Process Biochemistry 45 (2010) 1065–1071

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Process Biochemistry
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/procbio

Tansy fruit mediated greener synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles

Shashi Prabha Dubey a,∗ , Manu Lahtinen b,1 , Mika Sillanpää a,∗∗
a
Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-50100, Mikkeli, Finland
b
University of Jyväskylä, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 JY, Finland

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper we have reported the green synthesis of silver (AgNPs) and gold (AuNPs) nanoparticles by
Received 29 November 2009 reduction of silver nitrate and chloroauric acid solutions, respectively, using fruit extract of Tanacetum
Received in revised form 7 March 2010 vulgare; commonly found plant in Finland. The process for the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs is rapid,
Accepted 16 March 2010
novel and ecofriendly. Formation of the AgNPs and AuNPs were confirmed by surface plasmon spectra
using UV–Vis spectrophotometer and absorbance peaks at 452 and 546 nm. Different tansy fruit extract
Keywords:
concentration (TFE), silver and gold ion concentration, temperature and contact times were experimented
Tansy fruit extract
in the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs. The properties of prepared nanoparticles were characterized by TEM,
Metal nanoparticles
SPR
XRD, EDX and FTIR. Finally zeta potential values at various pH were analyzed along with corresponding
Zeta potential SPR spectra.
XRD © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Science of the nanotechnology is supposed to have started by
the lecture of Richard Feyman on “There is Plenty of Room at the
Bottom” at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society
at the California Institute of Technology in 1959. Due to the opti-
cal, magnetic and electrical properties [1,2], nanomaterials have a
long list of applicability in improving the human life and its envi-
ronment. The first relation between human life and nanoscale was
developed naturally in ayurveda, which is 5000-year-old Indian
system of medicine. It had some knowledge of nanoscience and
technology before the term ‘nano’ was even formed, which modern
science has just started exploring in the 21st century [3]. Sev-
eral physical and chemical processes [4–6] for synthesis of metal
nanoparticles were developed considering the real life application
of nanoparticles in the area of medicine [7], catalysis [8], detection
[9], etc. Recently the studies started under green chemistry for the
search of benign methods for the development nanoparticles and
searching antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor activity of natu-
ral products. Biosynthetic processes have received much attention
as a viable alternative for the development of metal nanoparti-
cles where plant extract is used for the synthesis of nanoparticles
without any chemical ingredients [10–14]. Leaf extracts of neem,
geranium, hibiscus, cinnamon, tamarind and coriander have also
found suitable for the biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparti-
cles [15–20]. Among various metal nanoparticles, AgNPs and AuNPs
have several effective applications as antibacterial, sensors and
detectors besides their biomedical applications [21–25].
Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), a perennial herb is also known as
Common Tansy, Bitter Buttons, Cow Bitter, Mugwort, or Golden
Buttons. Around 1525, it was listed (by the spelling “Tansey”) as
“necessary for a garden” in Britain [26]. Tansy was considered a
cure for intestinal worms, rheumatism, digestive problems, fevers,
sores, measles and less commonly it was used to treat menstrual
irregularities and induce menstrual bleeding [27–30]. During the
Middle Ages and later, high doses were used to induce abortions
[28,31,32]. Contradictorily, tansy was also used to help women con-
ceive and to prevent miscarriages [27,28,33].

∗ Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry,

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-50100,
Mikkeli, Finland.
∗∗ Co-corresponding author. Tel.: +358 40 355 3410;
fax: +358 15 336 013. Inflorescence of T. vulgare
E-mail addresses: shashiprabhadubey@gmail.com, shashi.dubey@uef.fi
The principal chemical constituent of the herb is the volatile oil
(S.P. Dubey), Mika.Sillanpaa@uef.fi (M. Sillanpää).
1
University of Jyväskylä, Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 35, FI-40014 JY, Fin- or oil of tansy. In addition, a bitter, amorphous principle, tanacetin
land. (C11 H16 O4 ), is present [34] mainly in the flowers. Besides tanacetin,

