‪ (n‬و‪>E4=U‬و‪YM‬دא‪>a/&a'(4si‬ع‪46‬و‪'(X=o'
-y‬‬
‫®‪+‬אאلא?‪ .‬א?‪ -&%‬نא‪A&P‬و^‪&a'(4=U *9‬د<>‪9‬و‪=9.E‬و*‪ KV‬‬
‫‪)( 1
-EWً^z‬א )'‪ W‬‬
‫<‪~=-‬א)א )'‪)-‬مא‪A&P‬ونא?>‪EFJ‬א‪ )h‬א¡لא&‪DE'E4‬א‪^r‬دوא&‪z‬د‪ E1^]YE‬א‪ >a‬א
‪ -‬‬
‫‪XE‬אא‪9‬א?‪.‬د‪Y‬دא‪!#. =-i‬אً‪]'/V=UN‬א‪A&P‬و^‪9‬אא‪LMY (d‬א‪ K‬‬
‫و(‪/KKKV‬ذא‪k^6‬א)‪ U‬א?‪ <6 =%‬نجא‪A&P‬ون‪N‬א^‪]ًQ4‬و]ن‪X=
N =-‬א)‪ U‬א ص‪'/VE‬‬
‫
=‪<'(]X‬نא*‪ =h/ Y1‬و‪"4='"/"4."-‬א‪]F"N" "8‬ن‪A"&/"o‬ون"‪"]N‬‬
‫א?
=‪9‬א>(;א‪A&P‬ونא ج‪N‬א]و]ن>دא‪A&P‬ونא‪=
'/‬א‪L‬אول‪KKK‬و‪=(6Y‬א=‪4sD‬אق‪DE‬‬
‫‪ U‬א?
=‪>a/&a'(D‬ع‪46‬و‪V#u'
-y‬ل‪;'.‬د‪ K‬‬
‫و\‪MYqm‬אא)א )']ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪–1‬א)لא?‪ >a©'.‬א?‪<'(U=:#%‬قא‪4x‬א?
=مو&‪^'(U=N‬عא>‪-‬א?
=م‪%(&<K46‬‬
‫زאدא>دא‪ ^%(6VX‬א)لא?‪>aZ'.‬عא?‪ K#%‬‬
‫‪<-–2‬وقא‪4x‬א?‪4s*:U j-‬א‪ >a‬א?‪ K#%‬‬
‫‪
N&–3‬א)لא?‪ >a©'.‬א
‪N -‬א>‪ W Um‬‬
‫‪ λ = hc / ∆E‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘـﺎت اﻟﻬـﺎﻣـﺔ ﻟﻸﺷـﻌـﺔ اﻟﺴـــﻴـﻨـﻴـﺔ‬

‫ ‬
‫&‪N‬א‪=hP‬د‪QdN‬א‪ >a‬א

‪Y -‬د‪N‬א=)‪9 1‬א‪ Wًm%<KKK i‬‬
‫‪QdgM]N–1‬א‪ >a‬א
‪ S(4=(EU -‬د‪-‬و‪YM‬א‪(1‬א‪=
*9‬م‪?Y‬دא‪ h‬א‪,"6A‬א‪X"(1‬‬
‫(‪%‬אد?‪ K‬‬
‫‪*o‬א‪DEd‬א?‪9.‬א‪DEN-*l‬אא‪"%(ً"R"9"S=<k"^6""%69‬‬
‫‪o‬א=א‪Yd‬א‪F‬א?‪#‬دوج{و‪#;?"E'%
EV1M‬وزאد?"*=&"ن‪"M‬‬
‫‪ j‬و]‪ً>1* %(sXd‬قא?
‪DE‬א?‪9.‬א?=א‪ K (d‬‬
‫‪]–2‬نא‪ >a‬א
‪'(216Ui -‬א‪-‬ذא*
=م‪Y‬א&‪N‬א>א‪ 16A‬‬
‫‪Y‬א?אدא?
= ‪Y‬א‪9-‬א?>^ ‪ K‬‬
‫‪–3‬و‪ nd'(,*A‬א‪-‬ذ]‪]ًj‬ن‪i‬א ('*א>‪s‬م=‪S‬א&"
]وא"و¯]و‪Y‬‬
‫‪{>E‬א=‪9‬א)‪ 1‬א‪ KXd‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪159‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬‫אא
‪L‬אאא‪?W‬א?‬
‫א ‬
‫‪ W G‬‬
‫‪ W ! J‬‬
‫'&‪ #$%#‬א"? ‪?Laser‬א‪5‬و‪4‬א‪3‬و‪/ #0/1‬א‪-#.‬א‪ *+,‬א)'!(?'‪;<=".‬و'"‪"89:7‬א"‪67‬‬
‫א‪ FG‬א‪D!=E,‬א‪!8?@AB
C‬ع?;و? ‪ K?Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation‬‬
‫‪ WIB#J; J‬‬
‫‪-M""01""""N;/""1""#4""B$KL""'""#O‬و'‪-""=F‬א!""‪9‬א‪ !""8;4""B$KL""'""#% ""B:C‬א""{‪Q""R""S‬‬
‫'‪""S""YI""'=F‬وعא!""‪""%6 %B""GKX""9‬א*""‪6‬وא‪6""#.‬وא‪""VW‬وא=‪""V‬وא=""*‪-‬وא‪U""F‬وא‪ ""G T‬‬
‫و‪Z[3‬א‪ K-M',‬‬
‫‪ WI\' J‬‬
‫^‪/.‬א*]‪1‬א‪#?1.*3‬ن?م‪; b/1960‬ولא‪/ FG‬א‪-O‬א‪.9!FC‬وم‪K‬و!‪/.;c8d‬‬
‫' אא‪g‬ز‪%e‬א‪T‬م‪EL‬ن{‪'9N‬א‪ '!1‬א‪E3‬אعא‪/ B:C‬א‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫>> اﻹﻧـﺒـﻌـﺎث ) أو اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ( اﻟـﺘﻠـﻘـﺎﺋـﻲ واﻹﻧـﺒـﻌـﺎث اﻟـﻤـﺴـﺘـﺤـﺚ <<‬

‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬د‪;k=G#S G‬ن‪; Oi-*B

j‬د‪?"1#
*JE‬א‪eB
C‬א‪?1l3‬وא‪".'ej‬ن‪I"S‬א"‪"cBmj‬א!د*" ‪";K‬‬
‫א‪-*B
C‬א)'‪-*B
?"1#
BSI‬א‪j?N,‬و‪.' nj‬نא‪?"1#
'cEpSc ٍe;mj‬א‪j‬א‪ K?%C‬‬
‫‪4j"&'" I"EpS{X‬ذ‪m‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪K‬ذא‪ OFE‬א‪eB
C‬א‪ E1 1l3‬و‪-*B
C‬א‪N,‬ز ‪ً % E 2 , E 3 , E 4 ,...‬‬
‫‪IB^cEpSE E 2‬و' ‪/B‬א‪eB
C‬א‪eB
1K1l3‬א‪N,‬א‪ { E2 IBOiej‬‬ ‫‪cB‬א!د* '‪E1 FIBOiًE‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪G/.‬ن'‪Z:B‬א‪uS!Fj‬ز ‪V<O‬אًא‪uS?"1#
' EN 1 / 10 1‬א!‪ Oi/E?#‬א‪N,‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪'S.81c!8pjJ‬ن‪!B[v‬د‪cB1K‬א!د* ‪ K‬‬

‫‪ J‬و*
‪jJ1#‬אא ع‪/‬א‪!8,‬ع"?א‪!8,‬عא‪?1]B‬و‪J‬א عא
]‪9w!m‬دא‪67‬א!د* ‪ K‬‬
‫و*‪.‬ن'نא‪'yE@!= C‬ددא'نא‪IJxK;N?U=
C‬و‪]#cSi‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪1E E 2‬ذ‪VFًXb;%‬د‪eB

"m‬א‪"N,‬א"‪ E2 I"BOiej‬و{' ‪1"cB‬‬ ‫‪'Sz
* ; J‬ن‪E1 FIBOi‬‬
‫‪uS‬א!‪pSET#‬ن‪jJ‬אא'ن*&}|א‪;1Kj‬ن'‪'S.81c'NK Oi‬ن‪'yEI[v‬ددو‪xK‬و‪i‬א'ن‬
‫א
‪zO‬و'!د‪cB1K‬א‪ K l3‬‬
‫‪160‬‬
‫‪jJ1#
* J‬אא ع‪/‬א‪!8,‬ع"?א‪!8,‬عא‪?@AB
C‬و‪J‬א
]‪m‬دא‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪XFEKW ~AG‬قא'‪/-E‬ذא‪-‬א‪C‬د‪jc‬א‪e;Fc!x *F‬א'‪ WE-E‬‬

‫‪m#}B' J1‬م‪B‬אز* و‪u‬א‪V *i-S
C F‬אً‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J2‬ذא‪;1$'-‬و‪i1 8‬ل
א‪ K $5‬‬
‫‪/1E!'M J3‬א‪;QBB‬وא‪
.E,‬א‪IE!&'ej‬مא'‪-E‬א‪k*i/ %!= C‬א‪!8,‬عא‪ K1]B‬‬
‫‪ EG‬א‪D!=E,‬א‪1]B‬وא‪D!=E,‬א‪ W@AB
C‬‬
‫ ‬
‫א‪D!=E,‬א‪ @AB

C‬‬ ‫א‪D!=E,‬א‪ 1]B‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪1""ً"E'Sz
* D‬ذ‪"cBm‬א‪ZB"@"{ "l3‬‬
‫‪z
* D‬א'ن‪1‬ذ‪c]uS6cBEK=Oe;FًXb;%‬‬
‫א‪u.,‬ون‪jJ Oi‬אא'نو* ‪%&'e;F1;eB
1KB‬א‪ KEj‬‬
‫‪m‬א‪ ""5‬א‪j""J|""}&*@""{E""%C‬אא'""نא""‪1""j‬א!""د‪""cB1""K‬‬
‫א‪ d C‬و '!دא‪cB1Kj‬א!د* !‪mc]uS6cBEK‬א‪ 5‬א‪%C‬‬
‫א‪XiKk*i/ l3‬قאق‪ Oi‬א‪F*B
C‬א‪N,‬وא‪1E1l3‬‬
‫‪ً]'?cEpS‬و"ون;‪"'?1V"[N"e‬א"ق"‪)O"i‬א‪*B
"C‬‬
‫‪'yET-E'S.8‬ددא'نא
‪ KzO‬‬
‫‪'yET-E'S.81‬ددא'نא
‪ KzO‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪E'S‬ن‪ K‬‬ ‫‪'S‬نوא‪ K‬‬ ‫א'‪-E‬‬
‫א‪ %!= C‬‬
‫‪iT J1‬ل‪ {1V‬‬ ‫‪e1Fg' J1‬وא‪/G‬א‪i3‬אلא‪F VC‬א‪c.‬و‪ K1
i g‬‬
‫[אص‬
‫‪yET J2‬א‪F‬وא‪B !8;.81LAB'#${x,‬אز* ^ً‪ K‬‬ ‫‪LAB' J2‬א] ^ً‪F‬א‪x,‬وא‪<F‬د*‪ KE/‬‬
‫א'‪-E‬‬
‫‪E7 J3‬ن?א‪u‬א!‪*@?1
.‬א‪6" N;$u‬א‪E7M J3 "BE,‬نא‪u‬א!‪8w'@1
.‬א‪!8,‬ع‪-S
CIBN‬‬
‫א‪ %!= C‬‬
‫‪ KJBEK6 N; *i‬‬ ‫@'‪8UG B‬א‪!8,‬ع‪ً
.‬א‪ S
C‬א‪ K FC‬‬
‫*!‪|B‬א عא
]‪m‬دאא‪ K B:C‬‬ ‫*!‪|B‬א عא
]‪m‬دא‪67‬א!د* ‪ K‬‬ ‫א‪V‬د ‬
‫ ‬
‫>> ﺧـﺼـﺎﺋـﺺ أﺷـﻌـﺔ اﻟﻠـﻴـﺰر <<‬

