EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

RAMAPURAM, CHENNAI – 89
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

EI2208- ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY - MANUAL

REGISTER NUMBER :
ROLL NUMBER :
NAME :
DEPARTMENT/SEM/SEC :
AC YEAR :

1
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT

GENERATOR.

2. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

3. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR.

4. BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.

5. BRAKE TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR.

6. REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR.

7. OC AND SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.

8. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.

9. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

INDUCTION MOTOR.

10. BRAKE TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.

11. V CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.

12. POWER MEASUREMENT IN THREE PHASE CIRCUIT

USING TWO WATTMETER METHOD

2
 CYCLE - 1

Sl. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PG. REMARK SIGN

NO NO S

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF

DC SHUNT GENERATOR.

LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR.

BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.

BRAKE TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

POWER MEASUREMENT IN THREE

PHASE CIRCUIT USING TWO
WATTMETER METHOD

CYCLE - 2

REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR.

OC AND SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER.

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER.

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR.

BRAKE TEST ON SINGLE PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR.

V CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

3
 Ex. No: OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF
Date : SEPARATELY EXCITIED DC GENERATOR

Aim:

To draw open circuit characteristics of the given separately excited

DC generator at rated speed and determine the critical resistance.

To determine load characteristics (Internal & External) of the given

DC separately excited generator.

Apparatus required:

Sl.No. Name Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) MC 1
(0-2A) MC 1
3 Rheostat 300Ω/1.4 A Wire wound 2

4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Analog/Digital 1

5 Connecting wires Required

Formula:

Where, Rc – Critical resistance

∆Eg – Incremental generated EMF (measured from the linear portion
on the OCC)
∆If – Incremental field current (measured from the linear portion on the
OCC).
4
Circuit Diagram:

Fuse (0-10 A) MC Fuse

3-Point Starter
+ L
F
A
A
10 A
15 A F1 A1
300 Ω/ F2
220 (0-300 V)
Volts DPST 1.4 A V MC Variable
Switch
M G Resistive
D.C DPST
Supply Switch Load
Fuse F1
F2 A2 Fuse

- 15 A 10 A
Generator Name Plate Details
(0-2 A) A
Motor Name Plate Details Fuse
MC KVA________
KW________
+ RPM________
15 A
RPM________ Volts________
Volts________ 220
Volts DPST 300 Ω/ Amps________
1.4 A
Amps________ D.C Switch
Supply
Fuse Fuse Rating Calculation

125% of Rated Current

- 15 A Motor =

O.C & Load Characteristics of DC Separately Excited Generator

Generator =

5
Precaution:

1. The field rheostat on the motor side must be kept at minimum

resistance position at the time of starting.
2. The field potentiometer on the generator side must be kept at
minimum potential position at the time of starting.
3. DPST switches must be kept open at the time of power on.

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions the motor side DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started with the help of three- point DC starter slowly.
4. The speed is measured with the help of a hand tachometer.
5. If the speed is below the rated value, then it is brought to the rated
value by adjusting the field rheostat.
6. With DPST switch on the generator field side open, the voltmeter
reading is noted down. (This is the residual voltage at the rated speed
at which the motor-generator set is running now.)
7. The DPST switch on the generator field side is closed.
8. By adjusting the potentiometer on the generator field side suitably for
various increasing field currents, note down the terminal voltages till
around 125% of the rated voltage. The speed is maintained constant
throughout this process.
9. The generator terminal voltage is minimized to zero.
10. The speed is brought down to minimum value and the motor is
switched off with the help of DPST switch. (Note the starter holding
coil releasing the handle else bring it back to start position)

6
Tabulation:

Speed = _________rpm
Residual voltage = ________ Volts

S. No. If (amps) Eg (volts)

Model graph:

Eg
∆E
g
∆If

If

7
Load Characteristics:

Precaution:

1. The field rheostat on the motor side must be kept at minimum

resistance position at the time of starting.
2. The field potentiometer on the generator side must be kept at
minimum potential position at the time of starting.
3. DPST switches must be kept open at the time of power on.
4. There should be no load at the time of starting.

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions the motor side DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started with the help of three- point DC starter slowly.
4. The speed is measured with the help of a hand tachometer.
5. If the speed is below the rated value, then it is brought to the rated
value by adjusting the field rheostat.
6. By adjusting the potentiometer on the generator side the generator
terminal voltage is brought to the rated value.
7. Load side DPST switch is closed.
8. The load is applied gradually. For various load currents voltmeter and
ammeter readings are noted down till full current of the generator.
(Avoid sustained overload.)
9. The load is brought back to initial no load position.
10. DPST switch on the load side is opened.
11. Generator field circuit potentiometer is brought to minimum potential
position.
12. DPST switch on the generator field side is opened.
13. The speed is brought down to minimum value and the motor is
switched off with the help of DPST switch. (Note the starter holding
coil releasing the handle else bring it back to start position)
14. Disconnect and return the apparatus.

