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JOURNAl.

OF

ELSEVIER Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17 (1997) 313-320 I

An alternative approach to the analysis of sucker-rod dynamics in


vertical and deviated wells
P.A. Lollback, G.Y. Wang, S.S. Rahman *
The Centre for Petroleum Engineering, School of Applied Science, The UnicersiO' of New South Wales. Sydney 2052. Australia
Received 14 February 1996: accepted 18 September 1996

Abstract

A set of partial differential equations which consider the combined effects of fluid column, sucker-rod string and tubing
motion were developed to describe the motion of a sucker-rod pumping system.
If the tubing is fixed, only the fluid column and rod motion need be considered; however, when the tubing is free to
move, energy in the system is lost and, therefore, pump system efficiency declines, hence, the need to consider these effects
in the design of the sucker-rod system.
Using finite differences this model was used to evaluate performance of sucker-rod pumps (pumping rate as a function of
number of strokes, stroke length, rod length, ratio of plunger to cylinder diameter, etc.) in both vertical and deviated wells.
The results indicate that the developed model simply and accurately models the dynamic motion of the sucker-rod string.
The examples presented illustrate its general applicability in both vertical and deviated wells.

Keywords: petroleum engineering: depletion: production

1. Introduction A number of authors have considered the dynam-


ics of the fluid and the sucker rod (Doty and Schmidt,
Sucker-rod pumping systems are used extensively
1983; Shafer, 1987; Lekia and Evans, 1991; Khoda-
in artificial lift wells; therefore, it is important to
bandeh and Miska, 1991, 1992; Miska et al., 1994).
have an accurate understanding of the sucker-rod
These non-linear models more accurately character-
pumping process (Kastrop, 1975; Svinos, 1987). Over
ize the system than the Gibbs (1963) linear model. In
the years considerable effort has been directed to-
each case though the papers present examples in
wards the development of sucker-rod pumping mod-
which the tubing is anchored, although there are
els that can be solved with the aid of a computer
many installations in which this is not the case due
(Gibbs, 1963, 1977, 1982, 1992). These efforts have
to cost considerations. In the case where tubing is
principally focused on the analysis of the dynamics
free to move, energy in the system is lost and,
of the sucker-rod string. As such, these models ig-
therefore, pump system efficiency declines, hence,
nore the dynamics of the fluid and tubing columns as
the need to consider these effects in the design of the
well as the physical properties of the fluid.
sucker-rod system.
In this paper, a set of six equations governing the
* Corresponding author. vibration of the sucker-rod string, tubing and liquid

0920-4105/97/$17.00 Copyright ,© 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


PII S0920-4105(96)00070-8
314 P.A. Lollbaek et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17 (1997) 313 320

column in the sucker-rod pumping system are devel- particular case is for a vertical well where; /z 1 = 0 N
oped and then solved using a finite-difference ap- s m - N=-12 rpm, L = 1400 m, 1 = 8 m and
proach (see Eqs. A - l - A - 6 in Appendix A). R = 1.2 m. Po(t) is assumed to be a periodic func-
tion with a maximum amplitude 106 N m -2.
As the value of dynamic viscosity, ~7, increases,
2. Solutions and analysis the area enclosed by the dynamograph will increase
because the work done by the pumping unit in-
The finite-difference method was used to obtain creases.
the numerical solution of Eqs. A - l - A - 6 ( " u p w i n d A comparison (Fig. 2) was made between the
diferencing"; Press et al., 1990) was applied. The results generated using different vibrational models.
following three conditions had to be met for stabil- The key is:
ity: C r A t / A x < 1, C t A t / A x < l and C f A t / A x < (a) non-linear model of the sucker-rod string,
1. Insofar as the boundary conditions are concerned, tubing and liquid column;
the surface conditions Vt, Vr and Po(t) are known (b) non-linear model of the sucker-rod string and
and the downhole conditions depend upon the condi- liquid column;
tion of the valve, i.e. open or closed. (c) linear model of the sucker-rod string.
To further simplify the analysis, we assume that The damping factor in (c) could be adjusted to
the sucker-rod pump is a conventional (Type 1) unit remove the same amount of energy as in (a) and (b)
connected to an untappered rod string. by practical "wellsite" means (Gibbs, 1963; Everitt
Using known data of the sucker-rod pumping and Jennings, 1988; Lollback et al., 1994). The
system, one obtains the values of Qr, Qt, Pf, Vr, Vt method described accounts for these energy losses in
and Vf at any arbitrary depth X. Predictive dynamo- the original problem formulation. At the beginning
graphs can then be drawn from these data. of the upstroke the standing valve opens sooner on
curve (b) than curve (a) and, therefore, loads the rod
2.1. Example 1 sooner, because the tubing is anchored in (b). Simi-
larly, the path traced by curve (b) is closer to curve
Fig. 1 shows the effect of changing the dynamic (a) than to curve (c) because the vibration of the
viscosity of the liquid column in a vertical well. This liquid column is ignored in (c). Inclusion of the