‫ ‬
‫^‪B‬ز;‪ !8‬א‪/‬א‪67‬א!د‪!e‬د‪/‬א ]‪ W1JZ‬‬

‫‪–1‬א ‪6‬א‪ W1F‬‬
‫‪!S‬عא=‪m * ]l /‬א ‪ E/6‬א‪F‬لא‪ًiًF[B '@1VC‬وאאً‪leIzS‬‬
‫‪V‬אً‪/‬א‪i3‬אلא‪jJ I'8$u' VC‬אא‪e"C‬א‪"!C‬و‪ !"8;"=BK/".1"B‬א"?;د*" א‪"F‬لא‪?1V"C‬‬
‫'*=ً‪ K‬‬
‫‪F[/z[$eBm‬طא‪F‬א!د* ‪/"<=$e1‬א‪"i3‬אلא‪"B' "VC‬و‪"i/"c'"8m-‬ل"‪1V‬‬
‫[‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪161‬‬
‫‪–2‬א‪;$u‬وא‪B‬אز‪ We‬‬
‫‪ !8dS‬א=‪V !S /‬אً'
<‪F[m‬ط
‪.'O; #B‬ن‪1K‬א‪B‬אز‪ Ke‬‬
‫@‪;+‬ن‪jJFO‬א‪6 N;ًBNw* 5‬א‪ *i-S
CBE,‬و‪E/.1B‬א‪ OF‬א‪j"J|" ]7‬א‪-S
"C‬‬
‫دون‪ K$j&*S‬‬
‫‪;+m‬ن‪ FO‬א‪67‬אد‪/‬א‪C‬دא!د* *دאد;‪ KQBBً }BEJBEK6 N‬‬
‫‪–3‬א‪u‬א‪ Wz‬‬
‫‪kF BS‬א'‪-E‬א‪ !83 E.C‬א‪u‬א‪ F‬ز‪ًE‬و‪.'#${ًE.‬ن‪m B‬א‪$'%$;c!F‬אً‪ K‬‬
‫;‪-E'S‬א‪67‬א!د‪kF BSe‬א] <‪u‬א‪ F‬و‪;m‬ز ‪ K B‬‬
‫‪–4‬א‪ W‬‬
‫‪ !8dS‬אא
‪E7MٍFG1 FO‬نא‪u‬א!‪-S
#1
.‬و‪ BNB1B‬א‪-
C‬‬
‫‪jJ/‬אא
‪ KF‬‬
‫;א‪ !83‬א‪ ]7‬א!د* ‪jT7:BS‬אא‪E‬ن{!(;‪KIE‬ذאزאد‪-‬א‪ S
C‬א‪67‬وא
‪ #$QO!l1KF‬‬
‫א‪67‬א
‪1 FO‬وא‪1KI -
C‬א‪K‬وذ‪U=
n‬م'א‪ KI'Vz‬‬
‫ ‬
‫>> اﻟـﻌـﻨـﺎﺻـﺮ اﻷﺳـﺎﺳـﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠـﻴـﺰر <<‬

‫ ‬
‫'‪.B‬ن;‪'cV‬א‪E;4XB[K1‬א‪c‬و;‪T.8‬و‪ W1J GG;b NXN/cBOi‬‬

‫‪–1‬א‪zG‬א!ل‪ W‬‬
‫و‪J‬א‪C‬دא! ‪BE,‬جא{و‪;KJ‬ن*‪.‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫;‪L‬א‪%W =b-‬א‪-O‬א ‪ K1‬‬
‫‪L‬א‪%W bI=8 =b-‬א‪-‬א
‪.‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫ج‪%W ]G-g=bL‬א=‪-g‬א!‪ *7‬א‪jC‬א ‪m‬א‪ K6C‬‬
‫د‪L‬زא‪W-‬و‪;KjJ‬ن'‪.‬نذא‪%-‬א‪T‬م;وא نو‪;K‬ن'‪.‬ن‪;1EN-]V‬و‪
$‬א‪.‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫‪L"J‬زא‪%W *dB-‬א‪V3‬نא‪ K/*dBC‬‬
‫‪–2‬א‪ W OF‬‬
‫و‪J‬א‪
C‬ل‪
$K/‬دא‪zG‬א!لא‪ OF‬א‪X‬ز ‪Kc'N,‬و‪ Oi‬א‪;KjJN,‬ن'‪.‬ن‪ Wbm‬‬
‫;‪ W c$ OiL‬‬
‫و*‪9B‬ذ‪:BGpKn‬אمد‪u‬ددא‪-‬אאد** ;و‪:BGp‬אمא‪*B‬א‪1c.‬א‪S FG‬ق‪K1#B
cV‬وא ع‬
‫א‪F1E%‬א‪*B‬א‪:B
*ً=E1c.‬م‪cV;m‬אא‪g‬ز* ‪;1EN%‬و‪
$‬א‪.‬نوא‪T‬م‪EL‬ن‬
‫وא‪V3‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫‪ W ]l OiL‬‬
‫و'&!‪jJ4‬א‪?" *F‬א‪7‬א‪?1]7‬و‪;/.‬ن'‪ W#JBBBG9B‬‬
‫‪L1‬א‪C‬א‪ VJ‬ذא‪-‬אא! ‪m#$W‬א‪ K-O‬‬
‫‪ !8;L2‬א;*‪m#$Wً7‬א=‪-g‬א
] ‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪162‬‬
‫ج‪ OiL‬א* ‪ W‬‬

‫‪:BGp‬אمא‪<NdB‬א‪5‬א‪e‬א '‪/‬א‪zg7‬א‪g1$5‬زא‪NKm-‬א‪C‬אدא! ‪ K‬‬
‫د‪ W ]#$ OiL‬‬
‫‪:BGp‬אمא‪ OF‬א ‪/ x‬א‪-XB‬א‪ ]#.‬א‪C‬אدא! ‪%‬א‪-XB‬א)'‪/"*"9B‬א‪"T‬و‪V‬‬
‫وא;وא‪-XB‬א)'‪*S/z[9B‬א*'<*مو‪;1EN‬و‪
$‬א‪.‬ن‪ K‬‬
‫‪–3‬א‪*}B‬א‪ W(E‬‬
‫و‪J‬א‪6‬א‪5‬و‪e‬وא‪ #!z C‬א‪{<=.B‬و‪;KJ‬ن*‪.‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫;‪W1V[(E*xL‬و*‪.‬ن‪B'v.81‬אز*‪B‬אن ‪#c‬א‪C‬دא! @'‪.‬نא‪-G.!E,‬א‪!BC‬د‬
‫ ‪#c‬א‪G3‬س‪ #m‬א‪<=.B‬א‪m#$K1]7‬אא‪g‬ز* ‪ K‬‬
‫‪(E*xL‬دא[‪)*cE6Xi9B*@W1‬א‪"C‬دא!" "‪X#!B‬ن‪"'v"#$‬אن ‪"#c‬א‪"C‬دא!" "@‬
‫'‪.‬ن‪'JeK‬א‪ !"8;!="#
"')"?j" I=8?'vC‬א"א‪C""BC‬و‪m"#$K‬א"א‪-‬א"= ‬
‫ ‪%‬א‪ K-O‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫ ‬
‫>> ﻧـﻈـﺮﻳـﺔ ﻋـﻤـﻞ اﻟﻠـﻴـﺰر <<‬

‫ ‬
‫*‪?#!B‬א!א‪1?e‬א‪b‬ل‪j‬א‪;-‬و‪-*V‬א‪zG‬א!ل‪? 1K‬א‪.G,‬نא‪.!C‬س?و‪?1"J‬א‪ "5‬א")*‪".‬ن‬

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‫‪163‬‬
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‫ ‬
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‫‪164‬‬
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‫>> ﺗﻄـﺒـﻴـﻘـﺎت ﻋﻠـﻲ اﻟﻠـﻴـﺰر <<‬

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‫أﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺎت‬

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‫‪fT‬ز‪F‬و=‪8‬א אא‪'< %T‬د*ن‪9!:‬א‪ B‬א(‪ -7‬وא
‪ً% -‬دون‪-*@H‬ط‪ KE‬‬
‫‪ J‬و!‪/q‬نא(د‪r/F‬د‪5*E‬ن‪`: s&73‬ن‪uV=&!v‬א) ‪9S%T3‬א‪=t%-‬א(
‪gT :‬א‪81:{ 1s&X‬‬
‫א א<‪* -‬ن=‪uV‬א(
‪>m. :‬و‪I‬א א‪m‬ز *ن‪I/ً!-
>-W‬א א
‪5: <J‬نو‪gTً[G‬א‪g5‬‬
‫א<‪ -‬وא‪m‬ز ‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪ ,< -
2T‬א<‪F -‬א‪`:{EX‬نذ@א ‪/‬و‪ s&7‬א(د*‪F 12!% :
18H*Q9S%T3R@"5‬א(‪ :
1‬‬
‫א‪*E !2!-‬ن‪wA=2‬א‪45‬ذ‪uV=gTR‬א‪@V‬א ‪/‬وא‪
s&X‬و "‪w‬א‪{92!T'!::25‬و<!‪`:KKKP‬نא‪/@V‬وא‪j&X‬‬
‫‪V=I‬אא‪*h$‬ن‪K &5‬و‪Y5x2‬א‪@V‬א ‪3 !'W‬א[‪ A‬אא@ ‪RVTV5T/-*9`:‬لא‪&*Hh1$‬א‪19‬و‪31‬‬
‫‪:92!T‬אغ‪3@-F‬א(
‪ :‬א‪WgT !2!-‬ذ@وא‪KEr_B‬و=‪uV‬א(
‪ :‬א‪/ !2!-‬وאא? )‪g%T95z@3v‬‬
‫א|د‪3>Tm./9B‬א[لא(‪ *87‬א‪6S‬א(‪8J‬א‪PT{rV‬א‪ Kg%‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون داﺧﻞ اﻟﺬرة " ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء ﻳُﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮل اﻟﺜﻼث اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ "‬
‫ ‬
‫‪`:KKKً"TG2!T'WG‬نאوندא_א‪H5%@V‬وً"!אً‪/h![5

)9:‬ن‪m‬د@=‪5~TP
6"<*3‬ج‪8H‬‬
‫‪{{u@,5 !7@_ A‬و=‪uV‬א[‪ A?1T8'
* A‬א‪F?35‬و=‪ !'W8‬א[‪ A‬א‪f‬ز وجאون‪3ً!J9‬א‪E@V1‬‬
‫‪/r/‬ن‪6"TZ-G‬אوندא_א‪/=@V‬ن‪P5A‬دא_א‪P5A3A/@V‬و=‪KKK‬و
'‪8‬אق‪ AgT‬א‪35‬و‪ A‬‬
‫و‪h$‬אوندא_א‪ A?1T@V‬א‪ K?T‬‬
‫‪/'W J‬ن=‪V‬אאون‪/ A[<2N!AU<5v‬و‪ %["5 A‬א"!' *‪'2ً%-‬ذج‪mq!{@T‬وאאً‪31":‬‬
‫
‪ 5‬א[‪ A‬א(
'‪9T‬و)‪/P2v‬ن~<‪uV=gTh"* A[< '!A8‬א(
‪ K 5‬‬
‫‪167‬‬
‫‪ J‬و!‪/q‬نאوندא_א‪AP'{@V‬א‪g‬א‪`1:{{{N1‬ن‪"1G 1!'5H‬طא‪1‬ون<‪81‬א‪12‬א*‪

