RESULTS AND CALCULATION

In all cases,
Density of water: 𝜌𝐻 = 𝜌𝐶 = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Heat capacity of water: 𝐶𝑝𝐻 = 𝐶𝑝𝐶 = 4.18 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · °𝐶
Surface area of contact, A = 𝜌 × 𝑂𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 𝜌 × 0.0032 × 0.508
= 0.0051 𝑚2

A) Parallel Flow Arrangement

Flow rate of hot water: 𝑄𝐻 = 2 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Flow rate of cold water: 𝑄𝐶 = 1.5 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Hot water temperature controller: 60°C

Table 1: Parallel flow arrangement results

T1, 𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 T2, 𝑇𝐻 T3, 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 T4, 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛 T5, 𝑇𝐶 T6, 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
Readings

(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

62.1 56.9 54.4 31.2 41.1 43.0

Log mean Overall heat

Power Power
Calculations

Power lost Efficiency, temperature transfer

emitted absorbed
(W) 𝜂 (%) difference, coefficient, U
(W) (W)
∆𝑡𝑚 (°C) (W/m2.°C)

1072.87 1233.10 -160.23 114.94 19.56 12346.89

Sample calculation
Power emitted = 𝑄𝐻 𝜌𝐻 𝐶𝑝𝐻 (𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
2 𝐿 1000 𝑘𝑔 4.18 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐽
= × 3
× × (62.1 − 54.4)°𝐶 × × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽
= 1072.867 𝐽/𝑠
= 1072.867 𝑊

1
Power absorbed = 𝑄𝐶 𝜌𝐶 𝐶𝑝𝐶 (𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛 )
1.5 𝐿 1000 𝑘𝑔 4.18 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐽
= × 3
× × (43.0 − 31.2)°𝐶 × × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽
= 1233.1 𝐽/𝑠
= 1233.1 𝑊
Power lost = Power emitted – Power absorbed
= 1072.867 𝑊 − 1233.1 𝑊
= −160.23 𝑊

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
System efficiency, 𝜂 = × 100%
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
1233.1 𝑊
= × 100%
1072.867 𝑊
= 114.94 %

∆𝑡1 = 𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛 ; Δ𝑡2 = 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡

∆𝑡1 = 62.1°𝐶 − 31.2°𝐶 ; ∆𝑡2 = 54.4°𝐶 − 43.0°𝐶
∆𝑡1 = 30.9°𝐶 ; ∆𝑡2 = 11.4°𝐶

∆𝑡1 −∆𝑡2
Log mean temperature difference, ∆𝑡𝑚 = ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑛( 1 )
∆𝑡2

30.9 − 11.4
=
30.9
𝑙𝑛 (11.4 )
= 19.56°𝐶

Power absorbed
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = ∆𝑡𝑚 × 𝐴

1233.1 W
=
19.56°𝐶 × 0.0051 𝑚2
= 12346.89 𝑊/𝑚. °𝐶

2
B) Counter Flow Arrangement

Flow rate of hot water: 𝑄𝐻 = 2 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Flow rate of cold water: 𝑄𝐶 = 1.5 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Hot water temperature controller: 60°C

Table 2: Counter flow arrangement results

T1, 𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 T2, 𝑇𝐻 T3, 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 T4, 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 T5, 𝑇𝐶 T6, 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛
Readings

(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

61.9 57.7 54.1 44.7 40.7 30.9

Log mean Overall heat

Power Power
Calculations

Power lost Efficiency, temperature transfer

emitted absorbed
(W) 𝜂 (%) difference, coefficient, U
(W) (W)
∆𝑡𝑚 (°C) (W/m.°C)

1086.80 1442.10 -355.30 132.69 20.05 14083.30

Sample calculation
Power emitted = 𝑄𝐻 𝜌𝐻 𝐶𝑝𝐻 (𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
2 𝐿 1000 𝑘𝑔 4.18 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐽
= × 3
× × (61.9 − 54.1)°𝐶 × × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽
= 1086.8 𝐽/𝑠
= 1086.8 𝑊

Power absorbed = 𝑄𝐶 𝜌𝐶 𝐶𝑝𝐶 (𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛 )

