 Introduction.

 Some Factors Related To Lighting.

 Types Of Natural Lighting.
 Some Definitions Related To Lamps And Luminaires.
 Types Of Lamps.
 Types Of Luminaires
 Lighting system is one of the systems which the electrical
design engineer is responsible to design.
 In order to be able to design a complete lighting system,
we should first know a theoretical background which we
will discuss in this session.
 Generally, the existence of shadows is important in some
applications like museums as the shadows can highlight the
3D objects.
 On the other hand, the shadows are not accepted in some
applications like studios, offices, hospitals and mirror
lighting as we don’t need to hide any details of the objects.
 Uniformity is the factor which express the difference in the
intensity of lighting through the illuminated surface.
 The value of uniformity is important and should be high in
some applications such as offices and hospitals as it
determines the comfort of the eye when working in the
place.
 It is a very high difference in illumination level which make the
eye discomfort or unable to see.
 It can be classified according to its source to “ direct glare “ and
“ reflected glare “.
 Direct glare occurs due to the selection of unsuitable luminaire
fitting.
 The reflected glare occurs due to reflection of light from the
objects to the eye.
 It is a ratio from 0 to 100 that express the amount of glare in
a specific place.
 Factors affecting UGR:
- colors of walls. – colors of ceiling.
- Lighting fixture luminance. – direction of lighting.
 UGR has specified values which shouldn’t be exceeded in
each application. (see the following table).

 Some softwares like DIALux can calculate the values of

UGR.
 It is the case of clear weather where there is no clouds at all.
 In this case the light falls directly from the sun to the objects.
 The important properties of this type of lighting are:
 High amount of shadows which result in 3D modelling of
objects.
 Glare because of appearance of the light source (the sun).
 Low uniformity due to the large difference in lighting
levels.
 It is the case of cloudy weather at which all the sunlight
passes through the clouds before falling to earth.
 The important properties of indirect lighting are:
 No shadows.
 No glare as no one can see the source of light directly.
 High level of uniformity due to the constant level of
lighting.
 No modeling of 3D objects , it appear as 2D objects.
 It is the average case between the direct and indirect
lighting. It occurs when there are some clouds in the sky.
 The important properties of direct/ indirect lighting are:
 Light Shadows.
 Medium glare due to the partial appearance of the light
source “ the sun “.
 Medium level of uniformity.
 Medium modeling of 3D object with showing the details of
the shadowed side of the object.
 It is a parameter which takes a value from 1 to 100.
 It describes the ability of the (lamp or luminaire) to show the true
colors of the objects.
 A light source with low CRI will tend to show the colors
unnaturally. (See the following figure).
 It is recommended to use luminaires with CRI more than 80.
 It is a value ( in kelvin ) which indicates the color degree of
the light and it is one of the characteristics of the (lamp or
luminaire).
 Generally the low color temperatures describe the light
which is close to the
yellow color.
 The high color
temperatures describe
the light which is close to
the blue color.
 For some fluorescent lamps, there is a number written
beside the lamp wattage (840).
 8 means that the CRI of this lamp 8*10= 80
 40 means that the color temperature 40*100= 4000
 It indicates the amount of the light emitted from the (lamp or
luminaire) to all directions.
 Its measuring unit is Lumen (lm).

 It is the power consumption of the lamp or luminaire.

 Generally, it is preferred to select luminaires with low input power
and high luminous flux.

 It equals the resulting flux (lumen) divided by the input power of

the light source (watt).
 It is preferred to select a lamp or a luminaire with a high efficacy
as It means high lighting output with low power consumption.
 It is the angle between the two beams representing the half
luminous intensity of the luminaire.
 Its value is important for the lighting designer to select a
luminaire with a beam angle which is suitable for the application.
 The ranges of beam angles are:
 less than 10 degrees : narrow spot  10-20 degrees : spot
 21-30 degrees: flood  31-40 degrees: wide flood
 Bigger than 40 degrees: very wide flood.
 It is a drawing which can be found at the luminaires
datasheets which express the shape of the lighting
distribution of the luminaire.
 It is an important parameter of a luminaire which express
the ability of the luminaire to resist the surrounding
conditions like dust and water.
 The lighting designer should take the value of IP into
consideration during selecting the lighting luminaire.
 Generally, the IP value is selected to be 20 for indoor
applications and to be 44 in wet areas (bathrooms, kitchens,
mechanical rooms)and roofs. IP 65 for street lighting.
Tungesten Lamps Gas Discharge Lamps LED Lamps

Incadescent Fluorescent

Halogen Compact Fluerescent

Metal Halide

High Pressure Sodium ( HPS )

Low Pressure Sodium ( SON )

High Pressure Mercury

 Luminaires Can Be Classified According To:
 Type Of Lamps.
 Type Of Lighting.
 Type Of Installation.
 The shape, dimensions and the components of the
luminaire is determined according to the type and the
number of lamps inside it.
General Accent Decorative
Lighting Lighting Lighting
 General
Lighting

Direct Lighting Indirect Lighting Direct/Indirect Lighting

 Direct Lighting

Directed Direct Lighting Diffused Direct Lighting

(Using Reflector) (Using Diffuser)
Indirect Lighting
Direct/Indirect Lighting
 Accent
Lighting

Note: The intensity of Accent Lighting should be five times of

the general lighting to be effective.
Decorative
Lighting
Surface
Mounted

Recessed
Mounted

Suspended
Mounted
 Floor
Mounted

Wall
Mounted

Pole
Mounted