1‬و‪1.r‬אًو‪UV1W‬‬
‫و‪7‬د‪2u‬א()‪6"T
KKK 9‬אون"!אًدא_א‪@V‬و‪"5GHG85T‬א@א‪ K@V‬‬
‫‪ J‬و(‪W‬نאون‪3ً2!%r5
m‬א[‪")P`:KKK A‬א[‪/ A‬و‪V=I8"T(95v‬אא(
‪ Kr5‬‬
‫‪Y5v2/‬אون‪3 2!% !'W‬א[‪F8</r5
8H"52P`: A‬و*
'‪? !<'8‬א‪KE?@5G‬و‪H‬ذאد‪8H‬‬
‫א(
‪r5‬א‪B‬ول‪"P`:‬א[‪ A‬א‪*:@.I9-
5WHQ‬ن‪F‬و*
'‪? !<'8‬א‪ KE?6_G‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪*8HO2T‬ز‪h‬אو <‪ 5
8‬א[‪'<WP/ A‬زאد ‪r5
'!A‬א[‪`: A‬ن‪ !'5H‬و‪7‬دאون‬
‫‪ K"*P!:‬‬
‫ ‬
‫أﺷﺒﺎه اﻟﻤـــﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫ ‬
‫‪N!
"*3vG‬א(אدא<‪/ -‬وא‪X‬א‪8<9*@A3‬א‪!.5‬א‪8T9‬وאא@‪/ f8Hr‬אع‪ W‬‬
‫‪–1‬א(‪W f.‬و=‪8‬אد‪!7‬א‪6T9<!.5‬وאא@وذ‪:U‬אو א‪WK9T‬א‪ S‬وא‪,2‬س‪ K‬‬
‫‪–2‬א‪%‬אزل‪W‬و=‪8‬אد@د‪ s‬א‪6T9<!.5‬وאא@وذ‪@2U‬אو א‪WK9T‬א&‪7‬ج‪ K‬‬
‫‪u-M/–3‬א(‪W f.‬و=אد*‪gT7‬א(‪ f.‬وא‪%‬אزل*ن‪H‬و*‪9‬א‪3ً-*@HA/‬א‪%‬אزلو‪3ً-*@HW/‬‬
‫א(‪!7+
!9/Wr/K f.‬א‪@+
!9/'W!.5‬د‪ s‬א‪I!.5‬د@‪ 7‬אא@א‪%‬د ‪/K‬ل‪W‬א‪!X‬م‬
‫وא
!<!ن‪ K‬‬
‫‪G‬و‪u-M/‬א(‪8".P-M=92 f.‬و‪ K8">?.P-M=92‬‬
‫ ‬
‫أﺷﺒﺎه اﻟﻤـــﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﻨﻘـﻴــﺔ " ﺑﻠﻠﻮرة اﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن "‬

‫ ‬
‫‪115% J‬א‪!<!
11‬ن‪311‬א‪11.2%‬א(‪I 11'9‬א‪11‬ن‪Z11!W*I_11119:‬א‪11‬و‪@F11.‬‬
‫א"א‪ K !$@B‬‬
‫‪Z11W*G‬ذ@א‪!<!
11‬ن‪11311‬א‪11 11-7‬و@‪H1411K‬و‪11f11Iً11‬א@א ‪I‬‬
‫א*!‪Z‬א‪?85‬א‪B‬ول‪H2‬ونوא‪H88‬و وא(א@א‪q‬وא‪48<r5,!:>_B‬‬
‫‪H‬و ?‪F‬אא("‪ KET‬‬
‫‪F@111<TI111/ J‬و?א‪?8111=?@111<-‬א*!‪Z111‬א‪8111G2K‬א(‪@V111NO51112‬א א(‪111‬אدא‪E? -<111‬‬
‫א‪!<!
111‬نא‪111W-111*:KKK8111"2‬ذ@‪3111‬ذ@א א‪!<!
111‬ن‪4h111‬ذ@א \‪111‬و@‪111T‬وא‪T‬‬
‫*
='! ‪/‬و*@‪ !W‬و‪W-*UVT‬ذ@‪H811T 1‬و‪1'5*r/ 1‬א"‪/1‬و‬
‫א(
‪r5‬א @‪ K92ٍ87‬‬
‫‪V=G‬א‪KKK‬و)‪/T‬ن!&‪3ggT‬אو ‪I‬ذ@א
!<!ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪ J‬א‪2‬عא‪B‬ول‪H=W‬و א(
‪ 5‬אא_<!‪{ 1‬و=‪21T-*1*uV1‬א‪>1*+1{1T‬‬
‫‪RV7‬א‪2‬א‪ KK‬‬
‫‪/ J‬א‪2‬عא‪H9:W8‬و א(
‪r5‬א @‪/87‬و‪H‬و א‪ :5‬و=‪ 11KuV‬‬
‫‪IW/‬א‪gT W‬א(
‪ :‬א‪ K !2!-‬‬
‫‪G‬و‪2‬د@‪ 7‬אא@א(‪*KKK SF2‬ن!‪h‬אوא‪gTT‬א‪@V‬א ‪I‬א‪q! '!<G@<-‬‬
‫*نאو ‪M‬א@*‪-‬ط‪@VT‬א א
!<!نو‪H17*f1:{=@{Z%‬و‪ 1‬‬
‫‪uV=I‬א {و‪*85T‬نא‪@@<-‬د‪ !J‬א‪!.5‬א‪*9/TKK8T9‬نز ‪2ًx‬אא([<‪ K‬‬
‫‪168‬‬
‫‪h:@2/G‬د@‪1 7‬א@א‪-1*KKK@1<-‬א[‪ 1A‬אא@‪

1 1!:W 1‬א‪1‬وא‪g1TT‬א‪@V1‬א ‪t1%T1<[25:‬אو‪ 1‬‬
‫و*‪H?-‬و ?‪K‬و‪V=c‬אאونو@א‪Iً?@:ًPJ‬אא‪ [T‬א(
@‪?11TP121%b‬א‪?14‬א‪1WQ1‬ن‬
‫אون‪ {9<m‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪B‬نא‪%5@V‬د ‪`:ً !T9W‬ن?!‪1HR‬ون‪31‬א‪KKK 1-7 2,1M@191%@V1‬و‪`1:815T‬نא‪ 2,1M1'b*14‬‬
‫‪ K -7‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪/fb‬نא‪@V‬א‪@/
WQ‬وא‪B?ً 1/?8'
*)9[T‬نא‪1G14‬ن‪HY215"*1‬و‪@311H1_ً1‬א‪ 1[T‬‬
‫\و@‪/‬و‪3‬אو אא(‪52‬دא_א‪%5:@<-‬دא‪+W'W@V‬و*‪"52‬א‪@8H4‬א‪KKr_/ [T‬و=‪V‬א‪ K‬‬
‫و‪'<W‬زאد د@‪ 7‬אא@‪'<WW/‬زאددאو אو<!‪&P‬دאددא‪4‬א ‪/ OfhKK‬ندאو ‬
‫א‪Z‬دא‪4‬א ‪@<T I‬א
!<!نא‪ K !"2‬‬
‫‪ J‬و*‪uV=O‬א&د
‪*Q'5‬א‪31 18H@<-‬א*‪&1‬אنא‪?11T8'
1b*Q1‬א*‪&1‬אنא‪1‬א@‪/r‬وא‪?8!21‬وא‪Q1‬‬
‫‪=2‬ندאوא‪T‬א(
@‪I‬א!
وً‪%‬دאوא‪T‬א‪I92*N5Q‬א‪ 12‬و‪I81"-815T‬א‪1 192‬د‬
‫‪3+T‬אو אوא‪4‬א د@‪ 7‬א@‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪c,5'W‬אون‪ W‬א‪`: !J‬نא‪4‬א *‪ Wً S/c,5‬א‪ !J‬و‪/525
85T‬ن‪u-M/‬א(‪ f1.‬‬
‫
‪7 G‬אً<‪,‬א@و‪/W_%‬نא‪!.5‬א‪u-MB8T9‬א(‪& f.‬دאد‪&T‬دد@‪ 7‬אא@‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ أو اﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ‬

‫ ‬
‫‪&!3 J‬א ‪u-M/‬א(‪7 G

9/ f.‬אً‪< -
2T‬א‪FZJ‬وא‪1‬א‪1%*ZJ‬ذ@א ‪I1<5‬א‪31:15‬ذ@א א‪@1<-‬‬
‫א‪ KE !"2‬‬
‫‪/q!,: J‬نא
!<!ن"‪Ih‬א|' אא‪XT %T‬ولאو@‪8T@P/r/?r‬‬
‫א‪H2P`:{?:5‬د_لذ@א ‪1MFw1_/‬א‪ 1.231EZJ‬א|'‪ 1‬א ‪
1‬‬
‫‪1111‬א‪/ P @1111G‬وא‪1111'!5B‬ن ‪ !1111GF Sb‬א‪581111<r11115{r/:11115‬‬
‫‪H‬و ‪w5
I‬א[‪ A‬א‪31 1!"@1<T8HE>_B‬א‪!<!
1‬ن{‪1{19`:‬‬
‫‪t%T‬ذ@א א
!<!ن{و‪Wc@*85T‬ذ@‪3‬ذ@א א‪EًfF@G‬‬
‫א '‪H41T !G‬و ?‪H./3‬و ?‪H4h‬و ‪43‬ذ@א ‬
‫‪!<!G‬ن\و@‪@435‬وא‪F !'=
*T‬אא("‪ KET‬‬
‫‪ J‬و<!‪-P‬אونא ‪I‬ذ@א‪!%$@G‬א@*‪-‬ط‪9T‬و‪85T‬‬
‫‪`1:‬ن‪311 1!'W1A/‬א[‪/31x 1A‬ن{‪31u@11‬א‪Fً1!J9@V1‬و*‪1,5‬ل‪11/81H‬ن‬
‫‪EZ7‬و‪H-‬ون
‪P"5H9‬دא_א‪3@<-‬ن_‪ K‬‬
‫‪V=NS2 J‬אאونא‪!.@8H‬א‪3W@<-‬אو א‪r/{1‬‬
‫‪d11_@1@11<-<-1./11AP1/‬و‪ 1‬א‪1=11‬א‪11‬א‪HKKKZJ‬ذאً‪ :1$`T‬‬
‫‪M‬א‪@<T8HZJ‬א
!<!نא‪&* !"2‬دאدא‪ !<.5‬א‪ 14!5@1<-< 1!T9‬ز‪1‬د‬
‫אو א‪ K9T‬‬
‫‪8'
* J‬א‪@V‬א‪ -J‬و‪?uV=25I‬ذ@א
@?‪?1T‬א‪@V‬א(‪@9B? ![%‬אو א‪+-
15WH9/'W‬‬
‫وجאون‪ @.F -7 2,M‬ن‪ KEZ7‬‬
‫‪169‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪`:85T‬ن‪@<T‬א

