Power System Operation and

Control

By: Ajay Balar

Assistant Professor
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
 What is importance of this subject ?
• Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day
due to improvement in the life style of the people in
particular and development of the countries in
general.

• On the other hand, conventional sources of power

generation are limited. Under this scenario, the
power system network operates in a stressed
condition.
• Effective management of generation,
transmission and distribution of electrical
power is necessary for optimal system
operation, for loss minimization and to avoid
the unwanted power cuts.

• This subject deals with the fundamentals for

effective operation and control of the power
system.
Subject Credit - 04
• Chapter-1 Automatic Generation and Voltage Control
• Chapter-2 Power System Security
• Chapter-3 Reactive Power and Voltage Control
• Chapter-4 State Estimation
• Chapter-5 Load Forecasting
• Chapter-6 Introduction to Power System Deregulation and
Restructuring
 Which Load damage the system ?

• Obviously Inductive Load

• After Connection of inductive load ? What happens?
• What is reactive power?
• How reactive power can be controlled ?
• What is effect in system stability
• What is the solution of problems ?
 What is Open Access ?
• Liquidity of Open source in India
• Effects of open access in Grid ?
• How open access system can be controlled?
 Importance of Operation & Control
• We know that Power System is the very large
network.
• System stability is the challenges now a days
• Why smart operation in need ?
• How system can be controlled?
What is the role of Power system Engineer ?
Must know about the system operation & control ?
Fast operation & Maintenance
Effect of operation
How to control the improper operation
What is Load frequency control ?
• Power sharing between two areas occurs through
these tie-lines.
• Load frequency control, as the name signifies,
regulates the power flow between different areas
while holding the frequency constant.
 What is Load frequency control ?
• Two main variables that change during transient
power load are: Area frequency and Tie-line power
interchange.

• The concept of Load Frequency Control (LFC) is

directly related to the aforementioned variables
since the task is to minimize this variation.

• The key thing is to maintain the steady state at null

position. In this vein, effective measures like Active
Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) have been
• The main bifurcation between frequency and voltage in
power system is on the account of active and reactive
power.

• The dependency of frequency is on active power whereas

that of voltage is on the reactive power.

• The combination of active power and frequency control is

generally known as Load Frequency Control.
Purpose:-
• The major purposes of LFC can be summarized as follows:

• Maintaining frequency at transient power loads

(unknown external disturbance)

• Regulation of tie line power exchanger error

• Tackling ambiguities in the power system model and the

variations
• Power System has several generating units in which the
notion of fault/load tolerance has to be enhanced.

• For this purpose tie-lines are made between these

interconnected units.

• Owing to the introduction of tie lines, the controller has

also got to deal with tie line power exchange error.

• There is a need to have a unique load frequency controller

for each area. This is because the interconnected system
has to set their set-points in a different manner.
• With more interconnectedness of the system, the
complexity would also increase in terms of the tuning
controller parameters.

• In such cases, when the controllers are being designed, all

approximations have to be included in the parameters.
Objectives
• Maintaining the frequency

• Keeping the tie line power exchange in sync

Existing Load Frequency Control Solutions
• PID (Proportional Integral Derivative)
• This basically caters to the issue of decentralized LFC cases.

• This is a robust system and tackles ambiguities well enough

through it multiple controls like disturbance
accommodation and ramp following.

• In addition to this, it also has a predictive control scheme

and an optimal tracking approach as well.
• Genetic Algorithm (GA):
• This particular control technique is a depiction of one of the
best kind of computer intelligence in power systems.
• Different research designs have approved of the GA where it
was used along with PI type controllers.
• Using linear matrix inequalities (GALMI), GA has been able to
solve complex optimization problems.
• The main difference in the functionality of GA and PID is that
the latter one uses a H2/H∞ controller.
• Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC):
• This particular control technique is widely famous
technique.
• In terms of design, the main parameters of focus in ADRC
are the input and the output.
• This simply means that in order to perform its control tasks, the main
information is analyzed from the input and output portions of the power
system.
• The name of this controller is also able to depict its function
too.
• ADRC is able to detect the disturbance in the real system
and also able to reject it.
• One of the main reasons for the general popularity of ADRC
is its practicality. (In this particular case, no additional information is
needed like the precise model information.)

• In this manner, its activity is very directed and efficient

against the uncertainty or any external disturbance in the
system.
• Conclusion
• One thing that is needed to be pointed out here
is the fact that in research being done on LFC, at
times, some plant limits are omitted. Because of
this, the practicality of controllers could be
hindered on a large scale usage. We have
discussed about ADRC.
• It is also possible to regulate the control effort and
response cycle by tuning the ESO and state feedback
controller. Additional research is still needed to be
done to develop a quantitative method for
determining control parameters in the case of ADRC.
This is where the application of genetic algorithms
comes in.
Thank You