Accepted Manuscript

Design and analysis of biosensor based on surface plasmon

resonance

Md. Nazmul Hossen, Md. Ferdous, Md. Abdul Khalek, Sujan

Chakma, Bikash Kumar Paul, Kawsar Ahmed

PII: S2214-1804(18)30055-2
DOI: doi:10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.08.003
Reference: SBSR 237
To appear in: Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research
Received date: 8 June 2018
Revised date: 6 August 2018
Accepted date: 7 August 2018

Please cite this article as: Md. Nazmul Hossen, Md. Ferdous, Md. Abdul Khalek, Sujan
Chakma, Bikash Kumar Paul, Kawsar Ahmed , Design and analysis of biosensor based on
surface plasmon resonance. Sbsr (2018), doi:10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.08.003

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Design and analysis of biosensor based on surface

plasmon resonance
Md. Nazmul Hossen1,*, Md. Ferdous 1, Md. Abdul Khalek1, Sujan Chakma1, Bikash
Kumar Paul2,3, Kawsar Ahmed 1,2
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Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Mawlana Bhashani Science
and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
2
Group of Bio-photomatiχ, Bangladesh

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Department of Software Engineering (SWE), Daffodil International University, Shukrabad,
Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

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Abstract

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is to obtain
maximum sensitivity for the detection of unknown analytes. Chemically stable and inactive
plasmonic material gold (Au) is used outside of the PCF structure. To evaluate the performance
of the sensor, a perfectly match layer (PML) is also added for diminishing the unwanted
nonphysical radiation. The proposed sensor is consists of double layer symmetrical square air
holes. A small air hole in the center is used to produce the more evanescent field. Sensing

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performance is numerically investigated by the finite element method (FEM) based on
commercially available tools COMSOL Multiphysics. The maximum amplitude sensitivity of

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this proposed sensor is 442.11 RIU-1 with the highest sensor resolution 1.66×10-5 using
amplitude integration method. The wavelength sensitivity is 6000 nm/RIU using amplitude

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integration method. The proposed sensor is widely applicable in bio-photonics applications.

Keywords—Photonic crystal fiber; perfectly match layer; biosensor;surface plasmon resonance;

sensitivity;

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*Corresponding Author
Md. Nazmul Hossen
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Department of Information and Communication Technology
Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University
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Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh

Web: www.mbstu.ac.bd
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Cell: +88 01963435563

Email: nazmul.ict92@gmail.com, k.ahmed.bd@ieee.org; kawsar.ict@mbstu.ac.bd
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1. Introduction
In recent years, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensors have attracted much
attention of the researchers because of its highly flexible properties and broad application in
different fields of practical life. There are lots of applications of SPR sensors in practical life like
water testing [1], organic chemical sensing, medical diagnostics, gas detection [2], maintain food
quality, bio-imaging, bio-sensing, glucose monitoring, environment monitoring, disease detection,
real time monitoring and so on [3-7]. The researchers have been developing many effective
applications based on the SPR sensors [2-7], optical sensors [8-13], terahertz sensors [14], for the
improvement of current technology. SPR has found theoretically by Ritchie et al. in the 1950s

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[15] at first. Liedberg et al. in 1983 first introduced about SPR [16] based on prism coupling.
Generally, the commercial prism couple geometry is used for the SPR sensors. Prism is used to

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pass the light to the metal surface interface whereas transverse magnetic or p-polarized light is
induced in the metal or dielectric interface. This occurs when the light is incident on the metal

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surface and the free electrons of the metal absorb the light and generate surface plasmon wave
(SPW). For activating surface plasmon, the prism is generally used. Prism based SPR sensing
device has some limitations such as; it provides a bulky size device with various kinds of