!<!نא(‪M9!HeS‬א‪ !GZJ‬א‪:5‬ذ@א א
@*
'‪31@<T?1T8‬א‪12‬عא‪?Z
1‬‬
‫و‪B n − type &11T11K&11‬ن*‪&11!W‬אو‪ 11‬א‪11119!:11‬ن‪&11!W*31111W/‬א‪114‬א ‪/‬وא‪ 2,11‬א(‪{ 11-7‬‬
‫‪/8H :$T‬نא‪!.5‬א‪uV= W3N58T9‬אو א&א‪J‬وא‪ f?1T8'
*Q‬א‪ 2,‬א
‪ {?J‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪2‬א*&אنאא@‪*r‬نא‪%5@<-‬د ‪q!ً!T9W‬ن\'عא‪ 2,‬א(‪'\Z -7‬عא‪ 2,‬א
‪/r/ -‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪ n = p + N Donors‬‬
‫!‪&!W*= N Donors q‬אא‪/ZJ‬وא‪@V‬א א(‪/ ![%‬وא א(‪ -7‬و ‪&1!W*= p‬א‪14‬א و ‪&1!W* n‬אو‪ 1‬‬
‫א‪ K‬‬
‫‪GG‬و~‪M :$H2-G‬א‪ !fZJ‬א‪ >>>%KKK:5‬‬
‫‪H2P/ J‬د_لذ@א ‪MF‬א‪.23EZJ‬א|' א א‪!2B‬م ‪/ Al‬وא‪@-‬ون ‪ !fF B‬א‪r5{r/:5‬‬
‫<‪H38‬و ‪w5
1I‬א[‪ 1A‬א‪31 1!"@1<T81HE>1_B‬א‪!<!
1‬ن{‬
‫‪t111%T111111{1119`:‬ذ@א א‪!<!
111‬ن{و‪`11:81115T‬ن‪111W‬ذ@‪3111‬ذ@א ‬
‫‪Ef‬א‪H31111Tc11* 11!f‬و‪3h11 11‬ذ@א ‪!<!11G‬ن‬
‫א‪11!2B‬م‪ً 11F‬‬
‫\و@‪9OgIK‬نאونא‪/?Z"?YA2‬و?‪F?4:‬א‬
‫א("‪ KET‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪:1111{81111‬א‪Y211115"*{{{91111Gx81111<@1111<-‬ذ@א‪1111!2B‬م‪1111/‬‬
‫אو‪r11H311 11‬א‪11‬وא‪T‬א|‪11‬و@‪uV11='!11‬א‪114‬و‪P11Ic11‬‬
‫א‪? 11-7114:?8<11.B‬و‪-11*8115T‬ذ@א‪11!2B‬م?‪119B?ً -11Gً1‬‬
‫‪H+-
5WH‬وً‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪1125AH811< 11-7114:11W11'%*11(T‬ص‪H‬و ‪KKKً -11Gً1‬و<!‪P11‬‬
‫*‪c,5‬א‪4‬א א(‪ -7‬دא_א‪u¡HI@<-‬אو ‪ K‬‬
‫‪8'
* J‬א‪@V‬א‪ -J‬و‪?uV=25I‬ذ@א‪!2B‬م?‪?1T‬א‪@V‬א(
‪? <-"5‬‬
‫‪@9B‬א‪4‬א א(‪25AdT+-
5WH9/'W -7‬صאون‪ @.F -G 2,M‬ن‪ KEZG‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪`:85T‬ن‪@<T‬א
!<!نא(‪M9!HeS‬א‪ !fZJ‬א‪:5‬ذ@א א‪!2B‬م*
'‪31@1<T?1T8‬א‪12‬عא(‪?Z17‬‬
‫و&‪B p − type &TK‬ن*‪&!W‬א‪4‬א א(‪9!: -7‬ن‪&1!W*311W/‬אو‪ 1‬א‪/81H :1$T{1‬ن‬
‫א‪!.5‬א‪uV= W 4!5N58T9‬א‪4‬א א(‪ -7‬وא‪ f?1T8'
*Q‬א‪ 2,‬א
‪ {?J‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪2‬א*&אنאא@‪*r‬نא‪%5@<-‬د ‪q!ً!T9W‬ن\'عא‪ 2,‬א(‪'\Z -7‬عא‪ 2,‬א
‪/r/ -‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪ p = n + N Acceptor‬‬
‫!‪&!W*= N Acceptor q‬אא‪/ZJ‬وא‪@V‬א א(
‪/ <-"5‬وא א
‪ -‬و ‪&!W*= p‬א‪4‬א و ‪&!W* n‬אو ‬
‫א‪ K‬‬
‫‪G‬و‪h!I‬א‪B‬אلن‪ W‬‬
‫‪ np = ni‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫!‪&!W*= ni q‬אو א

‪/ -‬وא‪4‬א א(‪@<T I -7‬א
!<!نא‪ K !"2‬‬
‫‪ J‬وא"نא
‪A?1T8'
T‬ن‪%:‬א‪? <5‬و‪&TP/P2‬د*‪&!W‬אو ‪&!W*" n‬א‪4‬א ‪ K p‬‬
‫‪ J‬و<‪!-G8‬א‪IP/Z"5‬א‪ n − type @<-‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪170‬‬
‫‪n >> p‬‬ ‫‪⇒ n ≅ N D‬‬

‫‪ ⇒ p = ni / n = ni / N D ⇔ p = ni / N D‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ p − type @<-< -

2T/ J‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪p >> n‬‬ ‫‪⇒ p ≅ N A‬‬
‫‪ ⇒ n = ni 2 / p = ni 2 / N A ⇔ n = ni / N A‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت أو اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺋﻂ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬א( ‪/‬وא‪8=J-2‬אא א‪W9!<a2-b*Q‬א‪ 'OB‬אو! ‪ K‬‬

‫‪8: J‬א‪ 'OB‬אو! ‪7‬א>‪3‬א‪/.2%‬وא( א‪ W'=gGG/g8H9'!
"*N5Q‬‬
‫‪F [!
T G‬و*‪>? (Te%‬א‪WE %‬א("و وא( وא(< א! ‪ K‬‬
‫‪F"% G‬و*‪ (Te%‬א‪WE %‬א‪ !J2‬وאא&‪@5G‬وאوא‪J‬א(‪{{{ <5‬و=‪'b*uV‬א‪.2%‬א‪ !GGB‬‬
‫‪r/I‬دא‪HJ‬و! ‪ K‬‬
‫و‪3V=8H :$T‬א‪ F5J-UVW7g2‬א‪J-2‬א‪9‬و‪ !J$‬و‪J-‬א‪IN,5‬א‪ K@!5‬‬
‫‪GG‬و*‪u-M/&!'5‬א(‪ f.‬א‪uV=Z<?/92h2b*Q‬א‪%<9!G
?1TJ-2‬אא‪9T [!D‬א‪6S‬ود@‪ 17‬א‪1‬א@‬
‫وא‪mS‬وא‪%M‬عא‪r@V‬وא‪<5‬א!'!‪8J‬و?>=‪3‬א(א ?{و‪VK‬א‪F5
*9`:89:‬م‪!AJGWr/?
?1W‬س‬
‫‪uVK‬א‪%‬אא(‪ K <5F‬‬
‫‪!A3v9"3%:‬س‪M‬א‪/6S‬ود@‪ 7‬אא@‪/‬وא‪/mS‬وא‪/ T‬و‪Q‬א‪%M‬عא‪/r@V‬وא‪<5‬א!'!و‪ Kr‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪Diode‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ أو اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺪاﻳﻮد‬

‫ ‬
‫‪5* J‬نא‪ <1.‬א‪/ 1!J2‬وא‪ <1.‬א(‪L 1-7‬א‪ pn − junction Z

1‬‬
‫‪11Hg*@11<T311‬א='א‪112‬عא(‪ p − type Z117‬وא‪311w11_B‬א‪112‬عא‪Z
11‬‬
‫‪ K n − type‬‬
‫‪ J‬و!‪P/q‬א‪@<-‬א
‪ n − type -‬ن*‪&!W‬אو ‪311W/‬‬
‫*‪&!W‬א‪4‬א {و‪I‬א‪@<-‬א(‪ p − type -7‬ن*‪&!W‬א‪4‬א ‪W/‬‬
‫‪&!W*3‬אو ‪ KKK‬‬
‫‪V11‬א‪11'112P11`:‬א‪ <11.‬א‪? 11!J2‬א(‪L 11-7‬א‪H11%*KKK? -
11‬و‪ 11‬‬
‫א‪@11<-‬א‪611"5H[11G -
11‬א‪811Hg*@11<-‬א‪@11<-‬א(‪ 11-7‬و*‪h1111,5‬‬
‫א‪114‬א א(‪117‬د‪311 11!_ 11"[2ً 11119T‬א‪ 2,11‬א(‪? 11W,5‬‬
‫אو وא‪4‬א ?*
'‪?11T8‬א(‪ 1"[2‬א‪/ <1.‬وא(‪ 1"[2‬א !‪/ 1‬و‬
‫‪ "[2‬א‪:‬אغ?‪5*F‬ن‪M3@-? -7 /3":‬א‪ZJ‬א!<@‬
‫א
‪ -‬وא‪ ":Q‬אو ?و‪M3@-? -G /‬א‪ZJ‬א!<@‬
‫א(‪ -7‬وא‪+-
5WHQ‬אو ?‪ KE‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪" 4!5‬א‪@<-‬א‪Ht1%T -
1‬و*‪ً197Z
15*19`:19‬א?‬
‫‪Z
5*'2!T{?ً -7‬א‪@<-‬א(‪97 -7‬אً?‪"5?ً -G‬لאو ‬
‫‪ K9!H‬‬
‫‪171‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪ً 4!52W‬قא‪g*=gT9X‬א(‪?g5"[2‬א‪1\15?g*@1<-‬ل‪81T9W‬دא_‪1‬א(‪ 1"[2‬א‪31P145 <1.‬א‪@1<-‬‬