8
Tabular column:

Ra = _________ Ohms

Shunt Armature Generated voltage

Load Load
Field current
current voltage
current
VL
Ia = IL + I sh Eg = V + Ia Ra
IL(amps) (volts)
I sh (amps)
(amps)

Model graph:

V Eg Vs Ia
&
Eg V Vs IL

I a & IL

9
Ia = IL + I sh Amps
Eg = V + Ia Ra Volts
Ra – Armaure resistance ohms
Eg – generated voltage volts
V – Terminal voltage volts
I sh – Shunt field current Amps

Result:

The Open Circuit Characteristics of the given separately excited DC

generator was obtained and the Critical resistance at rated speed is found to
be ______ohms.

The Load Characteristics (Internal & External) of the given separately

excited DC generator was obtained.

10
Ex. No: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITIED
Date : DC SHUNTGENERATOR

Aim:

To determine load characteristics (Internal & External) of the given DC self

excited generator.

Apparatus required:

Sl. No Name Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-10) A MC 1
3 Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1
300 Ω / 1.4 A
4 Rheostat Wire wound Each 1
100 Ω / 4 A
5 Tachometer Analog / Digital
6 Connecting wires Required

Formulae:
Eg = V + Ia Ra
Ia = IL + I sh
Where,
Ra – Armature resistance
Eg – Generated voltage
V – Terminal Voltage
I sh – Shunt field current
IL – Load Current

11
Circuit Diagram:

Fuse
3-Point Starter (0-10 A) Fuse
MC
L A
F A
100 Ω/4A
15 A 10 A
A1 A1
F1
300 Ω/
+ f1
DPST 1.4 A (0-300 V)
Variable
220 Volts Switch M G v MC
Resistive
D.C - Load
f2 DPST
Supply Switch
Fuse A2
A
F2 A2 (0-2 A) Fuse
MC

15 A 10 A
Motor Name Plate Details Fuse Rating Calculation Generator Name Plate Details
KW________ 125% of Rated Current KVA________
RPM________ Motor = RPM________
Volts________ Volts________
Generator =
Amps________ O.C & Load Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator Amps________

12
Precaution:

1. The field rheostat on the motor side must be kept at minimum

resistance position at the time of starting.
2. The field rheostat on the generator side must be kept at maximum
resistance position at the time of starting.
3. DPST switches must be kept open at the time of power on.
4. There should be no load at the time of starting.

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions the motor side DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started with the help of three- point DC starter slowly.
4. The speed is measured with the help of a hand tachometer.
5. If the speed is below the rated value, then it is brought to the rated
value by adjusting the motor field rheostat.
6. By adjusting the field rheostat on the generator side the generator
terminal voltage is brought to the rated value.
7. Load side DPST switch is closed.
8. The load is applied gradually. For various load currents voltmeter and
ammeter readings are noted down till full current of the generator.
(Avoid sustained overload.)
9. The load is brought back to initial no load position.
10. DPST switch on the load side is opened.
11. Generator field circuit rheostat is brought to maximum resistance
position.
12. DPST switch on the generator field side is opened.
13. The speed is brought down to minimum value and the motor is
switched off (Note the starter holding coil releasing the handle else
bring it back to start position)

13
Tabular column:

Ra = ________ Ohms

S. I sh Ia = IL + I sh
IL(amps) (amps) V(volts) (amps) Eg = V + Ia Ra
No.

Model graph:

VL Eg Vs Ia
&
Eg VL Vs IL

I a & IL

Result:

Thus the Load Characteristics (Internal & External) of the given self-
excited DC shunt generator was obtained.

14
Ex. No: LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
Date :

Aim:
To perform load test on the given D.C shunt motor and to obtain the
performance characteristics.
Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

(0-2) A
1. Ammeter MC Each 1
(0-20) A
2. Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
3. Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Analog/Digital 1
4. Rheostat 300Ω/1.4 A Wire wound 1
5. Connecting wires Required

Formulae:
IL = Ia + I sh
Input power = V x IL (Watts)
Torque (T) = (S 1 ~ S 2) x 9.81 x R (Nm) S 1, S 2 – spring balance
readings (Kg)
Output power = 2 N T (Watts) N – speed of the motor in rpm
60
Efficiency = Output power x 100
Input power
Ia - Armature current (Amps) I sh – Shunt field current (Amps)
IL - Load Current (Amps) V – Supply voltage (Volts)
R – Radius of the brake drum = Circumference / 2 (m).