80,000

70,000 - . -~~ "~'~"7-'~"~


" ~ Val . . . . f " ~ " " "0'025i
...:;" / \ I---°'t
60,000
.~ -,=~, / .. \ \ .- . . ~ . ,
50,000
"~" " ...;5" '
Z
i.
,.%,: -:
30,000
Z_Z.j_.
20,000

10,000

0 I .... I i - - 1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
PR (dimensionless)

Fig. 1. S u r f a c e d y n a m o m e t e r card - - E f f e c t of c h a n g i n g the d y n a m i c viscosity o f the liquid c o l u m n in a vertical well.


P.A. Lollback et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17 (1997) 313-320 315

90,000
" - " (a)

75,000- ~' : ~ / "-_-.


. \ . . (b)
,-../ - ~ ....\ !c)

~. 45,000 j Z ~
Z

30,000

15,000 -

0 -

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00


PR (dimensionlesst
Fig. 2. Surface dynamometer - - Comparison of three models.

liquid column effect becomes especially important and Fig. 4 represents the axial, Coulombic, side and
for analysing the performance of rod pumps lifting rod weight forces applied to a rod element of length
heavy oils. AS. The assumption is that the only contact that the
sucker rod has with the tubing is at the coupling.
2.2. Example 2 In this case, the equation of the rod string in
Appendix A has changed from Eq. (A-l) to:
Fig. 3 depicts a planned, deviated, rod-pumping OVr aQr
well. The friction between the tubing and the rod prAr at aS + P r g A r c ° s y - F r (1)
couplings is dependent on the deviation of the well
where S is the rod length below the polished rod
(measured depth); and y is the inverse tangent of the
" + !IA slope at depth X, i.e. tan y = d y / d x.

x, i
• IB .P
I /-
Q,(S,t)
\ \ J +.\++++
: "\
/ / \
XF "\\
\\
' \\
// //,//

" ~:+s
\" /" t', 't\
0::
++ 5,LJ-
+ +i:
-~a2
\
t .:J - + Jrl F " AW, Qr(iS+~l.t)XkkX
HF
Fig. 3. Well profile in two-coordinate system. Fig. 4. Forces acting on a rod element of length AS.
316 P.A. Lollbaek et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17 (1997) 313-320

Similarly, the equation for F r is modified from Table 1


Eq. (A-7) to: Example 2: Values of Fr and F~t as a function of curvature, (f)l

(bl R1 F~t F~ SB SF Qloss


F~ = Frf + F, r + F~t (2) (rad/ (m) (N/m) (N/m) (m) (m) (IdN)
From Eqs. A-8 and A-9: 100 m)