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mechanical and optical parts, in remote sensing application it is not suitable to use [17]. The
optical fiber is used instead of the prism to minimize the allusive limitation. SPR based sensors
are used mainly to decrease the technical cost and the size of sensor devices. In 1993, optical fiber
based on the SPR sensor was introduced by R.C. Jorgenson first, where the gold film was used in
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the fiber core to reveal the plasmon response [2]. PCF has gained its importance because it has
different appealing characteristics e.g. controllable birefringence, high confinement and single
mode propagation [5-6, 15-18]. Utilizing these characteristics an evanescent field can be
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manipulated easily. The effective sensitive performance of the fiber is controlled by the
evanescent field. The presence of plasmonic devices, the high surface to volume ratio, broadband
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optical and plasmonic properties make it suitable aspirant to be used as a sensor and as a
functional coating material [19-21]. SPR sensors give high sensitivity rather than fiber based
sensors. It also gives a low resonance peak than fiber based sensors [22-23]. The PCF based
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sensors also provide a flexible design. Most SPR sensors based PCF works used gold or silver
[24-26]. Here, in this raised structure we consider gold layer because gold is chemically stable and
shows larger shifts in resonance wavelengths [24].
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In order to improve the performance of the SPR sensors, the researchers have tried to construct
unique structure from last few decades. They have carried out maximum sensitivity with high
confinement loss by their innovative works. They have also successfully able to increase the
performance of SPR sensors. Last years, Rifat et al. [22] has reported a manuscript on SPR where
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a gold layer thickness was 40 nm that coated the silica channel and gained maximum sensitivity
of 1000 nm/RIU. On another side, proposing SPR biosensor based on polymer PCF coated
structure [22], Dash and Jha improved the maximum wavelength sensitivity to 2000 nm/RIU and
amplitude sensitivity to 80 RIU-1 . Conventionally, by developing a new concept for evanescent
sensing application the article [27] has improved the maximum wavelength sensitivity to 2200
nm/RIU and amplitude sensitivity to 266 RIU-1 compare to [22]. Recently in 2018, the article [2]
reported by S. Chakma et al. have improved the maximum wavelength sensitivity to 9000
nm/RIU and amplitude sensitivity to 318 RIU-1 which is comparable with [27]. In this raised
structure, it is proposed that the maximum wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity are
better than [2]. In this raised paper, a simple square lattice PCF has been proposed that consists of
two square air hole layers and a thin layer of gold placed outside the PCF structure. The raised
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model is designed to obtain better performance, maximum sensitivity including amplitude

sensitivity and sensor resolution. Different gold thickness, pitch, diameter of circle and area of
PML has been tested to achieve the best sensing performance for the proposed model. From the
obtained analysis result, we have observed that the proposed model is capable to provide better
performance than the previously discuss articles.

2. Design and Numerical Method

Fig-1 shows the cross sectional view of the proposed PCF biosensor based on SPR. It is a square
structure with double layer and a tiny center air hole which is shown in Fig. 1(b). The common air

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hole of both layers is larger than the center air hole. In this proposed sensor, the center-to-center
distance between two adjacent air holes is denoted by p. The diameter of the center air hole is d c,

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the common air hole is d. and the thickness of the gold layer is d g. The structure of the proposed
PCF can be made using stack and draw method in fiber drawing tower with proper temperature

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control. Using chemical vapor deposition technology with pressure assisted or spray technology,
the coating of gold film can be attained.

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Fig. 1(a) Symmetric view of proposed PCF with parameter p = 2 µm, d c = 0.4 µm, d=0.8 µm, dg
= 42 nm. (b) Air hole arrangement view of the proposed PCF sensor.
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of experimental setup of the proposed PCF

Fig. 2 describes an experimental setup for our sensor. The light passes into the PCF SPR sensor
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through the SMF and is moderated by the test samples in the sensing region. The moderated light
is handled by the signal processing unit. After a normalization process, the SPR spectrum is
gained.
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The base material of the designed PCF is fused silica whose material dispersion is considered in
the simulation. The refractive index of fused silica is calculated by Sellmeier equation [28],
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𝐵1 λ2 𝐵2 λ2 𝐵3 λ2
n(λ) = √1 + + + (1)
λ2 −𝐶1 λ2 −𝐶2 λ2 −𝐶3
Where n represent the refractive index of silica whose value depends on wavelength λ and the
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Sellmeier constants B1 =0.69616300, B2 =0.407942600, B3 =0.897479400, C1 =0.00467914826,

C2 =0.0135120631and C3 =97.9340025.In our proposed design, we selected dg=42 nm as
optimum where dg is the fixed thickness of the gold. In order to obtain the accurate calculation,
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the dielectric constant of gold is determined by the Lorenz-Drude model [29]:

𝜔2𝐷 ∆𝜖 . 𝛺2𝐿
𝜖𝐴𝑢 = 𝜖∝ − − (𝜔2 − 𝛺2𝐿 )+ 𝑗ΓL 𝜔
(2)
𝜔(𝜔+𝑗𝛾𝐷 )
Where the permittivity of gold is defined by ϵAu, ϵα=5.9673 represent the high frequency
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dielectric constant and ∆ϵ = 1.09 expresses the weighted coefficient. ω denotes the optical
angular frequency, ω D is the Plasmon frequency, γD is the damping frequency, where ω = 2πc⁄λ,
ωD = 4227.2π THz, γD = 31.84π THz. The spectral width and oscillator strengths are ΓL=209.72π
THz and ΩL=1300.14π THz respectively.