15
Circuit Diagram:
Spring
Balance

Fuse
(0-20 A) MC 3-Point Starter
L A S1 S2
A F
15 A
A1
300 Ω/ F1
+ DPST 1.4 A
220 Volts
D.C Switch
V M
- (0-300 V)
Supply MC F2
Fuse
A2
(0-2 A) A Brake
MC Drum
15 A

Motor Name Plate Details Fuse Rating Calculation

KW________ 125% of Rated Current

RPM________ Motor =
Volts________
Load Test on DC Shunt Motor
Amps________

16
 Tabular column:

Input Load Field Armature Spring Balance

Sl. voltage Current Current Current Speed Readings Torque Input Output Efficiency
No (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Amps) (N) (T) Power Power (%)
(V) (IL) (Ish) (Ia = IL - Ish ) (rpm) S1 S2 (S1~ S2) (Nm) (Watts) (Watts)
kg kg kg

17
 Model Graph:

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS PERFORMANCE CHARS

Speed (N)
Speed (N) % Efficiency (η) 2
(rpm) 3
Torque (T)
Torque 4
Arm. Current (Ia)
(T)
(Nm)

Arm. Current (Ia) in Torque Output power in

Amps (Nm) watts
1 – Output Vs Speed
2 – Output Vs % Efficiency
3 - Output Vs Torque
4 – Output Vs Armature
Current

18
Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat must be kept at minimum resistance position at
the time of starting.
2. There should be no load at the time of starting.

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the supply and move the starter handle slowly and
gradually to start the motor
3. Now observe the speed. If the speed is less than the rated speed adjust
the field rheostat and bring the speed to rated value.
4. Readings are taken for no load.
5. Load on the motor is varied with the help of pony brake arrangement.
6. Spring balance, ammeter, voltmeter and speed-readings are noted
down for various line currents as the load is increased (till the rated
current is reached).
7. Pour water in the brake drum to avoid over heating.
8. Unload the machine and bring back the rheostat to minimum position.
9. Switch off the supply

Result:

Thus the load test on the given DC Shunt motor was conducted and its
performance characteristics were drawn.

19
Ex. No: LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR
Date :

Aim:
To perform load test on the given D.C shunt motor and to obtain the
performance characteristics.
Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2. Volt meter (0-300) V MC 1
3. Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Analog/Digital 1
4. Connecting wires Required

Formulae:
IL = Ia = ISe
Input power = V x IL (Watts)
Torque (T) = ( S 1 ~ S 2 ) x 9.81 x R (Nm) S 1 , S 2 – spring balance
readings(Kg)
Output power = 2 N T (Watts) N – speed of the motor in
rpm
60
Efficiency = Output power x 100
Input power
Ia - Armature current (Amps) I se – Series field current (Amps)
IL - Load Current (Amps) V – Supply voltage (Volts)
R – Radius of the brake drum = Circumference / 2 (m)

20
Circuit Diagram:
Spring
Balance

Fuse
(0-20 A) MC
S1 S2
S1 S2
A
L A
15 A
2-Point Starter A1

+ DPST
220 Volts
D.C Switch
V M
- (0-300 V)
Supply MC
Fuse
A2 Brake
Drum

15 A

Motor Name Plate Details Fuse Rating Calculation

KW________ 125% of Rated Current

RPM________ Motor =
Volts________

Amps________ Load Test On DC Series Motor

21
Tabular column:

Input Load Spring Balance

voltage Current speed Readings Torque Input Output
Sl. (Amps) Efficiency
(Volts) (N) S1 S2 (S1~ S2) (T) Power Power
No (%)
(V) (IL = Ia) (rpm) kg kg kg (Nm) (Watts) (Watts)

22
Model Graph:

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTI MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS PERFORMANCE CHARS

2
% Efficiency
Speed Speed
(N) Torque
Torque (T) rpm Arm. Current 3
(Nm)

Arm. Current (Ia) in Amps Torque (Nm)

Output power in watts
1 – Output Vs Armature
Current
2 – Output Vs Torque
3 – Output Vs % Efficiency
4 – Output Vs Speed

23
Precautions:

1. The motor should be started with some load.

2. Brake drum should be cooled throughout the experiment.

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. Observing the precautions the DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started with the help of two-point dc starter slowly.
4. Load on the motor is varied with the help of pony brake arrangement.
5. Spring balance, ammeter, voltmeter and speed readings are noted
down for various line currents as the load is applied. Care must be
taken to avoid the speed reaching dangerously high values while
reducing the load.
6. Pour water in the brake drum to avoid overheating.
7. At a minimum safe load the DPST switch is opened.
8. Disconnect and return the apparatus.

Result:

Thus the load test on the given DC Series motor was conducted and
its performance characteristics were drawn.

24
Ex. No: SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
Date :

Aim:
To vary the speed of the given dc shunt motor by the following
methods.
(i). Armature control method (below rated speed)
(ii). Field control method (above rated speed)

Apparatus Required:

Sl. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-2) A M.C 1
2. Volt meter (0-300) V M.C 1
3. Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Analog/Digital 1
300 Ω / 1.4 A
4. Rheostat Wire wound Each 1
100 Ω / 4 A
5. Connecting wires Required

Precautions:
1. The field rheostat must be kept at minimum resistance position at the
time of starting.
2. The armature rheostat must be kept at maximum resistance position at
the time of starting.