C-r + F~.f = 0.5pfVflVfl~r D~C ~ 0.086 1164.55 27.86 28.00 457.2 1166.94 39.65
0.114 873.41 30.50 34.42 457.2 971.75 33.40
+ 0.5pfVrlVrl ( a~ - A r ) C J l (3) 0.143 698.73 42.[2 41.91 457.2 861.24 33.95
0.171 584.65 47.34 47.02 457.2 791.38 31.53
F~t = +tXe( p~ga~ s i n y + K, Qr ) (4) 0.229 434.06 63.10 62.73 457.2 701.69 30.76
0.343 291.14 91.39 90.84 457.2 619.02 29.49
F,=b~V~-bfrVf+__l~z(prga~,siny+K~O~) (5)
t).458 218.35 116.13 115.71 457.2 577.77 27.95
where K~, is the curvature of the planned well and
/x: is friction coefficient between the tubing and the
coupling. The sign in Eq. (4) is chosen to be positive Additional tubing information: 1 = 8 m, D t =
if Vr > 0, negative if V~ < 0 and zero if Vr = 0. 0.062 m, Dp = 0.044 m and D r = 0.0254 m. Observe
For a deviated well in which the tubing is an- that depth L refers to the true vertical depth (TVD)
chored the following information describes the tub- of the pump. Table 1 shows the effect of increasing
ing string (see Fig. 3). 4'1 on F~t, Fr(max) and the length of the build-up
section.
Horizontal displacement ( H v) = 1828.8 m
An interesting phenomenon is evident in Fig. 5.
Depth of pumping = 3657.6 m
As curvature, 95l, increases the area enclosed by the
( T V D ) ( X F = L)
dynamometer trace decreases. This " t h i n n i n g " of
Depth of pumping (MD) (S F) = 4175.5 m
the area can be explained by observing that as the
Kick off point ( X B) = 457.2 m
build-up rate increases the length of the build-up
Build-up r a t e ( ( ~ ) 1 ) : 0.114 r a d / 1 0 0 m
section decreases, the total frictional losses (see Table
Drop-off rate 14~ ) = 0.114 r a d / 1 0 0 m
1) increase and the work done at the pump decreases.
TVD at end of drop-off ( X E) = 3352.8 m
In general when 6~ increases the total frictional loss
Final inclination (o~ 2) = 0.349 rad
decreases; however, because the loss depends on

170,000 -

r
155,000- ;,'!~'"",.
• \•~ y/° "° ~ • _

140,000 -~/' "-\ "\

1 25 °\ . ....

,~ 110,00O- °\
'o Values of
Z \~q~l(tad/lOOm) [ 0.171 ~2=0.086,[1,2=0.2, q = 0 . 0 3
z 95.00o-
\\° [.... 0.458'.
.... . ~ . ~ ! :
i'(
i)
80.000 -

65,000 /1~/+

50,000 -

35,000 - - i . . . . !

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
PR (dimensionless)

Fig. 5. Surface dynamometer Effectof buildup rate.


P.A. Lollback et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17 (1997) 313-320 317

210,000

---0 I'
! ~ Values of I
180,000 ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~(Ns/m ~) I 0-0"25 I
/ / . . . . *-*- *- *- .~ ~ !--°'41

30,000 I I I I - -f I
0. 00 0. 10 0. 20 0. 30 0. 4 0 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
PR (dimensionless)

Fig. 6. Surface dynamometer card - - Effect of increasing the friction coefficient between the tubing and sucker-rod coupling.

both Fct + F r (N m -1 ) and the measured depths Possible areas for improvements to the model are
between C and B, this is not always true as can be mainly in the areas of fluid dynamics and fluid/tub-
observed when the inclination increases from 0.114 ing, fluid/sucker-rod interactions. One reviewer has
to 143 rad/100 m and the frictional loss increases. noted that fluid dynamics can only be accurately
Fig. 6 shows the surface dynamometer cards as a considered if the elastic effects of the flowline
function of ~2. The area enclosed by the curve ("more massive and elastic than that considered in
increases with increasing b¢2 as more work is re- the tubing") are included.
quired to lift the fluid column. Accurate determination of the boundary condi-
tions dictates the reliability of the calculated data set.
At the surface it has been customary to enforce a
3. Summary and conclusion constant pressure condition and thereby ignore the
fluid in the surface flowlines - - this will not always
Analysis of the vibration of the sucker-rod string, be a reasonable assumption to make.
tubing and liquid column provides useful informa-
tion on the design and operation of sucker-rod pump-
ing installations. The equations described herein sim- Appendix A
ply and accurately describe the dynamics of the
sucker-rod system. Their solution by finite differ-
ences is straightforward and easily implemented on A. 1. Formulation of the problem

computer.
As demonstrated in the worked examples the Fig. 7 shows a sucker-rod pumping system. To simplify the
analysis the following assumptions are made:
model can be used for predicting the behavior of
(a) A conventional pumping unit is used. The prime mover has
sucker-rod pumping systems in both vertical and no slip and the crank angular speed, ~o, is a constant.
deviated wells. It also has the potential for wellsite (b) The fluid column contains no gas.
diagnosis implementation. (c) Fluid density, pf, casing pressure at the plunger level, P1
A number of the simplifying assumptions made in and, liquid dynamic viscosity, "q, are constant.
(d) The valve resistance is ignored and the friction coefficient,
this paper, namely constant slip, gasless fluid col-
~1, between the piston and the housing (see Fig. 9) is constant.
umn, planned well and tubing-rod contact only at In the following discussion the subscripts r, f, c and t refer to
couplings can be removed as other authors have rod, fluid, coupling and tubing properties respectively. The deriva-
shown. tion of Eqs. A - l - A - 6 is discussed further in Wang et al. (1992).
318 P.A. Lollback et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17 (1997) 313 320