3. Result Analysis and Discussion

In our proposed bio-sensor, gold is coated outside the PCF which ensures the polarization-
independent propagation characteristics. The fundamental operation of SPR based PCF
biosensors depend on the reciprocal interaction between the evanescent field and surface
electron. This situation occurs in the metal-dielectric interface. The SPR sensor relies also on the
geometrical parameters of the PCF to perform its task. The proposed sensor upholds fundamental
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mode and some higher order mode also. The fundamental mode is considered for furthermore
investigation in this paper[30]. Here, we have designed the raised structure in such a way so that,
the sensitivity increases through making a potential coupling between SPP mode and core
guided-mode. In our proposed model we used gold as the plasmon active material because of its
chemically active property and good ductility.
In the SPR based PCF, the confinement loss is an important factor to indicate the fiber that is
calculated by the following equation [31]
𝛼 = 8.686 × 𝑘0 . 𝐼𝑚[𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ] × 104 dB/cm (3)
Where the number of free space is denoted by k 0 =2π/λ, operating wavelength is λ, imaginary part
of the effective refractive index Im(neff).

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Sensitivity is also an important issue to measure the performance of the sensor. Sensitivity is

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measured by using the following formula [32]
∆λpeak
𝑆λ (nm⁄RIU ) = ⁄∆n (4)

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Where ∆λpeak is the distinction of wavelength peak shifts and ∆na is the difference of refractive
index (RI) of the analyte.

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Using the following equation [33] we obtain the resolution of the proposed structure:
∆λmin
𝑅 (𝑅𝐼𝑈) = ∆𝑛𝑎 ∗ ⁄∆λ (5)
peak
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Where, ∆na=0.01, ∆λmin =0.1 nm, and ∆λpeak = 60 nm. We obtained a higher value of sensor
resolution is 1.66×10-5 .
According to the following equation [34] the amplitude sensitivity can be obtained:
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1 ∂α(λ,na )
SA (λ)[RIU −1 ] = − (6)
α(λ,na ) ∂na
Where, α(λ, na) is the propagation loss at a specific refractive index (RI) of the analyte, ∂α(λ, na)
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is the difference between the two loss spectrum.

Fig. 3 shows the simulation of basic polarization and relation of radiation between SPP mode and
core guided mode. It’s seen from the Fig. 3(a) that the simulation of basic y-polarization. Figure
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3(b) shows the relation of radiation between the SPP mode of y-polarization and core-guided
mode. In this proposed model, we have analyzed the y-polarization of the core guided mode as it
has a stronger electric field than x-polarization near the metal surface.
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Fig. 3(a) surface mode of the designed structure (b) SPP mode of the designed structure (c) The
relation of radiation between the SPP mode and core-guided mode with analyte na = 1.38 and
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thickness dg = 42 nm.
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Fig. 4(a) the confinement loss using silver (Ag)and gold (Au) with analyte na=1.37 and na=1.38.
(b) Amplitude sensitivity using silver and gold with analyte na=1.38.

At first, we tested our proposed structure with silver and gold. Using silver, the obtained
confinement loss is 203.87 dB/cm, 252.88 dB/cm with analyte na=1.37 and na=1.38 for
parameters dg=42 nm, dc=0.4 µm, d=0.8 µm, pL=7.2 µm, p=2.0 µm. Using gold, the gained
confinement loss is 309.51 dB/cm, 449.91 dB/cm with analyte na=1.37 and na=1.38 for
parameters dg=42 nm, dc=0.4 µm, d=0.8 µm, pL=7.2 µm, p=2.0 µmas shown in Fig. 4(a). We
obtained maximum amplitude sensitivity 300.85 (RIU-1 ) and 442.11 (RIU-1 ) for silver and gold
respectively with parameters dg=42 nm, dc=0.4 µm, d=0.8 µm, pL=7.2 µm, p=2.0 µm and
analytena=1.38 as shown in Fig. 4(b). Since gold provides more sensitivity than silver thus we
selected gold for furthermore analysis.
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Fig. 5(a), the confinement loss of designed sensor dependent on the wavelength with different

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gold layer thickness dg are 40 nm, 42 nm, 44 nm with analytes na=1.37 and na=1.38. 5(b) the
amplitude sensitivity as a function of wavelength with different gold layer thickness d g are 40,
42, 44 nm with analyte na=1.38.