‫א
‪F -‬ذא א‪9X‬א(‪8HEZ7‬א‪@<-‬א(‪F -7‬ذא א‪9X‬א
‪?1T8'
8T9W@!*P22EZ‬א‪@!5‬א
!‪?8T‬ن‬
‫‪u¡HIP=¡H‬א|لو‪@!*?u¡H‬א‪?@5‬א(@‪I‬א‪Z
FW <.‬א‪%5‬א‪u¡8f[.‬א‪r/@!5‬‬
‫‪3‬א[‪e‬א(‪8HZ7‬א[‪e‬א
‪FEZ‬אא
‪ KET‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪2‬مو‪7‬د‪31 {P/KKK87@_97r/‬א‪"51G‬א@*‪1"5H 1!<'1A‬لא‪g1T 2,1‬א‪1g*@1<-‬‬
‫‪/3'S‬ن*‪ O5'92ًfW8"-‬א‪9.‬א(‪3 <5F‬א‪ Kr_B‬‬
‫‪2/ J‬א‪8<Eًf @[TF87@_8T9W9¢>5‬א‪* <.‬ن‪!.5g52/‬א‪@ <.‬א‪ W9X‬‬
‫‪G‬א‪B‬و‪ W8‬‬
‫?*‪!.‬א‪@<-‬א(‪3 -7‬א‪Z["T <.‬א(‪ 1@[-<Z17‬و*‪!1.‬‬
‫א‪@<-‬א
‪Z["T -‬א
‪ ? @[-<Z‬‬
‫و‪uV11=I‬א‪c11,5* 11‬א‪? 2,111‬אو‪ 11‬وא‪114‬א ?<‪111‬א_‬
‫‪:25<ً 4!5‬אد‪ WgT‬‬
‫???אو‪ 111‬א‪111‬א(‪1117‬د‪I‬א‪@111<-‬א‪ -
111‬وא"[‪Z111‬א‪Z
111‬‬
‫<‪3 T"c,55: @[-‬א(‪ "[2‬א‪ K <.‬‬
‫???א‪4‬א א(‪ -7‬א(‪7‬د‪I‬א‪@<-‬א(‪ -7‬وא"[‪Z‬א(‪ @[-<Z7‬‬
‫‪3 T"c,55:‬א(‪ "[2‬א‪ KًS/ <.‬‬
‫?و‪W_a2%‬نא|لא‪u¡H @[-<8T9‬א|لאא_<‪I8‬א(‪ "[2‬א‪ ?P%S!: <.‬‬
‫‪ J‬و<!‪%2*Q"*KKKP‬م*"‪ً1-‬א(‪ 1"[2‬א‪ <1.‬و‪1*q1!Fً !-
1>-1W@1!*1v815T‬ن"و‪ 1‬א‪ <1.‬א‪ 1!J2‬‬
‫‪7>m.‬אً‪FE‬אא("‪ KET‬‬
‫و
'‪8‬א‪uV=I!.5‬א ‪?1T‬א‪/!.5‬وא‪!£‬زא‪?8B‬و
'‪8‬א‪@!5‬א‪>-‬א(‪?1TPZ‬א‪@!5‬א‪ K?8B‬‬
‫‪G‬א! ‪ W‬‬
‫?*‪!.‬א‪@<-‬א(‪3 -7‬א‪Z["T <.‬א
‪ @[-<Z‬و*‪!.‬א‪@<-‬א
‪Z["T -‬א(‪ ? @[-<Z7‬‬
‫و‪uV111=I‬א‪c111,5* 111‬א‪? 2,111‬אو‪ 111‬وא‪1114‬א ?<‪@111F‬ج‬
‫‪45<ً 4!5‬ذ‪R‬אد‪ WgT‬‬
‫???אو‪ 1111‬א‪1111‬א(‪11117‬د‪I‬א‪@1111<-‬א‪ -
1111‬وא"[‪Z1111‬א(‪Z11117‬‬
‫<‪3%5-c,55: @[-‬א(‪ "[2‬א‪ K <.‬‬
‫???א‪4‬א א(‪ -7‬א(‪7‬د‪I‬א‪@<-‬א(‪ -7‬وא"[‪Z‬א
‪ @[-<Z‬‬
‫‪3%5-c,55:‬א(‪ "[2‬א‪ KًS/ <.‬‬
‫?و‪11W11_a112%‬نא|‪11‬لא‪u11¡H11I 11@[-<811T9‬א|‪11‬ل‬
‫אא_<‪I8‬א(‪ "[2‬א‪ K?P"!: <.‬‬
‫‪ J‬و<!‪&*KKKP‬دאدא(‪ "[2‬א‪ <.‬و‪7>m.@!*v85T‬אً‪*q!F‬ن"و א‪ <.‬א‪7>-W !J2‬אً‪ KE‬‬
‫و
'‪8‬א‪uV=I!.5‬א ‪?1T‬א‪!.5‬א <‪/8‬وא‪?8
%‬و
'‪8‬א‪@!5‬א‪!%S‬א(‪?1TPZ‬א‪@!5‬א‪ K?8
%‬‬
‫‪/r/GG‬نא‪ <.‬א‪'
* !J2‬و@א‪@!5‬א‪I8T9‬א¡‪u‬א‪8B‬و‪Iً1-"*P%2x‬א¡‪u1‬א‪{8
1%‬و‪9!-1*31v‬‬
‫‪5‬ن‪Iً"<m‬א¡‪u‬א‪8B‬و‪Iً5‬א¡‪u‬א‪F8
%‬אא‪ KE85‬‬
‫‪172‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪3vP/-G‬א‪ fG3W5‬א‪ <.‬א‪F5G`T !J2‬אم?‪/‬و!?{‪H‬ذ‪/Z¤‬ن‪"8[%b‬و ‪ً17>m.‬א‬
‫‪ I‬א‪!.5‬א‪8B‬و"و ‪7>-W‬אً‪ I‬א‪!.5‬א <‪ K8‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬و=‪V‬א
<‪3ًx<5ic‬א("و א‪%‬د {‪H‬ذ‪.*9/‬א‪2T@!5‬א"!' ‪H‬ذאא‪:%‬قא‪ K9X‬‬
‫‪GG‬و<‪YJF‬א
‪"KKK "T‬مא‪/8J2‬وא‪ <.‬א‪T !J2‬و@‪7N9‬אً‪?N"* !<'I‬א‪@!5‬א(دد?!‪'
*q‬و@‬
‫א‪@!5‬א‪I8T9‬א‪2‬א‪B‬ول‪3‬אو@و‪IP%2x‬א‪2‬א‪{8<'%P/r/928‬א‪@!5‬א(دد ‪@1!*81H AC‬‬
‫
‪ K DC '5‬‬
‫و
‪5‬د‪uV=3‬א‪ @[T3,MI !<'%‬א
!@א و‪3,MًS/‬א‪ !<5‬א‪ K 'D‬‬
‫‪ W OfGG‬‬
‫‪@!5<&b J‬א‪{ I Forward &T8B‬و<‪@!5‬א <‪/8‬وא‪ K I Backward &T8
%‬‬
‫و‪:‬قא‪9X‬א‪ VForward &T8B‬وא‪9X‬א‪/ V Backward &T8
%‬و ‪ K V Re verse‬‬
‫‪ J‬وאא‪$85‬א&א(‪ <.<¥:‬א‪/ !J2‬و‪?1T8'
*'W‬אאد?‪ K‬‬
‫!‪vq‬אא(<‪q‬א‪@<-‬א(‪/ -7‬وאد{و‪v‬א א‪'%‬د‪r‬א‪@<-‬א
‪/ -‬وאد‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬وאא‪F5GH$85‬אمא&א(‪<¥:‬אد‪8I‬א‪ W!.5‬‬

‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪173‬‬
‫اﻟﺘـﺮاﻧـﺰﺳﺘــﻮر‬
‫ ‬
‫‪<[ J‬א‪N1G‬אא&‪81<@ 51G‬א‪ <1.‬א‪15q1!{ 1!f‬نאא&‪31@ 51G‬‬

‫‪ZG.P-M3g5"-gT@Z7.P-M "-‬و
'‪V=8‬א‬
‫א‪2‬ع ‪ K npn‬‬
‫‪/‬و‪Z11711.P-11M311g511"-g11T@11Z11G11.P-11M 11"-311‬‬
‫و
'‪V=8‬אא‪2‬ع ‪ K pnp‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪ZW‬אא&‪8<8=233@5G‬א*!‪ WZ‬‬
‫‪–1‬א‪W Emitter E q11-‬و=‪r11H11‬א[‪g511"-‬א‪11"Tg511[!D‬و"‪11‬م‬
‫§"‪/3‬و‪ f¦$‬א‪F 2,‬אو ‪/‬وא‪4‬א ‪8HE‬א"‪ K‬‬
‫‪–2‬א" ‪W Base B‬و=‪P-M "-8‬א(‪.‬א‪8[G‬و=‪61?31@1-8‬‬
‫@‪!A‬و‪ fx9"3‬א‪3 2,‬א‪8Hq-‬א|'‪ Kh‬‬
‫‪–3‬א|'‪W Collector C h11‬و=‪11‬א[‪ 11"-‬א‪r11_B‬א‪11"T 11[!D‬و"‪11‬م‬
‫‪ fRV¢‬א‪3 2,‬א"‪ K‬‬
‫‪Z!**N5 J‬א‪ f.‬א‪8< f‬א‪,2‬א
‪FT‬א‪Nq-‬א"‪N‬א|'‪h‬‬
‫‪E E → B → C‬و‪/Z¤‬نن¨‪U‬א"‪>m.‬אً‪17‬אً‪1'%T'
1*81‬‬
‫‪*H‬ل‪gT8T9W‬א‪q-‬وא|'‪ Kh‬‬
‫‪1117f‬אً‪111g111I‬ن‬
‫‪/111'W‬ن*‪&111!W‬א‪111‬א‪r/F1119TZJ‬א"‪111E111‬ن‪ً !111<A‬‬
‫*‪r/F11=&!W‬א‪11‬א‪IEZJ‬א‪117811q11-‬אً‪B‬ن'<‪11P11‬ن"‪ f11311‬‬
‫א‪8H 2,‬א"‪ K‬‬
‫و!‪/q‬نא"‪ًÄ/‬و‪&!W*A/‬א©‪`:‬ن‪uV=NO%‬א‪8Hx f‬א|'‪h‬و‪[1G
11WZ-1G‬א|'‪P1/1=h1‬‬
‫
‪F5‬م‪%MHI‬عא[‪ A‬אא@ א‪3 ¡2‬א‪ W‬א
‪ f %‬א‪ K'5
T 2,‬‬
‫‪ J‬و@א‪!.* !<' G‬אא&‪I@5G‬دא‪!-G8<V_KKKªJ‬א(ل…*א&‪3 npn @5G‬א‪12‬ع‪1Tg-(1W‬‬
‫א‪85‬و‪ WP!:‬‬
‫و‪ <111.‬א‪F8111/!111.* <111.111ALq111-‬و‪111*81115T‬ن‬
‫"و‪{E>m.95‬وو‪ <.‬א"‪L‬א|'‪8
!.* <.h‬‬
‫‪F‬و‪*85T‬ن"و‪ KE>-W95‬‬
‫‪ J‬و<!‪h:2*P‬אو ‪3‬א‪8Hq-‬א|'‪h‬א"‪ K‬‬
‫‪x2%:‬אو א"‪`:‬ن‪U<95
92>m.6&7‬‬
‫‪I‬א{د‪h‬א‪4‬א א(‪17‬د‪f1_1"T‬ل'<!‪? 1‬א‪15‬م‪/‬و‬
‫א{د?‪ K‬‬
‫‪`:‬ذא‪W‬نא‪@!5‬א(‪3<[2‬א‪`: I E =q-‬ن‪8H‬א|'‪@!*r/h‬א|'‪38[% IC h‬א‪ W Af%‬‬
‫‪IC‬‬
‫= ‪ I C = αe I E ⇔ αe‬‬
‫‪IE‬‬
‫!‪9Te%b* αe q‬א‪@!*gT -
2‬א|'‪ IC h‬و*!@א‪ I E q-‬و*ل<‪/R@"*r8‬و*
و‪@!*r‬א|'‪@!*hh‬א‪ Kq-‬‬
‫‪174‬‬
‫‪8[%b*gI‬א‪@!*gT -
2‬א|'‪ IC h‬و*!@א" ‪/ I B‬و ‪3 βe‬א‪ W Af%‬‬
‫‪IC‬‬
‫= ‪ βe‬‬ ‫‪ ⇔ I C = β e I B‬‬
‫‪IB‬‬
‫‪3‬אא
‪T‬و‪A3‬ن‪/KKKeM>W‬ن‪ W‬‬
‫‪ I E = I B + I C ⇒ I B = I E − I C‬‬
‫‪IC‬‬ ‫‪IC‬‬
‫= ‪ but β e‬‬ ‫= ‪ ⇒ β e‬‬
‫‪IB‬‬ ‫‪I E − IC‬‬
‫‪ W8<£ I E 8< '
"T‬‬
‫‪IC / I E‬‬ ‫‪αe‬‬ ‫‪αe‬‬
‫= ‪ βe‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪ ⇔ β e‬‬ ‫‪ ⇒ αe = ( 1 − αe ) β e‬‬
‫‪1 − I C / I E 1 − αe‬‬ ‫‪1 − αe‬‬
‫‪ W3‬‬
‫‪ I C = β e I B & I C = αe I E ⇒ β/ e I B = αe I E = ( 1 − αe ) β/ e I E‬‬
‫‪ ⇒ I B = ( 1 − αe )I E‬‬
‫و‪B‬ن¨‪U‬א"?‪-G'W‬و‪/‬ن‪7>m.?2!T‬אً{‪@!*-‬א‪
q-‬وً*"‪@!5ً-‬א|'‪/r/KKKh‬نא‪* αe -
2‬ن‬
‫‪8H -A‬אאא‪K!,‬و<!‪-*P‬א‪7>-W βe -
2‬אً‪ K‬‬
‫و‪85T‬ن*!@א|'‪@!*3W/ IC h‬א" ‪"(T I B‬א@ ‪ βe‬وא‪>-*?1T8'
*Q‬א‪HP/r/{?@!5‬ذאو‪@1MH+%1$‬‬
‫‪@!*I>m. !T9W‬א"‪`:‬ن*>=‪b9O‬אً‪@!*I‬א|'‪ Kh‬‬
‫و=‪uV‬אא‪'I !GGB‬אא&‪'W@5G‬و=
'‪%:?1T8‬אא&‪ K?@5G‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮر ﻛﻤﻔﺘﺎح‬
‫ ‬
‫‪I J‬אא‪IP/KKK85‬دא‪J‬א|'‪Fh‬א‪6&X‬א‪EMr/33vB‬ن‪ W‬‬

‫‪ VCC = VCE + I C RC‬‬
‫!‪97= VCC q‬א‪+TF @[-‬دא‪Eً'J‬و ‪:= VCE‬قא‪gT9X‬א|'‪h‬وא‪q-‬و ‪@!*= I C‬א|'‪h‬و ‪8= RC‬א("و ‬
‫א(‪7‬د‪I‬אא‪FJ‬و=‪ KEًS/ 5T8‬‬
‫و‪`:85T‬ن‪r/‬زد‪@!*I‬א|'‪*h‬ن<‪R
181‬א‪g1T19X‬א|'‪h1‬وא‪1'<WP1/r/…q1-‬زאدא‪1A1'<W I C @1!5‬‬
‫א‪11P11 11'!A11A/811H11Q11 VCE 119X‬א‪11112 0.2V . 8‬ن*!‪@11‬א"‪ I B 11‬و‪@11!*8115T‬א|'‪>-11Wh11‬אً!‪q11‬‬
‫‪ K IC = βe I B‬‬
‫‪@-5`: J‬אא‪KKK85‬و‪P!:‬א"=‪8‬א_وא|'‪=h‬א جوא‪ KKK'92!Tcq-‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪175‬‬
‫‪`:‬ن‪c<G‬אא&‪@5G‬ن<‪8‬א‪,2‬א‪ W85‬‬