as an elastic object (with modulus Ef) which can be compressed


but cannot be stretched. The equations of its motion are:
OVt , OPt
pf(Ai Ar)~T=-(At-Ar)~+Prg(At-Ar)-Ff
(A-5)
0V~ OPt
(A-6)
E<aX Ot
In reality, the liquid density, pf, changes very little when the
pressure changes and can therefore be considered as constant.
+
With this assumption the motion of the liquid is linearized. Notice
too. that the liquid pressure Pr is always positive.
The function Fr, of Eq. (A-l), is the force per unit length of
the rod arising from the viscous force of the fluid acting on the
rod surface. The equation for Fr is (Doty and Schmidt, 1983):
Fr = rrt- + F~ (A-V)
where
Fr~ = 0.5pt~,~-lVf,'rrD~ C 1 (A-8)
F~, = 0.Sp~.grlgfl ( A, - A , ) C 2 / l (A-9)
where k~. and Fcf are the liquid column viscous force per unit
length of rod and coupling, respectively. C I and C 2 are friction
factors.
The dimensionless friction factors have been found by experi-
ment to be (Valeev and Repin (1976):

24 R; (//.2+0.39~ (A-10)

-I 1 5.2× 104( ~ -0.381 (2.77+1.69)~ (A-II)


C, Re ~, D,
Fig. 7. Conventional sucker-rod pumping system.
where D~ and Dr are the outside diameters of the coupling and
the rod. respectively; and Dt is the internal diameter of the tubing.
The Reynolds numbers Re and R'~. "are associated with the liquid
and rod velocities and are defined as, respectively:
The equation of motion of the rod string is obtained using
~ , ~ ( D , - Dr)pf
simple theory of vertical vibration for a rod: R,. (A-12)
i)V~ 3Qr
P~ar 3t OX + p ~ g a r - F ~ (A-l) and
where p, A, V, Q, g and F are density, cross-section, velocity, ~i,( l ) t - Dr)pf
tension, gravity and viscous force per unit length, respectively; t
R'~ (A-13)
is time; and X is time and depth below the polished rod. Eq. (A-7) can be now be rewritten in terms of V, and Vf:
The second equation governing the motion of the rod, relates
F~ = F~ + F~r = b~,~ - bfrV I (A-14)
the amount of rod deformation to the tension in the rods. Assum-
where the constants br and bfr respectively are:
ing that the rod has a constant modulus of elasticity, E~. and that
D, 2.57
Hooke's law applies, one obtains:
3Vr 0Qr
E~ a r OX 3t (A-2)
Similarly, the first-order partial differential equations which
describe the motion of the tubing are:
3Vt i)Qt and
r,(ah-- At) ~-t = ~ + P t g ( A , - A,) F~ (A-3) z 57
D. )~'
OV, aQ, bt~ = 12Trr/ 1 + 1500.42( ~ --0.381
E,( Ah - At) - - = - - (A-4)
/IX Ot
where A h and A t are the external and internal areas of the tubing.
respectively. Note that in the case where the tubing is fixed in
place it is assumed not to move.
According to assumption (b), the liquid column can be viewed where / is the length of the sucker-rod string.
P.A. Lollback et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17 (1997) 313 320 319

used to describe the kinematics of any conventional (Class 1)


3.
pumping unit. Notice, with reference to Fig. 8, that:
0 + fl + ~ (A-23)
'2 where
~, sin(0 05) >_ 0
-