1359-5113/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2010.03.024
1066 S.P. Dubey et al. / Process Biochemistry 45 (2010) 1065–1071
Fig. 1. Effect of Tansy fruit extract (TFE) quantity. (a) In silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis. (b) In gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) synthesis. (c) TEM images of silver and
nanoparticles at different leaf extract quantity. (I) S1 AgNPs at 1.8 mL TFE. (II) S2 AgNPs at 2.8 mL TFE. (III) S3 AgNPs at 4.8 mL TFE. (IV) A1 AuNPs at 1.8 mL TFE. (V) A2 AuNPs
at 2.8 mL TFE. (VI) A3 AuNPs at 4.8 mL TFE.
flower may contain several monoterpenoids [35]. The essential oil
content of tansy flowers is about twice as much as in the leaves [36].
According to Leppig [37], the herb also contain the following con-
stituents: tanacetin, tannic acid (tanacetum–tannic acid), traces of
gallic acid, volatile oil, a wax-like substance, albuminoids, tartaric,
citric, and malic acids, traces of oxalic acid, a laevogyrate sugar,
resin, metarabic acid, parabin, and woody fiber.
Here we have explored an inventive contribution for synthesis
of silver and gold nanoparticles using fruit extract of T. vulgare. The
procedure for the development of stable AgNPs and AuNPs is rapid,
simple and viable. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized
by various methods, such as TEM, XRD, EDX, UV–Vis and FTIR.
2. Materials and methods
Fresh fruits of T. vulgare were collected from Mikkeli city. Silver nitrate and auric
acid were obtained from Sigma Aldrich chemicals. All glasswares were properly
washed with water and dried in oven.
Tansy fruits extract (TFE) was used as a reducing agent for the development of sil-
ver and gold nanoparticles. Properly washed 50 g of fresh tansy fruits were added in
250 mL ultrapure water in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask and boiled for 10–15 min. What-
man filter paper (No. 40) was used for the filtration of boiled material to prepare the
aqueous fruit extract, which was used as such for metal nanoparticle synthesis.
Aqueous solution (1 mM) of silver nitrate and auric acid were prepared and
50 mL of those metal ion solutions were reduced using 1.8 mL of TFE at room temper-
ature for 10 min. Below than this TFE quantity, the solution takes more than 20 min
to get a significant SPR for both the metal nanoparticles. As a result brown–yellow
and pink–red solutions were formed, indicating the formation of silver and gold
nanoparticles, respectively [38,39]. The effects of reaction conditions such as the
TFE amount, metal ion concentration, reaction temperature and contact time were
also studied.
Spectral analysis for the development of nanoparticles at different reaction
conditions were observed by UV–Vis spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer Lamda-45 spec-
trophotometer). AgNPs and AuNPs gave sharp peak in the range of visible region
of the electromagnetic spectrum. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) JEM-
1200EX, JEOL was used for the analysis of size and shape of developed nanoparticles.
3 ␮L of the sample was placed on copper grid making a thin film of sample on the
grid and kept for drying at room temperature for 15 min, then extra sample was
removed using the cone of a blotting paper and reserved in grid box. The presence
of elemental silver and gold was determined using energy dispersive X-ray analy-
sis (EDX) with Zeiss Evo 50 instrument. Zetasizer (Malvern) instrumentation was
used to analyze the surface charge and stability of synthesized nanoparticles at pH
(2–10). The pH of the solution was maintained by 1N HCl and 1N NaOH.
Resulting solutions of the developed nanoparticles of silver and gold were dried
at 80 ◦ C for X-ray powder diffraction measurements. The X-ray powder diffrac-
 S.P. Dubey et al. / Process Biochemistry 45 (2010) 1065–1071 1067