1.5 𝐿 1000 𝑘𝑔 4.18 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐽
= × 3
× × (44.7 − 30.9)°𝐶 × × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽
= 1442.1 𝐽/𝑠
= 1442.1 𝑊
Power lost = Power emitted – Power absorbed
= 1086.8 𝑊 − 1442.1 𝑊
= −355.3 𝑊

3
 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
System efficiency, 𝜂 = × 100%
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
1442.1 𝑊
= × 100%
1086.8 𝑊
= 132.69 %

∆𝑡1 = 𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 ; Δ𝑡2 = 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛

∆𝑡1 = 61.9°𝐶 − 44.7°𝐶 ; ∆𝑡2 = 54.1°𝐶 − 30.9°𝐶
∆𝑡1 = 17.2°𝐶 ; ∆𝑡2 = 23.2°𝐶

∆𝑡1 −∆𝑡2
Log mean temperature difference, ∆𝑡𝑚 = ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑛( 1 )
∆𝑡2

17.2 − 23.2
=
17.2
𝑙𝑛 (23.2 )

= 20.05°𝐶

Power absorbed
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = ∆𝑡𝑚 × 𝐴

1442.1 W
=
20.05°𝐶 × 0.0051 𝑚2
= 14083.3 𝑊/𝑚. °𝐶

4
C) Flow Rate Variation

Hot water temperature controller: 60°C

Table 3: Flow rate variation results

QH &
T1, 𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 T2, 𝑇𝐻 T3, 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 T4, 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 T5, 𝑇𝐶 T6, 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛
QC
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
(L/min)
Readings

2.0 62.1 57.7 54.1 44.7 40.1 30.7

3.0 62.0 59.0 56.3 47.3 42.3 31.7
4.0 62.0 59.5 57.4 48.7 43.5 32.3
5.0 62.1 60.0 58.2 49.7 44.5 32.8
Overall heat
Log mean
QH & Power Power transfer
Power Efficiency, temperature
QC emitted absorbed coefficient,
lost (W) 𝜂 (%) difference,
(L/min) (W) (W) U
Calculations

∆𝑇𝑚 (°C)
(W/m.°C)
2.0 1114.67 1950.67 -836.00 175.00 20.25 18886.14
3.0 1191.30 3260.40 -2069.10 273.68 19.23 33249.68
4.0 1281.87 4570.13 -3288.27 356.52 18.58 48230.46
5.0 1358.50 5886.83 -4528.33 433.33 18.13 63667.72

Sample calculation for QH = 2 L/min

Power emitted = 𝑄𝐻 𝜌𝐻 𝐶𝑝𝐻 (𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
2 𝐿 1000 𝑘𝑔 4.18 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐽
= × 3
× × (62.1 − 54.1)°𝐶 × × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽
= 1114.67 𝐽/𝑠
= 1114.67 𝑊

Power absorbed = 𝑄𝐶 𝜌𝐶 𝐶𝑝𝐶 (𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛 )

2 𝐿 1000 𝑘𝑔 4.18 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐽
= × 3
× × (44.7 − 30.7)°𝐶 × × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽
= 1950.67 𝐽/𝑠
= 1950.67 𝑊

5
Power lost = Power emitted – Power absorbed
= 1114.67 𝑊 − 1950.67 𝑊
= −836 𝑊

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
System efficiency, 𝜂 = × 100%
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
1950.67 𝑊
= × 100%
1114.67 𝑊
= 175 %

∆𝑡1 = 𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 ; Δ𝑡2 = 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛

∆𝑡1 = 62.1°𝐶 − 44.7°𝐶 ; ∆𝑡2 = 54.1°𝐶 − 30.7°𝐶
∆𝑡1 = 17.4°𝐶 ; ∆𝑡2 = 23.4𝐶

∆𝑡1 −∆𝑡2
Log mean temperature difference, ∆𝑡𝑚 = ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑛( 1 )
∆𝑡2