25
Circuit Diagram:

Fuse
100 Ω / 4 A

2A
A1
300 Ω/ F1
+
DPST 1.4 A
220 V
Volts - Switch M V
D.C F2 (0-300 V)
Supply Fuse A2 MC
(0-2.5 A) A
MC

2A
Motor Name Plate Details Fuse Rating Calculation
KW________ 10% of Rated Current
RPM________ Motor =
Speed Control of DC
Volts________
Shunt Motor
Amps________

Model Graph:

(i) Armature Control method (ii) Field control method

Speed
(Rpm) Speed
(Rpm)

Armature voltage (volts) Fieldcurrent (amps)

26
Tabulations:

(i). Armature control method:

Field current (If) = ______ Amps kept constant
SL. Armature voltage Speed
No (Volts) (rpm)

(ii) Field control method

Armature voltage (Va) = ______ Volts kept constant

SL. Field current Speed
No (Amps) (rpm)

27
Procedure:
(i). Armature control method:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the supply
3. Keep the field current constant and for different armature voltage (by
varying armature rheostat) note down the corresponding speed.
4. Bring back the rheostat to initial position and switch off the supply

(ii). Field control method

1. Switch on the supply

2. Start the motor by closing the DPST switch
3. Keep the armature voltage constant and for various field current (by
varying field rheostat) note down the corresponding speed.
4. Bring back the rheostat to initial position and switch off the supply

Result:

Thus the speed of the given DC shunt motor is varied by both armature
control and field control method and the graphs are plotted. The speed is
directly proportional to the armature voltage by graph (i) and inversely
proportional to the field current by graph (ii).

28
Ex. No: OC AND SC TEST OF SINGLE PHASE
Date : TRANSFORMER

Aim:
To perform open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase
transformer and predetermine the efficiency at various loads and also draw the
equivalent circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

(0-2) A
1. Ammeter MI Each 1
(0-5) A
(0-150) V
2. Volt meter MI Each 1
(0-30) V
150V, 2A, LPF
3. Watt meter Dynamo meter Each 1
30V, 5A, UPF
4. 1- Autotransformer (0-270) V 1
5 Connecting wires Required

Formulae:
Transformer Ratings: 1 KVA, 220 V/ 110V, 50HZ
V1 = 220 V & V2 = 110 V
I 1 = 1000/220 = 4.55 A & I2 = 1000/110 = 9.09 A
K = V2 / V1 = 110/220 = 0.5

From open circuit test:

In the open circuit test the primary is open circuited and the meters are
connected on L.V side, which is secondary of the transformer. Thus O.C test
will give us no load current, I01. (i.e referred to secondary)
Since K = V2/V1, the corresponding no load primary current, I0 = I01 * K

W0 = V1 I0 Cos 0 ( watts)
Where,
W0 = No load input power = core (or Iron) loss = Wi
I0 - No load input current
V1 - No load rated input voltage
29
Cos - Power factor

Cos 0 = W0 / V1 I0
I w = I0 Cos 0 A ( Iron loss component)
I = I0 Sin 0 A ( Magnetizing component)
R0 = V1 / I w (Resistance to represent core loss)
X0 = V1 / I (Reactance to represent magnetizing component)

From short circuit test:

In the Short circuit test the secondary is short circuited and the meters
are on H.V side, which is primary of the transformer. Hence it gives
parameters referred to primary.
R01 = Wsc / Isc 2
Z01 = Vsc / Isc
X01 = Z012 - R012
I21 = I2 * K & I1 = I0 + I21
Where,
R01 - Equivalent resistance of transformer referred to primary side
X01 - Equivalent reactance of transformer referred to primary side
Z01 - Equivalent impedance of transformer referred to primary side
Wsc – Full load copper loss
Isc – Short Circuit Current
Vsc – Short circuit voltage corresponding to Isc

Equivalent Circuit Parameters referred to secondary side:

R01 = R0 * K 2 I01 = No load current from O.C Test
X01 = X0 * K 2 I w1 = V11 / R01
R02 = R01 x K 2 I 1 = V11 / X01
X02 = X01 x K 2 Where, V11 = V1 * K
Z02 = Z01 x K 2 I11 = I01 + I2
Regulation = [ I2 R02 Cos + I2 X02 Sin / V2 ] X 100

+ Ve for lagging Power factor

- Ve for leading power factor
(X * KVA * P.f)
% Efficiency at various loads = x 100
2
[(X * KVA * P.f ) + (Wi + X Wsc) ]
X-Load ratio

30
Circuit Diagram:
150 V, 2A, LPF
Fuse
(0-2 A) MI
P 110 V 220 V
M L
A
5A

DPST C V
Switch
230 V Wattmeter
1-φ 50 HZ (0-270 V) 1φ
Auto (0-150 V) Open Circuit
AC Supply V
Trnsformer MI

Fuse

N 5A
0V 0V
Name Plate Details Auto Transformer
Fuse Rating Calculation
Single Phase Transformer
Maximum Load = 20 % of Rated Current
(Max. Load of A.T )
KVA________ Maximum KVA =
Input =
Voltage Ratio________

Open Circuit Test on Single Phase Transformer

31
Circuit Diagram:

30 V, 5A, UPF
Fuse
(0-5 A) MI
P 220 V 110 V
M L
A
5A

DPST C V
Switch
230 V Wattmeter
1-φ 50 HZ (0-270 V) 1φ
Auto (0-30 V) Short Circuit
AC Supply V
Trnsformer MI

Fuse

N 5A 0V 0V

Fuse Rating Calculation

Isc = KVA / V
= Short Circuit Test on Single Phase Tranformer

32
Equivalent circuit referred to primary side:

R01 X01
I1 I21

I0
ZL1
IW Iµ

V1 V21
R0 X0

Equivalent circuit referred to secondary side:

R02 X02
I11 I2

I01
ZL
IW1 Iµ1

V11 R01 V2
X01

33
Model Graph:

UPF
%Reg.