Fig. 2. Effect of metal ion concentration. (a) In AgNPs synthesis. (b) In AuNPs synthesis. (c) TEM images of AgNPs and AuNPs at different metal concentrations. (I) S1 AgNPs
at 1 mM silver ion conc. (II) S2 AgNPs at 2 mM silver ion conc. (III) S3 AgNPs at 3 mM silver ion conc. (IV) A1 AuNPs at 1 mM gold ion conc. (V) A2 AuNPs at 2 mM gold ion
conc. (V) A3 AuNPs at 3 mM gold ion conc.

tion data was acquired by PANalytical X’Pert PRO diffractometer in Bragg–Brentano
geometry using step-scan technique and Johansson monochromator to produce
pure Cu K␣1 radiation (1.5406 Å; 45 kV, 30 mA). The ICDD PDF2 powder diffraction
database [40] implemented in HighScore Plus was used for the search-match phase
identification analyses.
To estimate crystallite sizes of the produced nanoparticles, most isolated diffrac-
tion peak positions were profile fitted using pseudo-Voigt function to establish the
full-width at half-maximum values (FWHM) needed for the crystallite size evalua-
tion made by Scherrer method.
FTIR spectroscopy measurements were carried out to recognize the bio-groups
that bound distinctively on the silver and gold surface and involved in the synthesis
of these nanoparticles. Samples for the FTIR were prepared by drying native TFE and
resulting TFE with nanoparticles similarly as for powder diffraction measurements.
Hand-ground samples were measured by Bruker Tensor 27 FTIR spectrometer in
attenuated total reflection mode (Pike Technologies, GladiATR for FTIR with dia-
mond crystal) and using spectral range of 4000–400 cm−1 and resolution of 4 cm−1 .
All the samples were analyzed twice to taking into account the potential preparation
effects by placing a sample on the diamond crystal.

Fig. 3. Effect of temperature. (a) In AgNPs synthesis. (b) In AuNPs synthesis.

1068 S.P. Dubey et al. / Process Biochemistry 45 (2010) 1065–1071

Fig. 4. Effect of contact time. (a) In AgNPs synthesis. (b) In AuNPs synthesis.

3. Result and discussion
3.1. Effects of TFE quantity
Different TFE quantities were used for the synthesis of AgNPs
and AuNPs. The fruit extract quantity was varied from 0.5, 1.0, 1.8,
2.8, 3.8, 4.8 mL in 50 mL of 1 mM silver nitrate and auric acid solu-
tion, respectively. With increase in TFE quantity from 0.5 to 4.8 mL
in 50 mL of 1 mM metal ion solution, consistently an increase in
peak absorbance was found in UV–Vis spectrum (Fig. 1a and b).
Likewise, visual inspection of the solutions revealed color changes
from reddish yellow to deep red and light pink to dark pink on
both silver and gold solutions with an increase of TFE quantity in
each reaction solution. Interpretation of TEM images of AgNPs and
AuNPs at 1.8, 2.8 and 4.8 mL of TFE suggests decrease in particle
size with an increase in TFE quantity (Fig. 1c).
3.2. Effect of metal ion
Surface plasmon resonance spectra for AgNPs and AuNPs were
obtained at 452 and 546 nm with brown–yellow and pink–red col-
ors, respectively, at different metal ion concentration (Fig. 2a and
b). In case of AgNPs, peak absorbance increases with metal ion
concentration from 1 to 3 mM but decreases at 3 mM gold ion con-
centration in case of AuNPs. TEM images of AgNPs and AuNPs at
different metal ion concentrations have been presented in Fig. 2c.
The particle size of AgNPs was found larger at higher metal ion
concentration and red shift occurred in the SPR spectra which
in well correlation with the Mock et al.’s work [41]. In compari-
son to AgNPs the AuNPs express larger sized nanoparticles which
were observed in TEM imaging at higher metal ion concentra-
tion.
3.3. Effect of reaction temperature
The SPR spectra were taken after 10 min heating of the sample at
different temperature. By increasing reaction temperature from 25
to 150 ◦ C, an increase in peak sharpness was found in case of both
AgNPs and AuNPs (Fig. 3a and b). It may be due to increasing reac-
tion rate for NPs synthesis [11]. This sharpness in absorbance peak
depend on size of the synthesized nanoparticle as with higher tem-
perature, particle size may be smaller, which results into sharpness
of the plasmon resonance band of AgNPs and AuNPs [41,42].