< 0 (A-24)
Os tp = + ~, sin(0 - 05)
Using the cosine rule:
( C2+B2-J2
/3 = cos i =,7o (A-25)
vr (0,0
i [ C2 + j 2 _ B2 ]
e cos (A-26)
t 2 CJ )
K2 + J 2 - R
= cos ' (A-27)
t
where
Fig. 8. Schematic of walking beam.
J CK 2 ~ R 2 - 2 K R c o s ( O - 09) (A-28)
When the crank rotates antic!ockwise, the negative sign of Eq.
(A-21) will cancel.
The surface boundary condition for the tubing is:
Similarly, Ft can found in terms of V~ and Vf: L~((),t) = 0 (A-29)
F~ =Ftr = btVt - bf~Vf (A-17) Whereas the surface boundary condition of the liquid column is:
where Ftf is the liquid column viscous force per unit length of e,-(0,, ) = Po(t) (A-30)
tubing and the constants b t and bfl respectively are:
A.2.2. Downhole boundar3" conditions (X = L)
b,=12rr'q(O.2+O.39Dr)(Dt-Ii~ Dt ~Dr ] ' (a-18) Fig. 9 shows a downhole pump. From basic mechanical theory
the three equilibrium equations are:
and
)l (a) The equilibrium equation of the pumping plunger is:
Or( L,t)+ P A p - Pf( L,t)( ap A r ) = p,,[Vt( L d ) - Vr( L,t)]
(a-31)

Finally, the viscous force per unit length of liquid column. Ff, where ,% is the damping coefficient between the plunger and
cylinder and, Ap is the area of the plunger.
is equal to the sum of F~ and F~ (Eqs. A-14 and A-17, respec-
(b) The equilibrium equation of the cylinder is:
tively):
O ~ ( L , t ) - P A p - e f ( L , t ) ( A t - a p ) + anP ]
ff= (Err + F~,f+ Ftf ) (n-20)
= #.[V(L,t)- Vt(L,t)] (A-32)
where P and Pi are the pressures in the pumping cavity and in
A.2. Boundary conditions the casing at the plunger level, respectively.

A.2. l. Su~hce boundary conditions (X - O)


Fig. 8 shows a conventional pumping unit. The motion of the
polished rod is determined by the geometry of the surface pump-
ing unit and the torque-speed characteristics of its prime mover, tubing
By determining the motion of the polished rod, one can formulate
a surface boundary condition for the sucker-rod string of:
A sin o~ rod
Vr(O,t ) = - - r w - - (A-21)
c sin/3
travelling valve
Let the value of ~ be positive when the crank rotates clockwise
,0
and also that:
0 = wt (A-22) P
where the crank angular speed, w, is constant according to
standing valve
assumption (a). ......... ..... ........

: PI ::::::2: .:
Eq. (A-21) is obtained from the general solution of the "four-
bar" linkage problem (McLean and Nelson. 1980) and may be Fig. 9. Schematic of travelling and standing valve.
320 P.A. Lx~llback et aL / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17 (1997) 313-320