% 0.8

Leading P.F Lagging P.F

O/P Power (Watts) %Reg.

Tabulations:
Open circuit test:

Sl. Vo Io Wo Wo x M.F
No (Volts) (Amps) (Div) (Watts)

Short circuit test:

Sl. Vsc Isc Wsc Wsc x M.F

No (Volts) (Amps) (Div) (Watts)

34
 Tabulation to determine the Efficiency:

Load
Sl. Output power Wi Wcu Input Power
ratio % Efficiency
No (Watts) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
(X)
UPF 0.8 UPF 0.8 UPF 0.8
1 ¼
2
½
3
¾

4
1

Tabulation to determine the Regulation:

% Regulation
Sl.No Power Factor (Cos )
Leading Lagging
1 0
2 0.2
3 0.4
4 0.6
5 0.8
6 1.0

35
Precautions:

Autotransformer must be kept at minimum potential point during starting

condition.

Procedure:
Open circuit test:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the supply and vary the autotransformer to get rated voltage
3. Note down ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
4. Bring back the autotransformer to original position.
5. Switch off the supply
Short circuit test:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the supply and vary the autotransformer to get rated short
circuit current.
3. Note down ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
4. Bring back the autotransformer to original position.
5. Switch off the supply

Result:

Thus the open circuit and short circuit tests were performed on a
single-phase transformer and the efficiency was predetermined at various
loads.

36
 Ex. No: LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Date :

Aim:
To perform load test on a single phase transformer and determine its
performance characteristics

Apparatus Required:

Sl.no Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

(0-5) A
1. Ammeter MI Each 1
(0-10) A
(0-150) V
2. Volt meter MI Each 1
(0-300) V
150V, 5A, UPF
3. Watt meter Dynamo meter Each 1
300V, 10 A, UPF
4. 1- Autotransformer (0-270) V 1

5 Connecting wires Required

Formulae:

Input power = W1 x M.F1 watts

Output power = W2 x M.F2 watts
% Efficiency = Output power / Input power X 100

% Regulation = (E02 – V2) / E02 x 100

E 02 - No load secondary voltage

V 2 - Secondary voltage at various loads
M.F – Multiplication factor
W1, W2 - Wattmeter readings
V I cos
Multiplication factor (M.F) =
No of divisions in the watt meter

37
Precautions:

1. Autotransformer must be kept at minimum potential point during

starting condition.
2. There should be no load at the time of starting the experiment

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply and vary the autotransformer to get rated
primary voltage.
3. Note down the no load readings.
4. Add the load in steps and note down all the meter readings till the
rated secondary current is reached.
5. Remove the load and bring back the autotransformer to original
position.
6. Switch off the supply.

38
Circuit Diagram:
150 V, 5A, UPF 300 V, 10A, UPF
Fuse
Fuse (0-10 A) MI
P (0-5 A) MI
M L 110 V 220 V M L
A A
15 A 10 A

DPST C V C V
Switch
230 V Wattmeter Wattmeter DPST
1-φ 50 (0-270 V) Switch
(0-150 V) (0-300 V) Load
HZ AC 1φ Auto V V
Trnsform MI MI
Supply er
Fuse
Fuse

15 A 0V 0V 10 A
N

Name Plate Details

Fuse Rating Calculation
Primary Side Secondary Side
Primary Side: 125 % of Rated Current
Power = Power =
=
Voltage = Voltage =
Secondary Side: 125 % of Rated Current
Current = Current =
=

Load Test on Single Phase Tranformer

39
Tabulation:

Sl. Primary Primary Input Power Secondary Secondary Output Power

Efficiency Regulation
No Voltage Current W1 W1 X M.F Voltage Current W2 W2 X M.F
(Volts) (Amps) (Div) (Watts) (Volts) (Amps) (Div) (Watts) % %

40
Model Graph:

% Vs Output Power
% Efficiency
&
% Regulation % Reg. Vs Output Power

Output power in watts

Result:

Thus the load test on a single-phase transformer was performed and

its performance characteristics were determined and plotted.