Fig. 5. Effect of pH. (a) Zeta potential at different pH. (b) Effect of pH on SPR of AgNPs. (c) Effect of pH on SPR of AuNPs.
 S.P. Dubey et al. / Process Biochemistry 45 (2010) 1065–1071
3.4. Effect of reaction time
Formation of nanoparticles started within 10 min and spectra
were recorded after at 10 min, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h. Effect of the reac-
tion time on AgNPs and AuNPs synthesis was also evaluated with
UV–Vis spectra and it is noted that with an increase in time the
peak become shaper (Fig. 4a and b). The reaction time found for the
development of nanoparticles in this study was found significantly
lower than in earlier reports [42,43].
3.5. Effect of pH on NPs stability
Zeta potential (ZP) values reveal details about the surface charge
and stability of the synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles. At dif-
ferent solution pH, there was little variation in the zeta potential
value of AuNPs. However, AgNPs demonstrate lower ZP value at
strongly acidic pH, whereas higher values were obtained at more
alkaline pH solutions (Fig. 5a). In overall, the results of zeta poten-
tial value for AgNPs and AuNPs are −26 and −31 mV, respectively,
indicating the stability of the synthesized nanoparticles which was
also supported by absorbance peaks in SPR spectra at various pH
(Fig. 5b and c). It can be said that at acidic pH, the particle size are
comparatively larger than the basic pH, as blue shift was clearly
reported in the SPR spectra [41].
3.6. Characterizations of the nanoparticles
TEM images showed that particles are mostly triangular and
spherical in shape, whereas some particles showed hexagonal
shapes as well. The sizes found for NPs are roughly in the range
of 10–40 nm (Figs. 1c and 2c).
The experimental powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of the pre-
pared silver and gold nanoparticles are shown in Fig. 6. On the
XRD pattern of AgNPs, diffraction peaks at 38.13◦ , 44.21◦ , 64.47,
77.37◦ , 81.47◦ , 98.01◦ 110.56◦ and 114.80◦ can be assigned to
face-centered cubic (FCC) metallic silver (identified by PDF-2 ref. 4-
0783). Whereas any peaks originating from potential silver oxides
cannot be observed. However, two crystalline “impurity” phases
can also be identified from the pattern, which are AgCl (31-1238)
and KCl (41-1476).
In case of gold containing sample, the characteristic diffraction
peaks of FCC metallic gold phase (4-0784) at 38.21◦ , 44.39◦ , 64.62◦ ,
77.59◦ , 81.75◦ , 98.16◦ , 110.89◦ and 115.27◦ can be observed. Along
with the AuNP phase, peak positions corresponding to a highly crys-
talline potassium chloride phase can be observed. By comparing
the XRD patterns containing either AgNPs or AuNPs, the content of
crystalline KCl is significantly higher on AuNP than on AgNP sam-
Fig. 7. EDX graph of AgNPs and AuNPs.
1069
Fig. 6. Experimental diffraction patterns of silver and gold nanoparticle samples
AgNPs (a), and AuNPs (b). The peak positions of elemental Ag and Au are indicated
by  marks and positions of KCl phase by stick plot.
ples. No other gold containing compounds than the metallic Au can
be recognized from the XRD pattern. The crystallite sizes of the
nanoparticles were estimated by the Scherrer method as Eq. (1):
K
D= (1)
ˇs cos 
in which D is the average size of the crystallites, K is the shape-
dependent Scherrer’s constant correlating to the true shape of
crystallite (0.94 is used to correspond spherical crystallites with
cubic symmetry);  is the radiation wavelength (1.5406 Å); ˇs is
the full peak width (given in radians) caused by structural broad-
ening due to crystallite size subtracted by instrumental broadening
obtained by standard material (Si) in identical measurement con-