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Fig. 5 shows the confinement loss and amplitude sensitivity of proposed sensor dependent on the
wavelength with different gold layer thickness dg are 40, 42, 44 nm and analyte na=1.37 and
1.38, dc=0.4 µm, d=0.8 µm. It can be seen from the confinement loss curves in Fig. 5(a) that the
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peak loss is 462.63 dB/cm, 309.51 dB/cm, 273.11 dB/cm for different thickness of gold layer
dg=40nm, 42nm, 44 nm where the analyte na=1.37. At analyte na=1.38, the peak loss is 582.30
dB/cm, 476.07 dB/cm, 404.98dB/cm with different gold layer thickness dg are 40nm, 42nm and
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44nm, respectively. Fig. 5(b) shows amplitude sensitivity with different thickness of the gold
layer. We can see that the amplitude sensitivity is 379.75RIU-1 , 442.11 RIU-1 , 408.95 RIU-1 with
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different gold layer thickness dg of 42nm, 44nm, 40nm and the analyte na=1.38. We obtained
maximum amplitude sensitivity is 442.11 RIU-1 with gold layer thickness dg=42 nm and the
analyte na=1.38 at the wavelength 0.81 µm that is comparable to the recent article value [2].
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Fig.6(a) the confinement loss of designed sensor dependent on the wavelength with different RI
of analyte na are 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39 and thickness dg=42 nm. (b) The amplitude sensitivity as a
function of wavelength with different RI of analyte na are 1.37, 1.38, 1.39 and thickness dg=42
nm.

Fig.6 represents the confinement loss and amplitude sensitivity of proposed sensor dependent on
the wavelength with different RI of the analyte. It’s seen from the loss curves in Fig. 6(a) that the
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peak loss are 221.92 dB/cm, 309.51 dB/cm, 476.07 dB/cm, 359.62 dB/cm with different RI of
analyte na=1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39. Fig 6(b) shows amplitude sensitivity with different RI of the
analyte. We can see that the amplitude sensitivity are 256.38 RIU-1 , 442.11 RIU-1 , 206.96 RIU-1
with different RI of analyte na =1.37, 1.38, 1.39. We achieved highest amplitude sensitivity is
476RIU-1 with analyte na =1.38 and thickness dg=42 nm that is comparable to the recent article
value shown in Table-1 .

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Fig.7(a) the confinement loss of designed sensor with different values of pitch p are 1.50 µm,
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2.00 µm, 2.50 µm and analyte na=1.38.(b) The amplitude sensitivity as a function of wavelength
with the different value of pitch p are 1.50 µm , 2.00 µm, 2.50 µm.

Fig.7 shows the confinement loss and amplitude sensitivity of designed sensor dependent on the
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wavelength with different values of pitch. It can be seen from the loss curves in Fig. 7(a) that the
peak loss are 388.82 dB/cm, 476.07 dB/cm, 169.16 dB/cm with different values of pitch p=1.50
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µm, 2.00 µm, 2.50 µm at na=1.38 and dg=42 nm. Fig.7(b) shows amplitude sensitivity with
different values of pitch. The amplitude sensitivity is 275.63 RIU-1 , 442.11 RIU-1 , 314.26 RIU-1
with different values of pitch p=1.50 µm, 2.00 µm, 2.50 µm and analyte na=1.38. We gained
maximum amplitude sensitivity is 442.11 RIU-1 with the value of pitch p=2.00 µmat the
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wavelength of 0.81 µm that is comparable to the recent article value shown in Table-1.
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Fig.8(a) the confinement loss of designed sensor with different diameter of center air hole d c is
0.0 nm (missing), 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm and analytes na=1.37 and 1.38, (b) the amplitude sensitivity as
a function of wavelength with different diameter of center air hole d c are 0.0 nm (missing), 0.1
nm, 0.2 nm and analyte na=1.38.
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Fig. 8 represents the confinement loss and amplitude sensitivity of designed sensor dependent on
the wavelength with different diameter of the center air hole. Fig.8(a) shows that the peak loss
are 313.58 dB/cm, 310.59 dB/cm, 312.84 dB/cm with different diameter of center air hole d c
=0.0 nm (missing), 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm and analyte na=1.37. At analyte na=1.38,the peak loss are
478.07 dB/cm, 467.94 dB/cm, 476.07 dB/cm with different diameter of center air hole dc =0.0
nm (missing), 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm. Fig 8(b) shows amplitude sensitivity with different diameter of the
center air hole. We can see that the amplitude sensitivity is 438.50RIU-1 , 442.11RIU-1 , 442.10
RIU-1 with different diameter of center air hole d c =0.0 nm (missing), 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm and analyte
na=1.38. We achieved maximum amplitude sensitivity is 442.11 RIU-1 with diameter dc =0.2 nm

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at the wavelength of 0.81 µm.