42
 Ex. No: REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY EMF & MMF
METHOD
Date :

Aim:
To pre-determine the regulation of alternator by EMF & MMF methods.
Apparatus required:

Sl.No. Name Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
2 Ammeter ( 0-2 ) A MC 1
3 Ammeter ( 0-10 ) MI 1
300 /1.4 A 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound
100 /1 A 1
5 Connecting wires Required

Formula:
(i) EMF Method:
Open circuit voltage, V0 (From graph)
Zs = at constant field current
Short circuit current, ISC (From graph)

Re = 1.6 x Ra

XS = √ ZS2 – Re2
ZS → Synchronous impedance (Ω)
XS → Synchronous Reactance (Ω)
Re → Effective Resistance (Ω)
43
 E0 = √ (Vcosφ + IaRe)2 + (Vsinφ ± IaXS)2
+Ve → lagging p.f
-Ve → leading p.f
V → Rated voltage (volts)
Ia → Rated armature current (Amps)
Cosφ→ power factor
E0 – V
% Regulation = ---------- x 100
V

(ii) MMF Method:

Ifr = √ If12 + If22 + 2 If1 If2 Cos (90±φ)

+ → lagging p.f
- → leading P.f
If1 → Field current required to generate rated terminal voltage
If2 → Field current required circulating rated short circuit current
Ifr → Resultant field current
E0 → The generated emf corresponding to Ifr (from graph)

E0 – V
% Regulation = ---------- x 100
V

44
Precautions:

 TPST switch must be kept open.

 Motor side rheostat must be kept in minimum position and
alternator side rheostat in maximum position.

Procedure:
Open circuit test:

 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

 Switch on the supply.
 Start the motor – alternator set by using starter.
 Adjust the field rheostat of the motor to get the rated speed.
 Increase the alternator field current in convenient steps and note down
all the meter readings up to 125% of the rated voltage.
 Bring back the rheostat to the original position.

Short circuit test:

 Close the TPST switch and adjust the potential divider such that the
maximum full load current flows through the armature winding.
 Note down all the meter readings.
 Bring back the rheostats to original position and switch off the supply.

45
Circuit Diagram:
Fuse (0-10 A)
Fuse 3-Point Starter MI

+ L
F
A
15 A
A

10 A A1 R
F1
TPST
300 Ω/ V
Switch
220 Volts DPST
1.4 A M (0-300 V)
D.C Supply Switch Fuse
MI
Fuse B Y

F2 FF1 FF2
A2

- 10 A
15 A
Motor Name Plate Details Fuse

KW________
+ A (0-2 A)
MC
Alternator Name Plate Details

10 A KVA________
RPM________ DPST
Switch RPM________
Volts________ 220 Volts 100 Ω/ Volts________
D.C Supply 4A
Amps________
Amps________

- 10 A

Regulation of Alternator By EMF and MMF Method

46
Tabulation:
Open circuit test:
S. No If Open circuit voltage
(Amps) E0 (Volts)

Short circuit test:

S. No If (Amps) Isc (Amps)

To find Regulation (for EMF Method):

% Regulation
Leading Lagging
S. No Cosφ
E0
E0 (V) %R %R
(V)
1 0
2 0.2
3 0.6
4 0.8
5 1

To find the Regulation (for MMF Method):

Cosφ Lagging pf Leading pf

S. No
Ifr E0 %R Ifr E0 %R
1 0
2 0.2
3 0.6
4 0.8
5 1

47
MODEL GRAPH (for EMF Method):

V0

E0
Isc

ISC

If

Fig.1 O.C & S.C Characteristics

%Reg.

Leading P.F Lagging P.F

%Reg.

Fig.2 Regulation Graph

48
Model Graph (for MMF Method):

E0

E0
Isc

If1 If2
Ifr If
Fig.1 O.C & S.C Characteristics

%Reg.

Leading P.F Lagging P.F

%Reg.

Fig.2 Regulation Graph

49
Result:

Thus the regulation of the alternator was predetermined by EMF &

MMF method and the graphs were plotted.

50
Ex. No: LOAD TEST ON 3φ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR
Date :

Aim:
To determine the performance characteristics of the given 3φ squirrel cage
induction motor by conducting load test.

Apparatus required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3 Wattmeter 600V,10A,UPF Dynamometer 2
4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Analog/Digital 1
5 Connecting wires Required

Formula:

Input power = W1 x MF1+ W2 x MF2 (watts)

Torque (T) = (S1 ~ S2) x 9.81 x r (N-m)
Output power = 2 Π NT / 60 watts
Efficiency = output power / input power x 100%
% Slip = [(NS – N) / NS] x 100
Power Factor = Input Power / √3VL IL

51
 VI cosφ
Multiplication factor =
No. of divisions in the wattmeter
S1, S2= Spring balance readings in Kg.
r = Radius of the brake drum in m (circumference / 2Π)
N = Actual speed of the rotor in rpm
T = Torque in N-m
NS = Synchronous speed in rpm

Precautions:
 There should be no load at the time of starting.
 Auto transformer must be kept at minimum position

Procedure:

 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

 Switch on the supply and adjust the autotransformer to get the
rated voltage and note down the no load readings.
 Adjust the loads and for various loads note down the
corresponding meters reading till the rated current is reached.
 Unload the motor, bring back the autotransformer to minimum
position and switch off the supply.