17.4 − 23.4
=
17.4
𝑙𝑛 ( )
23.4
= 20.25°𝐶

Power absorbed
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = ∆𝑡𝑚 × 𝐴

1950.67 W
=
20.25°𝐶 × 0.0051 𝑚2
= 18886.14 𝑊/𝑚. °𝐶

6
D) Water Temperature Variation

Flow rate of hot water: 𝑄𝐻 = 2 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Flow rate of cold water: 𝑄𝐶 = 2 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Table 4: Water temperature variation results

Temperature T1, 𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 T2, 𝑇𝐻 T3, 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 T4, 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 T5, 𝑇𝐶 T6, 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Readings

50 52.1 48.9 46.4 39.9 38.6 33.2

55 56.9 53.0 50.0 42.0 39.5 33.2
60 62.0 57.3 53.7 43.9 40.9 33.3
Log mean
Power Power
Temperature Power lost Efficiency, temperature
emitted absorbed
(°C) (W) 𝜂 (%) difference,
(W) (W)
∆𝑇𝑚 (°C)
50 794.20 933.53 -139.33 117.54 12.69
55 961.40 1226.13 -264.73 127.54 15.83
Calculations

60 1156.47 1476.93 -320.47 127.71 19.23

Overall heat Mean
Cold Medium Hot Medium
Temperature transfer Temperature
Efficiency, Efficiency,
(°C) coefficient, U Efficiency,
𝜂𝐶 𝜂𝐻
(W/m.°C) 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
50 14420.51 35.45 30.16 32.80
55 15186.55 37.13 29.11 33.12
60 15061.82 36.93 28.92 32.93

Sample calculation for temperature controller setting at 50°C

Power emitted = 𝑄𝐻 𝜌𝐻 𝐶𝑝𝐻 (𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

2 𝐿 1000 𝑘𝑔 4.18 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐽
= × 3
× × (52.1 − 46.4)°𝐶 × × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽
= 794.2 𝐽/𝑠
= 794.2 𝑊

7
Power absorbed = 𝑄𝐶 𝜌𝐶 𝐶𝑝𝐶 (𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝐿 1000 𝑘𝑔 4.18 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐽
= × 3
× × (39.9 − 33.2)°𝐶 × × ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽
= 933.53 𝐽/𝑠
= 933.53 𝑊

Power lost = Power emitted – Power absorbed

= 794.2 𝑊 − 933.53 𝑊
= −139.33 𝑊

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
System efficiency, 𝜂 = × 100%
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
933.53 𝑊
= × 100%
794.2 𝑊
= 117.54 %

∆𝑡1 = 𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 ; Δ𝑡2 = 𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛

∆𝑡1 = 52.1°𝐶 − 39.9°𝐶 ; ∆𝑡2 = 46.4°𝐶 − 33.2°𝐶
∆𝑡1 = 12.2°𝐶 ; ∆𝑡2 = 13.2°𝐶

∆𝑡1 −∆𝑡2
Log mean temperature difference, ∆𝑡𝑚 = ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑛( 1 )
∆𝑡2

12.2 − 13.2
=
12.2
𝑙𝑛 (13.2 )

= 12.69°𝐶

Power absorbed
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = ∆𝑡𝑚 × 𝐴

933.53 W
=
12.69°𝐶 × 0.0051 𝑚2
= 14420.51 𝑊/𝑚. °𝐶

8
The temperature efficiencies of the heat exchanger were calculated as below:
𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛
a) Cold medium temperature efficiency, 𝜂𝐶 = × 100 %
𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 −𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛
39.9−33.2
Cold Medium Temperature Efficienc = 52.1−33.2 × 100 %
Cold Medium Temperature Efficiency, = 35.45 %

𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 −𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡
b) Hot medium temperature efficiency, 𝜂𝐻 = × 100 %
𝑇𝐻𝑖𝑛 −𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑛
52.1−46.4
Hot Medium Temperature Efficienc = × 100 %
52.1−33.2
Hot Medium Temperature Efficiency, = 30.16 %

𝜂𝐶 +𝜂𝐻
c) Mean temperature efficiency, 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2
35.45 % + 30.16 %
Mean Temperature Efficiency, =
2
Mean Temperature Efficiency, = 32.8 %