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Fig.9(a) the confinement loss of proposed sensor with different PML layer pL is 7.0 µm, 7.2 µm,
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7.4 µm and analyte na=1.37 and na=1.38. (b) the amplitude sensitivity as a function of
wavelength with different PML layer pL is 7.0 µm, 7.2 µm, 7.4 µm and analyte na=1.38.
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Fig.9 shows the confinement loss and amplitude sensitivity of designed sensor with different
values of the PML layer. It can be seen from the confinement loss curves in Fig.9(a) that the
peak loss are 309.46 dB/cm, 320.84 dB/cm, 315.84 dB/cm with different value of PML layer
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pL=7.0 µm, 7.2 µm, 7.4 µm and analyte na=1.37. At analyte na=1.38,the peak loss are 475.38
dB/cm, 476.07 dB/cm, 476.44 dB/cm with different value of PML layer pL=7.0 µm, 7.2 µm, 7.4
µm. Fig. 9(b) shows amplitude sensitivity with different value of PML layer. The amplitude
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sensitivity is almost same for all values of the PML layer.

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Fig. 10 shows linear regression line of the resonance wavelength with the variation of RI of

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analyte and parameters, p = 2 µm, d=0.8 µm, dc=0.4 µm.

Through the above analysis, we observe a linear fitting curve with value R2 is 0.998 which

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provides a better linearity. The sensor quality depends on the linearity response of regression
line. The linear regression line equation is y=4.4x-5.337. Where x is the refractive index and y is
the resonance wavelength.
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Table 1 Performance analysis comparison of the proposed sensor with existing sensors in the
recently published literature.
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PCF Wavelength Maximum Peak loss Sensor resolution

Sensor sensitivity amplitude (dB/cm) (wavelength
(nm/RIU) sensitivity inte.) (RIU)
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(RIU-1 )
Ref. 22 2000 80 2500 5 × 10−5
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Ref. 30 1000 118 19.9 2.4 × 10−5

Ref. 27 2200 266 160 3.75 × 10−5

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Ref. 2 9000 318 700.05 1.11 × 10−5

— —
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Ref. 35 3700 47.77

Ref. 36 3200 — 400 3.12 × 10−5

Ref. 37 6430 — — —

Ref. 38 2520 72.47 60 3.97 × 10−5

Ref. 39 7700 — 107.11 1.3 × 10−5

Ref. 40 2400 — — —

Proposed 6000 442.11 449.91 1.66 × 10−5

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Table 1 describes the comparison of wavelength sensitivity, amplitude sensitivity and sensor
resolution between the proposed sensor and existing sensors. It is clearly visualized that the
proposed sensor shows better performance than previously proposed sensors.

4. Conclusion
In summary, we design a double layer square shaped PCF biosensor based on SPR which sensing
capacity is high for the detection of unknown analytes. All the structural and performance guiding
parameters have been optimized in order to achieve higher amplitude sensitivity. All numerical

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calculations of the proposed sensor are performed with FEM. Different confinement loss and
amplitude sensitivity are also shown by varying the diameter of center air hole, pitch of adjacent

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air hole, thickness of gold layer, and the thickness of PML layer. The amplitude sensitivity of the
proposed sensor is 442.11 RIU-1 with sensor resolution 1.66×10-5 . The wavelength sensitivity is

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600 nm/RIU by using the amplitude integration method. What’s more, this proposed sensor is
widely applicable to biomedical sensing.

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Disclosures
The authors have no relevant financial interests in this article and no potential conflicts of
interest to disclose.
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Acknowledgement
The authors are very grateful to those who participated in this research work. There is no
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financial support for this research work.

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Highlights:
 Proposed biosensor based on SPR to obtain maximum sensitivity for the detection of
unknown analytes.
 Chemically stable and inactive plasmonic material gold (Au) is used outside of the PCF
structure.
 The maximum amplitude sensitivity of this proposed sensor is 442.11 RIU-1 with the
highest sensor resolution 1.66×10-5 using amplitude integration method.
 The wavelength sensitivity is 6000 nm/RIU using amplitude integration method.

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