‫‪2–1‬نא_‪>-W‬אً‪`:‬نא جن‪ K>m.‬‬
‫‪2–2‬نא_‪>m.‬אًنא ج‪ K>-W‬‬
‫‪V‬א
'‪8‬אא&‪uV=I@5G‬א ‪?1T‬א‪ K?W%‬‬
‫‪`: J‬ذא‪2![/‬א"‪97‬אً‪Fً-7‬و‪!.*W_%‬א"*‪?ً!/ًf!.‬אא
‪8<T‬א!'‪r
P`:E?g‬‬
‫*!@‪I‬א|'‪q!§h‬ن‪:‬قא‪>m.P!<9X‬אً‪ K‬‬
‫وא‪Hr/{{{!,.%‬ذא‪W‬نא‪9X‬א(
<<‪8‬א"‪>m1.‬אً‪/‬و‪Fً -1G‬و‪!1.*W1_1%‬א"‪?ً !
1ًf!1.*1‬‬
‫אא
‪8<T‬א!
@?‪h["2E‬א‪@!5‬א(@‪I‬א|'‪h‬ون‪:‬قא‪>-WP!<9X‬אًو‪85T‬א ج‪ K>-W‬‬
‫‪ J‬و=‪V‬א
‪F5‬مאא&‪.F5'W@5G‬א‪/@!5‬و)‪ KEP<.‬‬
‫‪VW‬א‪3v‬א‪)5G‬ل<‪ !-[A8‬אא&‪F5G`T@5G‬אم‪/‬و!‪2T‬א!! ‪h‬אאد‪ KE@<T@<TF‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪h!%5* J‬א‪&97B‬אو! ‪h‬א'! א[‪ !%!-‬و{‪@MH8HK‬א ‪ Wًf':K !T9W‬‬
‫‪–1‬א(!و‪:‬ن~لא ‪ K !T9W@MH8H‬‬
‫‪>W–2‬אא!{لא@‪ K !T9W@MH8H‬‬
‫‪–3‬א‪11&!<5‬ن‪11,5P11!:W‬لא‪ 11‬وא‪9W@11MH811HN11 11!T9W@11MH811H@11‬و‪112 !
11!2m‬א@‪11G‬ل‪KK‬‬
‫وא‪2%‬א‪-"5G‬ل‪,5*q!KK‬لא‪@M‬א‪9‬و‪ .8HN !T9W@MH8H !
!2m‬و‪ K@.‬‬
‫و?א‪&97B‬אو! א‪h%5*Q‬א'! א[‪F !%!-‬א‪ <5G*b Q‬و*_‪>m51*19/'W95Z
'!Ar/V‬‬
‫‪'5GT‬א@‪h‬א&‪?1T8'
5:?8='WE3‬א‪&97B‬אو! א‪/ 25‬وא"!‪ K? !G‬‬
‫‪9":ً/ J‬ع‪37‬א‪?1Te%b*&97B‬א‪&97B‬אو! א‪ 1W? 1!'A‬א‪ -1G‬و‪&197/‬א'‪*1!-‬‬
‫وא‪?8<9<'I'5%*Q‬א‪O2‬مא‪?8J2‬وא‪,*b P!:rV‬لא‪@M‬א‪5'!A9GG/M8H !T9‬ن‪1'=":‬و‪r/F0‬‬
‫*‪1'=":g53%b* <2 S-2T&!'5‬و‪/0‬و?‪¥!S‬و?>‪/?¥!S‬و?"!"‪8‬وزא‪/?J‬و?‪!,.‬و_[?‪/‬و?‬
‫‪ '!A3%bWf‬א‪%‬د ‪I 3‬א‪O2‬مא‪q1! ( 1 1 )2 &1T8J2‬‬
‫‪ 8‬و‪/?tF2‬و?‪<m‬و‪?5‬و=‪V‬א‪ً ':KEKKK‬‬
‫&א‪8H 2 NA‬א‪O2‬مא‪{8J2‬و=‪//"b*)uV‬و‪ W92‬‬
‫‪ 3 = 1 × 20 + 1 × 21‬‬
‫!‪8= 2 0 ,2 1 ,2 2 ,..... q‬א*‪Z‬א ‪I‬א‪O2‬مא‪ 1_ 2 0 1'b5:{8J2‬א‪1‬دو*‪ 1_ 2 1 1'b‬א‪ 1%‬و*‪2 2 1'b‬‬
‫_ א(‪KKK s‬و=‪V‬א‪/r/K‬نא*‪Z‬א ‪I‬א‪O2‬مא‪rA'b*8J2‬א‪%‬د ‪ K 2‬‬
‫‪ 10 0 ,10 1 ,10 2 ,..... « 'b*'WKKKًx J‬א*‪Z‬א ‪I‬א‪O2‬مא‪ T5W3vWًf':Kr%‬א‪%‬د ‪I 17‬א@‬
‫א‪8< %‬א‪,2‬א‪ W85‬‬
‫‪ 17 = 7 × 10 0 + 1 × 10 1‬‬
‫و=‪V‬א‪W>*N5‬دو‪IeW‬א‪O2‬مא‪ K8J2‬‬
‫‪{N5!: J‬א‪@M‬א א‪ !T9‬א(‪@MH8H <5‬א @‪@3 !'A‬א@‪G‬ل‪973‬زل*‪2/8'A@Lr2‬‬
‫א(©
‪,!:«-"5‬א‪,5*q!%‬لא‪@M‬א א‪T 2*8H !'A‬א‪ [G‬ل@‪ Kr2*L8'A‬‬
‫‪GG‬و‪3‬א' ‪V=3‬אא‪,5‬؟>> ‬
‫‪176‬‬
‫‪3 ':‬ذ‪I7*P/=U‬א[‪@MH %!-‬א ‪ 'O52>? !T9W‬و?>!*
'‪?1T8‬א‪6$S‬א‪=@? !T9‬‬
‫א‪ W‬א‪%‬א‪d !J‬و {*
‪uV=Z-‬א‪@!* W‬אًא‪*,bً !J‬א_‪Iًf‬א‪@M‬א א‪'{Q‬א(‪ <%‬و*‪ K9M‬‬
‫و‪fb‬ذ‪H 1[ 1IU1‬ذא!‪/ 1‬و*<!&!‪IM1W19O*q1! !%1$ 1‬א‪/ 1‬و‪1"2W‬ط‪61!T‬و‪1G‬دא‪81<6‬‬
‫א‪uV=K M‬א‪eSb*6$S‬دא‪8Hً'J‬א‪@M‬א א‪'{Q‬א(‪ <%‬و‪Z%‬א‪ K92Y<F5‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪ I3‬אو! א‪`:KKK !'A‬نא(‪ '!AI+
! <%‬א‪?@M‬א‪9!HeSb*AQ‬א‪6$S‬و*=‪?9‬و‪3‬‬
‫א(‪I3'* <%‬אد‪/‬وאא ‪/18==KKK9T .‬م‪0‬؟>>‪KKK‬و‪ !'=/+W2=3‬אو! א‪ >>> !'A‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪F5
1‬م=‪V11‬אא‪112‬ع‪311‬אو!‪11[81< 1‬قوא‪Ih11G‬א‪11%‬א‪1811‬א‪ 11!<5‬א‪ 11'D‬وא"‪112‬א א‪ !JS11‬‬
‫و‪A/‬אصא<!&@‪KKK‬وزאد‪3‬א='!‪_H95‬אعא'‪*!-‬א(‪8<-‬אو!‪ 1‬א‪81H_111:{ 1!'A‬א'‪31*1!-‬‬
‫‪,5 !T‬ل‪M8H‬א ‪/&4b*UVW !J2‬א@‪?1T8'
*>m..28H‬א‪?&<!
-‬و{ل‪ K !J2M8HًS/‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪1"ٍ1WI‬مא'‪h1!'¢*1!-‬א‪ 1!<'%‬א‪F51G`T !T
11‬אم‪?11Te1%b1‬א‪11X‬א‪/8J12‬و‪1T17‬ول?‪11"1'WK‬م‬
‫‪3&F5T‬א(‪I <%‬א‪V‬א‪W‬א(‪/P5A‬و‪Q‬א‪V‬א‪W‬א(
‪ v5‬א"صא<‪/3v?g%u¡HI [2mM8<Z‬ن‬
‫‪/?0NAT92%b‬و‪I [2mMI‬א¡‪u‬א(‪S‬د?و‪ K?1NAT92%b‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪'5% J‬א>‪3‬א‪ "!-[5‬א ‪d‬و! <‪3 !'A@.28‬دوא‪HJ‬و! ‪?9!<<[b‬א‪-‬א‪ T‬א(‪? !"[2‬‬
‫‪R!
HIN,5*89:‬א(‪ <%‬א‪O2‬م!‪/5b*9/q‬و*‪ !<'%<ً%-*<mb‬א‪2{Q‬א(א_‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪3‬א¨‪uV=h![5
*KKK9‬אوא‪/J‬ن*"م‪ !"[2 !<'%T‬א‪ NOT 82‬وא‪5‬א‪ AND :‬وא_‪ OR @!5‬وא‪Q‬‬
‫*‪@T'5%‬و=<‪8‬א‪X‬א‪/8J2‬وא‪X‬א‪-‬و‪ K8‬‬
‫‪ J‬و<‪8‬א‪'%‬م‪U<*!x3vKKK‬א‪13 !<'%‬دא‪81T9W-131 11J‬و‪15‬و‪1!:KKK197@1‬ن‬
‫<'‪/H'=":g5-‬نن[و‪/01TP&2G‬و‪/‬نن‪6S‬و@&‪UVW{1u‬ن<'‪":g55‬‬
‫‪/H'=KKKًS/‬نن‪5‬و‪/01TP&b‬و‪/‬نن‪<m‬و@&‪ K1u‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪uV=N=/3‬א‪-‬א‪ W T‬‬
‫‪TGG1‬א‪ T‬א‪5‬א‪ W AND Gate :‬‬
‫‪T‬א‪f_1111K AND 11T‬ن‪/‬و‪11W/‬و‪1111K‬جوא‪{11":11‬و‪911<!x311v‬‬
‫‪/g5‬و‪8< <.W/‬א‪5‬א‪I8‬دא‪T'W !T9WJ‬א("‪ WT‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪!x3v‬א) א(‪< <5F‬א‪XTJ‬ولא‪ W85‬‬
‫‪ Input‬‬ ‫ א(*! ‬ ‫ ‬

‫‪ Output‬‬
‫‪ A‬‬ ‫‪ B‬‬ ‫א(‪ A B -‬‬
‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫?>‪ 5 5 6S‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 5 <m‬‬ ‫?>‪6S‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ <m 5‬‬ ‫?>‪6S‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ <m <m‬‬ ‫‪ 6S‬‬
‫‪H)H¥S‬ذא‪1W‬ن‪311ًf1W‬א(‪11_c112=17)r/{?11?g11"<mg-11‬ج<‪11‬א‪H)HJ‬ذא‪11*H‬‬

‫و‪/11P12‬نא(‪ 1)-11‬‬
‫א_‪f‬ن<‪8‬א"!' و=‪ K18‬‬
‫‪177‬‬
‫‪TGG2‬א‪ T‬א_‪ W OR Gate @!5‬‬