(c) The equilibrium equation of the flow is: References


(A t - Ar)Vf(L,t) = ( A t - Ap)Vt(L,t) + ( Ap - A r ) V r ( L , t )
(A-33) Doty, D.R. and Schmidt, Z., 1983. An improved model for sucker
Eqs. A-31-A-33 will change as the travelling and standing rod pumping. J. Soc. Pet. Eng. (Feb.), pp. 33-41.
valves open and close. Everitt, T.A. and Jennings, J.W., 1988. An improved finite differ-
When the travelling valve is open and the standing valve is ence calculation of downhole dynamometer cards for sucker
closed (Case 1), the pressure P of Eqs. A-31 and A-32 becomes: rods. Pap. SPE, 18189, pp. 83-94.
P = Pf(L,t) (A-34) Gibbs, S.G., 1963. Predicting the behavior of sucker rod pumping
With the travelling valve open the pressure inside the piston is systems. J. Pet. Technol. (Jul.), pp. 769-778.
equal to the pressure around the piston (in effect Ap = 0) and the Gibbs, S.G., 1977. A general method for predicting rod pumping
downhole boundary conditions in Eqs. A-31-A-33 simplify to: system performance. Soc. Pet. Eng., Pap. SPE 6850, pp. 9-12.
Gibbs. S.G., 1982. A review of methods for design and analysis of
P-lVr(L,t) - #lVt(L,t) + Q r ( L , t ) + A r P e ( L , t ) = 0 (A-35a)
rod pumping installation. Soc. Pet. Eng., Pap. SPE 9980, pp.
-- tXYr( L,t ) + ~l Vt( L,t ) + Qt( L,t ) - at Pf( L,t ) = _ ah P l 49 78.
(A-35b)
Gibbs, S.G., 1992. Design and diagnosis of deviated rod-pumped
arVr(L,t ) - A , V t ( L , t ) + ( A t - ar)~,](L,t)=O (A-35c) wells. J. Pet. Technol. (Jul.), pp. 771-781.
When the standing valve is open and the travelling valve is Kastrop, J.E., 1975. World demand puts pressure on production
closed (Case 2), the pressure P in Eqs. A-31 and A-32 is: equipment. Pet. Eng. (15 Jul.), p.5.
P = PI (A-36) Khodabandeh, A. and Miska, S.Z., 1991. A simple method for
Hence, the downhole boundary' conditions are: predicting the performance of a sucker-rod pumping system.
t*,Vr( L,t) - / . * l V t ( L , t ) + Qr(L,t) - ( Ap - A r) P f ( L , t ) Pap. SPE, 23429, pp. 149-158.
Khodabandeh, A. and Miska, S.Z., 1992. A new approach for
= -- Ap P1 (A-37a) modeling fluid inertia effects on sucker-rod pump performance
- - #lVr(L,t) + I.t,Vt( L , l ) + Q,( L,t) - ( A t - Ap Pt( L,t) and design. Pap. SPE, 243329, pp. 213-223.
= - ( ap - a h ) P , (A-37b) Lekia, S.D.L. and Evans, R.D., 1991. A coupled rod and fluid
dynamic model for predicting the behaviour of sucker-rod
( ap- ar)Vr(L,t)+( at Ap)Vt(L,t)-(a t- Ar)Vf(L,t )
pumping systems. Pap. SPE, 21664, pp. 297-312.
= 0 (A-37c) Lollback, P.A., Wang, G.Y. and Rahman, S.S., 1994. A model for
If both the standing valve and the travelling valve are closed predicting the viscous damping coefficient using dynamometer
(Case 3), Eq. (A-33) is eliminated because: cards. In: N.W.M. Ko et al. (Editors), Proceedings of 1st
Vf(L,t) = Vt( L,t ) : Vr( L,t ) (A-38) International Conference on Flow Interaction cum
Combining Eqs. A-31 and A-32 and eliminating P, one obtains Exhibition/Lectures on Interaction of Science and Art, Sept.
the new downhole boundary conditions: 5-9, 1994, Hong Kong, pp. 254-257
Q~(L,t)+ Qt(L,t)-(A,- Ar)Pf(L,t)= - AhP I (A-39) McLean, W.G. and Nelson, E.W., 1980. Schaum's Outline of
Vr( L,t ) - Vt( L,t ) = 0 (A-40) Theory and Problems of Engineering Mechanics. McGraw-Hill,
New York, NY, pp. 221-223.
Vr( L,t ) - V,( L , t ) = 0 (A-41)
Miska, S.Z., Khodabandeh, A. and Rajtar, J.M., 1994. Computer
For each of the three cases, there are three sets of downhole aided design and optimization of sucker rod pumping systems.
boundary conditions.
Pap. SPE, 26966, pp. 697-689.
Press, W.H.. Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A. and Vetterling,
A.2.3. Initial conditions W.T., 1990. Numerical Recipes - - The Art of Scientific
Let t be zero when the polished rod is located at the lowest Computing (FORTRAN Version). Cambridge University Press,
point and the travelling valve is open, i.e. P = If. The initial New York, NY, 630 pp.
conditions of Eqs. A-I-A-6 are given by: Sharer. D.J., 1987. An investigation of analytical and numerical
Vr(X,0) = 0 (A-42a) sucker rod pumping mathematical models. Pap. SPE, 16919,
Vt(X,0) = 0 (A-42b) pp. 405-413.
Vf(X,0) = 0 (A-42c) Svinos, J.G., 1987. Effective Application of Beam Pumping Diag-
nostics, Artificial Lift Workshop. Gulf Coast SCPO, Houston,
Qr(X,0) = Ar[ p r g ( L - X)- pfgL- P0(0)] (A-42d)
TX.
Or(x,0) = Pt g ( Z h -- A t ) ( L - X) + [ pfgL + P0(0)] Valeev, M.D. and Repin, N.N., 1976. Izvestiya vysshikh ucheb-
× At - Ah Pl (A-42e) nykh zavedeneii. Neft Gaz, 8: 33-44. (in Russian).
Pf(X,0) - pfgX + P0(0) (A-42f) Wang, G.W., Rahman, S.S. and Wang, G.Y., 1992. An improved
Using these initial conditions the computer program needs to run model for sucker rod pumping systems. Proc. 1lth Australas.
for only three pumping cycles to effectively damp out the start-up Fluid Mech. Conf., Tasmania, 14-18 Dec., 1992, 2: 1137-
transients. 1140.

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