52
 CircuitDiagram:
600 V, 10 A, UPF Spring
Balance
(0-10 A) MI
Fuse
M L
R A
10 A M1 S1 S2

V
C
TPST
V Dynamometer
Fuse L1 (0-600 V)
Switch
MI
Y
415 Volts M2 Brake
10 A
Three Phase 50Hz Drum
AC Supply 600 V, 10 A, UPF

C V
L2
Fuse

B
10 A M3 M L

Motor Name Plate Details

Dynamometer
KW________
L3
RPM________

(0-470) Volts Volts________

Fuse Rating Calculation Three Phase Auto
Transformer Amps________
125 % of Rated Current
Frequency________
=
Load Test on Three phase Squirrel cage Induction Motor

53
 Tabulation:

Spring balance
W1 x readings
Input Speed Torque Output Power Slip
S. V IL W1 W2 Mf1 W2xMf2 η
Power S1 S2 (S1 ~ S2) N (N-m) power Facto %
No (volts) (Amps) (div) (div) (Watts) (Watts) %
(Watts) Kg Kg kg (rpm) T (Watts) r

54
Model Graph:

PF Vs O/P
IL Vs O/P
Efficiency Vs
Efficiency O/P
Slip N Vs O/P
Speed
Power T Vs O/P
factor
Load
current Slip Vs O/P
Torque

Output power in watts

Speed in
rpm

Torque in N-m

Result:

Thus the performance characteristics of the given Three – Phase

squirrel cage induction motor were determined by conducting load test.

55
 Ex. No: LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE SPLIT PHASE
Date : CAPACITIVE START INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim:

To determine the performance characteristics of the given single phase

split phase capacitive start induction motor by direct loading.

Apparatus required:

Sl.No Apparatus Required Range Type Quantity

1 (0-300) V MI 1
Voltmeter
2 Wattmeter 300V, 20A, UPF Dynamometer 1

3 Ammeter (0-20) A MI 1

4 1- Autotransformer (0-270) V 1

4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Analog/Digital 1

5. Connecting wires Required

Formulae:
Cos = W/VI
%S = (NS - N) / N *100%
NS Synchronous Speed = 1500 rpm
Torque T = (S1 S2) 9.81 * r N-m
r Radius of the brake drum in m.
Output power P0 = 2 NT/60 watts
% Efficiency = [O/P Power / I/P power] *100.

56
Circuit Diagram:
300 V, 20 A, UPF

(0-20 A) MI
Fuse
M L Spring
P A Balance
10 A
V
C M1 S1 S1 S2
Dynamometer Rotor
230 Volts
Single Phase 50Hz DPST (0-300 V)
AC Supply Switch V
MI

Main Starting Brake

Winding Winding
M2 Drum
Fuse S2

N
CS
10 A
C

(0-270) Volts
Single Phase Auto
Motor Name Plate Details Transformer

KW________ Fuse Rating Calculation

RPM________
125 % of Rated Current
Volts________
=
Amps________

Frequency________
Load Test on Single phase Induction Motor

57
 Tabulation:

Current Voltage Speed Spring Balance Torque Efficiency

Input Power (Watts) Output
(Amps) (Volts) (rpm) (Kg) Slip (Nm) (%)
S. No COS Power
(%)
(Watts)
I V W WxM.F N S1 S2 T η

58
Model Graph:

PF Vs O/P
IL Vs O/P
Efficiency Efficiency Vs
Slip O/P
Speed N Vs O/P
Power
factor T Vs O/P
Load
current
Torque Slip Vs O/P

59
 O/p Power

Precautions:

1. Auto – transformer should be kept at the minimum position during starting.

2. Load should be kept free during the starting condition.

Procedure:

 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

 Switch on the supply and adjust the autotransformer to get the rated voltage and note down the no load
readings.
 Adjust the loads and for various loads note down the corresponding meters reading till the rated current is
reached.
 Unload the motor, bring back the autotransformer to minimum position and switch off the supply.

Result: Thus the performance characteristics were determined for the given single phase split phase capacitive
start induction motor by direct loading.

60
Exp. No : MEASUREMENT OF 3 PHASE POWER USING TWO
Date: WATTMETER METHOD

Aim:
To measure the three phase power p.f using two-wattmeter method.
Apparatus required:
S.No APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Three phase variac - (0-415) V 01
2. 3 phase Inductive load 01
3. Wattmeter Dynamometer 600V/15A 02
4. Ammeter MI (0-15A) 01
5. Voltmeter MI (0-600V) 01

Theory:
Three-phase circuits may be balanced or unbalanced. In case of the balanced circuits, if three-watt meters are
connected (one in each phase), equal readings will be obtained. Therefore, only one wattmeter may be connected in any one
phase, and the total power will be obtained by multiplying the power per phase by three.
In case of an unbalanced circuit, three-watt meters may be connected, one in each phase. The total power will then be
obtained by adding the three-wattmeter readings. However, there are some practical difficulties in doing so. For example,