‫و=‪uV‬א‪-‬א‪f_K T‬ن‪/‬و‪W/‬و‪K‬جوא‪{ًS/":‬و‪/g59<!x3v‬و‪8< <.W/‬א‪5‬אز‪Ir‬دא‪J‬‬
‫‪T'W !T9W‬א("‪ WT‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬و‪!x3v‬א) א(‪< <5F‬א‪XTJ‬ولא‪ W85‬‬

‫ ‬
‫‪ Input‬‬ ‫ א(*! ‬

‫‪ Output‬‬ ‫ א(‪ -‬‬
‫‪ A‬‬ ‫‪ B‬‬ ‫‪ A‬‬ ‫‪ B‬‬
‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬‬ ‫?>‪ 6S‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬‬ ‫‪ <m‬‬ ‫‪6S‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ <m‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬‬ ‫‪6S‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ <m‬‬ ‫‪ <m‬‬ ‫‪ 6S‬‬

‫ ‬
‫و‪/P2‬نא(‪26S-‬ن‪3ٍr/‬א(‪/g-‬و‪&1<r/{?11?ً 1"<m'=fW‬م*‪1‬א‪1/:‬א‪81<g<_1‬א‪1AB‬‬

‫‪8<,2‬א ج‪ K1‬‬
‫‪TGG3‬א‪ T‬א‪/82‬وא‪ W NOT Gate %‬‬
‫‪-'W J‬و‪3‬א¨‪`:KKK9‬ن=‪uV‬א‪-‬א‪>mb* T‬א_‪`:KKKP
8H‬ذא‪1W‬نא‪`1:?1?_1‬نא ‪1‬ج‪1‬ن?‪?0‬وא‪1%‬‬
‫‪ K!,.‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ Input Output‬‬ ‫ א(‪ 5‬‬ ‫ א(‪ -‬‬
‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ 5‬‬ ‫‪ 6S‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪ <m‬‬ ‫?>‪ 6S‬‬

‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬و‪5x‬ز=‪uV‬א‪-‬א‪T T‬ن‪_K‬وא‪":‬و_جوא‪ K":‬‬

‫و‪T9<!x3v‬א‪J‬א‪ !T9‬א(‪T 2!-‬א("‪ WT‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬و<‪uV=8‬א‪ !<'%‬و!‪"*9*f‬م‪NO%‬א‪ 'OB‬א‪>W=V!2*@5q! !'A‬אًو‪7>-W

T‬אً‪ K‬‬
‫‪178‬‬
‫و‪uV=V!2*3v‬א‪-‬א‪F5G`T T‬אمאא&‪@5G‬و‪uV=I‬א ‪'%‬אא&‪5'W@5G‬و!‪ K'W‬‬

‫‪ J‬و=‪V‬א‪/3v‬نאא&‪/ NOT Gate WP/8<@5G‬و‪P/‬دא‪*J‬א‪H AND Gate !":‬ذא‪W‬ن‪W/P‬‬
‫‪@!*.)q!§qT3‬אً‪H)H‬ذא‪W‬ن‪97P!<qTW‬אً‪ KE1Fr/ً-7‬‬
‫‪@*3vUVW‬אא&‪TP/8<@5G‬א‪H OR Gate @!5_H T‬ذא‪W‬ن‪2‬زوج‪3‬אא&‪8<g<.@5G‬א‪5‬אز‪r‬‬
‫§!‪/8q‬ن‪'=/.‬א‪/r/@!5‬نن‪!:E1F‬نא ج‪ KE1F‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪F5GH3vKKKً S/‬אمאא&‪h2.I@5G‬دوא‪1J‬א‪V1‬א‪&1q1!W‬نא‪81<1H 1!-‬א‪/E0F@1‬و‪/81H{E1F‬ن‬
‫&ولא‪ I@!5‬א‪V‬א‪W‬א(‪&!: RAM P5A‬ول®&‪/KKKP2‬و‪/‬ن‪3&N5‬א‪ !-‬وא(‪8< v5
@T <%‬‬
‫א"صא<‪ '!<%5T)H=N5f:Z‬א(
‪F5‬م‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪2T‬א!! ‪3&N5‬א‪8< !-‬א‪AB‬אصא(\ ‪T9<!4
*N5!:KKK CD‬ز‪E0F‬و‪TE1F‬א‪%M [G‬ع‪3‬‬
‫א<!&@"م§<‪A8‬ص‪3‬א‪!:FU!5Gf-‬لא‪8<1NA‬و‪7‬دوא‪8<0NA‬مو‪7‬د=‪E‬و*
'‪uV1=8‬‬
‫א‪?1T !<'%‬א‪ K? T5‬‬
‫و‪7G‬ع=‪uV‬א(‪? !<'F <%‬א"‪1‬א‪1"*E?6‬م‪ 1J@A‬א<!‪1"T@&1‬א‪Tً"T1GP<!4
1*®16‬א‪%1M [1G‬ع_‪311‬א<!‪@&1‬‬
‫‪)5GT‬ل<‪8‬א(‪E0F2‬و‪E1F‬א(‪7‬د‪"T‬ص{و)‪:<5‬א‪&T)H CD 3 DVD 1‬دא"@א‪ K !2&F5‬‬
‫‪V= J‬א‪KKK‬و‪>W 9A‬א *@‪O2T‬مא‪{8'A‬و‪,5*9!:‬لא@‪@MH8H‬א @‪*N5 !'A‬אو‪K‬و‪ %[A %[AKG@H‬‬
‫‪8<9<!'{N5N2m>m.M8<9<!4
*N5!:‬א'‪ K*!-‬‬
‫و=‪V‬אא‪2‬ع‪3‬א>א *
‪F5‬م‪3&F5 <!GW‬و"א‪ 2,‬א‪ CCD 1T8'
* !T9‬وא‪Q‬نوز‪ً!_9‬‬
‫‪11G/119/811H :11$T‬س‪>11W‬א א!א‪ 11'D‬و) א‪W11‬و) א‪I115‬א‪ 11!<5‬א‪ 11'D‬א‪ 11‬وא‪Q11‬‬
‫‪"92v‬א@א‪F5G`T+‬אم_‪ !.‬א‪<-‬و*‪ K‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟﺪواﺋـﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜــﺎﻣـﻠﺔ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪TIً"TG2!T J‬א د@א‪ G‬אאد‪IP/KKK‬א‪ 'OB‬אو! ‪7‬א>‪3‬א‪/.2%‬وא( א‪8H9'!
"*N5Q‬‬
‫‪ W'=gGG/g‬‬
‫‪F [!
T G‬و*‪>? (Te%‬א‪WE %‬א("و وא( وא(< א! ‪ K‬‬
‫‪F"% G‬و*‪ (Te%‬א‪WE %‬א‪ !J2‬وאא&‪@5G‬وאوא‪J‬א(‪{{{ <5‬و=‪'b*uV‬א‪.2%‬א‪ !GGB‬‬
‫‪r/I‬دא‪HJ‬و! و=‪KuV‬א"@<‪8‬א‪2>-5‬د\‪I9‬دوא‪ K -G2J‬‬
‫و*
'‪?8‬אوא‪J‬א‪9*39%!'¡N5Q‬א‪ !GGB‬و‪9‬و*‪?1T?8<92¯W!.‬אوא‪J‬א(‪ K? <2‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪Th11311‬א‪ !2!511G 11‬א"‪11‬نא‪11§/+11W112311%‬א‪=11M/811<6S11‬و‪+11W‬א‪h211 11G 117‬دوא‪11J‬‬
‫‪H‬و! ‪>m.‬א‪ !_N4‬אزن‪+9¡H‬א‪?1Te%bh2@OB‬אوא‪J‬א(‪/? <5‬و?אא‪J‬א‪ K? "!A‬‬
‫و*‪'5%‬אא‪uVK !GGB‬אوא‪Wh!'¡8<?J‬א( א([<‪: T‬ق‪3 ~M‬א
!<!ن*‪,b‬د<!‪U<*3W/9‬‬
‫א( دون*‪ <29<!.‬وذ‪Z
U‬و! ‪W‬دא‪ K?J‬‬
‫‪HWf‬ذא‪@/‬د‪h2b.‬دאد ‪!: n − type ~M3 p − n‬نא([<‪@5H=R‬ذ@א ‪@-1W 1!f‬ون‪15‬ن‪@1<T‬‬
‫‪ً ': J‬‬
‫‪ "[2I p − type‬د‪3‬א~ و=
'‪?1T8‬א‪@5‬א‪/?8J"5‬و?א‪@5‬א(
‪ K?r5‬‬
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< !J!'!W‬م‪2A9!:‬عو‪/6$‬و!&@‪ !<'P-'!:‬א[‪/F -‬وא‪8<°"2‬‬
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‫‪179‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪2T‬א!! ‪*h!2*3v‬א&‪3@5G‬א‪2‬ع ‪Im5:3KKKًf npn‬א(‪ ["2‬א(‪ -7‬وא‪@15`T'
1‬‬
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‫‪Wًf11':‬א<‪ 11‬א‪I !11GGB‬א'‪*11!-‬وא‪?111Te11%b*Q11‬א<‪ 11‬א‪B‬م?{‪811<r115‬א(‪m11‬وא‪V11‬א‪W‬א(‪ 115A‬ودوא‪11J‬א‪N,511‬‬
‫و‪UVW‬دوא‪J‬א
‪R‬وא(‪[2‬و?>=‪ K>W‬‬
‫و‪KKKً S/‬د_<‪+‬אوא‪J‬א(‪\I <5‬لא[‪&97/h!I7*89:KKKZ‬א"!سوא‪Y!F5‬وא‪f1%‬جو‪I‬א(‪1A-"5
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‫اﻟﺘﺼـﻐﻴـﺮ إﻟـﻲ أﻳﻦ ؟!!!‬

‫ ‬
‫‪ J‬א(©[<‪¦@*8<h‬אو! 'ًوא'‪1_©/12P1/1¤ 1._ 1T*1!-‬ع‪/‬ول‪197‬ز‪ !2

1I*1!-'W‬‬
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1‬א‪B‬א‪1*/rV1‬‬
‫‪:‬אد‪ KN9T ._*!-'W&97/625AH‬‬
‫‪ J‬و‪V2‬ذ‪U‬א‪g‬و‪8H‬אنوא'‪*!-‬א‪8<'%<'5
@[*I8F‬زد‪P5G‬و‪P5%G‬و‪8<P*@A‬א‪h%5‬‬
‫א‪ !<'%‬א‪!"%*WB‬אً‪I‬ز‪{A/ٍ3‬و‪I‬א‪P'4!<"*+A‬ووز‪P‬و‪ KP5<*!<"*ًS/‬‬
‫‪uV=W J‬א(‪'5G`T",5* -<[5‬א@و‪%‬للٍ‪ً7‬א?@?‪-*9/N‬و‪S1T? 1$@%5‬א‪fm51G‬لא‪N!=1(1B‬‬
‫<مא!&‪6‬وא!'!‪6‬وא(אدوא<!&@وא‪"5‬مא(
‪!72*I'5‬א‪h!25‬ذא*‪ K9‬‬
‫‪': J‬ذא‪5HKKK%T‬א‪/@
95
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‫א‪5‬א (‪*/F?G5‬א &‪{E ~1M1@51G‬و‪?u1%T31‬א‪15‬א‪*e)10F?>-1‬א&‪E ~1M1@51G‬و‪?u1%T‬‬
‫א‪8=255‬א?‪F‬وא‪rV‬و‪P!:.‬א‪8H>m5‬א‪*/1008‬א&‪T{E ~M@5G‬و‪.‬א‪?8HB‬א‪5‬‬
‫א‪F?J‬وא‪³<-P!:rV‬א‪:8H>m5‬قא‪*/1001‬א&‪KKKE ~M@5G‬؟>>> ‬
‫‪`: J‬ذאא‪'5G‬א‪uV=8<>m5‬א‪ً'5R"2`:,2‬و‪r5
8H
T‬א‪KKK9
@V‬و‪&F!b G=2‬نא‪0g'A‬و‪1‬‬
‫‪HM8<H‬ون‪I‬א(
‪r5‬א‪8$@B‬وא_‪/@1br5
I‬و<‪1H1M81‬ونذو‪g1%u1¡HI1‬وא_‪1‬ذو‪I1‬‬
‫א¡‪u‬א(©‪N<?1Te%b'!:{W%‬א'‪*!-‬א'‪?8‬وא‪Wh8'5rV‬א‪@[5‬א א‪IN1<%<1{Q‬א¡‪u1‬א‪rV1‬‬
‫‪/3q,-‬دق*‪!.‬א&نوא(نא‪B‬א‪/rV‬د‪@98Hr‬א‪ !2"5‬א ?א‪2‬وא'‪ K?872*5‬‬
‫‪ 111 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 111 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 1‬‬
‫??א و ?? ‬