ditions;  = diffraction angle.
The FWHMs of the most isolated peaks at about 38.1◦ (1 1 1),
77.5◦ (3 1 1) and 114.8◦ (4 2 0) in 2 for both AgNPs and AuNPs
(structurally isomorphous with silver) were used for size evalu-
ation. Average crystal size of 16 nm was determined for AgNPs,
whereas for AuNPs somewhat smaller crystal size of 11 nm was
obtained (Table 1). Elemental silver and gold peak found in the EDX
study which is in accordance with the XRD results (Fig. 7).
The FTIR spectra of untreated and treated AgNPs and AuNPs
samples are shown in Fig. 8. The untreated fruit extract sample
show medium or strong absorption bands about at 3281, 2920,
1595, 1260, 1067 cm−1 suggesting –OH [44], aliphatic –CH stretch-
1070 S.P. Dubey et al. / Process Biochemistry 45 (2010) 1065–1071
Table 1
Average crystal size of AgNPs and AuNPs in samples.
Sample Peak position (Miller indices)
◦ ◦ ◦ environmental, biotechnological and biomedical applications.
38.1 (1 1 1) 77.5 (3 1 1) 114.8 (4 2 0)
(nm) (nm) (nm)
AgNPs 14 17 17
AuNPs 14 10 10a
a
Calculated from peak 110.9◦ instead of 115.2◦ because of peak overlap with KCl
peak.
Fig. 8. FTIR spectra of samples before and after the treatment producing AgNPs and
AuNPs; TFE (a), TFE + AgNPs (b), and TFE + AuNPs (c). Spectra are shifted on y-axis
due to clarity.
ing [45], C O stretching frequency [46] and C–O stretching of esters,
ethers, and phenols [47] and symmetric C–O stretching [46].
In case of AuNPs, the OH stretching frequency shifts from 3281
to 3274 cm−1 . Comparison of untreated and the treated spectra
suggest that in treated sample C O stretching frequency shift
from 1595 to 1652 cm−1 to produce nanoparticles and absorption
affected on the carbonyl peak (C O stretching) at 1716 cm−1 as it
is clearly stronger in the treated AuNPs compared to the untreated
one, on which it is nearly absent. In addition, clearly more absorp-
tion occurs on broad spectral range of 1393–1070 cm−1 on a treated
gold sample indicating interactions between the gold nanoparti-
cles. In case of the silver containing sample, the spectrum has not
changed due to the treatment, as both spectra are in practise iden-
tical to each other. Oil of tansy contains variety of terpenes, which
may involve in the biosynthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs and act as
reducing agent for the reduction of metal ion to metal nanoparti-
cles [48]. Specially the conversion of C O group of the terpenes
to –C(O) O group, may be responsible for the reduction of Ag+ and
Au+ to Ag0 and Au0 , respectively.
4. Conclusion
This spanking new and simple method for biosynthesis of sil-
ver and gold nanoparticles offers a valuable contribution in the
area of green synthesis and nanotechnology without adding differ-
ent physical and chemical steps. Tansy fruit extract was prepared
and successfully employed for the development of silver and gold
nanoparticles with spherical and triangular shapes. Powder diffrac-
tion study showed the face-centered cubic lattice of both AgNPs
and AuNPs. The average crystal of AgNPs and AuNPs are 16 and
11 nm estimated from Scherrer method. FTIR analysis of native
and nanoparticles samples indicate the involvement of carbonyl
group in the synthesis and probably the carboxylate ion cover the
developed nanoparticles and produce a negative surface charge for
AgNPs and AuNPs. This simple, low cost and greener method for
Mean value development of silver and gold nanoparticles may be valuable in
16 Acknowledgments
11
The authors are pleased to acknowledge the European Commis-
sion (Brussels) for the Marie Curie Research Fellowship for Transfer
of Knowledge (No. MTKD-CT-2006-042637) for financial support.
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