61
the load neutral may not be available in case of Y-connected load (and then the supply neutral must be connected) or in a
delta connected system; it may not be possible to cut through the delta to connect the meters. (In the later case of the delta-
connected load, one has to connect using the supply neutral).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR POWER AND p.f MEASUREMENT BY TWO WATTMETER METHOD

600V/10A
10A
(0-10A) MI
R M L
UPF
A
T
r
3 LOAD

r
C V
P
Y
V
S (0-600V)MI

r
r
3 10A
415V T
50 Hz
AC
SUPPLYS
B
V
C
10A r

N
M 600V/10A L

UPF

62
TABULAR COLUMN:
VRY IR W1 W2 cos =(P1/P)* 3
Sl.No. P=W1+W2
(Volts) (Amp) (Watts) (Watts) Where P1= W1-W2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Observation and calculation of power & p.f in 3 balanced ckt with 2-watt meters.
A more convenient and a popular method of measuring three-phase power are to use two-watt meters in a particular
way. The method is known as
“TWO WATTMETER METHOD”, since two watt meters are required.
They are connected as shown in the circuit diagram. It does not require the neutral point. It also does not need
opening or cutting through in case of the delta connected system.
Another important point is that this method is valid for both the balanced as well as the unbalanced conditions.
Further, the method of connecting is same irrespective of the delta or Y- connections of the supply or the load.

63
 The circuit diagram using method needs the connections of the two current coils in series with the load in series with
the load in two phases, and the two pressure coils are connected between these two phases and the third phase respectively.
For example, as in circuit diagram the current coils carry iR and iY and the pressure coils are VRB and VYB.
In terms of the instantaneous currents iR, iY, iB and the instantaneous phase voltage vR, vY and vB, the instantaneous
total power (=p) is given by
p = vR iR + vY iY + vB iB -------------- eqn. (1)
The sum of the three phase currents must be zero, in case of three wire systems (i.e., without the neutral wire).
Hence, at all instants,
iR + iY + iB = 0 -------------- eqn. (2)
(or) iB = (iR + iY) – This equation is true for delta or Y-connected, balanced or unbalanced, 3 wire 3 phase systems.
Since, iB is not being passed through the meters, it should be eliminated from eqn. (1)
p = vR iR + vYiY + vB (-iR – iY)
= (v0 – vB) iR + (vY – vB) iY
= VRB iR = VYBiy ------------- eqn. (3)
The average power is obviously obtained by taking the r.m.s values and the power factor.

Note: The wattmeters read only the average power.

The eqn. (3) suggests that two-watt meters can obtain the power in 3 phase circuits as follows:
Wattmeter No.1 (i.e., W1) current coil carrying iR

64
 Pressure coil across VRB
Wattmeter No.2 (i.e., W2) current coil carrying iY
Pressure coil across VYB
This is exactly what has been shown in fig. 6.1 in terms of average power, r.m.s voltage and currents, and the power
factors, eqn. (3) can be rewritten as follows:
P = VRB IR cos 1 + VYB IY cos 2 -------- eqn. (4)
= (Reading of wattmeter No.1) + (Reading of wattmeter No.2)
Thus, the total (time averaged) power for a 3 circuit is obtained by adding the two-wattmeter readings.
In eqn. (4), the power factors, cos 1 and cos 2 have the phase angle 1 between VRB and IR. The above method is
valid for both balanced as well as for unbalanced conditions.
For balanced loads: There are certain simplifications for the balanced loads. The three-phase quantities are equal and
have a mutual phase difference of 120 .
Fig.6.2 shows the phasor diagram for the balanced conditions. The voltage, current and the phase angles between
them are given below for the two-watt meters.
Using eqn. (4), with values substituted for the 3 Ph. Balanced load having a p.f of cos (lagging), we have
P = VRB IR cos (30+ ) + VYB IB cos (30- ) -------eqn. (5)
= ( 3 Vph) Iph (cos 30 * cos - sin 30 * sin )
+ ( 3 Vph) Iph (cos 30 * cos + Sin 30 * Sin )

65
 = 3 Vph Iph (2* cos 30 * cos )
= 3 Vph Iph (2* ( 3/2)* cos
= 3 Vph Iph cos = 3 VL IL cos -------- eqn. (6)
The eqn. (6) is valid for delta as well as Y – connected systems.
Thus, P = W1 + W2 = Total power in the circuit.

Precautions:
1. Check the mains before connection wires.
2. The three phase variac should be in zero position.
3. The ammeters are connected using thick wires.
4. The voltmeters are connected using thin wires.
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit the circuit diagram

2. Set the variac to zero output and switch on the main.
3. Adjust the variac output to obtain about 200 volts as the line voltage.
4. Note down the readings of the ammeters, voltmeters and the two-watt meters.
5. Calculate the total power consumed from these readings to verify the method. Note that for purely resistive
loads, the p.f is unity.

66
 6. Repeat steps (3) to (6) above for different readings.

Result:

Thus we find the three-phase power & p.f using two-wattmeter method

67