‫‪GG‬و"! د אنא א‪ GG‬‬
‫ﻈـﻬـﺮ اﻟـﻐـﻴـﺐ ‪...‬‬
‫‪ ...‬ﻧﺴــﺄﻟـﻜـﻢ اﻟـﺪﻋـﺎء ﺑـ َ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪180‬‬

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‫زد

‫‪vii‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

W‫א !א א‬Wً‫و‬G

W‫אم‬N O‫ א‬E: ‫ وאא‬33‫א وאلא‬/ J

2 l w Z6S‫א‬ π r l ZP,. ‫!א‬.

sin θ = cos( 90 o − θ ) cos θ = sin( 90 o − θ ) cot θ = tan( 90 o − θ )

sin( − θ ) = − sin θ cos( − θ ) = cos θ tan( − θ ) = − tan θ

W/5 .h‫א‬6i‫ د א‬G

W4<G ‫א د @

?‫אول‬FG ‫א‬2f_ ‫د<א‬yJ

K0 ‫א‬a‫و‬E‫ א‬ZO‫@א‬D. ‫

K/.n‫`אא‬aWD! Wfl7  \ ‫وא لא‬.k/.(

W_ ‫א<ض‬B`(4-@4<J@/.n‫وزنא‬W‫א * وא زن‬G

Wv‫(א‬E >H"?$/‫ و‬λ

>`? ‫א `"<א‬#85`?N`I`)@v1‫א `"<א ?`>אول‬#85?‫ن‬6D8f@ ``` ‫א‬C.‫و‬

#a5t<5WwSs7#a5tNE6 D@ ‫!א ل‬c?

W‫@ن‬Ld, ‫!א‬6Y ‫א‬N rJ‫و‬

>5D ‫א‬.X"Jx ‫ א‬Q ‫א‬G

K#??‫א‬f Q‫دد‬5D. P‫ود‬Y5D‫و‬BX"‫دد‬5D!@–5

?# ‫א ! א  "?א‬ ?‫?א‬

KJ2*W+H‫و‬# ‫سא‬W +HG

K21 ‫א‬m+{ B  ‫! א‬90 ‫ن  א‬W ^ $‫א‬23m+

]<2‫و‬8$]c +#] ‫א‬2*F.9S( M9$8<?;+ L‫د‬:‫א‬T8 9SW ‫ذ‬SG

‫ج‬8]U‫ ع‬M] ‫نא‬x]C$K]@$Cf5f‫א‬OP ‫=א‬$ $  φ ‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫زאو‬E9(‫ و‬J

K?‫ج‬2£‫ عא‬M ‫وא‬O* ‫ عא‬M ‫ אدא‬H{L2!‫א‬$‫ ?<

$]‫']زאو‬C‫]ن‬W90] ‫א‬$] :‫];?א‬+ L?

?%& ‫אصאאא‬$?‫א "!א א‬ ?‫?אא‬  ‫א א‬

‫؟‬2‫م‬LV+ 5 × 10 5 Z!vVj_':F@N ‫نא‬Hh G

>&|‫و|א‬R|+:4| ‫א‬d‫;و‬o ‫א‬jo ‫ دא‬:‫وزن‬V:3 ‫א‬F@N ‫א‬Zn‫א‬F@N ‫نא‬HH

K h _& ‫א‬V:_' ‫ و* א‬P !vVj_':F@N ‫א‬Jo ‫א‬1 ‫א‬G

+ ‫ و‬U‫א  عא‬jz5!& ‫`نא‬Dn‫א‬F@N ‫א‬V!H‫س‬ow‫א @زא‬F@G‫ن‬%‫–^ذא‬2

‫^ذא‬H{V2!H _ ‫ن&א سא‬2

W‫ن‬2 1 Pa = 1 atm Wًq

‫ن‬2 DEZ^Hj 6R2j\qHF‫אن‬+^ j $lc-%!& ‫א‬Vn‫אא‬4[–3

2 ‫א 'א‬VW%H F ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫

?%&' ‫אصאאא‬$?"‫א ! א‬

K1Z t  ‫א‬r ‫א‬W‫ن‬77/ ‫

B.Jt ‫ אא‬%/4+94:‫ و‬Q m & <I &6W ‫א ^ 

KEGG ^ ‫א‬GG(<‫ن‬GG( ًG (9K‫و‬F?‫د‬GG>‫&نא‬.GG ‫א‬GG SًG <h

G ‫א‬Q‫א‬O xG ‫א‬S‫م‬G ‫א‬4&G*‫ن‬G^J

W ‫א‬B+H ‫א‬/b‫א| א و‬+‫د‬-/^_

K/&.‫א‬/4%7 y.<‫א‬S‫ق‬. ‫ '&|א‬JGW:x‫א‬

: <6 ‫ و‬v . ‫(א‬9K4&*;<9. ‫?א‬:‫(?و‬9K744&. ‫א‬+'?GG< v / d +‫

?%‫א "دس?א)(א 'زא‬#$ ‫א‬ ?‫?אא‬   ‫א א‬

,4Y,Bi,EBe\ ‫א‬P6|‫نא‬X ‫نא‬K?

E#6‫)ن‬F‫אא‬.‫د‬%EUBL'I‫א 'زو‬b(6S ‫א‬Wz

KK ‫_א‬6 P3 ‫ ( و‬Vol )3 ( )‫و‬#|‫

E‫)نل‬FL'I%EUB?‫א‬.‫א 'زود‬b(6S ‫א‬Wً )U

‫א‬.‫ د‬1‫ذא‬G)01K(  d( .‫د‬B‫

E': ‫)نא‬F b%EUB?‫א‬.‫'א 'زود‬I(6S ‫א‬Wً  U

W)Qً B.‫*و‬6" ‫*א‬L ‫_א‬6‫• و‬

B‫אא‬.‫د‬WL*)Q,,C DB ifD‫א‬N( *6" ‫א (א‬YًS4N* "‫ذאאא‬G‫و‬

?'‫ )زא‬$‫א‬%&?# ‫א "!א‬ ?‫?אא‬   ‫א א‬

G‫א )ز‬g)c Wً &iG

N' = 2.699 × 10 25 Molecules / m 3

T = 273 o K G M' = 0.028 kg G Vol = 22.4 × 10 −3 m 3

?# ‫א "!א  ?א‬ ?‫?אא‬   ‫א א‬

‫א‬7p+‫و‬,6 a3/1l&:‫א‬7 &a5 ,Lq 5  6$ 5:‫;א‬aj OQl&:‫ذ‬j TD$ ‫دא‬W(

GG)r ‫ א‬J ‫א‬GG

W! J‫א‬1‫زא‬D ‫ א‬H‫مودא‬% J<‫و‬

GG)r ‫א @א‬GG

Y(‫'א‬e‫|&* א‬u? .7‫;א‬E V1 ,V 2 ,V3 F;‫*

4W r X‫א‬M X@–3

?W‫א‬W8‫א‬W? ?WW'W6WWW? 9FW‫

‫زد

W‫א !א א‬Wً‫و‬G

W‫אم‬N O‫א‬E: ‫ وאא‬33‫א وאلא‬/ J

2 l w Z6S‫א‬ π r l ZP,. ‫!א‬.

W/5 .h‫א‬6i‫د א‬G

W4<G ‫אد @

?‫אول‬FG ‫א‬2f_ ‫د<א‬yJ

K0 ‫א‬a‫و‬E‫ א‬ZO‫@א‬D. ‫

K/.n‫`אא‬aWD!Wfl7 \ ‫وאلא‬.k/.(

W_ ‫א<ض‬B`(4-@4<J@/.n‫وزنא‬W‫א * وא زن‬G

Wv‫(א‬E >H"?$/‫ و‬λ

>`? ‫א `"<א‬#85`?N`I`)@v1‫א `"<א ?`>אول‬#85?‫ن‬6D8f@``` ‫א‬C.‫و‬

#a5t<5WwSs7#a5tNE6 D@ ‫!א ل‬c?

W‫@ن‬Ld, ‫!א‬6Y ‫א‬NrJ‫و‬

>5D ‫א‬.X"Jx ‫א‬Q ‫א‬G

K#??‫א‬f Q‫دد‬5D. P‫ود‬Y5D‫و‬BX"‫دد‬5D!@–5

?# ‫א ! א "?א‬ ?‫?א‬

KJ2*W+H‫و‬# ‫سא‬W+HG

K21 ‫א‬m+{ B ‫! א‬90 ‫ن א‬W ^ $‫א‬23m+

]<2‫و‬8$]c +#] ‫א‬2*F.9S(M9$8<?;+L‫د‬:‫א‬T89SW ‫ذ‬SG

‫ج‬8]U‫ع‬M] ‫نא‬x]C$K]@$Cf5f‫א‬OP ‫=א‬$$ φ ‫ط‬%* ‫א‬$‫زאو‬E9(‫ و‬J

K?‫ج‬2£‫عא‬M ‫وא‬O* ‫عא‬M ‫ אدא‬H{L2!‫א‬$‫ ?<

$]‫']زאو‬C‫]ن‬W90] ‫א‬$] :‫];?א‬+L?

?%& ‫אصאאא‬$?‫א "!א א‬ ?‫?אא‬ ‫א א‬

‫؟‬2‫م‬LV+ 5 × 10 5 Z!vVj_':F@N ‫نא‬HhG

>&|‫و|א‬R|+:4| ‫א‬d‫;و‬o ‫א‬jo ‫دא‬:‫وزن‬V:3 ‫א‬F@N ‫א‬Zn‫א‬F@N ‫نא‬HH

K h _& ‫א‬V:_' ‫ و*א‬P !vVj_':F@N ‫א‬Jo ‫א‬1 ‫א‬G

+ ‫ و‬U‫א عא‬jz5!& ‫`نא‬Dn‫א‬F@N ‫א‬V!H‫س‬ow‫א @زא‬F@G‫ن‬%‫–^ذא‬2

‫^ذא‬H{V2!H _ ‫ن&א سא‬2

W‫ن‬2 1 Pa = 1 atm Wًq

‫ن‬2 DEZ^Hj 6R2j\qHF‫אن‬+^ j $lc-%!& ‫א‬Vn‫אא‬4[–3

2 ‫א 'א‬VW%H F ko2 ‫א‬Co2‫

?%&' ‫אصאאא‬$?"‫א ! א‬

K1Z t ‫א‬r ‫א‬W‫ن‬77/ ‫

B.Jt ‫ אא‬%/4+94:‫ و‬Q m & <I &6W ‫א ^

KEGG ^ ‫א‬GG(<‫ن‬GG( ًG (9K‫و‬F?‫د‬GG>‫&نא‬.GG ‫א‬GG SًG <h

G ‫א‬Q‫א‬OxG ‫א‬S‫م‬G ‫א‬4&G*‫ن‬G^J

W ‫א‬B+H ‫א‬/b‫א|א و‬+‫د‬-/^_

K/&.‫א‬/4%7 y.<‫א‬S‫ق‬. ‫ '&|א‬JGW:x‫א‬

:<6 ‫ و‬v . ‫(א‬9K4&*;<9. ‫?א‬:‫(?و‬9K744&. ‫א‬+'?GG< v / d +‫

?%‫א "دس?א)(א 'زא‬#$ ‫א‬ ?‫?אא‬ ‫א א‬

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